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1.
  • Stokes, Chris R., et al. (author)
  • On the reconstruction of palaeo-ice sheets : Recent advances and future challenges
  • 2015
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 125, s. 15-49
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Reconstructing the growth and decay of palaeo-ice sheets is critical to understanding mechanisms of global climate change and associated sea-level fluctuations in the past, present and future. The significance of palaeo-ice sheets is further underlined by the broad range of disciplines concerned with reconstructing their behaviour, many of which have undergone a rapid expansion since the 1980s. In particular, there has been a major increase in the size and qualitative diversity of empirical data used to reconstruct and date ice sheets, and major improvements in our ability to simulate their dynamics in numerical ice sheet models. These developments have made it increasingly necessary to forge interdisciplinary links between sub-disciplines and to link numerical modelling with observations and dating of proxy records. The aim of this paper is to evaluate recent developments in the methods used to reconstruct ice sheets and outline some key challenges that remain, with an emphasis on how future work might integrate terrestrial and marine evidence together with numerical modelling. Our focus is on pan-ice sheet reconstructions of the last deglaciation, but regional case studies are used to illustrate methodological achievements, challenges and opportunities. Whilst various disciplines have made important progress in our understanding of ice-sheet dynamics, it is clear that data-model integration remains under-used, and that uncertainties remain poorly quantified in both empirically-based and numerical ice-Sheet reconstructions. The representation of past climate will continue to be the largest source of uncertainty for numerical modelling. As such, palaeo-observations are critical to constrain and validate modelling. State-of-the-art numerical models will continue to improve both in model resolution and in the breadth of inclusion of relevant processes, thereby enabling more accurate and more direct comparison with the increasing range of palaeo-observations. Thus, the capability is developing to use all relevant palaeo-records to more strongly constrain deglacial (and to a lesser extent pre-LGM) ice sheet evolution. In working towards that goal, the accurate representation of uncertainties is required for both constraint data and model outputs. Close cooperation between modelling and data-gathering communities is essential to ensure this capability is realised and continues to progress.
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2.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (author)
  • Geological record of ice shelf break-up and grounding line retreat, Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica
  • 2011
  • In: Geology. - 0091-7613 .- 1943-2682. ; 39:7, s. 691-694
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The catastrophic break-ups of the floating Larsen A and B ice shelves (Antarctica) in 1995 and 2002 and associated acceleration of glaciers that flowed into these ice shelves were among the most dramatic glaciological events observed in historical time. This raises a question about the larger West Antarctic ice shelves. Do these shelves, with their much greater glacial discharge, have a history of collapse? Here we describe features from the seafloor in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica, which we interpret as having been formed during a massive ice shelf break-up and associated grounding line retreat. This evidence exists in the form of seafloor landforms that we argue were produced daily as a consequence of tidally influenced motion of mega-icebergs maintained upright in an iceberg armada produced from the disintegrating ice shelf and retreating grounding line. The break-up occurred prior to ca. 12 ka and was likely a response to rapid sea-level rise or ocean warming at that time.
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4.
  • Kylander, Malin E., et al. (author)
  • It's in your glass : a history of sea level and storminess from the Laphroaig bog, Islay (southwestern Scotland)
  • 2020
  • In: Boreas. - : Wiley. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 49:1, s. 152-167
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Severe winter windstorms have become an increasingly common occurrence over recent decades in northwestern Europe. Although there exists considerable uncertainty, storminess is projected to increase in the future. On centennial to millennial time scales in particular, the mechanisms forcing storminess remain unsettled. We contribute to available palaeostorm records by reconstructing changes over the last 6670 years using a coastal peat sequence retrieved from the ombrotrophic Laphroaig bog on Islay, southwestern Scotland. We use a combination of ash content, grain size and elemental chemistry to identify periods of greater storminess, which are dated to 6605, 6290-6225, 5315-5085, 4505, 3900-3635, 3310-3130, 2920-2380, 2275-2190, 2005-1860, 1305-1090, 805-435 and 275 cal. a BP. Storm signals in the first half of the record up to similar to 3000 cal. a BP are mainly apparent in the grain-size changes. Samples from this time period also have a different elemental signature than those later in the record. We speculate that this is due to receding sea levels and the consequent establishment of a new sand source in the form of dunes, which are still present today. The most significant events and strongest winds are found during the Iron Ages Cold Epoch (2645 cal. a BP), the transition into, and in the middle of, the Roman Ages Warm Period (2235 and 1965 cal. a BP) and early in the Little Ice Age (545 cal. a BP). The Laphroaig record generally agrees with regionally relevant peat palaeostorm records from Wales and the Outer Hebrides, although the relative importance of the different storm periods is not the same. In general, stormier periods are coeval with cold periods in the region as evidenced by parallels with increased ice-rafted debris in the North Atlantic, highlighting that sea-ice conditions could impact future storminess and storm track position.
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5.
  • Kylander, Malin E., 1977-, et al. (author)
  • Storm chasing : Tracking Holocene storminess in southern Sweden using mineral proxies from inland and coastal peat bogs
  • 2023
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 299, s. 107854-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Severe extratropical winter storms are a recurrent feature of the European climate and cause widespread socioeconomic losses. Due to insufficient long-term data, it remains unclear whether storminess has shown a notable response to changes in external forcing over the past millennia, which impacts our ability to project future storminess in a changing climate. Reconstructing past storm variability is essential to improving our understanding of storms on these longer, missing timescales. Peat sequences from coastal ombrotrophic bogs are increasingly used for this purpose, where greater quantities of coarser grained beach sand are deposited by strong winds during storm events. Moving inland however, storm intensity decreases, as does sand availability, muting potential paleostorm signals in bogs. We circumvent these issues by taking the innovative approach of using mid-infrared (MIR) spectral data, supported by elemental information, from the inorganic fraction of Store Mosse Dune South (SMDS), a 5000-year-old sequence from a large peatland located in southern Sweden. We infer past changes in mineral composition and thereby, the grain size of the deposited material. The record is dominated by quartz, whose coarse nature was confirmed through analyses of potential local source sediments. This was supported by further mineralogical and elemental proxies of atmospheric input. Comparison of SMDS with within-bog and regionally relevant records showed that there is a difference in proxy and site response to what should be similar timing in shifts in storminess over the-100 km transect considered. We suggest the construction of regional storm stacks, built here by applying changepoint modelling to four transect sites jointly. This modelling approach has the effect of reinforcing signals in common while reducing the influence of random noise. The resulting Southern Sweden-Storm Stack dates stormier periods to 4495-4290, 3880-3790, 2885-2855, 2300-2005, 1175-1065 and 715-425 cal yr BP. By comparing with a newly constructed Western Scotland-Storm Stack and proximal dune records, we argue that regional storm stacks allow us to better compare past storminess over wider areas, gauge storm track movements and by extension, increase our understanding of the drivers of storminess on centennial to millennial timescales.
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6.
  • Andersson, Thommy (author)
  • Geology of Lagoa das Furnas, a crater lake on São Miguel, Azores archipelago
  • 2015
  • Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • In this thesis, the results from a geophysical mapping and coring campaign of Lagoa das Furnas are presented. Specific focus is placed on the origin of a subaqueous volcanic cone mapped in the southern part of the lake. Lagoa das Furnas is a crater lake within the Furnas volcanic centre which is located on the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago. The Furnas volcanic centre has a long history of earthquakes and volcanic activity. The area is relatively well-studied, except for the lake floor. Therefore, a high resolution geophysical and geological mapping survey was conducted at Lagoa das Furnas. Sidescan sonar was used to map the surface of the lake floor and single beam sonar was used to acquire sub-bottom profiles. In addition to the geophysical mapping, sediment surface sampling and core drilling were carried out followed by geochemical analyses of the retrieved material. The mapped data permitted a characterisation of the floor of Lagoa das Furnas and revealed several volcanic features including fumarole activity and a volcanic cone in the southern part of the lake. In order to unravel the origin of this cone several methods were applied, including analyses of tephra and minerals collected from the cone itself and from nearby deposits of two known eruptions Furnas I and Furnas 1630. Sedimentological, petrological, geochemical and geochronological studies of pyroclastic deposits from the cone suggest a subaqueous eruption linked to the Furnas 1630 eruption. The chemistry of glass and crystal fragments sampled from the cone suggests that it is composed of more evolved magma than that of the main Furnas 1630 implying that the lake cone is likely a product of the last eruptional phase. Historical documents reveal three lakes in Furnas valley before the 1630 eruption. Two of these lakes were lost due the eruption and the remaining lake is most likely Lagoa das Furnas and consequently did exist before the 1630 eruption.
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7.
