SwePub
Sök i SwePub databas

  Extended search

Träfflista för sökning "WFRF:(Hättestrand Clas) "

Search: WFRF:(Hättestrand Clas)

  • Result 1-50 of 69
Sort/group result
   
EnumerationReferenceCoverFind
1.
  •  
2.
  •  
3.
  • Blomdin, Robin, et al. (author)
  • Evaluating the timing of former glacier expansions in the Tian Shan : A key step towards robust spatial correlations
  • 2016
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 153, s. 78-96
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The timing of past glaciation across the Tian Shan provides a proxy for past climate change in this critical area. Correlating glacial stages across the region is difficult but cosmogenic exposure ages have considerable potential. A drawback is the large observed scatter in Be-10 surface exposure data. To quantify the robustness of the dating, we compile, recalculate, and perform statistical analyses on sets of 10Be surface exposure ages from 25 moraines, consisting of 114 new and previously published ages. We assess boulder age scatter by dividing boulder groups into quality classes and rejecting boulder groups of poor quality. This allows us to distinguish and correlate robustly dated glacier limits, resulting in a more conservative chronology than advanced in previous publications. Our analysis shows that only one regional glacial stage can be reliably correlated across the Tian Shan, with glacier expansions occurring between 15 and 281 a during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2. However, there are examples of older more extensive indicators of glacial stages between MIS 3 and MIS 6. Paleoglacier extent during MIS 2 was mainly restricted to valley glaciation. Local deviations occur: in the central Kyrgyz Tian Shan paleoglaciers were more extensive and we propose that the topographic context explains this pattern. Correlation between glacial stages prior to late MIS 2 is less reliable, because of the low number of samples and/or the poor resolution of the dating. With the current resolution and spatial coverage of robustly-dated glacier limits we advise that paleoclimatic implications for the Tian Shan glacial chronology beyond MIS 2 are speculative and that continued work toward robust glacial chronologies is needed to resolve questions regarding drivers of past glaciation in the Tian Shan and Central Asia.
  •  
4.
  • Blomdin, Robin, 1986-, et al. (author)
  • Glacial geomorphology of the Altai and Western Sayan Mountains, Central Asia
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Maps. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5647. ; 12:1, s. 123-136
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this article, we present a map of the glacial geomorphology of the Altai andWestern Sayan Mountains, covering an area of almost 600,000 km2. Although numerous studies provide evidence for restricted Pleistocene glaciations in this area, others have hypothesized the past existence of an extensive ice sheet. To provide a framework for accurate glacial reconstructions of the Altai and Western Sayan Mountains, we present a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 based on a mapping from 30 m resolution ASTER DEM and 15 m/30 mresolution Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery. Four landform classes have been mapped: marginal moraines, glacial lineations, hummocky terrain, and glacial valleys. Our mapping reveals an abundance of glacial erosional and depositional landforms. The distribution of these glacial landforms indicates that the Altai and Western Sayan Mountains have experienced predominantly alpine-style glaciations, with some small ice caps centred on the higher mountain peaks. Large marginal moraine complexes mark glacial advances in intermontane basins. By tracing the outer limits of present-day glaciers, glacial valleys, and moraines, we estimate that the past glacier coverage have totalled to 65,000 km2 (10.9% of the mapped area), whereas present-day glacier coverage totals only 1300 km2 (0.2% of the mapped area). This demonstrates the usefulness of remote sensing techniques for mapping the glacial geomorphology in remote mountain areas and for quantifying the past glacier dimensions. The glacial geomorphological map presented here will be used for further detailed reconstructions of the paleoglaciology and paleoclimate of the region.
  •  
5.
  • Blomdin, Robin, 1986-, et al. (author)
  • Paleoglaciation on opposite flanks of the Ikh-Turgen Mountains, Central Asia : Importance of style of moraine deposition for 10-Be surface exposure dating
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The ages of marginal moraines that record extensive glacier expansions across the Altai Mountains of Central Asia are poorly documented. We present 18 10Be exposure ages from moraines in valleys on opposite flanks of the Ikh-Turgen Mountains. On the eastern side, exposure ages from a latero-frontal moraine indicate deglaciation during MIS 3 (45.3±2.7 ka) and MIS 2 (22.8±3.5 ka). Corresponding exposure ages, from the western side, indicate a more complex story with large scatter (~14-53 ka). Owing to their close proximity, the paleoglaciers should have responded similarly to climate forcing, yet they exhibited a distinctly different behavior. We propose that differences in glacier dynamics caused differences in ice-marginal depositional environments, explaining the scatter in exposure ages on the western side. This study shows the importance of style of deposition in chronological studies of glacial landforms and demonstrates that certain moraine types can be difficult to use as paleoclimate proxies.
  •  
6.
  • Blomdin, Robin, 1986- (author)
  • Paleoglaciology of the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, Central Asia
  • 2016
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The mountain-systems of Central Asia, act as barriers to atmospheric circulation patterns, which in turn impose striking climate gradients across the region. Glaciers are sensitive indicators of climate change and respond to changes in climate gradients over time by advancing during cold and wet periods and receding during warm and dry periods. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether there are large-scale patterns in how past glaciers in the Tian Shan and the Altai Mountains of Central Asia responded to climate change. Multiple methods have been used, including: remote sensing, terrain analysis, field investigations, and cosmogenic nuclide (CN) dating. The glacial landform records indicate that the region experienced mainly alpine-style glaciations in the past. Large complexes of ice-marginal moraines in high elevation basins are evidence of outlet glaciers sourced from large valley glaciers, ice caps and ice-fields, and these moraine sequences, record the maximum extent of paleoglaciation. In the Ikh-Turgen Mountains, located in the continental, eastern Altai Mountains, deglaciation of these moraines occurred during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 at ~45 ka. This is consistent with a colder and wetter climate during this time, inferred from ice core and lake level proxies. Another deglacial phase occurred during MIS 2 at ~23 ka, synchronous with the global Last Glacial Maximum. In the Russian Altai Mountains, lobate moraines in the Chuya Basin indicate deglaciation at ~19 ka, by a highly dynamic paleoglacier in the Chagan-Uzun catchment, which experienced surge-like behaviour. Furthermore, across the Tian Shan, an evaluation of new and existing CN glacial chronologies (25 dated moraines) indicates that only one regional glacial stage, between 15 and 28 ka (MIS 2), can be defined and spatially correlated across the region. These paleoglaciers were mainly restricted to valleys as a result of arid conditions during this time and variation in their extents is interpreted to reflect topographic modulation on regional climate. The ages of the oldest evidence for robust local glacial stages in the Tian Shan are not yet well constrained, however, moraines in the central Kyrgyz Tian Shan and the eastern Chinese Tian Shan have apparent minimum ages overlapping with MIS 5 and MIS 3 (with missing MIS 4 and 6 stages). However, different geological processes, such as inheritance and post-depositional shielding (e.g. deposition by surging glaciers or hummocky terrain deposition), have influenced the dating resolution, making several moraine ages inappropriate for regional comparison. Finally, to quantify regional patterns of paleoglaciation, the hypsometry (area-elevation distribution) of glacial landforms is used to estimate average paleo equilibrium line altitudes for the region. This analysis shows that while present-day ELAs mirror strong climate gradients, paleoglaciation patterns were characterised by more gentle ELA gradients. The paleo-ELA depressions across Central Asia were most prominent in the continental southern and eastern regions (500–700 m). Finally, the results from this thesis, show that Central Asia was repeatedly glaciated in the past, but underscore the importance of considering 1) catchment characteristics and styles of glaciation and 2) other non-climatic factors controlling glacier dynamics when interpreting CN chronologies to make paleoclimate inference.
  •  
7.
  • Blomdin, Robin, et al. (author)
  • Timing and dynamics of glaciation in the Ikh Turgen Mountains, Altai region, High Asia
  • 2018
  • In: Quaternary Geochronology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1014 .- 1878-0350. ; 47, s. 54-71
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Spanning the northern sector of High Asia, the Altai region contains a rich landform record of glaciation. We report the extent, chronologies, and dynamics of two paleoglaciers on opposite flanks of the Ikh Turgen mountains (In Russian: Chikhacheva Range), straddling the border between Russia and Mongolia, using a combination of remote sensing-based glacial geomorphological mapping, 10Be surface exposure dating, and geomorphometric analysis. On the eastern side (Mongolia), the Turgen-Asgat paleoglacier, with its potential for developing a large accumulation area (∼257 km2), expanded 40 km down valley, and mean ages from a latero-frontal moraine indicate deglaciation during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 (45.1 ± 1.8 ka, n = 4) and MIS 2 (22.8 ± 3.3 ka, n = 5). These minimum age constraints are consistent with other 10Be glacial chronologies and paleoclimate records from the region, which indicates glacier culmination during cold and wet conditions coinciding with MIS 3 (piedmont-style glaciation; inferred for a few sites across the region) and glacier culmination during cold and dry conditions coinciding with MIS 2 (mainly valley-style glaciation; inferred from several sites across the region). On the western side (Russia), the Boguty paleoglacier had a smaller accumulation area (∼222 km2), and advanced 30 km down valley across a low gradient forefield. Surface exposure ages from two moraine complexes on this side of the mountains exhibit wide scatter (∼14–53 ka, n = 8), making paleoclimate inferences and comparison to other proxies difficult. Ice surface profile reconstructions imply that the two paleoglaciers likely shared an ice divide. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
  •  
8.
  • Blomdin, Robin, et al. (author)
  • Topographic and climatic controls on paleoglaciation patterns across the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, Central Asia
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Reconstructing spatial patterns of the extents and dynamics of paleoglaciers across Central Asia is key in understanding the mechanisms of global environmental change. The Tian Shan and Altai Mountains are located in the continental interior of Eurasia, at the confluence of several major climate systems. In order to test hypothesized patterns in paleoglacier extent, and to test the role of paleoclimate and mountain topography in modulating the evolution of these glacial systems, we perform a domain-wide terrain analysis. We first divide the Tian Shan and the Altai Mountains into six physiographic regions delineated by major drainage divides and outlining generalised climate zones. Thereafter we mine published datasets on the distribution of glaciers and glacial landforms, calculate their area-elevation distributions (hypsometry), and extract present-day regional equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) and long-term average ELAs (paleo-ELAs). We show that the use of glacial landform hypsometry is an effective tool to quantify broad-scale paleoglaciation patterns and find that there is a regional variability in glacier extents across the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains. Reconstructed ELAs show pronounced spatial gradients; increasing ELAs from northern to southern Tian Shan, and increasing ELAs from the northern to both the southeastern and southwestern Altai Mountains. In contrast, maximum paleoglaciation patterns and paleo-ELAs were more uniform across the two mountain systems, with inter-regional topographic variability influencing moraine distributions and thus complicating regional paleo-ELA determinations. Because estimated paleo-ELAs were relatively uniform across the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, the paleo-ELA lowering were most pronounced in the more continental southern and eastern regions. Our current data is insufficient to explain whether this observation is the result of a different regional paleoclimatic regime than today, or if paleoglaciers responded dynamically different to a paleoclimate forcing of the same magnitude. Our ELA reconstructions also lack temporal constraints, so we furthermore propose that future studies systematically compare hypsometry-derived ELA reconstructions with those stemming from surface energy mass balance models, other proxy records (i.e. lake- and ice core records), and from chronologically constrained ice-marginal moraines.  
