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1.	Björkström, Markus V, et al. (author) Intestinal flora in very low-birth weight infants 2009 In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 98:11, s. 1762-1767 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract AIM: To study the early faecal microbiota in very low-birth weight infants (VLBW, <1500 g), possible associations between faecal microbiota and faecal calprotectin (f-calprotectin) and to describe the faecal microbiota in cases with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) before diagnosis. METHODS: Stool samples from the first weeks of life were analysed in 48 VLBW infants. Bacterial cultures were performed and f-calprotectin concentrations were measured. In three NEC cases, cultures were performed on stool samples obtained before diagnosis. RESULTS: Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were often identified in the first stool sample, 55% and 71% of cases, respectively within the first week of life. A positive correlation between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and volume of enteral feed was found. Other bacteria often identified were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Staphyloccus sp. F-calprotectin was not associated with any bacterial species. All NEC cases had an early colonization of LAB. Prior to onset of disease, all cases had a high colonization of non-E. coli Gram-negative species. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the previous studies in VLBW infants, we found an early colonization with LAB. We speculate that this may be due to early feeding of non-pasteurized breast milk.
2.	Gudmundsdottir, Anna, et al. (author) The Importance of Echocardiography and an Individual Approach to Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treatment in Extremely Preterm Infants 2015 In: Neonatology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. ; 107:4, s. 257-257 Journal article (other academic/artistic)
3.	Gudmundsdottir, Anna, et al. (author) Timing of Pharmacological Treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Risk of Secondary Surgery, Death or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Population-Based Cohort Study of Extremely Preterm Infants 2015 In: Neonatology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. ; 107:2, s. 87-92 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: The optimal timing of pharmacological treatment for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in extremely pre-term infants is unknown. Objective: To investigate whether timing of pharmacological PDA treatment is associated with a risk of secondary PDA surgery or death before 3 months of age, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely preterm infants. Methods: In this population-based cohort of infants born before 27 gestational weeks in Sweden in 2004-2007, 290/585 infants (50%) received pharmacological PDA treatment. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated the hazard ratio (HR, with 95% confidence interval, Cl) of secondary PDA surgery or death as a composite outcome in relation to postnatal age at the start of pharmacological treatment: early (0-2 days); intermediate (3-6 days); late (>= 7 days). Furthermore, the odds ratio (OR, with 95% Cl) of BPD was estimated in relation to postnatal age at PDA treatment by conditional logistic regression. Results: The median postnatal age at the start of pharmacological PDA treatment was 4 days. 102 infants had secondary PDA surgery. Timing of PDA treatment was not associated with risk of PDA surgery or death; adjusted HRs were 0.89 (95% CI 0.57-1.39) after an intermediate start and 1.10(95% CI 0.53-2.28) after a late start, compared to an early start of treatment. Compared to the early start of PDA treatment, the intermediate start was not associated with any risk of BPD, while late PDA treatment was associated with a lower BPD risk; adjusted ORs were 0.83 (95% CI 0.42-1.64) and 0.28 (95% CI 0.13-0.61), respectively. Conclusion: Timing of pharmacological PDA treatment after extremely preterm birth is not associated with the risk of secondary PDA surgery or death. Moreover, expectant PDA management is not associated with an increased risk of BPD. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
4.	Alken, Jenny, et al. (author) Rates of Extreme Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and Kernicterus in Children and Adherence to National Guidelines for Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Sweden 2019 In: JAMA Network Open. - : AMER MEDICAL ASSOC. - 2574-3805. ; 2:3 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract IMPORTANCE Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can cause lifelong neurodevelopmental impairment (kernicterus) even in high-resource settings. A better understanding of the incidence and processes leading to kernicterus may help in the design of preventive measures. OBJECTIVES To determine incidence rates of hazardous hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus among near-term to term newborns and to evaluate health care professional adherence to best practices. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based nationwide cohort study used prospectively collected data on the highest serum bilirubin level for all infants born alive at 35 weeks' gestation or longer and admitted to neonatal care at all 46 delivery and 37 neonatal units in Sweden from 2008 to 2016. Medical records for newborns with hazardous hyperbilirubinemia were evaluated for best neonatal practices and for a diagnosis of kernicterus up to 2 years of age. Data analyses were performed between September 2017 and February 2018. EXPOSURES Extreme (serum bilirubin levels, 25.0-29.9mg/dL [425-509 mu mol/L]) and hazardous (serum bilirubin levels, >30.0mg/dL [>510 mu mol/L]) neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was kernicterus, defined as hazardous neonatal hyperbilirubinemia followed by cerebral palsy, sensorineural hearing loss, gaze paralysis, or neurodevelopmental retardation. Secondary outcomeswere health care professional adherence to national guidelines using a predefined protocol with 10 key performance indicators for diagnosis and treatment as well as assessment of whether bilirubin-associated brain damage might have been avoidable. RESULTS Among 992 378 live-born infants (958 051 term births and 34 327 near-term births), 494 (320 boys; mean [SD] birth weight, 3505 [527] g) developed extreme hyperbilirubinemia (50 per 100 000 infants), 6.8 per 100 000 infants developed hazardous hyperbilirubinemia, and 1.3 per 100 000 infants developed kernicterus. Among 13 children developing kernicterus, brain injury was assessed as potentially avoidable for 11 children based on the presence of 1 or several of the following possible causes: untimely or lack of predischarge bilirubin screening (n = 6), misinterpretation of bilirubin values (n = 2), untimely or delayed initiation of treatment with intensive phototherapy (n = 1), untimely or no treatment with exchange transfusion (n = 6), or lack of repeated exchange transfusions despite indication (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Hazardous hyperbilirubinemia in near-term or term newborns still occurs in Sweden and was associated with disabling brain damage in 13 per million births. For most of these cases, health care professional noncompliance with best practices was identified, suggesting that a substantial proportion of these cases might have been avoided.