  • Briner, Jason P., et al. (author)
  • Configuration of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in southwestern Norway during the Younger Dryas
  • 2023
  • In: Norwegian Journal of Geology. - 2387-5844. ; 103
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in southwestern Norway is precisely located during the well-characterized Younger Dryas re-advance. However, the thickness of the ice sheet is less well constrained inland from the terminal position. Some exceptions include lateral moraines traced inland and up to 1000 m a.s.l. along Hardangerfjorden. Here, we apply 10Be dating in two areas: (1) bedrock and boulders in the high-relief landscapes near the Younger Dryas margin around the Bergen urban area, and (2) boulders from an upland 1600 m a.s.l. much farther (120 km) inland. We find that coastal summits ranging from ~400 to ~680 m a.s.l. and located only ~10–15 km up-flow from the ice margin, were covered by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas. The scatter in the 10Be age population of 22 boulder samples is best explained by isotopic inheritance owing to inefficient subglacial erosion during the foregoing glaciation. Most of the 11 bedrock samples also exhibit inheritance, pointing to the source of inheritance in boulders and implying inefficient subglacial erosion during the last glaciation even in valley-bottoms near Bergen. Regional glacial striae compilations suggest that ice flow during maximum Younger Dryas ice-sheet configurations was for the most part cross-valley, with potentially low basal slip rates. Five new 10Be ages from the inland site help to constrain ice height far inland. We combine these new results with prior information to generate a cross profile of the Younger Dryas ice sheet in southern Norway.
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8.
  • Chabangborn, Akkaneewut, 1977- (author)
  • The Asian monsoon - 50-7 ka BP
  • 2012
  • Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The Asian monsoon is one of the largest climatic systems on Earth. It covers an area from the Arabian Sea to the South China Sea and from northern Australia to northern China with the world’s highest population density. Moreover, the Asian monsoon transports heat energy and humidity to higher latitudes. In order to better understand the behaviour of the Asian monsoon and its environmental impact, its variability between 50 and 7 ka BP is analysed using paleo-data compilation, data-model comparisons, and lake sediment analysis. The main results presented here are from the compilation of the Asian monsoon variability during the last glacial maximum (LGM) (23 - 19 ka BP) which is presumed to be under persistence cool and dry climatic conditions. The pattern of reconstructed and simulated precipitation agrees well in most of the region. However, the data-model discrepancies show in some areas, which may come from low resolution of the model or the local topographic effect. The reconstructed SSTs are well correlation with simulated SSTs, except in the Arabian Sea. The LGM Asian monsoon changes around 20 – 19 ka BP. The simulated ITCZ varies between 5°N and 15°N in the west and the east of the Asian monsoon region. However, the reconstructed ITCZ is ~5°N in the Arabian Sea, shifts northward in the Bay of Bengal, reaches ~30°N over central of China and migrates southward in the South China Sea. The ITCZ is likely shift northward after 20 ka BP. The climatic change might have been triggered by several factors, e.g., an increased land-sea thermal contrast and a variation of Pacific water inflow.
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9.
  • Chiu, Pin-Yao, et al. (author)
  • New constraints on Arctic Ocean Mn stratigraphy from radiocarbon dating on planktonic foraminifera
  • 2017
  • In: Quaternary International. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-6182 .- 1873-4553. ; 447, s. 13-26
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Variations in the abundance of manganese (Mn) in Arctic Ocean sediments are used as a tool to identify glacial and interglacial periods. This study aims to provide new insight into the applicability of Mn as a stratigraphic tool in the topmost sediment and to investigate the occurrence of Mn peaks in sediments within the range of radiocarbon dating. In combination with variations in ice-rafted debris (IRD), radiocarbon dating is used to better constrain the stratigraphic occurrence of Mn peaks, and the synchroneity between multiple records, especially during the late glacial and the Holocene. We find that a hiatus spanning MIS 2 is widely observed in most of our cores, resulting in a merging of Mn peaks of Holocene age and the later part of MIS 3. The Holocene Mn peak is usually high amplitude but short, while the MIS 3 Mn peak has a lower amplitude and is protracted. Where preserved, MIS 2 sediments form a 2-3 cm thick layer characterized by a light color, low Mn content, sparse IRD and low foraminiferal abundance. IRD variations provide a powerful tool to identify the boundary of the Holocene and late MIS 3 in cores with a MIS 2 hiatus. Because the IRD content displays a general increment from the start of MIS 3, and both the Holocene and MIS 2 show small IRD variations, the end of MIS 3 can be pinpointed to the point of decrease in IRD. The hiatus of MIS 2 is widely observed in our cores, suggesting extensive persistent sea ice coverage during the peak of the last glacial cycle, with sharply reduced sedimentation throughout the Arctic Ocean. Identifying similar events during previous glacial periods may be an important step towards constructing longer and more accurate chronologies for Arctic Ocean sediments.
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10.
  • Erbs-Hansen, Dorthe Reng, et al. (author)
  • Holocene climatic development in Skagerrak, eastern North Atlantic : Foraminiferal and stable isotopic evidence
  • 2012
  • In: The Holocene. - : SAGE Publications. - 0959-6836 .- 1477-0911. ; 22:3, s. 301-312
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A high-resolution multiproxy study of core MD99-2286 reveals a highly variable hydrographic environment in the Skagerrak from 9300 cal. yr BP to the present. The study includes foraminiferal faunas, stable isotopes and sedimentary parameters, as well as temperature and salinity reconstructions of a c. 29 m long radiocarbon-dated core record. The multivariate technique fuzzy c-means was applied to the foraminiferal counts, and it was extremely valuable in defining subtle heterogeneities in the foraminiferal faunal data corresponding to hydrographic changes. The major early-/mid-Holocene (Littorina) transgression led to flooding of large former land areas in the North Sea, the opening of the English Channel and Danish straits, and initiation of the modern circulation system. This is reflected by fluctuating C/N values and an explosive bloom of Hyalinea balthica. A slight indication of ameliorated conditions between 8000 and 5750 cal. yr BP is related to the Holocene Thermal Maximum. A subsequent increase in freshwater/Baltic water influence between 5750 and 4350 cal. yr BP is reflected by dominance of Bulimina marginata and depleted delta O-18 values. The Neoglacial cooling (after 4350 cal. yr BP) is seen in the Skagerrak as enhanced turbidity, increasing TOC values and short-term changes in an overall Cassidulina laevigata-dominated fauna suggesting a prevailing influence of Atlantic waters. This is in agreement with increased strength of westerly winds, as recorded for this period. The last 2000 years were also dominated by Atlantic Water conditions with generally abundant nutrient supply. However, during warm periods, particularly the 'Medieval Warm Period'and the modern warming, the area was subject to a restriction in the supply of nutrients and/or the nutrient supply had a more refractory character.
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11.
  • Erbs-Hansen, Dorthe Reng, et al. (author)
  • Late Younger Dryas and early Holocene palaeoenvironments in the Skagerrak, eastern North Atlantic : a multiproxy study
  • 2011
  • In: Boreas. - : Wiley. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 40:4, s. 660-680
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A high-resolution study of palaeoenvironmental changes through the late Younger Dryas and early Holocene in the Skagerrak, the eastern North Atlantic, is based on multiproxy analyses of core MD99-2286 combined with palaeowater depth modelling for the area. The late Younger Dryas was characterized by a cold ice-distal benthic foraminiferal fauna. After the transition to the Preboreal (c. 11 650 cal. a BP) this fauna was replaced by a Cassidulina neoteretis-dominated fauna, indicating the influence of chilled Atlantic Water at the sea floor. Persisting relatively cold bottom-water conditions until c. 10 300 cal. a BP are presumably a result of an outflow of glacial meltwater from the Baltic area across south-central Sweden, which led to a strong stratification of the water column at MD99-2286, as also indicated by C. neoteretis. A short-term peak in the C/N ratio at c. 10 200 cal. a BP is suggested to indicate input of terrestrial material, which may represent the drainage of an ice-dammed lake in southern Norway, the Glomma event. After the last drainage route across south-central Sweden closed, c. 10 300 cal. a BP, the meltwater influence diminished, and the Skagerrak resembled a fjord with a stable inflow of waters from the North Atlantic through the Norwegian Trench and a gradual increase in boreal species. Full interglacial conditions were established at the sea floor from c. 9250 cal. a BP. Subsequent warm stable conditions were interrupted by a short-term cooling around 8300-8200 cal. a BP, representing the 8.2 ka event.
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14.