  •  
9.
  • Bonow, Johan M., 1969- (author)
  • Palaeosurfaces and palaeovalleys on North Atlantic previously glaciated passive margins : reference forms for conclusions on uplift and erosion
  • 2004
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Palaeosurfaces and palaeovalleys are landforms under destruction in the present climate and/or tectonic regime, and thus mainly reflect processes not active today. Uplifted palaeosurfaces exist along the formerly glaciated passive continental margins around the North Atlantic. Large-scale landform development has recently become a matter of interest also for geologists and geophysicists as the result of an increasing awareness that a thorough knowledge of uplift, erosion, deposition and development of landforms along continental margins can only be accomplished by combined studies using independent data from different scientific disciplines. The present study focuses on one of these above data sets; the landform record. Two uplifted areas, southern Norway and central West Greenland, were selected for landform analysis of high resolution digital elevation models, aerial photographs, relation between landforms in basement and cover rocks, offshore seismic lines and X-ray diffraction of clay minerals in saprolites. In southern Norway, analysis of slope angles within the range of pediment slopes was combined with analysis of main valley incision. This resulted in the identification of three main planation surfaces in a stepped sequence formed along the main valleys as a consequence of tectonic uplift events, maybe in the Palaeogene, (in total >1000 m). Two phases of late uplift (~900 m), probably in the Neogene, triggered incision of deep fluvial valleys, later reshaped by glacial erosion (up to 300 m). In central West Greenland palaeosurfaces were analysed in relation to cover rock of different age. An exhumed etch surface, characterized by a typical hilly relief, occurs on Disko and south of Disko Bugt, and are by the presence of cover rocks shown to be sub-Palaeocene in origin. To the north, a post-Eocene erosion surface on Nuussuaq, cuts across basement and basalt and was probably formed close to sea level. Uplift in two phases elevated this surface up to 2000 m above present sea level and broke it in differently tilted tectonic blocks. South of Disko Bugt, a planation surface, of probably the same age as the one on Nuussuaq, cuts the tilted etch surface, and also cuts across different bedrock types. The planation surface rises towards the south and splits in two surfaces, separated in altitude up to 300 m, within two highly elevated areas. The separation into two surfaces indicate two uplift events: A first minor event of a few hundred metres in the uplift centres resulted in incision of the lower planation surface. This event was later followed by a major uplift event amounting to >1000 m. Correlation with the offshore sedimentary record suggests that both uplift events occurred in the Neogene. The erosion pattern calculated from one reconstructed palaeosurface to present topography shows large spatial variations. This is interpreted as an effect of differential bedrock resistance and local variations of glacial erosion (400–1300 m in low areas). The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the usefulness of palaeosurfaces and palaeovalleys as tools for deciphering magnitude of uplift events, establishing relative event chronologies and for calculation of erosion. Moreover integrated studies of palaeolandforms, offshore geology and thermal chronologies, are shown to be invaluable when used to solve the spatial and temporal patterns of uplift, erosion and deposition.
  •  
10.
  • Ebert, Karin, 1976- (author)
  • Cenozoic landscape evolution in northern Sweden : Geomorphological interpretation within a GIS-framework
  • 2009
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The large-scale bedrock landscape in northern Sweden has a complex evolution history of planation, uplift, transgression, burial, weathering, and erosion. The aim of this thesis is to examine the long-term development of the area. Terms for base-level surfaces in the area are defined. A combination of GIS-analyses of digital elevation models and field work is used to explore landform characteristics and formation. Inselbergs east of the northern Scandes in northern Sweden are used as a basis for describing landscape development. In total, 794 inselbergs are identified in the study area. The inselbergs are classified according to their degree of glacial erosion. The Parkajoki area, with low glacially modified inselbergs, tors, boulder fields and saprolites, has been shown to have largely escaped Quaternary glacial erosion and is taken as a type area to describe the late-Neogene landscape development prior to glaciation. The removal of Neogene saprolite mantles at the inselberg feet in areas of glacial erosion increased inselberg relief during the Quaternary by 10-20 m. For landscape evolution further back in time, beyond the Neogene, the hypsography of the study areas shows at least two palaeosurface generations in the northern Scandes and at least four palaeosurface generations on the inselberg plains. The distribution of inselbergs in relation to palaeosurface generations in the same elevation intervals suggests land uplift with a tilt towards the SE-ESE. Eocene marine diatom findings at 260 m a.s.l. in Finland, 200 km east of the study area, indicate a pre-Eocene age of the inselberg plains above this elevation. The development of today’s inselberg plains likely started in the late Mesozoic, with a sub-Mesozic etch surface that was subjected to land uplift at the late Mesozoic-Paleocene transition during breakup of the Atlantic. The great antiquity of the northern Swedish bedrock landscape stands as an analogy for shield areas in for example Australia and Africa.
  •  
11.
  • Ebert, Karin, 1976-, et al. (author)
  • DEM-analysis of palaeosurface remnants in the mountain zone of northern Sweden
  • Other publication (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Palaeosurface remnants are parts of old planation surfaces that have been elevated and partly down-cut by subsequent erosion. Such surfaces constitute an important landscape element when reconstructing the evolution of a landscape’s tong term development, although their morphological identification may be uncertain. In this study we examine to which degree palaeosurface remnants and surface generations can be identified objectively by GIS-analyses. A combination of fieldwork and GIS-analysis of digital elevation models (DEMs) was used to investigate palaeosurface remnants in two study areas, Ätnajåkki valley and Tjeuralako plateau in the northern Scandes of Sweden. Our results indicate that surfaces with an inclination of less than 11 °, and that were not affected by glacial erosion, correspond well with palaeosurface remnants as mapped subjectively in the DEM, air photos and in the field. Peaks in the hypsographic curves, at similar elevation intervals for both areas, show the altitudinal distribution of several palaeosurface generations that were identified in the field. The DEM analysis is shown to be a useful tool, but subjective mapping of glacially eroded areas is necessary to exclude glacially eroded areas, some of which may otherwise be misinterpreted as palaeosurface remnants, in the DEM. Hence, the combination of field observations and GIS-analyses is important when mapping and analysing palaeosurface remnants and their distribution correctly in a DEM. The method shown is nonetheless straightforward and reproducible.
  •  
12.
  • Ebert, Karin, et al. (author)
  • DEM identification of macroscale stepped relief in arctic northern Sweden
  • 2011
  • In: Geomorphology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-555X .- 1872-695X. ; 132:3-4, s. 339-350
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Stepped relief is a characteristic feature of many upland areas on Earth. In this study, we examine if stepped relief can be identified objectively by GIS-analysis of digital elevation models (DEMs). We specifically study the stepped relief landscapes of northern Sweden, comprising areas of contrasting topography in the mountainous northern Scandes and on the inselberg plains of the Precambrian basement east of the Caledonides.We mainly use hypsographic curves to examine the elevation distribution of the study areas and to identify palaeosurfaces. Peaks in the hypsographic curves are interpreted as palaeosurfaces, while hypsographic minima are interpreted as breaks in slope, separating these surfaces. In the northern Scandes, where only patchy remnants of palaeosurfaces remain, we use empirical cutoff values of slope angles to restrict palaeosurface areas to those identified in thefield and in air photos. In addition, air photo andfield mapping of glacially eroded areas is necessary to exclude glacially formed low relief surfaces, such as valley floors. These latter procedures introduce an unavoidable degree of subjectivity to the study. Our results indicate that in the northern Scandes, surfaces with an inclination of 11°, after glacially formed features are abstracted, correspond well with palaeosurface remnants. Breaks in slope separating the surface generations in themountains are centred around 860, 1320, and 1520 masl (above sea level), respectively. On the plains east of the northern Scandes, hypsographic data were filtered to remove inselbergs in order to analyse only the plains. Hypsographic curves of both the filtered and the unfiltered data of the inselberg plains show minima at elevations that correspond to steps separating multiple palaeosurfaces at elevations of 190, 250, and 400 masl. The steps separating the different palaeosurfaces are, in places, aligned with known geological discontinuities, but extensive remnants also transect structure. The presence of stepped relief is consistent with existing models of phased Cenozoic uplift and incision in northern Fennoscandia.
  •  
13.
  • Ebert, Karin, 1976-, et al. (author)
  • Meteoric Be-10 concentrations from saprolite and till in northern Sweden : Implications for glacial erosion and age
  • 2012
  • In: Quaternary Geochronology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1014 .- 1878-0350. ; 12, s. 11-22
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We examine Be-10 concentration in two pit profiles in the Parkajoki area at similar to 67 degrees N on the northern Fennoscandian shield in northern Sweden. Due to repeated cover by cold-based, non-erosive ice sheets, the area retains many relict non-glacial features, including tors and saprolites. In the examined pit profiles, gruss-type saprolite developed from weathering of intermediate igneous rocks is overlain unconformably by Weichselian till.Our results show that Be-10 concentrations found in the till greatly exceed the levels of Be-10 that can have accumulated since deglaciation at similar to 11 ka and are comparable to those reported from Pliocene and Early Pleistocene tills in North America. Old tills with grussified boulders at depth were excavated in the Parkajoki area and correlations with neighbouring parts of Finland indicate a Middle Pleistocene or older age. Evidence from pit excavations and geochemistry shows that the underlying saprolites have been truncated by glacial erosion and that previously weathered material has been incorporated into the till sequence. Hence, Be-10 inventories in the tills are dominated by material recycled from Middle Pleistocene or older soils, near-surface sediments and saprolite, and cannot be used to date the periods of till deposition. The retention of relict Be-10 in the tills nonetheless confirms minimal glacial erosion.Concentrations of meteoric Be-10 in the saprolites are lower than any reported saprolite concentrations measured in other settings. Uncertainty in the pre-glaciation Be-10 concentrations in the saprolites makes age determinations difficult. One possibility is that that the saprolite had higher Be-10 concentrations in the past but that saprolite formation ended after glaciation and burial by till and that the Be-10 has substantially decayed. Modelling of the meteoric Be-10 depth profiles in this case suggests that the saprolites in the Parkajoki area were formed at a minimum of 2 Ma. Erosion of the saprolite allows an older age of up to similar to 5 Ma, with up to 250 cm of material removed and incorporated into later tills. A second possibility is that concentrations of meteoric Be-10 in the saprolite were originally lower, with formation of the saprolite in a period or periods of ice- and permafrost-free conditions before 0.8 Ma.