5.	Beltempo, Marc, et al. (author) Respiratory Management of Extremely Preterm Infants : An International Survey 2018 In: Neonatology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. ; 114:1, s. 28-36 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract BACKGROUND: There are significant international variations in chronic lung disease rates among very preterm infants yet there is little data on international variations in respiratory strategies.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate practice variations in the respiratory management of extremely preterm infants born at < 29 weeks' gestational age (GA) among 10 neonatal networks participating in the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes (iNeo) of Neonates collaboration.METHODS: A web-based survey was sent to the representatives of 390 neonatal intensive care units from Australia/New Zealand, Canada, Finland, Illinois (USA), Israel, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Tuscany (Italy). Responses were based on practices in 2015.RESULTS: Overall, 321 of the 390 units responded (82%). The majority of units within networks (40-92%) mechanically ventilate infants born at 23-24 weeks' GA on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with 30-39% oxygen in respiratory distress within 48 h after birth, but the proportion of units that offer mechanical ventilation for infants born at 25-26 weeks' GA at similar settings varied significantly (20-85% of units within networks). The most common respiratory strategy for infants born at 27-28 weeks' GA on CPAP with 30-39% oxygen with respiratory distress within 48 h after birth used by units also varied significantly among networks: mechanical ventilation (0-60%), CPAP (3-82%), intubation and surfactant administration with immediate extubation (0-75%), and less invasive surfactant administration (0-68%).CONCLUSIONS: There are marked variations but also similarities in respiratory management of extremely preterm infants between networks. Further collaboration and exploration is needed to better understand the association of these variations in practice with pulmonary outcomes.
6.	Björklund, Lars (contributor, creator_code:cre_t) Vård av extremt för tidigt födda barn : en vägledning för vård av barn födda före 28 fullgångna graviditetsveckor 2014 Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract När ett barnföds extremt för tidigt, det vill säga före 28 fullgångna graviditetsveckor, krävs särskilda resurser och kompetenser. Vården av dessa barn är komplicerad och vårdpersonalen ställs ofta inför svåra medicinska bedömningar. Denna vägledning är tänkt att stödja vårdgivare och verksamhetschefer ansvariga för neonatalvård att ge en god vård till alla extremt för tidigt födda barn. Vägledningen innehåller rekommendationer inom områden där behovet av stöd har ansetts som störst.Extremt för tidigt födda barn som fötts på regionklinik har visats ha en väsentlig högre överlevnad än barn födda på andra sjukhus. Detta motiverar att omhändertagandet av mor och barn bör ske på sjukhus med stor erfarenhet av specialiserad obstetrik och neonatal intensivvård. Det bör även finnas tillgång till en väl fungerande transportorganisation med specialiserad personal både för mammor med hotande förtidsbörd och för de extremt för tidigt födda barn som är i behov av att flyttas efter födelsen.Barnen drabbas ofta av allvarliga komplikationer och sjukdomar som kan leda till både akuta och framtida problem. Nästan alla extremt för tidigt födda barn behöver någon form avandningsunderstöd och många behöver avancerad respiratorvård. Många barn har ett långvarigt behov av extra syrgas och alla måste övervakas noga för att undvika ögonskador (prematuritets-retinopati). Cirkulationsproblem är vanliga och över hälften av barnen får behandling för att stänga ductus arteriosus, vilket är en fosterförbindelse i cirkulationen och om den kvarstår öppen kan det få negativa effekter. Akut lungsjukdom och sviktande cirkulation bidrar till att extremt för tidigt födda barn ofta drabbas av blödningar och syrebrist i centrala nervsystemet. Barnens omogna hjärnor bör därför bedömas fortlöpande och faktorer som kan påverka hjärnans utveckling och funktion negativt bör minimeras.För att främja de omogna barnens hälsa och utveckling är det centralt att vården bedrivs på ett sådant sätt att vårdrelaterade infektioner förebyggs och att smärta och stress minimeras. Smärtbehandling bör i första hand ske genom icke-farmakologiska metoder, men vid behov även med läkemedel.För att optimera tillväxten bör utarbetade nutritionsrekommendationer följas. De extremt för tidigt födda barnen har ett näringsbehov som vida överstiger det hos fullgångna nyfödda, samtidigt som näringstillförseln ofta försvåras av omogna organfunktioner och komplikationer från magtarmkanalen.Att få ett extremt för tidigt fött barn innebär en stor påfrestning för familjen. Vården bör organiseras så att den är patient- och familjecentrerad, där barnets och familjens individuella behov respekteras så långt det är möjligt och där föräldrarna stödjs och kontinuerligt informeras om barnets tillstånd och prognos.Extremt för tidigt födda barn bör följas på kort och lång sikt för att öka vårdenskunskap om följderna av en extremt för tidig födelse. Ett strukturerat uppföljningssystem ger förutsättningar för att utvärdera och ständigt förbättra vården för dessa barn.
7.	Björklund, Verna, et al. (author) Early-onset group B streptococcal infections in five Nordic countries with different prevention policies, 1995 to 2019 2024 In: Eurosurveillance. - : European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC). - 1025-496X .- 1560-7917. ; 29:3 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Neonatal early-onset disease caused by group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of infant morbidity. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is effective in preventing early-onset GBS disease, but there is no agreement on the optimal strategy for identifying the pregnant women requiring this treatment, and both risk-based prophylaxis (RBP) and GBS screening-based prophylaxis (SBP) are used.Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SBP as a public health intervention on the epidemiology of early-onset GBS infections.Methods: In 2012, Finland started the universal SBP, while Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden continued with RBP. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis taking 2012 as the intervention point to evaluate the impact of this intervention. The incidences of early- and late-onset GBS infections during Period I (1995-2011) and Period II (2012-2019) were collected from each national register, covering 6,605,564 live births.Results: In Finland, a reduction of 58% in the incidence of early-onset GBS disease, corresponding to an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.34-0.52), was observed after 2012. At the same time, the pooled IRR of other Nordic countries was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80-1.0), specifically 0.89 (95% CI: 0.70-1.5) in Denmark, 0.34 (95% CI: 0.15-0.81) in Iceland, 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59-0.88) in Norway and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.85-1.1) in Sweden.Conclusions: In this ecological study of five Nordic countries, early-onset GBS infections were approximately halved following introduction of the SBP approach as compared with RBP.