  • Freire, Francis (author)
  • Acoustic characterization of submarine geomorphological features in the Polar Oceans
  • 2014
  • Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Marine glacial environments contain unique seafloor features resulting from the dynamic glacial processes. Studying these submarine geomorphological features can help us understand the glacial paleo-environments so that we can predict the likely responses of present day glaciers and ice sheets to future changes in the climate. This thesis details different approaches in understanding glacial seafloor features using acoustic systems. It focuses on the novel technique of automated mapping seafloor properties using the backscatter intensity collected by acoustic multibeam echosounder systems (MBES). The aim of this thesis is to assess the potential of this unexploited data source in characterizing different glacial landforms in the polar oceans. This is done by examining the voluminous backscatter data collected by Swedish icebreaker Oden from different cruises to the polar oceans and employing an automated backscatter processing technique, the ARA algorithm, to extract surficial sediment characteristics. The results from the sediment characterization are used together with outputs from other marine acoustical systems and sediment core data to understand formational processes of the glacial submarine features. Operational issues encountered in using this technology and its viability as a tool in characterization of glacial seafloor features are discussed and suggestions are given on the improvements needed to effectively implement the method in future studies. The final part of the manuscript is a paper, published in Geo-marine Letters, where I and my co-authors show a practical application of the acoustic systems ability to characterize geomorphological features of a mass-wasting event in the deepest part of the Arctic, the Molloy Hole. 
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15.
  • Freire, Francis, et al. (author)
  • Acoustic evidence of a submarine slide in the deepest part of the Arctic, the Molloy Hole
  • 2014
  • In: Geo-Marine Letters. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0276-0460 .- 1432-1157. ; 34:4, s. 315-325
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The western Svalbard continental margin contains thick sediment sequences with areas known to contain gas hydrates. Together with a dynamic tectonic environment, this makes the region prone to submarine slides. This paper presents results from geophysical mapping of the deepest part of the high Arctic environment, the Molloy Hole. The mapping includes multibeam bathymetry, acoustic backscatter and sub-bottom profiling. The geophysical data reveal seabed features indicative of sediment transport and larger-scale mass wasting. The large slide scar is here referred to as the Molloy Slide. It is located adjacent to the prominent Molloy Hole and Ridge system. The slide is estimated to have transported >65 km(3) of sediments over the deep axial valley of the Molloy Ridge, and further into the Molloy Hole. A unique feature of this slide is that, although its run-out distance is relatively short (<5 km), it extends over an enormous vertical depth (>2,000 m) as a result of its position in a complex bathymetric setting. The slide was most likely triggered by seismic activity caused by seafloor spreading processes along the adjacent Molloy Ridge. However, gas-hydrate destabilization may also have played a role in the ensuing slide event.
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16.
  • Freire, Francis Fletcher, 1973- (author)
  • High Arctic submarine glaciogenic landscapes : their formation and significance
  • 2016
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • This thesis is focused on studies of glacial and slope morphology in the high Arctic of western Greenland shelf and the Molloy Hole seafloor spreading area, based on high-resolution acoustic methods and other geophysical data. The main purpose is to improve our understanding of glacial dynamics and associated processes in the marginal region of a large marine-terminating ice sheet. Newly acquired data, together with existing datasets have been compiled to create bathymetric models, which were used to study the seafloor landscape and its preserved record of glacial and sedimentary processes. The new bathymetric models were used with novel processing tools combined with seismic profiles, sub-bottom profiles and overlays of geological- and gravimetric maps to describe the observed landforms and interpret causal relationships. The main conclusions are:1)   The underlying geology is an important control on the cross-shelf trough (CST) dimensions in western Greenland. This is likely due to the influence of underlying geology to the frictional resistance of the ice flow over the basement rock. Our observations show that ice streaming in areas with basaltic bed-types cause minimal over-deepening of the main trunk of the trough, which also has weaker lateral boundaries allowing the ice stream to shift flow direction more easily. CSTs on the Cenozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary basins indicate a stronger eroding and more focused paleo-ice streams.2)   Bedrock lithology has an important part in controlling the location of the head-to-trough transition in CSTs of western Greenland. The areas where the head’s network of channels converges to form the main trunk of the trough are mostly located on the boundary from crystalline to sedimentary bedrock. These areas are also marked by distinct over-deepenings.3)   Preglacial conditions such as faults/fractures and lithological properties of the basement rocks in western Greenland served as an important control on the erosional potential of the glacial processes, particularly on a local scale. Faults and fractures have led to the topographic steering of the ice flow that causes further excavation and erosion of the bed, while uneven erosion patterns, based on differences in glacial morphological features, is observed between areas of adjacent bedrocks with different lithology.4)   The occurrence of trough mouth fans is suggested to be controlled mainly by the shelf width, which governs the glacial flow length along available sediment sources. It is also controlled by the continental slope steepness, which may be too steep for sediment fans to accumulate, or may cause slope failure which eventually transports the sediments to the deep basin.5)   The maximum ice extent in west Greenland extended towards the shelf edge. Geomorphological evidence of ice margin standstills and slow retreat (grounding zone wedges and transverse moraines) in some areas reveal a multi-stage deglaciation process.6)   The view of a highly dynamic paleo-Greenland ice sheet is supported by the presence of a large number of CSTs which hosted ice streams, and evidence of ice stream flow-switching throughout one or several glaciations.7)   The influence of glacial sedimentary processes extends into the deepest areas of the Arctic Ocean. A submarine landslide, here termed the Molloy Slide, has been described in the Molloy Hole in the Davis Strait between Greenland and Svalbard. This slide was likely caused by massive glacial sediment deposition along the west Svalbard margin.
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  • Freire, Francis, et al. (author)
  • High resolution mapping of offshore and onshore glaciogenic features in metamorphic bedrock terrain, Melville Bay, northwestern Greenland
  • 2015
  • In: Geomorphology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-555X .- 1872-695X. ; 250, s. 29-40
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Geomorphological studies of previously glaciated landscapes are important to understand how ice sheets and glaciers respond to rapidly changing climate. Melville Bay, in northwestern Greenland, contains some of the most sensitive but least studied ice sheet sectors in the northern hemisphere, where the bathymetric knowledge previously was restricted to a few sparsely distributed single beam echo soundings. We present here the results of high-resolution, geomorphological mapping of the offshore and onshore landscapes in Melville Bay using multibeam sonar and satellite data, at 5- and 10-m resolutions respectively. The results show a similar areally-scoured bedrock-dominated landscape with a glacially modified cnoc-and-lochan morphology on the inner shelf (150-500 m depth) and on the nearby exposed coast. This is manifested by the presence of U-shaped troughs, moutonee-type elongated landforms, stoss-and-lee forms, and streamlined features. The submarine landscape shows features that are characteristic of bedrock in folded, faulted, and weathered metamorphic terrain, and, to a lesser extent, glacially molded bedforms; while coastal landforms exhibit higher relief, irregular-shaped basins, and more subdued fracture valleys. Although generally similar, the onshore and offshore landscapes contain examples of distinctly different landform patterns, which are interpreted to reflect a longer exposure to long-term deep weathering as well as to more recent periglacial weathering processes on land. The spatial variability in the distribution of landforms across the landscape in both study areas is mostly attributed to differences in lithological properties of the bedrock. The lack of sediment cover on the inner shelf is likely a result of a capacity for sediment erosion and removal by the West Greenland Current flowing northward over the area in combination with limited sediment supply from long sea ice-cover seasons. The distribution and orientation of the landforms in the offshore part indicate ice movement toward the NW, and suggests that this area acted as a tributary or onset region for the major paleo ice stream that formed the present day Melville Bay Trough.
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18.
  • Freire, Francis, et al. (author)
  • Initial Results from Seafloor Characterization of Arctic and Antarctic Margins using Multibeam Backscatter
  • 2012
  • In: Arctic Palaeoclimate and its Extremes. - Oulu : University of Oulu. - 9789514298301 ; , s. 51-51
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The seafloor of high-latitude Polar margins is characterized by various submarine glacigenic landforms whose shape and texture were created, and subsequently modified, by ice. These glaciogenic landforms together with deposited seafloor sediments serve as a record of the past glacial history. The Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) technology provides a tool to map and study submarine glaciogenic landforms and seafloor texture. MBES bathymetric images have afforded scientists a way to understand many glacial processes such as iceberg movements, advance and retreat patterns of ice sheets, and polar underwater currents, among others. Aside from measuring the bathymetry, MBES systems also record the returned intensity, or backscatter, of the acoustic pulse. Recent developments have shown that the backscatter information can be used to distinguish/classify differences in the surface sediment types. Here we present the preliminary results of an analysis of backscatter data aimed to characterize sediment types at locations of the Arctic and Antarctic margins mapped with Swedish icebreaker Oden and the installed Kongsberg EM122, 12 kHz, deep water MBES. We apply the Angular Range Analysis (ARA) method that is included in the Geocoder Backscatter processing algorithm [Fonseca and Mayer, 2007]. The results are correlated with other geophysical data and core samples to ground-truth the resulting seafloor maps.
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20.