  •  
14.
  • Ebert, Karin, 1976-, et al. (author)
  • Multi-phase development of a glaciated inselberg landscape
  • Other publication (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We investigate the evolution of a glaciated inselberg landscape in northern Sweden since the late Mesozoic, c. 65 million years ago. The study area is part of the Fennoscandian shield and has been stripped of cover rocks and also largely of weathering mantles by preglacial and glacial erosion to leave low relief inselberg plains, with a thin cover of Quaternary deposits. We use these inselbergs as the basis for study of the impact of glacial and preglacial erosion on the shield landscape. GIS-analyses of digital elevation models (DEMs) enable us to identify the morphometry of the inselbergs. Field mapping and mechanical excavations of inselberg margins allow links to be explored between dome-like granite inselbergs and sheet structures and to examine till and saprolite mantles. Very low glacial erosion in the Parkajoki area allows the final stages of preglacial relief development to be reconstructed for the Late Neogene. The hypsometry of the study area, in combination with inselberg elevation and distribution, allows four palaeosurfaces to be identified.   The effects of glacial erosion on the bedrock forms of the inselbergs of the study area were generally restricted to inselberg streamlining by steepening of inselberg flanks. The inselberg landscape relief was enhanced by the removal of saprolite mantles during the Quaternary glaciations. The saprolites formed during the late Neogene, thin or absent close to the inselberg summits and of 10-20 m thickness at the inselberg feet and on the plains. The inselbergs are much older features, however, and deep kaolinization and soft ores are evidence for development by etching from a Mesozoic base level surface. Eocene marine clays on the continuation of the inselberg plains in northern Finland at around 260 m a.s.l. indicate that the inselberg plains above the Pakko palaeosurface generation predate the Paleogene-Eocene thermal maximum. Erosion rates, calculated for two reconstructed summit envelope surfaces, range between 1.5m/Myr and 4.8m/Myr since the late Mesozoic. The inselberg plains of northern Sweden are therefore directly comparable to other shield landscapes in extra-glacial areas that have experienced episodes of deposition of thin cover rocks, long periods of weathering and very low long term rates of erosion.
  •  
15.
  • Ebert, Karin, 1976-, et al. (author)
  • Pre-glacial landforms on a glaciated shield : the inselberg plains of northern Sweden
  • 2012
  • In: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. - 0029-196X. ; 92:1, s. 1-17
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We investigate the long-term geomorphological evolution of the inselberg plains on the glaciated northern Fennoscandian shield. The shield surface has been largely stripped of pre-Quaternary correlative sediments and saprolites by non-glacial and glacial erosion, which makes investigations of pre-Quaternary landscape development a challenge. The relief of the study area, covering 33,000 km3 in the centre of the shield in northern Sweden, includes an abundance of inselbergs that provide the basis for the study. We examine the relief of the inselberg plains, integrated with glacial-geomorphologic features, geology, and weathering remnants, by using GIS-analysis and fieldwork. Several key areas are used to demonstrate the impact of glaciations on the large scale relief, and the influence of geology, structure and deep weathering on relief formation.Glacial erosion had only a minor impact on the large-scale bedrock morphology of northern Sweden. Based on excavations and observations in the Parkajoki area, an area largely preserved under cold-based ice during Quaternary glaciations, we infer that grus weathering, resulting in saprolite covers of up to 10-20 m thickness, occurred in the Neogene. However, inselbergs are considerably higher than that, and must therefore be the result of older deep weathering and erosional events. Narrow fracture zones associated with deep kaolins found in northern Fennoscandia may represent the roots of older generations of deep weathering covers but their age and formation is yet unclear.  The geology of the area has greatly influenced the present surface relief. The positions and footprints of the inselbergs are often closely controlled by bedrock type and fracturing. Granite inselbergs generally have dome forms where dome shape and slopes are determined by joint patterns. Steps between palaeosurfaces locally coincide with lithological boundaries and major faults. These links indicate the fundamental importance of etch processes in shaping the relief through multiple cycles of deep weathering and stripping. Palaeosurfaces have been extended and lowered through time, with isolation of small inselbergs during erosion of higher palaeosurfaces. The timescales for relief generation remain uncertain and there is a pressing need to understand the significance of and to date the sediments, saprolites and weathered ore bodies that rest on the surface of the northern Fennoscandian shield.
  •  
16.
  • Ebert, Karin, 1976-, et al. (author)
  • The impact of Quaternary glaciations on inselbergs in northern Sweden
  • 2010
  • In: Geomorphology. - : Elsevier. - 0169-555X .- 1872-695X. ; 115:1-2, s. 56-66
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We investigate the glacial modification of inselbergs (large, isolated bedrock hills) in northern Sweden. Inselbergs are generally regarded as products of deep weathering (etching) and stripping under warm and humid climates. Unlike inselbergs found in the tropics, the inselbergs in northern Sweden were exposed to ice sheet glaciation for long periods of the Quaternary. We used DEMs to examine 794 inselbergs in our study area and they were classified according to their degree of glacial modification. Bedrock structural control was assessed using GIS data on the regional geology. Clusters of inselbergs were mapped in the field for features indicative of glacial erosion, such as glacial cliffs and stripped bedrock surfaces, and for features indicative of limited erosion, such as tors and blockfields. The results of the study indicate that inselbergs in the area were mostly modified by Quaternary ice sheets only to a low or moderate extent and that the degree of glacial erosion is dependent on their relief and location. Inselbergs with a relative relief of < 100 m and in areas of lower absolute relief experienced the strongest glacial modification, where the strongest glacial modification can result in lateral erosion of the inselberg flanks. Inselberg summits often display signs of minimal glacial erosion, such as tor-like bedrock outcrops with signs of strong weathering. In summary, we argue that inselbergs in northern Sweden have largely retained their pre-Quaternary shape despite long periods of ice sheet cover.
  •  
17.
  • Fabel, D., et al. (author)
  • Retreat rate of the northern Fennoscandian Ice Sheet margin
  • 2007
  • In: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The deglaciation chronologies of the northern and north-eastern margins of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet are relatively poorly constrained. This is because the principal methodological tool to trace and date the deglaciation pattern, the occurrence of deglaciation varves, does not apply in the northernmost regions of Fennoscandia. Moreover, a paucity of radiocarbon dates allows for only a most generalised pattern for the post-Younger Dryas shrinkage of the ice sheet to its final deglaciation configuration in the northern Swedish mountains. We are tracing the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet from its Younger Dryas terminal moraines in northern Norway and eastern Finland towards the northern Swedish mountains, using cosmogenic nuclide apparent exposure ages of depositional and erosional features related to the former ice sheet margin. Because the ice sheet had initially warm-based conditions close to its margin, the dominant morphology is one of eskers and aligned lineation systems such as crag-and-tails. Abundant meltwater has locally eroded bedrock to considerable depth and deposited fans or deltas perched above current local base levels. Subglacial conditions during final deglaciation close to the mountain range were cold-based, thus inhibiting the formation of eskers and lineation systems. However, there is a ubiquity of meltwater erosional imprints and occasional plucking scars where, locally, pressure-melting conditions were reached. Surface exposure ages from these different geomorphological settings should yield true deglaciation ages provided the following conditions are met, (i) erosion on crags of crag-and-tails, across transverse erosional scarps, and in meltwater channels has exposed bedrock surfaces without a prior exposure history, and (ii) depositional features contain exposed boulders without a prior exposure history. Results show that transverse erosional scarps and erratics yield reliable deglaciation ages, but that bedrock samples from meltwater channels and crag-and-tails and sediment samples from eskers occasionally yield unreliable deglaciation ages due to cosmogenic nuclide inheritance and potential shielding by snow. Apparent deglaciation ages range from _14 ka at the Younger Dryas moraine to _8 ka approximately 500 km to the south in the northern Swedish Mountains. The spread of ages do not deviate from what would be expected for a regular uninterrupted retreat by the ice margin
  •  
18.
  • Fredin, Ola, 1972- (author)
  • Mountain centered icefields in northern Scandinavia
  • 2004
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Mountain centered glaciers have played a major role throughout the last three million years in the Scandinavian mountains. The climatic extremes, like the present warm interglacial or cold glacial maxima, are very short-lived compared to the periods of intermediate climate conditions, characterized by the persistence of mountain based glaciers and ice fields of regional size. These have persisted in the Scandinavian mountains for about 65% of the Quaternary. Mountain based glaciers thus had a profound impact on large-scale geomorphology, which is manifested in large-scale glacial landforms such as fjords, glacial lakes and U-shaped valleys in and close to the mountain range.Through a mapping of glacial landforms in the northern Scandinavian mountain range, in particular a striking set of lateral moraines, this thesis offers new insights into Weichselian stages predating the last glacial maximum. The aerial photograph mapping and field evidence yield evidence that these lateral moraines were overridden by glacier ice subsequent to their formation. The lateral moraines were dated using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide techniques. Although the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide signature of the moraines is inconclusive, an early Weichselian age is tentatively suggested through correlations with other landforms and stratigraphical archives in the region. The abundance and coherent spatial pattern of the lateral moraines also allow a spatial reconstruction of this ice field. The ice field was controlled by topography and had nunataks protruding also where it was thickest close to the elevation axis of the Scandinavian mountain range. Outlet glaciers discharged into the Norwegian fjords and major valleys in Sweden.The process by which mountain based glaciers grow into an ice sheet is a matter of debate. In this thesis, a feedback mechanism between debris on the ice surface and ice sheet growth is presented. In essence, the growth of glaciers and ice sheets may be accelerated by an abundance of debris in their ablation areas. This may occur when the debris cover on the glacier surface inhibits ablation, effectively increasing the glaciers mass balance. It is thus possible that a dirty ablation area may cause the glacier to advance further than a clean glacier under similar conditions. An ice free period of significant length allows soil production through weathering, frost shattering, and slope processes. As glaciers advance through this assemblage of sediments, significant amounts of debris end up on the surface due to both mass wastage and subglacial entrainment. Evidence that this chain of events may occur, is given by large expanses of hummocky moraine (local name Veiki moraine) in the northern Swedish lowlands. Because the Veiki moraine has been correlated with the first Weichselian advance following the Eemian, it implies a heavily debris charged ice sheet emanating from the mountain range and terminating in a stagnant fashion in the lowlands.