8.	Björkqvist, Maria, 1959- (author) Coagulase-negative staphylococci septicaemia in newborns : aspects on host-bacterial interactions with special regard to neutrophil and endothelial response 2004 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract Newborn infants, especially those born preterm, are immunologically immature and prone to invasive infections. As a result of the increasing survival of very preterm (VPT < 31 weeks gestational age) newborns, nosocomial septicaemia has become a major concern the neonatal intensive care, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are nowadays the most frequently isolated pathogens in neonatal blood cultures. Further insight into host-bacterial interactions is required for the development of preventive strategies against CoNS septicaemia in VPT newborns.Aim of the study: To investigate host-bacterial interactions in neonatal CoNS septicaemia with special regard to the neutrophil and endothelial response and to bacterial virulence factors.Methods and results: Neonatal blood isolates of CoNS collected at Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden during the years 1983-1997 were characterised clinically and according to species and to phenotypic and genotypic patterns. Biochemial fingerprinting was found useful as a screening tool for selection of phenotypically related strains, but for further discrimination within a phenotypic cluster, genetic fingerprinting by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was required.The isolates of S. epidermidis collected during the later part of the study period (1990-1997, n = 50) were further investigated. A hypervirulent clone of bacteria was identified, representing 7 of the 12 sepsis isolates in that cohort. These 12 isolates of S. epidermidis induced significantly higher endothelial release of neutrophil chemoattractants from human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures than did the isolates regarded as skin contaminants (n = 38). There were no differences between the sepsis and contaminant groups in the prevalence of genes for biofilm production, methicillin resistance or fibrinogen-binding protein.The neutrophil oxidative burst occuring after stimulation by different bacterial strains was investigated by a flow cytometric method applied to a whole blood model. The oxidative activity in unstimulated neutrophils was similar in term (n = 10) and preterm (n = 10) newborns. However, the term newborns showed a significantly higher capacity to up-regulate the oxidative burst after bacterial stimulation. Significant differences in oxidative responses to different bacterial strains were observed, but these differences could not be related exclusively to species or invasive capacity.A neutrophil granule protein, human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL), was evaluated as an early marker of neonatal septicaemia in newborns with clinical signs of infection. The serum level of HNL was significantly higher in the infected group of neonates (n = 25) than in the group with non-proven infection (n = 62). In healthy term controls the HNL level was similar at age 3 days to that at birth and close to the level reported in healthy adults.Conclusions: The increased up-regulation of endothelial inflammatory mediators induced by sepsis isolates of S. epidermidis represents an important step in the pathogenesis of neonatal CoNS septicaemia. HNL might be useful as a marker of neutrophil activity also in VPT newborns. The laboratory assays used in the present study can be further developed for future investigations of the pathogenesis and host-bacterial interactions in neonatal CoNS septicaemia.
9.	Bonnevier, Anna, et al. (author) Att födas några veckor för tidigt – spelar det någon roll? : [Born a few weeks too early; does it matter?] 2019 In: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen förlag. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 116 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Late and moderately preterm infants, born between 32+0/7 and 36+6/7 gestational weeks, comprise more than 80 % of all preterm infants and account for almost 40 % of all days of neonatal care. While their total number of days of care has not changed, an increasing part of their neonatal stay (from 29 % in 2011 to 41 % in 2017) is now within home care programmes. Late and moderate preterm birth is often complicated by respiratory disorders, hyperbilirubinemia, hypothermia and feeding difficulties. These infants also have an increased risk of perinatal death and neurologic complications. In the long run, they have higher risks of cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric diagnoses and need for asthma medication. As young adults, they have a lower educational level and a lower average salary than their full-term counterparts. They also have an increased risk of long-term sick leave, disability pension and need for economic assistance from society.
10.	Challis, Pontus, et al. (author) Association of Adherence to Surfactant Best Practice Uses with Clinical Outcomes among Neonates in Sweden 2021 In: JAMA Network Open. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2574-3805. ; 4:5 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Importance: While surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants has been evaluated in clinical trials, less is known about how surfactant is used outside such a framework.Objective: To evaluate registered use, off-label use, and omissions of surfactant treatment by gestational age (GA) and associations with outcomes, mainly among very preterm infants (GA <32 weeks).Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study used registry data for 97377 infants born in Sweden between 2009 and 2018. Infants did not have malformations and were admitted for neonatal care. Data analysis was conducted from June 2019 to June 2020.Exposures: Timing and number of surfactant administrations, off-label use, and omission of use. Registered use was defined by drug label (1-3 administrations for RDS). Omissions were defined as surfactant not administered despite mechanical ventilation for RDS.Main Outcome and Measures: In-hospital survival, pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 to 4, duration of mechanical ventilation, use of postnatal systemic corticosteroids for lung disease, treatment with supplemental oxygen at 28 days' postnatal age and at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated and adjusted for any prenatal corticosteroid treatment, cesarean delivery, GA, infant sex, Apgar score at 10 minutes, and birth weight z score of less than -2.Results: In total, 7980 surfactant administrations were given to 5209 infants (2233 [42.9%] girls; 2976 [57.1%] boys): 629 (12.1%) born at full term, 691 (13.3%) at 32 to 36 weeks' GA, 1544 (29.6%) at 28 to 31 weeks' GA, and 2345 (45.0%) at less than 28 weeks' GA. Overall, 977 infants (18.8%) received off-label use. In 1364 of 3508 infants (38.9%) with GA of 22 to 31 weeks, the first administration of surfactant was given more than 2 hours after birth, and this was associated with higher odds of pneumothorax (adjusted OR [aOR], 2.59; 95% CI, 1.76-3.83), intraventricular hemorrhage grades 3 to 4 (aOR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.23-2.39), receipt of postnatal corticosteroids (aOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.22-2.03), and longer duration of assisted ventilation (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.04-1.72) but also higher survival (aOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.10-1.91) than among infants treated within 2 hours of birth. In 146 infants (2.8%), the recommended maximum of 3 surfactant administrations was exceeded but without associated improvements in outcome. Omission of surfactant treatment occurred in 203 of 3551 infants (5.7%) who were receiving mechanical ventilation and was associated with lower survival (aOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.82). In full-term infants, 336 (53.4%) of those receiving surfactant had a diagnosis of meconium aspiration syndrome. Surfactant for meconium aspiration was not associated with improved neonatal outcomes.Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, adherence to best practices and labels for surfactant use in newborn infants varied, with important clinical implications for neonatal outcomes.