  • Gowan, Evan J., et al. (author)
  • A new global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80000 years
  • 2021
  • In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The evolution of past global ice sheets is highly uncertain. One example is the missing ice problem during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26000-19000 years before present) - an apparent 8-28 m discrepancy between far-field sea level indicators and modelled sea level from ice sheet reconstructions. In the absence of ice sheet reconstructions, researchers often use marine delta O-18 proxy records to infer ice volume prior to the LGM. We present a global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80000 years, called PaleoMIST 1.0, constructed independently of far-field sea level and delta O-18 proxy records. Our reconstruction is compatible with LGM far-field sea-level records without requiring extra ice volume, thus solving the missing ice problem. However, for Marine Isotope Stage 3 (57000-29000 years before present) - a pre-LGM period - our reconstruction does not match proxy-based sea level reconstructions, indicating the relationship between marine delta O-18 and sea level may be more complex than assumed. The configuration of past ice sheets, and therefore sea level, is highly uncertain. Here, the authors provide a global reconstruction of ice sheets for the past 80,000 years that allows to test proxy based sea level reconstructions and helps to reconcile disagreements with sea level changes inferred from models.
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22.
  • Graham, Alastair G. C., et al. (author)
  • Seabed corrugations beneath an Antarctic ice shelf revealed by autonomous underwater vehicle survey : Origin and implications for the history of Pine Island Glacier
  • 2013
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9011 .- 2169-9003. ; 118:3, s. 1356-1366
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • [1] Ice shelves are critical features in the debate about West Antarctic ice sheet change and sea level rise, both because they limit ice discharge and because they are sensitive to change in the surrounding ocean. The Pine Island Glacier ice shelf has been thinning rapidly since at least the early 1990s, which has caused its trunk to accelerate and retreat. Although the ice shelf front has remained stable for the past six decades, past periods of ice shelf collapse have been inferred from relict seabed “corrugations” (corrugated ridges), preserved 340 km from the glacier in Pine Island Trough. Here we present high-resolution bathymetry gathered by an autonomous underwater vehicle operating beneath an Antarctic ice shelf, which provides evidence of long-term change in Pine Island Glacier. Corrugations and ploughmarks on a sub-ice shelf ridge that was a former grounding line closely resemble those observed offshore, interpreted previously as the result of iceberg grounding. The same interpretation here would indicate a significantly reduced ice shelf extent within the last 11 kyr, implying Holocene glacier retreat beyond present limits, or a past tidewater glacier regime different from today. The alternative, that corrugations were not formed in open water, would question ice shelf collapse events interpreted from the geological record, revealing detail of another bed-shaping process occurring at glacier margins. We assess hypotheses for corrugation formation and suggest periodic grounding of ice shelf keels during glacier unpinning as a viable origin. This interpretation requires neither loss of the ice shelf nor glacier retreat and is consistent with a “stable” grounding-line configuration throughout the Holocene.
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23.
  • Greenwood, Sarah L., et al. (author)
  • Footprint of the Baltic Ice Stream : geomorphic evidence for shifting ice stream pathways
  • 2024
  • In: Boreas. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 53:1, s. 4-26
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Baltic Ice Stream, a large fast-flowing sector of the last Fennoscandian Ice Sheet that occupied the present-day Baltic Sea basin, was first conceptualized in the earliest days of glacial geological research in Scandinavia. Landform and sedimentological evidence from the terrestrial margins support the concept and numerical ice-sheet models demonstrate its existence and possible evolution. However, with evidence for the Baltic Ice Stream thus far limited to the terrestrial periphery, its true form, scale, function, and role in deglaciation have proven enigmatic. Here we present geomorphological evidence directly from the Baltic seabed that confirms the existence of and sheds light on the behaviour of the Baltic Ice Stream. Based on an extensive collection of high-, moderate- and low-resolution bathymetric terrain models covering a large proportion of the Baltic Sea floor, and complemented by LiDAR-data for the Baltic islands, we have identified and mapped >20 000 individual subglacial bedforms, meltwater landforms and grounding line landforms. We reconstruct a six-stage sequence of ice flow and retreat, finding that streaming was persistent in the Baltic but that pathways were variable in extent, timing and duration: different sectors of the Baltic exhibit asynchronous streaming and out-of-phase grounding line changes. During deglaciation, grounding line readvances occurred in both the southwestern and the northern Baltic Proper, and, while abundant iceberg ploughmarks attest to calving as a significant ice loss mechanism, lobate margins suggest supply to the Baltic catchment was consistently high. Our reconstruction is limited by a fragmentary geomorphic record. Here we put forward a first hypothesis for how the Baltic Ice Stream evolved, and hope it stimulates new geomorphic, stratigraphical and core data collection to extend the landform record, provide insights into subglacial and grounding line processes, and constrain the chronology for Baltic Ice Stream flow and retreat.
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24.
  • Greenwood, Sarah L., et al. (author)
  • Ice-flow switching and East/West Antarctic Ice Sheet roles in glaciation of the western Ross Sea
  • 2012
  • In: Geological Society of America Bulletin. - 0016-7606 .- 1943-2674. ; 124:11-12, s. 1736-1749
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The long-term behavior of the East and West Antarctic Ice Sheets, and their respective responses to forcing provide essential context for assessment of modern dynamic changes in ice-flow regimes and ice-sheet and shelf margins. The western Ross Sea discharges ice from both the East and West Antarctic Ice Sheets, and the paleoglacial record from this region is therefore valuable in unraveling their long-term behavior. New, high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data reveal snapshots of well-preserved glacial landforms on the seafloor around Ross Island and McMurdo Sound. Glacial lineations, grounding zone wedges, draped recessional moraines, and meltwater channels record a series of different ice-flow events in the region, contradictions between which require major phases of ice-flow reorganization. From the glacial geomorphology, we reconstruct a four-stage model of ice-flow evolution for the last glacial cycle, consisting of: (1) northeastward flow into the Ross Sea from McMurdo Sound; (2) westward flow from the Ross Sea, around Ross Island, and onto the Victoria Land coast and coastal seafloor trough; (3) a deglacial phase of ice-sheet thinning, minor shifts in flow, and grounding line retreat into McMurdo Sound; and (4) grounding line pinning on Ross Island during regional retreat, uncoupling of a remnant Ross Island ice cap, and local oscillation of Victoria Land outlet glaciers. We find that East Antarctic Ice Sheet ice discharge had a strong influence on ice-flow geometry in this part of the Ross Sea during the last glacial stage, but that it was not necessarily in phase with the behavior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. It is similarly evident that the ice streams that drained the Ross Sea over the continental shelf at the Last Glacial Maximum did not all operate synchronously, and exerted different drawdown power at different times. Finally, we conclude that Ross Island acts as an important pinning point in the Ross Sea ice-sheet-shelf system, stabilizing grounding line retreat and encouraging lasting ice-shelf development.
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25.
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26.
  • Gyllencreutz, Richard, 1974- (author)
  • Holocene and Latest Glacial Paleoceanography in the North-Eastern Skagerrak
  • 2005
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Detailed information on past oceanographic and climatic changes is crucial for our understanding of natural climate variability and for the assessment of future climate variations. Sediments strongly influenced by the North Atlantic Current accumulate at high rates in the northeastern Skagerrak, forming a potential highresolution archive for information on past climatic and oceanographic processes and events. Through a highresolution, multi-proxy study of the 32 meter long core MD99-2286 from the north-eastern Skagerrak, and interpretation of chirp sonar profiles from the coring area, this thesis provides new and detailed insights about the paleoceanographic development of the eastern North Sea region since the deglaciation.The chronostratigraphic control of core MD99-2286 relies on 27 radiocarbon dates. Ages are presented in calibrated thousand years before present (abbreviated “kyr”). Core MD99-2286 was correlated to chirp sonar profiles using measured physical properties. This correlation demonstrates that a strong regional acoustic reflector, previously assumed to represent the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, was formed as a result of rapid ice retreat during the latest Pleistocene. Based on the distribution of ice rafted debris in the core, ice berg calving in the Skagerrak ended at 10.7 kyr. Detailed grain-size analyses of the core were interpreted using a novel 3D-visualization technique. Between 11.3 and 10.3 kyr, clay-rich distal glacial marine sediments were deposited in the northeastern Skagerrak, derived from Baltic melt-water outflow across south-central Sweden through the Otteid-Stenselva strait. As a result of differential isostatic uplift, the route of the major outflow and the associated sediment deposition moved southwards along the Swedish west coast. After 10.3 kyr, sediment deposition in the north-eastern Skagerrak gradually adopted to a fully interglacial normal marine sedimentation dominated by Atlantic inflow and the North Jutland Current.The establishment of the modern circulation system in the eastern North Sea is marked by abrupt coarsening of the sediments in core MD99-2286 at 8.5 kyr. This was a result of increased Atlantic inflow, opening of the English Channel and the Danish straits, and formation of the South Jutland Current. Mineral magnetic properties of the core show a distinct relationship reflecting general sediment source variability. After 8.5 kyr, sediments in the northeastern Skagerrak were derived predominantly from the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, with varying contributions from the South Jutland Current, the Baltic Current, and the currents along the coasts of western Sweden and southern Norway. Between 6.3 and 3.8 kyr, the eastern North Sea was further developed towards the modern situation by an increase of the South Jutland Current flow. The Skagerrak bottom currents were probably forced by strong Atlantic water inflow between 0.9 and 0.5 kyr, and after that by increased wind stress. The influence of regional climate on the eastern North Sea circulation has increased since the middle of the Holocene.