  •  
19.
  • Fredin, Ola, et al. (author)
  • Relict lateral moraines in northern Sweden : evidence for an early mountain centered ice sheet
  • 2002
  • In: Sedimentary Geology. - 0037-0738 .- 1879-0968. ; 149:1-3, s. 145-156
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Glacial geomorphology along the eastern rim of the Scandinavian mountain range includes glacial landforms from the last deglaciation as well as from earlier glacial stages. One of the most prominent landform groups from earlier glacial stages, and the most diagnostic for ice sheet reconstruction, is a set of lateral moraines. In this paper, we describe these lateral moraines within a key area around Kvikkjokk, northern Sweden. Position of these lateral moraines in relation to the last deglaciation patterns indicates that they were formed before the last glacial maximum (LGM). The location and morphology of moraines show that they were deposited by a mountain centred ice sheet with outlet glaciers along major valleys, emanating from the highlands west of the Kvikkjokk area. This ice sheet was likely less than 170-km wide and no more than 600-m thick. Climatologically and glaciologically, we expect the relict lateral moraines to have been deposited before 75 ka BP (marine oxygen isotope stage 4). Their preservation is a consequence of subsequent overriding of nonerosive cold-based ice. Ice-marginal landforms and deposits from mountain centred ice sheet configurations in Fennoscandia are scarce. Therefore, the relict lateral moraines are important tools for reconstructing these elusive early glacial stages, possibly correlated to the ice sheet inception.
  •  
20.
  • Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al. (author)
  • Complex erosion patterns produced by the Haizishan paleo-ice cap
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Determining patterns and rates of glacial erosion is important in understanding landscape evolution, topographic relief production, geochemical cycles, climate change, and glacial thermal regimes of paleo glaciers and ice sheets. Combining in situ $^{10}$Be and $^{26}$Al apparent exposure age dating, geomorphological mapping, and field investigations, we examine glacial erosion patterns of the almost 4 000 km$^2$ Haizishan paleo-ice cap on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that ice caps developed several times on the low relief Haizishan Plateau and produced a zonal pattern of landscape modification. In locations where apparent exposure ages on bedrock are consistent with last deglaciation, complete resetting of the cosmogenic exposure age clock indicates that more than 2 m of glacial erosion occurred during the last major glaciation (which in this area correlates with the global Last Glacial Maximum (gLGM)).  However, older apparent exposure ages on bedrock and in saprolites profiles in areas known to have been covered by the paleo ice cap during gLGM indicate inheritance and thus limited or no erosion by the last ice cap in several areas, including the central zone of the paleo ice cap and at the head of an outlet glacier. Similarly, cosmogenic radionuclide depth profiles in saprolites show erosion of $>$2 m in an outlet valley bottom and in the mountains that make up the northern border of the paleo ice cap, while samples from saprolites in areas of otherwise scoured terrain have a large nuclide inheritance indicating limited erosion. As patterns of glacial erosion intensity are largely driven by basal thermal regime, our results are consistent with a hypothesis of complex thermal regimes for the paleo Haizishan ice cap during gLGM that was proposed previously on the basis of landform patterns. Future work, including glaciological modeling, is required to fully understand the implications and mechanisms of the complex thermal regime of this paleo ice cap.
  •  
21.
  • Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al. (author)
  • Glacial geomorphology and paleoglaciation patterns in Shaluli Shan, the southeastern Tibetan Plateau — Evidence for polythermal ice cap glaciation
  • 2013
  • In: Geomorphology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-555X .- 1872-695X. ; 182, s. 66-78
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Glacial geomorphological mapping from satellite imagery and field investigations provide the basis for a reconstructionof the extent and style of glaciation of the Shaluli Shan, a mountainous area on the southeastern TibetanPlateau. Our studies provide evidence for multiple glaciations, including the formation of regional ice caps andvalley glaciers. The low-relief topographywithin the Shaluli Shan, the Haizishan Plateau, and Xinlong Plateau displayzonal distributions of glacial landforms that is similar to those imprinted by Northern Hemisphere ice sheetsduring the last glacial cycle, indicating the presence of regional, polythermal ice caps. Abundant alpine glaciallandforms occur on high mountain ranges. The pattern of glaciated valleys centered on high mountain rangesand ice-scoured low relief granite plateaus with distinctive patterns of glacial lineations indicate a strong topographiccontrol on erosional and depositional patterns by glaciers and ice caps. In contrast to the Shaluli Shan,areas farther north and west on the Tibetan Plateau have not yielded similar landform evidence for regionalice capswith complex thermal basal conditions. Such spatial differences across the Tibetan Plateau are the resultof variations in climate and topography that control the extent and style of glaciations and that reinforce the importanceof detailed geomorphological mapping for understanding paleoclimate variations and characteristics offormer glaciations.
  •  
22.
  • Fu, Ping, et al. (author)
  • Glacial geomorphology of the Haizi Shan area, SE Tibetan Plateau
  • 2009
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Haizi Shan area on the SE Tibetan Plateau is characterized by an elliptical relatively low relief plateau surrounded by steeper fluvial valleys. Glacial deposits and erosive imprints are widely distributed indicating former glacier expansions of varying extents in a presently ice-free area. We have initiated a project on the glacial history of the Haizi Shan area and we here present some initial mapping results. Glacial landforms have been mapped based on remote sensing (SRTM digital elevation model, Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery, and Google Earth) and one short reconnaissance field season. Well-preserved moraines from different stages and distinctive U-shaped glacial valleys are abundant (Fig. 1). In the Daocheng Valley southwest of the Haizi Shan Plateau we have mapped glacial deposits in the form of discontinued moraine ridges at Sangdui village. This line, which might be the maximum Quaternary glacial extent, can be traced for several kilometers along the western side of the valley as dispersed erratic boulders. This implies that during the maximum glaciation, ice from the Haizi Shan Plateau crossed the valley and reached up to the piedmont of the opposite mountain. Smaller in extent than the former, numerous large moraine ridges reach down towards valley floors along the edges of the Haizi Shan Plateau. In several locations these valleys lack cirque heads indicating former outlet glaciers emanating from a Haizi Shan ice cap. We will use TCN and OSL dates of samples collected from numerous ice marginal moraines of the Haizi Shan Plateau to determine a glacial chronology. Hence, using remote sensing, field investigations and numerical dating techniques for the Haizi Shan we aim to advance our knowledge on Quaternary glaciations of the SE Tibetan Plateau.
  •  
23.
  • Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al. (author)
  • Glacial geomorphology of the Shaluli Shan area, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
  • 2012
  • In: Journal of Maps. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5647. ; 8:1, s. 48-55
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present a glacial geomorphological map covering 1.04 x 10(5) km(2) of the Shaluli Shan (Shan Mountain), southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Using a 90 m digital elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and 15/30 m Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus satellite imagery, we have mapped glacial valleys, marginal moraines, hummocky terrain, glacial lineations and ice-scoured terrain. Lineations and scoured areas largely overlap on the low relief granite plateau of the Shaluli Shan and relate to former ice cap glaciation. These landscape features indicate that past ice cap glaciation included basal sliding conditions, and thus warm-based ice. Glacial valleys and marginal moraines are dominant landforms in the high mountain ranges of Shaluli Shan and occur on and fringing the plateau. This glacial geomorphological map forms the basis for paleoglaciological reconstructions of this southeastern Tibetan Plateau region and indicates the former presence of multiple glaciations involving valley glaciers and ice caps. The map is presented at a scale of 1:630,000.
  •  
24.
  • Fu, Ping, et al. (author)
  • Ice cap erosion patterns from bedrock Be-10 and Al-26, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
  • 2019
  • In: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. - : Wiley. - 0197-9337 .- 1096-9837. ; 44:4, s. 918-932
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Quantifying glacial erosion contributes to our understanding of landscape evolution and topographic relief production in high altitude and high latitude areas. Combining in situ Be-10 and Al-26 analysis of bedrock, boulder, and river sand samples, geomorphological mapping, and field investigations, we examine glacial erosion patterns of former ice caps in the Shaluli Shan of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The general landform pattern shows a zonal pattern of landscape modification produced by ice caps of up to 4000 km(2) during pre-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) glaciations, while the dating results and landforms on the plateau surface imply that the LGM ice cap further modified the scoured terrain into different zones. Modeled glacial erosion depth of 0-0.38 m per 100 ka bedrock sample located close to the western margin of the LGM ice cap, indicates limited erosion prior to LGM and Late Glacial moraine deposition. A strong erosion zone exists proximal to the LGM ice cap marginal zone, indicated by modeled glacial erosion depth >2.23 m per 100 ka from bedrock samples. Modeled glacial erosion depths of 0-1.77 m per 100 ka from samples collected along the edge of a central upland, confirm the presence of a zone of intermediate erosion in-between the central upland and the strong erosion zone. Significant nuclide inheritance in river sand samples from basins on the scoured plateau surface also indicate restricted glacial erosion during the last glaciation. Our study, for the first time, shows clear evidence for preservation of glacial landforms formed during previous glaciations under non-erosive ice on the Tibetan Plateau. As patterns of glacial erosion intensity are largely driven by the basal thermal regime, our results confirm earlier inferences from geomorphology for a concentric basal thermal pattern for the Haizishan ice cap during the LGM.
  •  
25.
  • Fu, Ping, 1982-, et al. (author)
  • Paleoglaciation of Shaluli Shan, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
  • 2013
  • In: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 64, s. 121-135
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Reconstructing the paleoglaciation of the Tibetan Plateau is critical to understanding linkages between regional climate changes and global climate changes, and here we focus on the glacial history of the Shaluli Shan, an area of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau that receives much of its precipitation from monsoon flow. Based on field investigation, geomorphological mapping, and Be-10 exposure dating of moraines, we identify glacial deposits from the Late Glacial, with minimum ages at 13.0 +/- 1.2 -17.1 +/- 1.6 ka, global Last Glacial Maximum (gLGM) at 21.6 +/- 2.0 ka, and pre-gLGM at 102.3 +/- 10.0-183.6 +/- 17.0 ka. These ages are consistent with and significantly extend the known range from most prior chronological work using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides in this area, and include a set of dates for the Kuzhaori moraine that raise questions about prior chronologies based on the electron spin resonance technique. Ice caps about 4000 km(2) in size covered the Haizishan Plateau and the Xinlong Plateau during the global LGM, with large glaciers extending far down outlet valleys. The presence of ice cap glaciation, here, contrasts strongly to glaciation elsewhere in the Shaluli Shan and more central regions of the Tibetan Plateau where ice expansion remained constricted to valleys. This work provides important insights into the paleoclimate pattern and monsoon evolution of the Tibetan Plateau over past glacial cycles and indicates that the Shaluli Shan has a glacial chronology more consistent with the Northern Hemisphere paleo-ice sheets than other areas of the Tibetan Plateau.