11.	Challis, Pontus, et al. (author) Factors associated with the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in extremely preterm infants in Sweden between two population-based national cohorts (2004-2007 vs 2014-2016) 2024 In: Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1359-2998 .- 1468-2052. ; 109, s. 87-93 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective To investigate potential risk factors behind the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in Swedish extremely preterm infants.Design Registry data from two population-based national cohorts were studied. NEC diagnoses (Bell stage >= II) were validated against hospital records.Patients All liveborn infants <27 weeks of gestation 2004-2007 (n=704) and 2014-2016 (n=895) in Sweden.Main outcome measures NEC incidence.Results The validation process resulted in a 28% reduction of NEC cases but still confirmed a higher NEC incidence in the later epoch compared with the earlier (73/895 (8.2%) vs 27/704 (3.8%), p=0.001), while the composite of NEC or death was lower (244/895 (27.3%) vs 229/704 (32.5%), p=0.022). In a multivariable Cox regression model, censored for mortality, there was no significant difference in early NEC (0-7 days of life) between epochs (HR=0.9 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.9), p=0.9), but being born in the later epoch remained an independent risk factor for late NEC (>7 days) (HR=2.7 (95% CI 1.5 to 5.0), p=0.001). In propensity score analysis, a significant epoch difference in NEC incidence (12% vs 2.8%, p<0.001) was observed only in the tertile of infants at highest risk of NEC, where the 28-day mortality was lower in the later epoch (35% vs 50%, p=0.001). More NEC cases were diagnosed with intramural gas in the later epoch (33/73 (45.2%) vs 6/26 (23.1%), p=0.047).Conclusions The increase in NEC incidence between epochs was limited to cases occurring after 7 days of life and was partly explained by increased survival in the most extremely preterm infants. Misclassification of NEC is common.
12.	Challis, Pontus, et al. (author) Factors associated with the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in extremely preterm infants in Sweden between two population-based national cohorts (2004-2007 vs 2014-2016) 2024 In: Archives of Disease in Childhood. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1359-2998 .- 1468-2052. ; 109:1, s. 87-93 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective To investigate potential risk factors behind the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in Swedish extremely preterm infants.Design Registry data from two population-based national cohorts were studied. NEC diagnoses (Bell stage >= II) were validated against hospital records.Patients All liveborn infants <27 weeks of gestation 2004-2007 (n=704) and 2014-2016 (n=895) in Sweden.Main outcome measures NEC incidence.Results The validation process resulted in a 28% reduction of NEC cases but still confirmed a higher NEC incidence in the later epoch compared with the earlier (73/895 (8.2%) vs 27/704 (3.8%), p=0.001), while the composite of NEC or death was lower (244/895 (27.3%) vs 229/704 (32.5%), p=0.022). In a multivariable Cox regression model, censored for mortality, there was no significant difference in early NEC (0-7 days of life) between epochs (HR=0.9 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.9), p=0.9), but being born in the later epoch remained an independent risk factor for late NEC (>7 days) (HR=2.7 (95% CI 1.5 to 5.0), p=0.001). In propensity score analysis, a significant epoch difference in NEC incidence (12% vs 2.8%, p<0.001) was observed only in the tertile of infants at highest risk of NEC, where the 28-day mortality was lower in the later epoch (35% vs 50%, p=0.001). More NEC cases were diagnosed with intramural gas in the later epoch (33/73 (45.2%) vs 6/26 (23.1%), p=0.047).Conclusions The increase in NEC incidence between epochs was limited to cases occurring after 7 days of life and was partly explained by increased survival in the most extremely preterm infants. Misclassification of NEC is common.
13.	Darlow, Brian A, et al. (author) International variations and trends in the treatment for retinopathy of prematurity 2017 In: British Journal of Ophthalmology. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0007-1161 .- 1468-2079. ; 101:10, s. 1399-1404 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the rates of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and treatment of ROP by laser or intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor among preterm neonates from high-income countries participating in the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes (iNeo) of neonates.METHODS: weeks' gestation who were admitted to neonatal units in Australia/New Zealand, Canada, Finland, Israel, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tuscany (Italy) and the UK between 2007 and 2013. Pairwise comparisons of ROP treatment in survivors between countries were evaluated by Poisson and multivariable logistic regression analyses after adjustment for confounders. A composite outcome of death or ROP treatment was compared between countries using logistic regression and standardised ratios.RESULTS: Of 48 087 infants included in the analysis, 81.8% survived to 32 weeks postmenstrual age, and 95% of survivors were screened for ROP. Rates of any ROP ranged from 25.2% to 91.0% in Switzerland and Japan, respectively, among those examined. The overall rate of those receiving treatment was 24.9%, which varied from 4.3% to 30.4%. Adjusted risk ratios for ROP treatment were lower for Switzerland in all pairwise comparisons, whereas Japan displayed significantly higher ratios. Comparisons of the composite outcome between countries revealed similar, but less marked differences.CONCLUSIONS: Rates of any ROP and ROP treatment varied significantly between iNeo members, while an overall decline in ROP treatment was observed during the study period. It is unclear whether these variations represent differences in care practices, diagnosis and/or treatment thresholds.