  •  
27.
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28.
  • Gyllencreutz, Richard (author)
  • Late Glacial and Holocene paleoceanography in the Skagerrak from high-resolution grain size records
  • 2005
  • In: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0031-0182 .- 1872-616X. ; 222:3-4, s. 344-369
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • High-resolution grain size analyses of the AMS 14C-dated, 32 m long core MD99-2286 from the northeastern Skagerrak were performed in order to study late Glacial and Holocene paleoceanographic and sedimentary changes. All ages in this study are given in calibrated thousand years before present (= AD 1950), abbreviated ‘kyr’, unless otherwise noted. The distinct ending of IRD (ice rafted debris) in core MD99-2286, which was retrieved from a location down current from the final calving ice margin in the region, indicates that iceberg calving in the Skagerrak ended between 10.6 and 10.2 kyr. A clay-rich sequence in core MD99-2286, deposited between 11.3 and 10.3 kyr, is attributed to outflow from the Baltic basin across south central Sweden. The sequence is correlated to similar units from cores along the Swedish west coast. The onset of this clay-rich deposition occurs progressively later in cores further south along the coast, supporting a previous hypothesis that differential glacio-isostatic uplift caused a southward migration of the Baltic outflow from the Otteid-Stenselva to the Göta Älv outlet. A distinct coarsening towards younger sediments in core MD99-2286 indicates a hydrographic shift at 8.5 kyr, which is correlated to a shift previously reported in the Skagerrak, Kattegat and the Norwegian Channel. This shift reflects the establishment of the modern circulation system in the eastern North Sea, as a consequence of the opening of the English Channel and the Danish straits and increased Atlantic water inflow, and the subsequent development of the South Jutland Current. A general trend of coarsening, poorer sorting and increasing variability from 8.5 kyr until the present indicates increasing strength and influence of the variable South Jutland Current. A series of changes from ca. 6.3 to ca. 3.8 kyr in core MD99-2286 reflects strengthening of the Jutland Current towards the present day sedimentation system in the Skagerrak–Kattegat. These changes are correlated to previously reported hydrographic shifts at 5.5 14C years BP in the Skagerrak and at 4.0 14C years BP in the Kattegat. It is suggested that these shifts were separate features of a transitional period related to strengthening of the current system. The resulting changes are differently manifested in different parts of the Skagerrak–Kattegat, due to the complex circulation system. The last 800 years are characterised by poorly sorted sediments with a relatively high and variable proportion of coarse material, reflecting a circulation system significantly modified by regional climatic conditions, especially the general wind directions and storm frequency over the southern North Sea.
  •  
29.
  • Gyllencreutz, Richard, et al. (author)
  • Late Glacial and Holocene sediment sources and transport patterns in the Skagerrak interpreted from mineral magnetic properties and grain size data
  • 2006
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 25:11-12, s. 1247-1263
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Lateglacial and Holocene changes in circulation, sedimentation and provenance in north-eastern Skagerrak were studied using high-resolution mineral magnetic and grain size data from the 32-m-long IMAGES core MD99-2286. Ages are given in calibrated thousand years BP (‘cal. kyr’). Between 12 and 11.3 cal. kyr, a calving ice front occupied the Oslo Fjord, and sedimentation was strongly influenced by meltwater carrying re-deposited glacial sediments from southern Norway and western Sweden. Between 11.3 and 10.3 cal. kyr, sedimentation was dominated by re-deposited glacial sediments transported by meltwater outflow across south-central Sweden. After the Otteid-Stenselva outlet was closed at 10.3 cal. kyr, glacial marine sedimentation changed to normal marine sedimentation. At 8.5 cal. kyr, a hydrographic shift, marking the onset of modern circulation in the Skagerrak–Kattegat, occurred as a result of increased Atlantic inflow, transgression of former land areas, and opening of the English Channel and the Danish Straits. After 8.5 cal. kyr, sedimentation was governed by input from the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, with varying contributions from the South Jutland Current, Baltic Current, and currents along the coasts of western Sweden and southern Norway. From 0.9 cal. kyr until present, the sedimentation was totally dominated by southern North Sea and Atlantic Ocean sources.
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30.
  • Gyllencreutz, Richard, et al. (author)
  • Mid- to late-Holocene paleoceanographic changes on the southeastern Brazilian shelf based on grain size records
  • 2010
  • In: The Holocene. - : SAGE Publications. - 0959-6836 .- 1477-0911. ; 20:6, s. 863-875
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • ; High-resolution grain size analyses of three AMS C-14-dated cores from the Southeastern Brazilian shelf provide a detailed record of mid- to late-Holocene environmental changes in the Southwestern Atlantic Margin. The cores exhibit millennial variability that we associate with the previously described southward shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) average latitudinal position over the South American continent during the Holocene climatic maximum. This generated changes in the wind-driven current system of the SW Atlantic margin and modified the grain size characteristics of the sediments deposited there. Centennial variations in the grain size are associated with a previously described late-Holocene enhancement of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude, which led to stronger NNE trade winds off eastern Brazil, favouring SW transport of sediments from the Paraiba do Sul River. This is recorded in a core from off Cabo Frio as a coarsening trend from 3000 cal. BP onwards. The ENSO enhancement also caused changes in precipitation and wind pattern in southern Brazil, allowing high discharge events and northward extensions of the low-saline water plume from Rio de la Plata. We propose that this resulted in a net increase in northward alongshore transport of fine sediments, seen as a prominent fine-shift at 2000 cal. BP in a core from similar to 24 degrees S on the Brazilian shelf. Wavelet-and spectral analysis of the sortable silt records show a significant similar to 1000-yr periodicity, which we attribute to solar forcing. If correct, this is one of the first indications of solar forcing of this timescale on the Southwestern Atlantic margin.
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31.
  • Haflidason, Haflidi, et al. (author)
  • The Lastglacial and Holocene seismostratigraphy and sediment distribution of Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye, Polar Ural Mountains, Arctic Russia
  • 2019
  • In: Boreas. - : Wiley. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 48:2, s. 452-469
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Seismostratigraphical studies of the 11.8-km(2)-large and similar to 140-m-deep Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye, Polar Ural Mountains, reveal up to 160-m-thick acoustically laminated sediments in the lake basin. Using a dense grid of seismic lines, the spatial and temporal distributions of the sedimentary history have been reconstructed. Three regional seismic horizons have been identified and correlated with the well-dated 24-m-long sediment core retrieved from the lake. Isopach maps constructed from the seismic data show four phases of sedimentation. A contour map of the deepest regional seismic reflector represents the earliest hemipelagic sedimentation in the lake. Three contour maps represent time intervals covering the last 23cal. ka based on the well-dated core stratigraphy from the lake. The detailed time constraints on the upper stratigraphical units in the lake allow calculation of the lake's development in terms of sediment fluxes and the denudation rates from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. The sedimentation in Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye has been dominated by hemipelagic processes during at least the last 24cal. ka BP only locally interrupted by delta progradation and slope processes. A major shift in the sediment accumulation at c.18.7cal. ka BP is interpreted to mark the end of the local glacial maximum, greatly reduced denudation and the onset of the deglaciation period; this also demonstrates how fast the glaciers melted and possibly disappeared at the end of the LGM. The denudation rate during the Holocene is only a fifth of the LGM rate. The age of the oldest stratified sediments in Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye is not well constrained, but estimated as c. 50-60 ka.
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32.
  • Hebbeln, Dierk, et al. (author)
  • Late Holocene coastal hydrographic and climate changes in the eastern North Sea
  • 2006
  • In: The Holocene. - : SAGE Publications. - 0959-6836 .- 1477-0911. ; 16:7, s. 987-1001
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present a high-resolution palaeoenvironmental reconstruction covering the late Holocene from the Skagerrak and other sites in the North Sea area. The data, which are based on the analyses of marine sediment cores, reveal a marked environmental shift that took place between AD 700 and AD 1100, with the most pronounced changes occurring at AD 900. Both surface and bottom waters in the Skagerrak were subject to major circulation and productivity changes at this time due to an enhanced advection of Atlantic waters to the North Sea marking the beginning of the 'Mediaeval Warm Period' (MWP). The observed increase in bottom current strength is especially remarkable as there is hardly any comparable signal in the older part of the record going back to 1000 BC. At the transition to the 'Little Ice Age' (LIA) the bottom current strength remains at a high level, now probably forced by atmospheric circulation. Thus, despite opposite temperature forcing, these two consecutive climate scenarios are apparently able to generate distinctly stronger bottom currents in the Skagerrak than observed in the preceding 2000 years, and demonstrate the significance of climatic forcing in shaping the marine environment. Indeed, both the MWP and the LIA are reported as strong climatic signals in northwest Europe, being the warmest (except the late twentieth century) and coldest periods, respectively, during at least the last 2000 years.