  •  
26.
  • Goodfellow, Bradley, et al. (author)
  • Deciphering a non-glacial/glacial landscape mosaic in the northern Swedish mountains
  • 2008
  • In: Geomorphology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-555X. ; 93:3-4, s. 213-232
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Relict surfaces contain information on past surface processes and long-term landscape evolution. A detailed investigation of relict non-glacial surfaces in a formerly glaciated mountain landscape of northern Sweden was completed, based on interpretation of colour infrared aerial photographs, analysis in a GIS, and fieldwork. Working backwards from landscape to process, surfaces were classified according to large- and small-scale morphologies that result from the operation of non-glacial processes, the degree of weathering, regolith characteristics, and the style of glacial modification. Surfaces were also compared in the GIS according to elevation, slope angle, and bedrock lithology. The study revealed five types of relict non-glacial surfaces but also two types of extensively weathered glacial surfaces that were transitional to relict non-glacial surfaces, illustrating spatially variable processes and rates of non-glacial and glacial landscape evolution. Rather than being static preglacial remnants, relict non-glacial surfaces are dynamic features that have continued to evolve during the Quaternary. The classification provides hypotheses for landscape evolution that can be field tested through, for example, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide studies and geochemical analyses of fine matrix materials. The classification may be applicable to relict non-glacial surfaces in other formerly glaciated landscapes
  •  
27.
  • Goodfellow, Bradley, et al. (author)
  • Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes: dynamic landform systems?
  • 2007
  • In: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Relict non-glacial surfaces occur within many formerly glaciated landscapes and containimportant information on past surface processes and long-term landscape evolution(Goodfellow, 2007). While cosmogenic dating has confirmed the antiquity ofrelict non-glacial surfaces, the processes that contribute to their evolution and, consequently,the time scales over which they develop remain poorly understood. Of particularimportance is the possibility that relict non-glacial surfaces may provide geomorphicmarkers for the reconstruction of preglacial landscapes, which would allowsubsequent glacial erosion to be quantified. Furthermore, relict non-glacial surfacesmay also hold information on preglacial and interglacial environmental conditions.An investigation of relict non-glacial surfaces was undertaken through remote sensing,mapping and analysis of surfaces in a GIS, and regolith studies involving cosmogenicdating-, grain size-, X-ray diffraction-, and X-ray fluorescence analyses. Onthe basis of these on-going studies, we show that depending on spatial variables suchas bedrock lithology, slope, regolith thickness, and the abundance of fine matrix andwater some surfaces are denuding very slowly, while others display more rapid denudation.High spatial variability in denudation rates results in changing surface morphologiesover time. Rather than being static preglacial remnants, relict non-glacialsurfaces are dynamic features that have evolved during the Quaternary. While reconstructionsof preglacial landscapes and subsequent quantifications of glacial erosionfrom relict non-glacial surfaces remain valid, the Quaternary evolution of these surfacesshould also be considered.Goodfellow B.W., 2007. Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes.Earth-Science Reviews, 80(1-2): 47-73.
  •  
28.
  • Goodfellow, Bradley, et al. (author)
  • Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes: dynamic landform systems?
  • 2007
  • In: Quaternary International.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Relict non-glacial surfaces occur within many formerly glaciated landscapesand contain important information on past surface processes and long-term landscape evolution. While cosmogenic dating has confirmedthe antiquity of relict non-glacial surfaces, the processes that contribute to their evolution and, consequently, the time scales over which they develop remain poorly understood. Of particular importanceis the possibility that relict non-glacial surfaces may provide geomorphic markers for the reconstruction of preglacial landscapes, which would allow subsequent glacial erosion to be quantified. Furthermore,relict non-glacial surfaces may also hold information on preglacialand interglacial environmental conditions. An investigation of relict non-glacial surfaces was undertaken through remote sensing, mapping and analysis of surfaces in a GIS, and regolith studies involvingcosmogenic dating-, grain size-, X-ray diffraction-, and X-ray fluorescenceanalyses. On the basis of these on-going studies, we show that depending on spatial variables such as bedrock lithology, slope, regolith thickness, and the abundance of fine matrix and water some surfaces are denuding very slowly, while others display more rapid denudation. High spatial variability in denudation rates results in changing surface morphologies over time. Rather than being static preglacialremnants, relict non-glacial surfaces are dynamic features that have evolved during the Quaternary. While reconstructions of preglaciallandscapes and subsequent quantifications of glacial erosion from relict non-glacial surfaces remain valid, the Quaternary evolution of these surfaces should also be considered.
  •  
29.
  • Goodfellow, Bradley W., et al. (author)
  • Controls of tor formation, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
  • 2014
  • In: Journal Of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. - 2169-9003. ; 119:2, s. 225-246
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Tors occur in many granitic landscapes and provide opportunities to better understand differential weathering. We assess tor formation in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, by examining correlation of tor location and size with grain size and the spacing of steeply dipping joints. We infer a control on these relationships and explore its potential broader significance for differential weathering and tor formation. We also assess the relationship between the formation of subhorizontal joints in many tors and local topographic shape by evaluating principle surface curvatures from a digital elevation model of the Cairngorms. We then explore the implications of these joints for tor formation. We conclude that the Cairngorm tors have formed in kernels of relatively coarse grained granite. Tor volumes increase with grain size and the spacing of steeply dipping joints. We infer that the steeply dipping joints largely formed during pluton cooling and are more widely spaced in tor kernels because of slower cooling rates. Preferential tor formation in coarser granite with a wider joint spacing that is more easily grusified indicates that joint spacing is a dominant control on differential weathering. Sheet jointing is well developed in tors located on relatively high convex surfaces. This jointing formed after the gross topography of the Cairngorms was established and before tor emergence. The presence of closely spaced (tens of centimeters), subhorizontal sheeting joints in tors indicates that these tors, and similarly sheeted tors elsewhere, formed either after subaerial exposure of bedrock or have progressively emerged from a regolith only a few meters thick. Key Points Tors form in kernels of coarse-grained granite among finer-grained granite Wide joint spacing in tors attributable to a slow cooling rate of the granite Sheet jointing discounts tor formation within a thick regolith
  •  
30.
  • Goodfellow, Bradley W., 1971- (author)
  • Relict non-glacial surfaces and autochthonous blockfields in the northern Swedish mountains
  • 2008
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Relict non-glacial surfaces occur in many formerly glaciated landscapes, where they represent areas that have escaped significant glacial modification. Frequently distinguished by blockfield mantles, relict non-glacial surfaces are important archives of long-term weathering and landscape evolution processes. The aim of this thesis is to examine the distribution, weathering, ages, and formation of relict non-glacial surfaces in the northern Swedish mountains. Mapping of surfaces from aerial photographs and analysis in a GIS revealed five types of relict non-glacial surfaces that reflect differences in surface process types or rates according to elevation, gradient, and bedrock lithology. Clast characteristics and fine matrix granulometry, chemistry, and mineralogy reveal minimal chemical weathering of the blockfields. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides were measured in quartz samples from two blockfield-mantled summits and a numerical ice sheet model was applied to account for periods of surface burial beneath ice sheets and nuclide production rate changes attributable to glacial isostasy. Total surface histories for each summit are almost certainly, but not unequivocally, confined to the Quaternary. Maximum modelled erosion rates are as low as 4.0 mm/kyr, which is likely to be near the low extreme for relict non-glacial surfaces in this landscape. The blockfields of the northern Swedish mountains are Quaternary features formed through subsurface physical weathering processes. While there is no need to appeal to Neogene chemical weathering to explain blockfield origins, these surfaces have remained continuously regolith-mantled and non-glacial since their inception. Polygenetic surface histories are therefore indicated, where the large-scale surface morphologies are potentially older than their regolith mantles.
  •  
31.
  • Hall, Adrian M., et al. (author)
  • Glacial ripping: geomorphological evidence from Sweden for a new process of glacial erosion
  • 2020
  • In: Geografiska Annaler Series a-Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 2:4, s. 333-53
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In low relief Precambrian gneiss terrain in eastern Sweden, abraded bedrock surfaces were ripped apart by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The resultantboulder spreadsare covers of large, angular boulders, many with glacial transport distances of 1-100 m. Boulder spreads occur alongside partly disintegrated roches moutonnees and associated fracture caves, and are associated withdisrupted bedrock, which shows extensive fracture dilation in the near surface. These features are distributed in ice-flow parallel belts up to 10 km wide and extend over distances of >500 km. Our hypothesis is that the assemblage results from (1) hydraulic jacking and bedrock disruption, (2) subglacial ripping and (3) displacement, transport and final deposition of boulders. Soft sediment fills indicate jacking and dilation of pre-existing bedrock fractures by groundwater overpressure below the ice sheet. Overpressure reduces frictional resistance along fractures. Where ice traction overcomes this resistance, the rock mass strength is exceeded, resulting in disintegration of rock surfaces and ripping apart into separate blocks. Further movement and deposition create boulder spreads and moraines. Short boulder transport distances and high angularity indicate that glacial ripping operated late in the last deglaciation. The depths of rock mobilized in boulder spreads are estimated as 1-4 m. This compares with 0.6-1.6 m depths of erosion during the last glaciation derived from cosmogenic nuclide inventories of samples from bedrock surfaces without evidence of disruption. Glacially disrupted and ripped bedrock is also made ready for removal by future ice sheets. Henceglacial rippingis a highly effective process of glacial erosion.
  •  
32.
  •  
33.