14.	Darlow, Brian A, et al. (author) Variations in Oxygen Saturation Targeting, and Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening and Treatment Criteria in Neonatal Intensive Care Units : An International Survey 2018 In: Neonatology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. ; 114:4, s. 323-331 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract BACKGROUND: Rates of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and ROP treatment vary between neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Neonatal care practices, including oxygen saturation (SpO2) targets and criteria for the screening and treatment of ROP, are potential contributing factors to the variations.OBJECTIVES: To survey variations in SpO2 targets in 2015 (and whether there had been recent changes) and criteria for ROP screening and treatment across the networks of the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes in Neonates (iNeo).METHODS: Online prepiloted questionnaires on treatment practices for preterm infants were sent to the directors of 390 NICUs in 10 collaborating iNeo networks. Nine questions were asked and the results were summarized and compared.RESULTS: Overall, 329/390 (84%) NICUs responded, and a majority (60%) recently made changes in upper and lower SpO2 target limits, with the median set higher than previously by 2-3% in 8 of 10 networks. After the changes, fewer NICUs (15 vs. 28%) set an upper SpO2 target limit > 95% and fewer (3 vs. 5%) a lower limit < 85%. There were variations in ROP screening criteria, and only in the Swedish network did all NICUs follow a single guideline. The initial retinal examination was carried out by an ophthalmologist in all but 6 NICUs, and retinal photography was used in 20% but most commonly as an adjunct to indirect ophthalmoscopy.CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variation in SpO2 targets and ROP screening and treatment criteria, both within networks and between countries.
15.	Di Renzo, G C, et al. (author) Intrapartum GBS screening and antibiotic prophylaxis : a European consensus conference 2015 In: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1476-7058 .- 1476-4954. ; 7-8, s. 766-782 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Abstract Group B streptococcus (GBS) remains worldwide a leading cause of severe neonatal disease. Since the end of the 1990s, various strategies for prevention of the early onset neonatal disease have been implemented and have evolved. When a universal antenatal GBS screening-based strategy is used to identify women who are given an intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis, a substantial reduction of incidence up to 80% has been reported in the USA as in other countries including European countries. However recommendations are still a matter of debate due to challenges and controversies on how best to identify candidates for prophylaxis and to drawbacks of intrapartum administration of antibiotics. In Europe, some countries recommend either antenatal GBS screening or risk-based strategies, or any combination, and others do not have national or any other kind of guidelines for prevention of GBS perinatal disease. Furthermore, accurate population-based data of incidence of GBS neonatal disease are not available in some countries and hamper good effectiveness evaluation of prevention strategies. To facilitate a consensus towards European guidelines for the management of pregnant women in labor and during pregnancy for the prevention of GBS perinatal disease, a conference was organized in 2013 with a group of experts in neonatology, gynecology-obstetrics and clinical microbiology coming from European representative countries. The group reviewed available data, identified areas where results were suboptimal, where revised procedures and new technologies could improve current practices for prevention of perinatal GBS disease. The key decision issued after the conference is to recommend intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis based on a universal intrapartum GBS screening strategy using a rapid real time testing.
16.	Ellberg, Lotta, et al. (author) Maternity care options influences readmission of newborns 2008 In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 97:5, s. 579-583 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Aim: To analyse morbidity and mortality in healthy newborn infants in relation to various routines of post-natal follow-up. Design: cross-sectional study. Setting: maternity care in Sweden. Population: healthy infants born at term between 1999 and 2002 (n = 197 898).Methods: Assessment of post-natal follow-up routines after uncomplicated childbirth in 48 hospitals and data collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, Hospital Discharge Register and Cause-of-Death Register. Main outcome measure: neonatal mortality and readmission as proxy for morbidity.Results: During the first 28 days, 2.1% of the infants were readmitted generally because of infections, jaundice and feeding-related problems. Infants born in hospitals with a routine neonatal examination before 48 h and a home care programme had a readmission rate [OR, 1.3 (95% CI, 1.16–1.48)] higher than infants born in hospitals with routine neonatal examination after 48 h and 24-h care. There were 26 neonatal deaths.Conclusion: Post-delivery care options and routines influence neonatal morbidity as measured by hospital readmission rate. A final infant examination at 49–72 h and an active follow-up programme may reduce the risk of readmission.
17.	Farooqi, Aijaz, et al. (author) One-year survival and outcomes of infants born at 22 and 23 weeks of gestation in Sweden 2004-2007, 2014-2016 and 2017-2019 2024 In: Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1359-2998 .- 1468-2052. ; 109:1, s. 10-17 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract ObjectiveTo explore associations between perinatal activity and survival in infants born at 22 and 23 weeks of gestation in Sweden. Design/SettingData on all births at 22 and 23 weeks' gestational age (GA) were prospectively collected in 2004-2007 (T1) or obtained from national registers in 2014-2016 (T2) and 2017-2019 (T3). Infants were assigned perinatal activity scores based on 3 key obstetric and 4 neonatal interventions. Main outcomeOne-year survival and survival without major neonatal morbidities (MNM): intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3-4, cystic periventricular leucomalacia, surgical necrotising enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity stage 3-5 or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The association of GA-specific perinatal activity score and 1-year survival was also determined. Results977 infants (567 live births and 410 stillbirths) were included: 323 born in T1, 347 in T2 and 307 in T3. Among live-born infants, survival at 22 weeks was 5/49 (10%) in T1 and rose significantly to 29/74 (39%) in T2 and 31/80 (39%) in T3. Survival was not significantly different between epochs at 23 weeks (53%, 61% and 67%). Among survivors, the proportions without MNM in T1, T2 and T3 were 20%, 17% and 19% for 22 weeks and 17%, 25% and 25% for 23 weeks' infants (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Each 5-point increment in GA-specific perinatal activity score increased the odds for survival in first 12 hours of life (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.4; 95% CI 1.3 to 1.6) in addition to 1-year survival (aOR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3), and among live-born infants it was associated with increased survival without MNM (aOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4). ConclusionIncreased perinatal activity was associated with reduced mortality and increased chances of survival without MNM in infants born at 22 and 23 weeks of GA.