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33.
  • Hughes, Anna L. C., et al. (author)
  • The last Eurasian ice sheets - a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1
  • 2016
  • In: Boreas. - : Wiley. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 45:1, s. 1-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present a new time-slice reconstruction of the Eurasian ice sheets (British-Irish, Svalbard-Barents-Kara Seas and Scandinavian) documenting the spatial evolution of these interconnected ice sheets every 1000 years from 25 to 10 ka, and at four selected time periods back to 40 ka. The time-slice maps of ice-sheet extent are based on a new Geographical Information System (GIS) database, where we have collected published numerical dates constraining the timing of ice-sheet advance and retreat, and additionally geomorphological and geological evidence contained within the existing literature. We integrate all uncertainty estimates into three ice-margin lines for each time-slice; a most-credible line, derived from our assessment of all available evidence, with bounding maximum and minimum limits allowed by existing data. This approach was motivated by the demands of glaciological, isostatic and climate modelling and to clearly display limitations in knowledge. The timing of advance and retreat were both remarkably spatially variable across the ice-sheet area. According to our compilation the westernmost limit along the British-Irish and Norwegian continental shelf was reached up to 7000 years earlier (at c. 2726 ka) than the eastern limit on the Russian Plain (at c. 20-19 ka). The Eurasian ice sheet complex as a whole attained its maximum extent (5.5 Mkm(2)) and volume (similar to 24 m Sea Level Equivalent) at c. 21 ka. Our continental-scale approach highlights instances of conflicting evidence and gaps in the ice-sheet chronology where uncertainties remain large and should be a focus for future research. Largest uncertainties coincide with locations presently below sea level and where contradicting evidence exists. This first version of the database and time-slices (DATED-1) has a census date of 1 January 2013 and both are available to download via the Bjerknes Climate Data Centre and PANGAEA (www.bcdc.no; http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848117).
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34.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (author)
  • Ice sheet retreat dynamics inferred from glacial morphology of the central Pine Island Bay Trough, West Antarctica
  • 2012
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 38, s. 1-10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Pine Island Glacier drains portions of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Amundsen Sea. During the Last Glacial Maximum the glacier extended nearly 500 km from its present location onto the outer continental shelf. Unusually restricted sea-ice cover during the austral summer of 2010 allowed for a systematic multibeam swath-bathymetric and chirp sonar survey of the mid-shelf section of Pine Island Trough. The mapped glacial landforms reveal new information about the paleo-Pine Island Ice Stream's dynamic retreat from the mid-shelf area and confirm previous suggestion of a retreat in distinct steps. The periods of grounding line stability during the overall retreat phase are marked by sediment accumulations, i.e. grounding zone wedges. These wedges are here mapped in sufficient detail to characterize spatial dimensions and estimate the volume of deposited sediment. Considering a range of sediment flux rates from the paleo-Pine Island Ice Stream we estimate that the largest and most clearly defined grounding zone wedge, located at about 73 degrees S in the surveyed area, took between 600 and 2000 years to form. The ice stream retreated landward of this wedge before 12.3 cal ka BP. The swath-bathymetric imagery of landforms in Pine Island Trough includes glacial features that suggest that retreat between periods of grounding line stability may be associated with episodes of ice shelf break-up. The depths of grounding line wedges decrease in a landward direction, from 740 to 670 m, and record elevation of the grounding line as it stepped landward. In all, the grounding line elevation varied by only similar to 80 m over a distance of just over 100 km, implying a low ice sheet profile during retreat. Finally, we revisited seismic reflection profile NB9902, acquired along Pine Island Trough in 1999, in combination with the newly acquired swath-bathymetric imagery from 2010. Together these data show that the ice stream paused during its retreat to form grounding zone wedges at an area in central Pine Island Trough where a high in dipping bedrock strata exists and the glacial trough is narrow, forming a bathymetric bottle neck.
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35.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (author)
  • In memoriam of Tom Flodén : obituary
  • 2017
  • In: GFF. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1103-5897 .- 2000-0863. ; 139:3, s. 241-242
  • Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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36.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (author)
  • Potential links between Baltic Sea submarine terraces and groundwater seeping
  • 2020
  • In: Earth Surface Dynamics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 2196-6311 .- 2196-632X. ; 8:1, s. 1-15
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) influences ocean chemistry, circulation, and the spreading of nutrients and pollutants; it also shapes sea floor morphology. In the Baltic Sea, SGD was linked to the development of terraces and semicircular depressions mapped in an area of the southern Stockholm archipelago, Sweden, in the 1990s. We mapped additional parts of the Stockholm archipelago, areas in Blekinge, southern Sweden, and southern Finland using high-resolution multibeam sonars and sub-bottom profilers to investigate if the sea floor morphological features discovered in the 1990s are widespread and to further address the hypothesis linking their formation to SGD. Sediment coring and sea floor photography conducted with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and divers add additional information to the geophysical mapping results. We find that terraces, with general bathymetric expressions of about 1 m and lateral extents of sometimes > 100 m, are widespread in the surveyed areas of the Baltic Sea and are consistently formed in glacial clay. Semicircular depressions, however, are only found in a limited part of a surveyed area east of the island of Asko, southern Stockholm archipelago. While submarine terraces can be produced by several processes, we interpret our results to be in support of the basic hypothesis of terrace formation initially proposed in the 1990s; i.e. groundwater flows through siltier, more permeable layers in glacial clay to discharge at the sea floor, leading to the formation of a sharp terrace when the clay layers above seepage zones are undermined enough to collapse. By linking the terraces to a specific geologic setting, our study further refines the formation hypothesis and thereby forms the foundation for a future assessment of SGD in the Baltic Sea that may use marine geological mapping as a starting point. We propose that SGD through the submarine sea floor terraces is plausible and could be intermittent and linked to periods of higher groundwater levels, implying that to quantify the contribution of freshwater to the Baltic Sea through this potential mechanism, more complex hydrogeological studies are required.
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37.
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38.
  • Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie, et al. (author)
  • Deciphering similar to 45.000 years of Arctic Ocean lithostratigraphic variability through multivariate statistical analysis
  • 2019
  • In: Quaternary International. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-6182 .- 1873-4553. ; 514, s. 141-151
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Our understanding of past climate conditions in the Arctic Ocean has been hampered by poor age control caused in part by low sedimentation rates (< 1 cm/kyr), hiatuses during glacial intervals as well as the scarcity and poor preservation of calcareous nanno-and microfossils in the sediments. Although recent advances using variations in single element (e.g. Mn) content or physical sediment properties (e.g. bulk density, grain size, colour) of the recovered sediments have aided Arctic core-to-core correlations, unique depositional events and post-depositional changes can complicate stratigraphic interpretations based on individual or even multiple, physical or chemical parameters. Furthermore, clear correlations between cores using physical and chemical parameters are not always possible to establish. To tackle this issue, we developed an algorithm that combines clustering and multivariate ordination to test the interrelation of multiple input parameters (e.g. an array of individual XRF elemental contents), and subsequently identifies statistically significant stratigraphic units on centimetre to decimetre scales. Our preliminary results show that a distinct sedimentological pattern during the past 45,000 years characterizes cores from the region of the Morris Jesup Rise and the Greenland side of the Lomonosov Ridge. Stratigraphic patterns of the Siberian Side of the Lomonosov Ridge yield distinct differences, thus allowing for novel insights into sedimentary processes shaping the different regions within the Arctic Ocean. We also argue that our approach can compensate for some of the weakness of single element or proxy applications, and hence aid the construction of a robust stratigraphic framework for a wide geographical range of Arctic Ocean sediments.
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39.
  • Kirchner, N., et al. (author)
  • Capabilities and limitations of numerical ice sheet models : a discussion for Earth-scientists and modelers
  • 2011
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 30:25-26, s. 3691-3704
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The simulation of dynamically coupled ice sheet, ice stream, and ice shelf-systems poses a challenge to most numerical ice sheet models. Here we review present ice sheet model limitations targeting a broader audience within Earth Sciences, also those with no specific background in numerical modeling, in order to facilitate cross-disciplinary communication between especially paleoglaciologists, marine and terrestrial geologists, and numerical modelers. The ‘zero order’(Shallow Ice Approximation, SIA)-,‘higher order’-, and‘full Stokes’ice sheet models are described conceptually and complemented by an outline of their derivations. We demonstrate that higher order models are required to simulate coupled ice sheetice shelf and ice sheet-ice stream systems, in particular if the results are aimed to complement spatial ice flow reconstructions based on higher resolution geological and geophysical data. The zero order SIA model limitations in capturing ice stream behavior are here illustrated by conceptual simulations of a glaciation on Svalbard. The limitations are obvious from the equations comprising a zero order model. However, under certain circumstances, simulation results may falsely give the impression that ice streams indeed are simulated with a zero order SIA model.