  • Hall, Adrian, et al. (author)
  • Pre-glacial landform inheritance in a glaciated shield landscape
  • 2013
  • In: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 95:1, s. 33-49
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We seek to quantify glacial erosion in a low relief shield landscape in northern Sweden. We use GIS analyses of digital elevation models and field mapping of glacial erosion indicators to explore the geomorphology of three granite areas with the same sets of landforms and of similar relative relief, but with different degrees of glacial streamlining. Area 1, the Parkajoki district, shows no streamlining and so is a type area for negligible glacial erosion. Parkajoki retains many delicate pre-glacial features, including tors and saprolites with exposure histories of over 1 Myr. Area 2 shows the onset of significant glacial erosion, with the development of glacially streamlined bedrock hills. Area 3 shows extensive glacial streamlining and the development of hill forms such as large crag and tails and roches moutonnées.Preservation of old landforms is almost complete in Area 1, due to repeated covers of cold-based, non-erosive ice. In Area 2, streamlined hills appear but sheet joint patterns indicate that the lateral erosion of granite domes needed to form flanking cliffs and to give a streamlined appearance is only of the order of a few tens of metres. The inheritance of large-scale, pre-glacial landforms, notably structurally controlled bedrock hills and low relief palaeosurfaces, remains evident even in Area 3, the zone of maximum glacial erosion. Glacial erosion here has been concentrated in valleys, leading to the dissection and loss of area of palaeosurfaces. Semi-quantitative estimates of glacial erosion on inselbergs and palaeosurfaces and in valleys provide mean totals for glacial erosion of 8 ± 8 m in Area 1 and 27 ± 11 m in Area 3. These estimates support previous views that glacial erosion depths and rates on shields can be low and that pre-glacial landforms can survive long periods of glaciation, including episodes of wet-based flow.
  •  
34.
  •  
35.
  • Harbor, Jon, et al. (author)
  • Glacial Geomorphology of the Haizi Shan area, SE Tibetan Plateau
  • 2010
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Haizi Shan area on the SE Tibetan Plateau is characterized by a relatively low relief plateau surrounded by steeper fluvial valleys. Glacial deposits and erosive imprints are widely distributed indicating former glacier expansions of varying extents in a presently ice-free area. Glacial landforms have been mapped using remote sensing (SRTM digital elevation model, Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery, and Google Earth) and field reconnaissance. Well-preserved moraines from different stages and distinctive U-shaped glacial valleys are abundant. In the Daocheng Valley southwest of the Haizi Shan Plateau we have mapped glacial deposits which likely reflect the maximum Quaternary glacial extent for several kilometers along the western side of the valley. During the maximum glaciation, we infer that ice from the Haizi Shan Plateau crossed the valley and extended in to tributary valleys. Numerous large moraine ridges also reach down towards valley floors along the edges of the Haizi Shan Plateau. In several locations these valleys lack cirque heads indicating former outlet glaciers emanating from a Haizi Shan ice cap. In ongoing work we are using TCN and OSL to determine a glacial chronology for this area and advance our knowledge of Quaternary glaciations of the SE Tibetan Plateau.
  •  
36.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (author)
  • A glacial geomorphological map of the northeastern Tibetan plateau
  • 2007
  • In: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The extent and chronology of Quaternary glaciations on the Tibetan plateau are still elusive, and reconstructions range from an ice sheet covering the entire plateau to local valley glaciers restricted to the highest mountain areas. Glacial landforms and deposits constitute the primary data set used for reconstructing the extent of former glaciers. However, this data has rarely been systematically mapped over large areas, making it problematic to evaluate proposed palaeoglaciological reconstructions. Today, detailed maps of the glacial geomorphology, such as those which form the basis for reconstructions of the North American and European ice sheets, only exist for restricted areas on the Tibetan plateau. Hence, in order to evaluate existing palaeoglaciological reconstructions, and to be able to propose alternative reconstructions, regional-scale or plateau-wide scale mapping efforts are required. We here present the first detailed map of the glacial geomorphology covering a large area of the northeastern Tibetan plateau, encompassing the location of a previously suggested regional-scale ice sheet – the Huang He ice sheet. The map covers an area of ~135.000 km2, is centered around the Bayan Har Mountains, and is constrained in the southwest by Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). The map is based on an interpretation of satellite images (Landsat ETM+, Landsat TM, ASTER), a digital elevation model (SRTM 90 m resolution) and Google Earth imagery. Field checks of mapped landforms have been performed during two field seasons, 2005 and 2006. Identified glacial landforms are marginal moraines, marginal moraine remnants, glacial hummocky terrain, glacial lineations and glacial meltwater channels. There is a clear pattern of numerous glacial landforms distributed in and around higher mountain areas, whereas glacial landforms are absent on surfaces in-between the higher mountain blocks. Upland areas such as the Bayan Har Mountains display a consistent pattern of glacial lineations in the higher central parts of the mountains, series of end moraines across glacially eroded valleys, and glacial hummocky terrain and meltwater channels mainly in the lower slopes of the mountains. The mapped glacial landforms reveal evidence of glacial advances of varying extent in and around several separate mountain areas. The presented map will be used for reconstructing the outline of former glaciation, which, together with chronological constraints from cosmogenic nuclide- and optically stimulated luminescence samples, will eventually form a new paleoglaciological reconstruction for the northeastern Tibetan plateau.
  •  
37.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (author)
  • A glacial geomorphological map of the northeastern Tibetan plateau
  • 2007
  • In: Quaternary International.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The extent and chronology of Quaternary glaciations on the Tibetan plateau remains elusive, despite intensified research over the past 20 years. While reconstructions of the North American and European ice sheets are fairly well established, the extent of Tibetan palaeo-glaciers range from an ice sheet covering the entire plateau to local valley glaciers restricted to the highest mountain areas. The primary data for reconstructing the outline of former glaciers are glacial landforms and glacial deposits. However, for the Tibetan plateau this data has rarely been systematically mapped over large areas, making it problematic to evaluate proposed palaeoglaciological reconstructions. In order to make well motivated reconstructions of the extent of palaeo-glaciers based on sound evidence, regional-scale or plateau-wide scale mapping efforts are required. We here present the first detailed glacial geomorphological map of the northeastern Tibetan plateau, covering an area of c. 135.000 km2 centered on the Bayan Har Mountains and encompassing a previously suggested ice sheet – the Huang He ice sheet. The landscape is characterized by a plateau surface at c. 4300 m asl, higher mountain groups reaching up to 1500 m above the plateau surface and marginal areas of fluvial incision by rivers draining the Tibetan plateau creating a steep, fluvial landscape. The map is based on interpretation of satellite images (Landsat ETM+, Landsat TM, ASTER), a digital elevation model (SRTM 90 m resolution) and Google Earth imagery. Field investigations of the mapped landforms have been performed during two field seasons, 2005 and 2006. We have identified and mapped glacial valleys and cirques, marginal moraines, marginal moraine remnants, glacial hummocky terrain, glacial lineations and glacial meltwater channels. Glacial landforms are abundant mainly in and around higher mountain blocks, whereas there is a lack of glacial landforms identifiable by remote sensing in the intervening, lower areas. Upland areas such as the Bayan Har Mountains display a consistent pattern of glacial lineations in the higher central parts of the mountains, marginal moraines across glacially eroded valleys and glacial hummocky terrain and meltwater channels mainly on the lower slopes of the mountains. The mapped landforms indicate glacial advances of varying extent in and around several mountain areas. The presented map, together with chronological constraints from cosmogenic isotope and optically stimulated luminescence dating, will eventually form the basis for a new palaeoglaciological reconstruction for the northeastern Tibetan plateau.
  •  
38.
  • Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al. (author)
  • A paleoglaciological reconstruction for Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau
  • 2009
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The paleoglaciology of the Tibetan Plateau has remained elusive because extensive areas still lack detailed scrutiny. We here present a paleoglaciological reconstruction for the Bayan Har Shan region, NE Tibetan Plateau, which could serve as a working model to investigate other poorly investigated regions. The reconstruction is primarily based on three methods for revealing the glacial history; 1) remote sensing (geomorphology), 2) field studies (stratigraphy), and 3) numerical dating techniques. Remote sensing (SRTM elevation data, Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery and Google Earth) of a 136 500 km2 area reveals an abundance of glacial landforms in the highest mountain areas and an absence of glacial landforms on intervening plateau surfaces. Stratigraphical data collected during three field seasons supplement the picture emerging from remote sensing. Glacial deposits (including erratic boulders and till) occur in the elevated mountain areas but are absent on the intervening plateau areas. Marginal moraines in central Bayan Har can be grouped to represent at least three separate glacial extents and scattered observations of glacial deposits indicate the presence of a fourth (and maximum) glacial extent. To tie the glacial geological record to a chronology we have employed terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Beryllium apparent exposure ages of 65 glacial boulders, surface cobbles/pebbles and depth profile samples yield minimum ages for the three youngest glacial extents of 40-65 ka, 60-100 ka, and 95-165 ka (with the wide age ranges due to TCN dating uncertainties). A preliminary OSL age of c. 160 ka from glacial sediments of the oldest of these glacial extents supports our interpretation based on TCN dating. The glacial extent presented here is more restricted than most previous reconstructions, most notably with very restricted glaciers over at least the last 40-65 ka. These results indicate that while continental-scale ice sheets evolved and disappeared in North America and Eurasia over the last half of the last glacial cycle, the NE corner of the Tibetan Plateau experienced relatively minor glacial fluctuations.
  •  
39.
  • Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al. (author)
  • An evaluation of multiple working hypotheses to explain cosmogenic exposure age data from glacial deposits in the Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau
  • 2009
  • In: Proceedings.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Many questions remain unanswered regarding the Quaternary glaciations of the Tibetan Plateau. We have used terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure age dating of glacial deposits to examine the style, extent, and timing of past glaciations of the Bayan Har Shan, a mountain region on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. This area lies within a transition zone between the dry interior of the Tibetan Plateau and the wetter eastern margin affected by the Asian monsoon. Bayan Har Shan has many glacial landforms and deposits that provide evidence for former glaciation ranging from cirque and valley glaciers to ice-fields and ice caps.In an attempt to constrain the timing of glaciations in Bayan Har Shan, we have performed TCN exposure dating on 65 samples in central Bayan Har Shan from glacial deposits. boulders (39 samples), on surface pebbles/cobbles (12 samples), and on pebbles in sediment depth profiles (14 samples from four profiles) allow us to examine the timing and extent of glaciations in this area. As is often the case, there are some challenges in interpreting the range of TCN apparent exposure ages that is found in data from several samples and sample types on a single deposit and from samples taken at various sites. Thus we evaluate multiple working hypotheses to explain apparent exposure ages on glacial deposits, which in this case range from 3 ka to 129 ka. We consider three different hypotheses; 1) some samples have erroneously old exposure ages due to inheritance, 2) samples have been preserved under cold-based, non-erosive ice, and 3) samples have experienced only post-glacial shielding. Only when we adopt a hypothesis that assumes no prior exposure, and thus that maximum apparent exposure ages constrain the minimum age of formation of a feature (working hypotheses 3), do we find broad consistency between apparent exposure ages from different sample types (erratic boulders, surface pebbles/cobbles and pebbles from depth profiles). This leads to the conclusion that all of the sites of former glaciations we examined are at least 50ka in age, and that there has been no large-scale expansion of glaciers in the central Bayan Har Shan over the last 50ka.