18.	Gagliardi, L, et al. (author) Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm twins by sex pairing: an international cohort study 2021 In: Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. - : BMJ. - 1468-2052 .- 1359-2998. ; 106:1, s. F17-F24 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Infant boys have worse outcomes than girls. In twins, the ‘male disadvantage’ has been reported to extend to female co-twins via a ‘masculinising’ effect. We studied the association between sex pairing and neonatal outcomes in extremely preterm twins.DesignRetrospective cohort studySettingEleven countries participating in the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes of Neonates.PatientsLiveborn twins admitted at 23–29 weeks’ gestation in 2007–2015.Main outcome measuresWe examined in-hospital mortality, grades 3/4 intraventricular haemorrhage or cystic periventricular leukomalacia (IVH/PVL), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment and a composite outcome (mortality or any of the outcomes above).ResultsAmong 20 924 twins, 38% were from male-male pairs, 32% were from female-female pairs and 30% were sex discordant. We had no information on chorionicity. Girls with a male co-twin had lower odds of mortality, IVH/PVL and the composite outcome than girl-girl pairs (reference group): adjusted OR (aOR) (95% CI) 0.79 (0.68 to 0.92), 0.83 (0.72 to 0.96) and 0.88 (0.79 to 0.98), respectively. Boys with a female co-twin also had lower odds of mortality: aOR 0.86 (0.74 to 0.99). Boys from male-male pairs had highest odds of BPD and composite outcome: aOR 1.38 (1.24 to 1.52) and 1.27 (1.16 to 1.39), respectively.ConclusionsSex-related disparities in outcomes exist in extremely preterm twins, with girls having lower risks than boys and opposite-sex pairs having lower risks than same-sex pairs. Our results may help clinicians in assessing risk in this large segment of extremely preterm infants.
19.	Gemmell, L., et al. (author) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and outcomes of preterm infants of 24 to 28 weeks' gestation 2016 In: Journal of Perinatology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0743-8346 .- 1476-5543. ; 36:12, s. 1067-1072 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs) and mortality and major morbidities in preterm neonates born at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation.STUDY DESIGN: Using an international cohort, we retrospectively studied 27 846 preterm neonates born at 24 to 286 weeks of gestation during 2007 to 2010 from 6 national neonatal databases. The incidence of HDP was compared across countries, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of HDP and neonatal outcomes including mortality to discharge, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe brain injury, necrotizing enterocolitis and treated retinopathy of prematurity.RESULTS: The incidence of HDP in the entire cohort was 13% (range 11 to 16% across countries). HDP was associated with reduced odds of mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.88), severe brain injury (aOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.89) and treated retinopathy (aOR 0.82; 95% CI 0.70 to 0.96), but increased odds of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (aOR 1.16; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.27).CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with neonates born to mothers without HDP, neonates of HDP mothers had lower odds of mortality, severe brain injury and treated retinopathy, but higher odds of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The impact of maternal HDP on newborn outcomes was inconsistent across outcomes and among countries; therefore, further international collaboration to standardize terminology, case definition and data capture is warranted.
20.	Granlund, Margareta, et al. (author) Antimicrobial resistance in colonizing group B Streptococci before the implementation of a Swedish intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis program. 2010 In: European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-4373 .- 0934-9723. ; 29:10, s. 1195-201 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The prevalence of antibiotic resistance and their genetic determinants in colonizing group B streptococci (GBS) sampled in a Swedish nationwide survey was examined. In five GBS isolates (1.3%), kanamycin/amikacin resistance and the presence of the aphA-3 gene was identified. Three of these isolates carried the aad-6 gene and were streptomycin-resistant. Screening with kanamycin and streptomycin 1,000-μg disks enabled a rapid and easy detection of these isolates. In all, 312/396 (79%) GBS were tetracycline-resistant and 95% of the examined isolates harbored the tetM gene. Among the 22 (5.5%) GBS resistant to erythromycin and/or clindamycin, the ermB gene was detected in nine isolates (41%) and erm(A/TR) in ten isolates (45%). A high level of erythromycin and clindamycin resistance with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) >256mg/L was found in four serotype V isolates that harbored ermB. The erythromycin/clindamycin resistance was distributed among all of the common serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, and V, but was not present in any of the 44 serotype III isolates associated to clonal complex 17. Screening for penicillin resistance with 1-μg oxacillin disks showed a homogenous population with a mean inhibition zone of 20mm. A change in the present oxacillin breakpoints for GBS is suggested.