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40.
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41.
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42.
  • Löwemark, L., et al. (author)
  • Arctic Ocean Mn-stratigraphy : genesis, synthesis and inter-basin correlation
  • 2014
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 92, s. 97-111
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Across the Arctic Ocean, late Quaternary deep marine sediments are characterized by the occurrence of brownish layers intercalated with yellowish to olive gray sediments. These layers show enhanced levels of bioturbation, peaks in Mn content, and typically contain elevated abundances of planktonic and benthic micro-and nannofossils. It was early surmised that these layers were deposited under interglacial conditions and that their cyclical downcore occurrence could be correlated to the global benthic oxygen isotope curve. However, the synchronicity of Mn layers with interglacial conditions and the underlying mechanisms responsible for their formation remain controversial. Here we compile and synthesize findings of the last decades with several recent studies that shed light on issues such as the sources of Mn to the Arctic Ocean, the processes and pathways for Mn to the deep sea, the chemical processes active in the sediment, and the spatial and temporal distribution of Mn-rich layers in Arctic deep marine sediments. Budget calculations show that about 90% of Mn input to the Arctic Ocean originates from Arctic rivers or coastal erosion, two sources effectively shut down during mid-to late Quaternary glacial intervals by continental ice sheets blocking or redirecting the rivers and vast subaerial exposure of the shelf areas. Thus, the strong late Quaternary interglacial-glacial cyclicity in Mn content is clearly an input-related signal, and only secondarily influenced by chemical processes in the water column and in the sediment. On the shelves, the Mn undergoes repeated geochemical recycling caused by the high organic carbon content in the sediments before it is ultimately exported to the deep basins where scavenging processes in the water column effectively bring the Mn to the sea floor in the form of Mn (oxyhydr)oxides. The close synchronicity with enhanced bioturbation and elevated micro and nannofossil abundances shows that the Mn peaks are preserved at a stratigraphic level closely corresponding to the interglacial intervals. However, under certain biogeochemical conditions, Mn (oxyhydr)oxides may diagenetically become both dissolved and re-precipitated deep in the sediments, as shown by pore water analyses and X-ray radiograph studies. Dissolution is particularly conspicuous in late Quaternary sediments from the Lomonosov Ridge, where in rapidly deposited coarse grained intervals (diamictons) with elevated total organic carbon (TOC) contents, Mn appears almost completely removed from within the glacial sediments, and also the surrounding interglacial sediments. Correspondingly, bundles of closely spaced, mm-thick, Mn-rich horizontal bands are observed in sediment otherwise devoid of indicators for interglacial conditions, suggesting that these bands were purely formed by diagenetic processes redistributing the Mn from deeper sediment layers. This type of diagenetic Mn redistribution within the sediment can be recognized in XRF-core scanner data combined with sedimentological information from X-ray radiographs, while pore water data are highly promising if clear diagenetic features in the sediment are missing. With this increasing ability to recognize intervals where a diagenetic overprint exists in the Mn record, the recently improved understanding of the Mn cycle in the Arctic Ocean provides a conceptual paleoenvironmental framework in which carefully applied Mn stratigraphy can provide a powerful correlation tool, when combined with other paleoceanographic proxies and sedimentological data.
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43.
  • Löwemark, Ludvig, et al. (author)
  • Variations in glacial and interglacial marine conditions over the last two glacial cycles off northern Greenland
  • 2016
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 147:SI, s. 164-177
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Five sediment cores from the Lomonosov Ridge and the Morris Jesup Rise north of Greenland show the history of sea-ice coverage and primary productivity over the last two glacial cycles. Variations in Manganese content, benthic and planktonic foraminifera, bioturbation, and trace fossil diversity are interpreted to reflect differences in sea-ice cover and sediment depositional conditions between the identified interglacials. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 1 and MIS 2 are represented by thin (<< 5 cm) sediment units while the preceding interglacial MIS 5 and glacial MIS 6 are characterized by thick (10 -20 cm) deposits. Foraminiferal abundances and bioturbation suggest that MIS 1 was generally characterized by severe sea-ice conditions north of Greenland while MISS appears to have been considerably warmer with more open water, higher primary productivity, and higher sedimentation rates. Strengthened flow of Atlantic water along the northern continental shelf of Greenland rather than development of local polynyas is here suggested as a likely cause for the relatively warmer marine conditions during MIS 5 compared to MIS 1. The cores also suggest distinct differences between the glacial intervals MIS 2 and MIS 6. While MIS 6 is distinguished by a relatively thick sediment unit poor in foraminifera and with low Mn values, MIS 2 is practically missing. We speculate that this could be the effect from a paleocrystic sea-ice cover north of Greenland during MIS 2 that prevented sediment delivery from sea ice and icebergs. In contrast, the thick sequence deposited during MIS 6 indicates a longer glacial period with dynamic intervals characterized by huge drifting icebergs delivering ice rafted debris (IRD). A drastic shift from thinner sedimentary cycles where interglacial sediment parameters indicate more severe sea-ice conditions gave way to larger amplitude cycles with more open water indicators was observed around the boundary between MIS 7/8. This shift is in agreement with a sedimentary regime shift previously identified in the Eurasian Basin and may be an indicator for the growth of larger ice sheets on the Eurasian landmass during the penultimate glacial period.
  •  
44.
  • Muschitiello, Francesco (author)
  • New insights into past atmospheric circulation dynamics
  • 2014
  • Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Climate change associated with shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns has a great influence on ecosystems and societies. To predict future climate change it is important to obtain a detailed understanding of how climate behaved in the past, with special focus on the regional-scale and short-term expressions of changes in atmospheric circulation dynamics. This scientific goal can be pursued by using stable isotope records from terrestrial sequences and/or by comparing several proxy reconstructions that cover broad geographical regions. As such, isotope records have the ability to provide useful information on past changes in precipitation patterns and atmospheric physical characteristics, whereas the examination of multiple reconstructions distributed over a large area give information on the spatio-temporal variability and the direction of physical changes associated with climatic changes.The results presented in this thesis comprise i) the first Holocene stable isotope record from Gotland, which sheds light on past climate variability associated with the Siberian High over the Baltic Sea region, and ii) a comparison of pollenstratigraphic records from densely 14C dated terrestrial sequences, which provides insight into the spatial and temporal succession of vegetation shifts at the onset of the Younger Dryas cold event over northern Europe.The findings shown in these studies stress the value of using isotope records to assess past regional atmospheric circulation patterns and show the efficacy of examining well-dated networks of climate reconstructions to better understand spatio-temporal propagations of past atmospheric perturbations.
  •  
45.
  • O'Regan, Matt, et al. (author)
  • Stratigraphic Occurrences of Sub-Polar Planktic Foraminifera in Pleistocene Sediments on the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean
  • 2019
  • In: Frontiers in Earth Science. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 2296-6463. ; 7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Turborotalita quinqueloba is a species of planktic foraminifera commonly found in the sub-polar North Atlantic along the pathway of Atlantic waters in the Nordic seas and sometimes even in the Arctic Ocean, although its occurrence there remains poorly understood. Existing data show that T. quinqueloba is scarce in Holocene sediments from the central Arctic but abundance levels increase in sediments from the last interglacial period [Marine isotope stage (MIS) 5, 71-120 ka] in cores off the northern coast of Greenland and the southern Mendeleev Ridge. Turborotalita also occurs in earlier Pleistocene interglacials in these regions, with a unique and widespread occurrence of the less known Turborotalita egelida morphotype, proposed as a biostratigraphic marker for MIS 11 (474-374 ka). Here we present results from six new sediment cores, extending from the central to western Lomonosov Ridge, that show a consistent Pleistocene stratigraphy over 575 km. Preliminary semi-quantitative assessments of planktic foraminifer abundance and assemblage composition in two of these records (LOMROG12-7PC and AO16-5PC) reveal two distinct stratigraphic horizons containing Turborotalita in MIS 5. Earlier occurrences in Pleistocene interglacials are recognized, but contain significantly fewer specimens and do not appear to be stratigraphically coeval in the studied sequences. In all instances, the Turborotalita specimens resemble the typical T. quinqueloba morphotype but are smaller (63-125 mu m), smooth-walled and lack the final thickened calcite layer common to adults of the species. These results extend the geographical range for T. quinqueloba in MIS 5 sediments of the Arctic Ocean and provide compelling evidence for recurrent invasions during Pleistocene interglacials.
  •  
46.