  •  
40.
  • Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al. (author)
  • Constraining the glacial chronology of Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau – Cosmogenic exposure dating of boulders, surface pebbles/cobbles and sediment depth profiles
  • 2009
  • In: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The paleoglaciology of the Tibetan Plateau remains elusive, with important hiata regarding the style, extent, and timing of glaciations. Bayan Har Shan is a mountain region on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, in a transition zone from the dry interior of the plateau in the west to the wetter eastern margin affected by the Asian monsoon. Bayan Har Shan hosts an ample record of glacial landforms and deposits indicating paleo-glaciers ranging from cirque and valley glaciers to ice-fields and ice caps. These glaciers, it has been suggested, also nourished a regional ice sheet. In an attempt to constrain the timing of glaciations in Bayan Har Shan, we have performed terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure dating on surface boulders and pebbles/cobbles from glacial deposits, and on pebbles in sediment depth profiles. The aim has been two-fold: to constrain the glacial chronology and to compare and evaluate the TCN ages of the three different TCN sample types. We present the result of 67 Be-10 measurements from 15 sites in central Bayan Har Shan (40 boulder samples, 12 surface pebbles/cobbles samples and 15 depth profile samples from four depth profiles). The obtained TCN apparent exposure ages of boulders and surface pebbles/cobbles range from 3 ka to 145 ka with wide age spreads within groups of samples collected from one glacial deposit. Our TCN results of three different sample types (boulders, surface pebbles/cobbles and depth profile pebbles) from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau form an intriguing data set that may yield different age estimates with different interpretation strategies. However, they permit the following conclusions to be advanced: • Pebbles/cobbles ages are broadly in agreement with boulder ages. • Three depth profiles yield exponential curves for Be-10 concentrations with depth, in agreement with theoretical TCN depth profiles; ages are in broad agreement with boulder and surface pebbles/cobbles samples. • Maximum ages (adopting an approach where the maximum ages constrain the minimum age of formation) of multiple sample sites are all c. 50 ka or older. This is underlined by the maximum ages around 50 ka from three moraines formed by glaciers just a few kilometres long, indicating that there has been no significant glaciation of central Bayan Har Shan over the last 50 ka.
  •  
41.
  •  
42.
  • Heyman, Jakob, 1979- (author)
  • Glacial geology of Bayan Har Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau
  • 2008
  • Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The paleoglaciology of the Tibetan Plateau is still largely unexplored, despite its importance for regional and global climate reconstructions. In this thesis a comprehensive glacial geological record is presented from an extensive part of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau centred on the Bayan Har Shan. Glacial reconstructions for this region range from restricted mountain glaciers through the intermediate-size regional-scale Huang He ice sheet to a plateau-scale Tibetan ice sheet. To provide a robust basis for glacial reconstructions, this thesis provides conclusions based on two principle methods, remote sensing and field studies. The remote sensing of a 90 m resolution digital elevation model and 15- and 30 m resolution satellite imagery renders a detailed data set with complete spatial coverage of large- and medium-scale glacial landforms, and large-scale plateau geomorphology. Observations from fieldwork campaigns add detailed point information for the distribution of glacial deposits. Geomorphological glacial traces such as glacial valleys, glacial lineations, marginal moraines, meltwater channels, and hummocky terrain occur frequently in elevated mountain areas, indicating former alpine-style glaciations. Glacial deposits in the form of till, erratic boulders, and glaciofluvial sediments are common in areas with mapped glacial landforms, but also beyond, in areas lacking large-scale glacial landforms. For extensive plateau areas in-between formerly glaciated mountain blocks, there is a striking absence of glacial landforms and sediments, indicating that these areas, perhaps, never were ice covered. Interestingly, glacial deposits occur further away from the mountain blocks than the large- and medium-scale glacial landforms, indicating insignificant erosion beneath the maximum ice covers close to their margins. The large-scale geomorphology of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is characterised by a low-relief plateau surface with glacial valleys in elevated mountain blocks and marginal steep V-shaped valleys. This geographical distribution indicates a dominance of glacial erosion in the elevated mountain areas and a dominance of fluvial erosion along the steep plateau margins, dissecting a relict plateau surface. The outline of the relict plateau surface mimics the proposed outline of the Huang He ice sheet, suggesting that the inferred ice sheet may represent a misinterpreted relict surface with scattered glacial traces. In conclusion, the glacial geology examined in the Bayan Har Shan region is consistent with paleo-glaciers of varying extent restricted to elevated mountain areas. Even though extensive icefields/ice caps were centred on discrete mountain areas, there is no indication that these ice masses merged but rather that they were separated from each other by unglaciated plateau areas. The presented glacial geological record will be used in further studies towards a robust paleoglaciological reconstruction for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
  •  
43.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (author)
  • Glacial geomorphology of the Bayan Har sector of the NE Tibetan Plateau
  • 2008
  • In: Journal of Maps. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5647. ; 2008, s. 42-62
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We here present a detailed glacial geomorphological map covering 136,500 km2 of the Bayan Har sector of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau - an area previously suggested to have nourished the most extensive Quaternary glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau. The map, presented at a scale of 1:650,000, is based on remote sensing of a 90 m SRTM digital elevation model and 15/30 m Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery. Seven landform types have been mapped; glacial valleys, glacial troughs, glacial lineations,marginal moraines, marginal moraine remnants, meltwater channels and hummocky terrain. A large number of glacial landforms exist, concentrated around mountain blocks protruding above the surrounding plateau area, testifying to former glacial activity. In contrast, large plateau areas of lower altitude lack glacial landforms. The mapped glacial geomorphology indicates multiple former glacial advances primarily by valley and piedmont glaciers, but lends no support to the hypothesis of ice sheet scale glaciation in the area. The presented glacial geomorphological map demonstrates the usefulness of remote sensing techniques for mapping the glacial geomorphology of the Tibetan Plateau, and it will be used for reconstructing the paleoglaciology of the Bayan Har sector of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
  •  
44.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (author)
  • Glacial landforms and deposits of the Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan plateau – a dataset for reconstructing the extent of former glaciations
  • 2008
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Glacial reconstructions of the Tibetan plateau range from a plateau-scale ice sheet to restricted valley glaciers and ice caps. However, the Tibetan glacial landforms and sediments – although forming a crucial tool for paleoglaciological reconstructions – have rarely been mapped for larger areas. We here present data on the glacial landforms and deposits in the Bayan Har Shan area on the northeastern Tibetan plateau, previously suggested to have nourished the most extensive Quaternary Tibetan ice mass. Detailed geomorphological mapping based on remote sensing and extensive field studies reveal a generous array of glacial landforms and deposits, indicating former glaciers of varying extent. Large scale glacial landforms mapped from a digital elevation model and satellite imagery are abundant in elevated mountain blocks. The mapped landforms testify of alpine style glaciation but lend no support to the existence of any ice sheet. Field observations of glacial, and non-glacial, deposits further enhance the dataset concerning former glacial extent. Tills and erratic boulders are present within the glacial landscape based on remote sensing, but in several localities they also exist further down some distance outside mapped glacial landforms. There is a notable absence of glacial deposits around the Huang He valley and in the northern part of the study area, where they have previously been reported as evidence of a paleo-ice sheet. We argue for a non-glacial origin of deposits in these areas, because we have not found any indications of a glacial origin. The mapped landforms and deposits display an interesting dataset for paleoglaciological reconstructions. While the glacial landforms from remote sensing – by virtue of completeness covering extensive areas – present a good image of the more restricted glaciations, the identified most extensive glaciation is so far only recorded as point data in the form of glacial deposits.
  •  
45.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (author)
  • Landscape evolution of the northeastern Tibetan plateau - relict surfaces and fluvial margins
  • 2007
  • In: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The actively uplifting Tibetan plateau has a profound impact on climate and displays a landscape marked by geomorphological action. This is because the uplift is counteracted by intense fluvial incision of some of the world’s largest rivers and their tributaries that drain the plateau. Glaciers and glacial landforms occur predominantly in and around the highest elevation areas. By investigating the imprints of glacial and fluvial erosion we can enhance our understanding of the long-term landscape evolution, as well as illuminate the paleoglaciology of the Tibetan plateau. We here present an investigation of the large-scale geomorphology of the northeastern Tibetan plateau and its implication for landscape evolution and paleoenvironmental reconstructions.The northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau is characterized by a plateau surface at c. 4300 m asl with higher mountain groups reaching up to 1500 m above the surrounding plateau surface. We used SRTM 90 m digital elevation model, satellite images and Google Earth imagery to map the large-scale geomorphology for an area of c. 135.000 km2 centered around the Bayan Har mountains. Our mapping reveals a clear pattern of substantial glacial erosion on the highest, central parts of the mountain areas and decreasing amounts of glacial erosion with decreasing elevation and increasing distance away from these centers of glaciation. Beyond the areas of glacial erosion, there is a low-relief fluvial landscape that typifies the rest of the plateau surface. The plateau margins are formed by steep fluvial valleys which cut backwards into the gentle sloping relict plateau surface. Thus, the overall landscape may be divided into three classes; (i) glacially eroded surfaces in the highest areas, (ii) a relict, low-relief plateau surface, and (iii) a steep, fluvial landscape juxtaposing the former two classes.The distribution of the different landscapes indicates the following temporal evolution of the landscape. The glacial landforms indicate a repeated glaciation of the mountain areas. The steep fluvial valleys consuming the relict plateau surface represent an ongoing adjustment of the river channels to the actively uplifting plateau margin. The pattern of abandoned fluvial erosion of the northern part of the study area supports the notion of a stepwise uplift. This is because progressively younger uplift of the northern parts of the area induced a piracy of originally N-flowing rivers to currently ESE-flowing rivers along major faults (such as we infer for the Huang He river). It is noteworthy that the outline of the relict landscape, that is the pronounced break in slope between the low-relief relict landscape and the young fluvial landscape, coincides almost completely with the outline of a hypothesized former ice sheet, the Huang He ice sheet. We have not been able to confirm the presence of geomorphology or stratigraphy that would support this reconstruction. If true, however, our notion of outline conformance could indicate that the Huang He ice sheet may actually have been larger than suggested and that glacial traces are being consumed by the fluvial incision triggered by plateau uplift.