21.	Grunewald, Charlotta, et al. (author) Significant effects on neonatal morbidity and mortality after regional change in management of post-term pregnancy 2011 In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 90:1, s. 26-32 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective. To evaluate the effects on neonatal morbidity of a regional change in induction policy for post-term pregnancy from 43(+0) to 42(+0) gestational weeks (GWs). Design and setting. Nationwide retrospective register study between 2000 and 2007. Population. All singleton pregnancies with a gestational age of >41(+2) GW (n= 119,198). Methods. All Swedish counties were divided into three groups where study group allocation was designated by the proportion of pregnancies >42(+2) GW among all pregnancies of >41(+2) GW. Stockholm county formed a separate group. Main outcome measures. Perinatal morbidity. Results. In counties with the most active management, 19% of pregnancies >41(+2) GW were delivered at >42(+2) GW during 2000-2004 compared to 7.1% in 2005-2007. In the least active counties, corresponding figures were 21.0% compared to 19.4%. During 2005-2007, the odds ratios for meconium aspiration and 5-minute Apgar score of ≤6 in the least compared to most active counties, were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.03-2.33) and 1.26 (95% CI: 1.06-1.51). In Stockholm >42(+2) GW seen among pregnancies of >41(+2) decreased from 21.0% in 2000-2004 to 5.9% in 2005-2007. Reduced perinatal death risks by 48%, meconium aspiration of 51% and low Apgar scores by 31% in 2005-2007 compared with 2000-2004 were observed. Rates of operative deliveries at >41(+2) GW in Stockholm were unaltered. Conclusion. A significant reduction in perinatal morbidity was found, with no influence on operative delivery rates for post-term pregnancy in Stockholm. We advocate a nationwide change toward more active management of post-term pregnancies.
22.	Grunewald, Charlotta, et al. (author) Svensk förlossningsvård säkras i ett rikstäckande projekt : tvärprofessionell samverkan en grundpelare i »Säker förlossningsvård« 2012 In: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen Förlag AB. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 109:19, s. 956-959 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
23.	Helenius, Kjell, et al. (author) Survival in very preterm infants : an international comparison of 10 national neonatal networks 2017 In: Pediatrics. - : The American Academy of Pediatrics. - 0031-4005 .- 1098-4275. ; 140:6 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract OBJECTIVES: To compare survival rates and age at death among very preterm infants in 10 national and regional neonatal networks.METHODS: A cohort study of very preterm infants, born between 24 and 29 weeks' gestation and weighing <1500 g, admitted to participating neonatal units between 2007 and 2013 in the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes of Neonates. Survival was compared by using standardized ratios (SRs) comparing survival in each network to the survival estimate of the whole population.RESULTS: Network populations differed with respect to rates of cesarean birth, exposure to antenatal steroids and birth in nontertiary hospitals. Network SRs for survival were highest in Japan (SR: 1.10; 99% confidence interval: 1.08-1.13) and lowest in Spain (SR: 0.88; 99% confidence interval: 0.85-0.90). The overall survival differed from 78% to 93% among networks, the difference being highest at 24 weeks' gestation (range 35%-84%). Survival rates increased and differences between networks diminished with increasing gestational age (GA) (range 92%-98% at 29 weeks' gestation); yet, relative differences in survival followed a similar pattern at all GAs. The median age at death varied from 4 days to 13 days across networks.CONCLUSIONS: The network ranking of survival rates for very preterm infants remained largely unchanged as GA increased; however, survival rates showed marked variations at lower GAs. The median age at death also varied among networks. These findings warrant further assessment of the representativeness of the study populations, organization of perinatal services, national guidelines, philosophy of care at extreme GAs, and resources used for decision-making.
24.	Hines, Delaney, et al. (author) Scoping review shows wide variation in the definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants and calls for a consensus 2017 In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 106:3, s. 366-374 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The use of different definitions for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been an ongoing challenge. We searched papers published in English from 2010 and 2015 reporting BPD as an outcome, together with studies that compared BPD definitions between 1978 and 2015. We found that the incidence of BPD ranged from 6% to 57%, depending on the definition chosen, and that studies that investigated correlations with long-term pulmonary and/or neurosensory outcomes reported moderate-to-low predictive values regardless of the BPD criteria.CONCLUSION: A comprehensive and evidence-based definition for BPD needs to be developed for benchmarking and prognostic use.
25.	Hoffman, Karin, et al. (author) Monitoring of pain and stress in an infant with asphyxia during induced hypothermia : a case report 2013 In: Advances in Neonatal Care. - Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1536-0903 .- 1536-0911. ; 13:4, s. 252-261 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The purpose of this article was to study an infant who suffered from asphyxia undergoing induced hypothermia with regard to (1) describe the pain and stress as measured by physiological variables skin conductance algesimeter (SCA) and pain rating scales, (2) the correlation between SCA and pain rating scales, and (3) how temperature cycles in the cooling blanket affect the response of the sympathetic nervous system as measured by the SCA and physiological variables. A single prospective case study was used for this article. Data were recorded every 15 minutes for 96 hours. Each observation was categorized according to treatment phase: cooling 0 to 72 hours, rewarming, and controlled normal temperature up to 96 hours. Structured observations were carried out and all nursing care was documented. In addition, 5 periods with no other nursing interventions were identified in which data were recorded every minute for analysis. Skin conductance algimetry showed a variable response during treatment. During cooling, 68% of the 15-minute periods, signs of stress and pain were recorded. During rewarming, the corresponding figure was 83%. During the time sequences with normal temperature, 89% of the periods were associated with stress and pain. During 80% of the nursing procedures, the SCA showed stress and pain. There was no correlation between the pain-rating scales and SCA. When the cooling blanket temperature was lower than core temperature, the infant had more stress and pain according to SCA (P < .001) and an increase in heart rate and blood pressure (P < .001). In infants during induced hypothermia, SCA seem to detect pain and stress. Future evaluation of SCA for the detection of pain and stress during hypothermia treatment is necessary. Pain-rating scales do not appear reliable in this case report.