  • Regnéll, Carl, et al. (author)
  • Ice-dammed lakes and deglaciation history of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in central Jämtland, Sweden
  • 2023
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 314
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Extensive glacial lakes dammed in the Scandinavian Mountains during the retreat of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet were first hypothesised over a century ago. Here, using high-resolution LiDAR, we report >4500 relict shorelines, deltas and palaeo-channels related to ice-dammed lakes over a -30 000 km2 area of central Jämtland, west-central Sweden. Shorelines occur as flights on the valley sides, a consequence of sequential lowering of palaeo-lake levels during ice margin retreat and lower threshold outlets becoming ice-free. Based on the extent and elevation of shorelines, we identify requisite lake-damming ice-margin positions and lake drainage outlets, and we reconstruct the coupled evolution of ice-dammed lakes and the retreating ice margin. Beginning as a series of smaller ice-dammed lakes along the Swedish-Norwegian border, draining westward across the present-day water divide and into the Atlantic Ocean, the lakes successively coalesced during eastward ice margin retreat to form water bodies covering 1000s of km2 with 10s of km-long calving margins. Ultimately, the lake system coalesced into a single lake: the Central Jämtland Ice Lake, which exceeded 3500 km2 in area and 360 km3 in volume. Eventually, the damming ice-margin split in two, resulting in a large (-200 km2) catastrophic glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) that reversed the drainage of the entire lake system from the west to an eastern outlet draining to the Baltic basin. We present new radiocarbon ages for one lake drainage event prior to the eastward outburst flood and, together with previously published deglacial ages and local varve records, we suggest that the region was possibly deglaciated within just 350 years, sometime between 10.5 and 9.2 cal ka BP. We tentatively correlate the penultimate drainage of the Central Jämtland Ice Lake to the zero-varve of the Swedish Time Scale, a drainage varve at Döviken, eastern Jämtland, raising the tantalising prospect of using the evolution of the ice-dammed lake system to tie the varve-based Swedish Time Scale to the radiocarbon timescale with a new programme of radiocarbon dating in central Jämtland. 
  •  
47.
  • Regnéll, Carl, et al. (author)
  • The Lund Moraine - the geomorphic limit of the last Young Baltic ice advance in the Öresund region
  • 2023
  • In: GFF. - 1103-5897 .- 2000-0863.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Here we present geomorphological evidence of a previously unrecognised ∼50 km long, ice-marginal moraine complex in southwestern Skåne, southernmost Sweden, which we name the “Lund Moraine”. This lobate moraine marks a sharp boundary between heavily streamlined and gently undulating landscapes, and closely outlines the extent of the “Lund till/diamicton”. We interpret that the moraine was formed by a northward readvance, corresponding to a last Young Baltic readvance of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet into Öresund. Consequently, we infer that the “Lund till/diamicton” was formed subglacially, in contrast to earlier interpretations of it being a waterlain diamicton. Based on previously published dates, stratigraphically below “Lund till/diamicton”, we infer that this readvance occurred sometime after c. 16 cal. ka BP. This readvance could offer an explanation to the apparent discrepancy of observations of the postglacial marine limit from outside and inside the Lund Moraine. Our observations will hopefully settle the ∼50 years long controversy concerning the extent or even existence of such a readvance into Öresund. We expect that our findings will guide further work towards disentangling the complex deglacial history of Skåne and the wider Öresund region.
  •  
48.
  • Regnéll, Joachim, 1956-, et al. (author)
  • Ice-dammed lakes of Scandinavia : A key to the pattern and chronology of the final decay of the Scandinavian ice-sheet
  • 2021
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Here we present the use of ice-dammed lake-related landforms and sediments for reconstructing the final phases of decay of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet.In the late stages of the deglaciation, extensive glacial lakes were dammed between the easterly retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet and the water divide within the mountains to the west. Using high-resolution airborne LiDAR-data, shorelines and other landforms relating to these ice-dammed lakes have now been discovered over larger areas and in greater numbers than previously known, opening a treasure trove of palaeoglaciological information of vast potential for reconstructing the final decay phase of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet.The geomorphological imprint of the ice-dammed lakes is of particular importance in northern Scandinavia, as geological evidence pertaining unequivocally to the final ice sheet decay is sparse. Its interpretation is complicated since the ice sheet is thought to have mainly been cold-based during final decay, inhibiting sliding at the ice-bed interface and limiting the construction (or destruction) of landforms indicative of the changing shape and flow of the ice sheet. Furthermore, dated sediment sequences marking the onset of ice-free conditions are woefully few in northern Scandinavia. Likewise, available cosmogenic nuclide exposure dates provide high age uncertainty and inadequate geographical cover, leaving the timing and location of final ice sheet decay still elusive.Using examples from northern and central Scandinavia, we show that ice-dammed lakes are an intricate part of the deglacial dynamics and show how mapping and dating them offer a solution to these problems. Even with a frozen ice-bed interface, surface melting and meltwater drainage creates landforms unequivocally associated with ice sheet decay: drainage channels, dammed lake shorelines, and deltas. Meltwater drainage routes and ice-dammed lakes are therefore powerful tools for reconstructing a disintegrating ice sheet; a ponded lake reveals the location of its requisite ice-dam, and drainage pathways reveal ice-free conditions. A dated sequence of ice-dammed lake sediments can therefore constrain both ice and lake coverage at that time for a much larger area than the dated site itself. Furthermore, the extent of different ice-dammed lake stages and their requisite ice-damming positions enables the pattern of ice margin change to be traced, and the relative age of ice-marginal positions determined using cross-cutting relations. The shorelines’ present-day tilts are also used to inform patterns and magnitudes of postglacial isostatic uplift, information otherwise lacking from the continental interior but of particular importance for modelling former ice sheet volumes and understanding the crustal response to ice sheet loading. Reconstructing the extents and timing of ice-dammed lakes and the study of related landforms and deposits can therefore greatly improve our understanding of the final decay of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and provide potential analogues for the predicted future behaviours of modern ice sheets.
  •  
49.
  • Regnéll, Joachim, et al. (author)
  • Ice-dammed lakes of Scandinavia : A key to the pattern and chronology of the final decay of the Scandinavian ice-sheet
  • 2021
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Here we present the use of ice-dammed lake-related landforms and sediments for reconstructing the final phases of decay of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. In the late stages of the deglaciation, extensive glacial lakes were dammed between the easterly retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet and the water divide within the mountains to the west. Using high-resolution airborne LiDAR-data, shorelines and other landforms relating to these ice-dammed lakes have now been discovered over larger areas and in greater numbers than previously known, opening a treasure trove of palaeoglaciological information of vast potential for reconstructing the final decay phase of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. The geomorphological imprint of the ice-dammed lakes is of particular importance in northern Scandinavia, as geological evidence pertaining unequivocally to the final ice sheet decay is sparse. Its interpretation is complicated since the ice sheet is thought to have mainly been cold-based during final decay, inhibiting sliding at the ice-bed interface and limiting the construction (or destruction) of landforms indicative of the changing shape and flow of the ice sheet. Furthermore, dated sediment sequences marking the onset of ice-free conditions are woefully few in northern Scandinavia. Likewise, available cosmogenic nuclide exposure dates provide high age uncertainty and inadequate geographical cover, leaving the timing and location of final ice sheet decay still elusive. Using examples from northern and central Scandinavia, we show that ice-dammed lakes are an intricate part of the deglacial dynamics and show how mapping and dating them offer a solution to these problems. Even with a frozen ice-bed interface, surface melting and meltwater drainage creates landforms unequivocally associated with ice sheet decay: drainage channels, dammed lake shorelines, and deltas. Meltwater drainage routes and ice-dammed lakes are therefore powerful tools for reconstructing a disintegrating ice sheet; a ponded lake reveals the location of its requisite ice-dam, and drainage pathways reveal ice-free conditions. A dated sequence of ice-dammed lake sediments can therefore constrain both ice and lake coverage at that time for a much larger area than the dated site itself. Furthermore, the extent of different ice-dammed lake stages and their requisite ice-damming positions enables the pattern of ice margin change to be traced, and the relative age of ice-marginal positions determined using cross-cutting relations. The shorelines’ present-day tilts are also used to inform patterns and magnitudes of postglacial isostatic uplift, information otherwise lacking from the continental interior but of particular importance for modelling former ice sheet volumes and understanding the crustal response to ice sheet loading. Reconstructing the extents and timing of ice-dammed lakes and the study of related landforms and deposits can therefore greatly improve our understanding of the final decay of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and provide potential analogues for the predictedfuture behaviours of modern ice sheets.
  •  
50.
  • Rueda, Gemma, et al. (author)
  • Comparision of instrumental and GDGT based estimates of sea surface and air temperatures from the Skagerrak
  • 2009
  • In: Organic Geochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0146-6380 .- 1873-5290. ; 40:2, s. 287-291
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and annual mean air temperatures (MATs) are estimated for the last 200 years from glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) proxies in a marine sediment core from the Skagerrak, off southern Norway. The reconstructed values compare well with annual SSTs and summer air temperatures obtained from composite regional instrumental records. The results provide further confidence in the application of proxies based on GDGTs to estimate past temperatures.
  •  
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