  •  
46.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (author)
  • LGM Tibetan Plateau glaciers were not much larger than today
  • 2010
  • In: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Tibetan Plateau is the largest and highest elevated area on Earth with consequential impacts on regional (monsoon development) and global (CO2 sequestering) climate patterns and evolution, and with its glaciers providing meltwater for some of the largest rivers of the world. The glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau is dominantly characterized by glaciers and ice caps centered on elevated mountain regions of the plateau, as evidenced by an extensive glacial geological record. Here we present the outcome of a five year project aiming towards a palaeoglaciological reconstruction for the Bayan Har Shan region of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We have used remote sensing, field studies and 10Be exposure ages towards a robust reconstruction of former glaciation. Glacial landforms and sediments in Bayan Har Shan, distributed around elevated mountain areas, indicate a maximum Quaternary glaciation significantly larger than today. We have dated 40 boulders, 12 surface pebbles samples, and 15 depth profile samples (in 4 depth profiles) from 15 sites (mainly moraine ridges) using 10Be exposure dating. Our boulder and pebble exposure ages range from 3 ka to 128 ka with large age spreads within populations of individual sites. Based on the premise that cosmogenic age spreads within populations are caused by post-depositional shielding which yields exposure ages younger than deglaciation ages (see Heyman et al. Abstract/Poster in session CL4.7/GM2.4/SSP2.5/SSP3.9: EGU2010-14159-1) and based on the exposure ages of the multiple sample types, all dated glacial deposits pre-date the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our results further indicate that even the innermost and highest of the dated moraines, formed by glaciers <10 km long, have minimum deglaciation ages of 45 ka. These results agree well with those sites on the Tibetan Plateau where samples close outside present-day glacier margins have yielded exposure ages significantly older than the LGM. In fact, for sites where exposure age studies have been performed on the Tibetan Plateau, it is a rule rather than an exception with pre-LGM exposure ages close outside present-day glacier margins. This indicates that during the LGM, when large ice sheets covered North America and northern Europe, glaciers on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and perhaps the plateau at large, did not grow much larger than today. To explore the climate implications of restricted Tibetan Plateau LGM glaciers, we employ a high-resolution 3D glacier model forced with static climate perturbations of the present-day climate (WorldClim data:http://www.worldclim.org/). Allowing glaciers to grow and expand to but not exceed well-dated moraines enables us to derive and present climate constraints for the Tibetan Plateau during the LGM.
  •  
47.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (author)
  • Morphology, distribution and formation of relict marginal moraines in the Swedish mountains
  • 2006
  • In: Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 88A:4, s. 253-265
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Relict marginal moraines are commonly used landforms in palaeoglaciological reconstructions. In the Swedish mountains, a large number of relict marginal moraines of variable morphology and origin occur. In this study, we have mapped 234 relict marginal moraines distributed all along the Swedish mountains and classified them into four morphological classes: cirque-and-valley moraines, valley-side moraines, complex moraines and cross-valley moraines. Of these, 46 moraines have been reclassified or are here mapped for the first time. A vast majority of the relict moraines are shown to have formed during deglaciation of an ice-sheet, rather than by local mountain glaciers as suggested in earlier studies. The relict marginal moraines generally indicate that deglaciation throughout the mountains was characterised by a retreating ice-sheet, successively damming glacial lakes, and downwasting around mountains. The general lack of moraines indicating valley and cirque glaciers during deglaciation suggests that climatic conditions were unfavourable for local glaciation during the last phase of the Weichselian. This interpretation contrasts with some earlier studies that have reconstructed the formation of local glaciers in the higher parts of the Swedish mountains during deglaciation.
  •  
48.
  • Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al. (author)
  • Palaeoglaciation of Bayan Har Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: glacial geology indicates maximum extents limited to ice cap and ice field scales
  • 2009
  • In: Journal of Quaternary Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0267-8179 .- 1099-1417. ; 24:7, s. 710-727
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Key locations within an extensive area of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, centred on Bayan Har Shan, have been mapped to distinguish glacial from non-glacial deposits. Prior work suggests palaeo-glaciers ranging from valley glaciers and local ice caps in the highest mountains to a regional or even plateau-scale ice sheet. New field data show that glacial deposits are abundant in high mountain areas in association with large-scale glacial landforms. In addition, glacial deposits are present in several locations outside areas with distinct glacial erosional landforms, indicating that the most extensive palaeo-glaciers had little geomorphological impact on the landscape towards their margins. The glacial geological record does indicate extensive maximum glaciation, with local ice caps covering entire elevated mountain areas. However, absence of glacial traces in intervening lower-lying plateau areas suggests that local ice caps did not merge to form a regional ice sheet on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau around Bayan Har Shan. No evidence exists for past ice sheet glaciation.
  •  
49.
  • Heyman, Jakob, 1979-, et al. (author)
  • Palaeoglaciology of Bayan Har Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau: the case of a missing LGM expansion
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The Bayan Har Shan, a prominent upland area in the northeastern sector of the Tibetan Plateau, hosts an extensive glacial geological record. To reconstruct its palaeoglaciology we have determined 10Be apparent exposure ages based on 67 samples from boulders, surface pebbles, and sediment sections in conjunction with studies of the glacial geology (remote sensing and field studies) and numerical glacier modelling. Apparent exposure ages from moraines and glacial sediments in Bayan Har Shan range from 3 ka to 129 ka, with a large disparity in ages for individual sites and within the recognised four morphostratigraphical groups. The age disparity is inexplicable as arising from differences in inheritance without the application of unrealistic assumptions but it can be explained as arising from differences in post-glacial shielding, yielding exposure ages younger than the deglaciation age. We present a palaeoglaciological time-slice reconstruction in which the most restricted glaciation, with glaciers less than 10 km long, occurred before 40-65 ka. More extensive glaciations occurred before 60-100 ka and 95-165 ka. Maximum glaciation is poorly constrained but probably even older. The Bayan Har Shan exposure age dataset indicates that glaciers on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau have remained surprisingly restricted for at least 40 ka, including the global last glacial maximum (LGM). This case of a missing LGM is supported by high-resolution glacier modelling experiments.
  •  
50.
  • Heyman, Jakob, 1979- (author)
  • Palaeoglaciology of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
  • 2010
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • This study concerns the palaeoglaciation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, with emphasis on the Bayan Har Shan (Shan = Mountain) in the headwaters of Huang He (Yellow River). To reconstruct past glacier development multiple techniques, including remote sensing, field investigations, cosmogenic exposure dating, and numerical modelling have been employed. Analysis of the large-scale geomorphology indicates that glacial erosion has been dominant in the elevated mountain areas on the low-relief plateau, whereas fluvial erosion outpaces glacial erosion along the plateau margin. Landform and sediment records yield evidence for multiple local glaciations, restricted to the highest mountain areas, and a maximum glaciation beyond the mountain front. Absence of data supporting the former presence of proposed ice sheets, plateau-wide or regional, tentatively indicates that no ice sheet glaciation occurred on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Cosmogenic exposure dating of boulders, surface pebbles, and sediment sections in central Bayan Har Shan indicates that its record of past glaciations predates the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Based on a world-wide analysis, yielding that wide age disparity within apparent exposure age datasets is most likely caused by post-glacial shielding processes, the Bayan Har Shan exposure ages constrain four periods of glaciation with minimum ages of 40-65 ka, 60-100 ka, 95-165 ka, and undetermined oldest stage. Similar to Bayan Har Shan, the plateau-wide distribution of boulders with pre-LGM exposure ages close to present-day glaciers shows that its LGM glaciers were generally not much larger than today. The results of a high resolution glacier model applied to nine regions across the plateau indicates that temperature depressions of 2-4 K are enough to expand glaciers beyond their global LGM extent, implying that during periods of Northern Hemisphere glaciation the Tibetan Plateau was not much colder than today or became exceedingly dry.
  •  
Skapa referenser, mejla, bekava och länka
  • Result 1-50 of 69
Type of publication
journal article (29)
conference paper (20)
doctoral thesis (8)
other publication (7)
reports (2)
licentiate thesis (2)
show more...
research review (1)
show less...
Type of content
peer-reviewed (53)
other academic/artistic (15)
pop. science, debate, etc. (1)
Author/Editor
Hättestrand, Clas (63)
Heyman, Jakob (32)
Stroeven, Arjen P. (27)
Stroeven, Arjen (18)
Zhou, Liping (16)
Harbor, Jon (15)
show more...
Alexanderson, Helena (14)
Caffee, Marc W. (12)
Harbor, Jonathan M. (11)
Kleman, Johan (11)
Jansson, Krister (6)
Caffee, Marc (6)
Ebert, Karin, 1976- (6)
Fu, Ping (6)
Blomdin, Robin (5)
Jansson, Krister N. (5)
Gribenski, Natacha (5)
Hall, Adrian M. (5)
Fabel, Derek (4)
Alm, Göran (4)
Veres, Daniel (4)
Ebert, Karin (4)
Fredin, Ola (4)
Fu, Ping, 1982- (4)
Goodfellow, Bradley (3)
Goodfellow, Bradley ... (3)
Blomdin, Robin, 1986 ... (3)
Hall, Adrian (3)
Liu, Feng (2)
Hättestrand, Martina (2)
Fabel, D. (2)
Lifton, N. A. (2)
Caffee, M. W. (2)
Rogozhina, I. (2)
Margold, Martin (2)
Petrakov, D. A. (2)
Ivanov, M. N. (2)
Petrakov, Dmitry A. (2)
Ivanov, Mikhail N. (2)
Rudoy, Alexei N. (2)
Walther, Michael (2)
Rogozhina, Irina (2)
Hall, Adrian, Dr (2)
Jansen, John D. (2)
De Angelis, Hernán (2)
Hubbard, Alun (2)
Hättestrand, Clas, d ... (2)
Glasser, Neil (2)
Derron, M.-H. (2)
van Boeckel, Mikis (2)
show less...
University
Stockholm University (65)
University of Gothenburg (3)
Lund University (3)
Södertörn University (2)
Language
English (65)
Swedish (3)
Undefined language (1)
Research subject (UKÄ/SCB)
Natural sciences (51)

Year

Kungliga biblioteket hanterar dina personuppgifter i enlighet med EU:s dataskyddsförordning (2018), GDPR. Läs mer om hur det funkar här.
Så här hanterar KB dina uppgifter vid användning av denna tjänst.

 
pil uppåt Close

Copy and save the link in order to return to this view