26.	Håkansson, Stellan, et al. (author) Group B streptococcal carriage in Sweden : a national study on risk factors for mother and infant colonisation 2008 In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - Stockholm : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 87:1, s. 50-58 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background. To study group B streptococcus (GBS) colonisation in parturients and infants in relation to obstetric outcome and to define serotypes and antibiotic resistance in GBS isolates acquired. Methods. A population-based, national cohort of parturients and their infants was investigated. During 1 calendar week in 2005 all women giving birth (n=1,754) were requested to participate in the study. Results. A total of 1,569 mother/infant pairs with obstetric and bacteriological data were obtained. Maternal carriage rate was 25.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 23.3-27.6). In GBS-positive mothers with vaginal delivery and no intrapartum antibiotics, the infant colonisation rate was 68%. Some 30% of infants were colonised after acute caesarean section, and 0% were colonised after an elective procedure. Duration of transport of maternal recto/vaginal swabs of more than 1 day impeded culture sensitivity. Infant mMales were more frequently colonised than females (76.9 versus 59.8%, odds ratio (OR): 2.16; 95% CI: 1.27-3.70), as were infants born after rupture of membranes ≥24 h (p =0.039). Gestational age, birth weight and duration of labor did not significantly influence infant colonisation. Some 30% of parturients with at least one risk factor for neonatal disease received intrapartum antibiotics. The most common GBS serotypes were type III and V. Some 5% of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin, respectively. Conclusions. Maternal GBS prevalence and infant transfer rate were high in Sweden. Males were more frequently colonised than females. The sensitivity of maternal cultures decreased with the duration of sample transport. Clindamycin resistance was scarce. The use of intrapartum antibiotics was limited in parturients with obstetric risk factors for early onset group B streptococcal disease.
27.	Håkansson, Stellan, et al. (author) High maternal body mass index increases the risk of neonatal early onset group B streptococcal disease 2008 In: Acta Pædiatrica. - Oslo : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 97:10, s. 1386-1389 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of neonatal early onset group B streptococcal (EOGBS) disease relative to maternal body mass index (BMI). Method: A cohort of Swedish parturients with an early pregnancy BMI registered was investigated. Data were retrieved from population-based registers during 1997-2001, (n = 344 127, elective caesarean section excluded). Medical records of all infants with a diagnosis of EOGBS septicaemia (P36.0) were scrutinized for verification of the diagnosis. There were 136 cases with blood culture-positive septicaemia and 112 cases with clinical infection. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results: In obese parturients with BMI > 30, there was an 80% increased risk for verified neonatal EOGBS disease (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.0). When cases with clinical sepsis were included a significant risk increment was also found in overweight women with BMI 25.0-29.9 (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0). Conclusion: Maternal obesity and overweight are risk factors associated with increased risk of neonatal EOGBS disease.
28.	Håkansson, Stellan (author) Minskning av neonatala infektioner med grupp B-streptokocker 2018 In: Läkartidningen. - : Sveriges läkarförbund. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 115:4 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
29.	Håkansson, Stellan (author) On the immunobiology of blastocyst implantation : an experimental study in the mouse 1975 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)
30.	Håkansson, Stellan, et al. (author) Proactive management promotes outcome in extremely preterm infants : a population-based comparison of two perinatal management strategies. 2004 In: Pediatrics. - 1098-4275. ; 114:1, s. 58-64 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
31.	Håkansson, Stellan, et al. (author) Real-time PCR-assay in the delivery suite for determination of group B streptococcal colonization in a setting with risk-based antibiotic prophylaxis 2014 In: Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1476-7058 .- 1476-4954. ; 27:4, s. 328-332 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) reduces the incidence of neonatal early onset group B streptococcal infections. The present study investigated if an automated PCR-assay, used bedside by the labor ward personnel was manageable and could decrease the use of IAP in a setting with a risk-based IAP strategy. Methods: The study comprises two phases. Phase 1 was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Women with selected risk-factors were allocated either to PCR-IAP (prophylaxis given if positive or indeterminate) or IAP. A vaginal/rectal swab and superficial swabs from the neonate for conventional culture were also obtained. Phase 2 was non-randomized, assessing an improved version of the assay. Results: Phase 1 included 112 women in the PCR-IAP group and 117 in the IAP group. Excluding indeterminate results, the assay showed a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 90%. In 44 % of the PCR assays the result was indeterminate. The use of IAP was lower in the PCR group (53 versus 92%). Phase 2 included 94 women. The proportion of indeterminate results was reduced (15%). The GBS colonization rate was 31%. Conclusion: The PCR assay, in the hands of labor ward personnel, can be useful for selection of women to which IAP should be offered.
32.	Håkansson, Stellan, et al. (author) Reduced incidence of neonatal early-onset group B streptococcal infection after promulgation of guidelines for risk-based intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in Sweden : analysis of a national population-based cohort 2017 In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : WILEY. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 96:12, s. 1475-1483 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the incidence of neonatal early-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) infection in Sweden after promulgation of guidelines (2008) for risk factor-based intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and evaluate the presence of risk factors and obstetric management in mothers. Material and methodsNational registers were searched for infants with early-onset GBS infection during 2006-2011. Medical records of cases and case mothers were abstracted. Verified cases of sepsis/meningitis and cases with clinical sepsis/pneumonia were documented, as well as risk factors in case mothers and timeliness of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis administration. ResultsThere were 227 cases with verified infection, with an incidence of 0.34 of live births during the whole period. There was a significant decrease after promulgation of guidelines, from 0.40 to 0.30 parts per thousand [odds ratio (OR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-0.99]. A significant decrease in the number of cases with clinical GBS sepsis/pneumonia was also observed. In parturients with one or more risk factors, the incidence of any GBS infection was reduced by approximately 50% (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35-0.64), although there were many cases where the opportunity for timely administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis was missed. In infants of mothers without risk factor(s) there was no reduction in early-onset GBS morbidity. The mortality in verified cases was 4.8% (95% CI 2.1-7.6). ConclusionsThe introduction of national guidelines for risk-based intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis coincided with a significant 50% risk reduction of neonatal early-onset GBS infection in infants of parturients presenting with one or more risk factors. A stricter adherence to guidelines could probably have reduced the infant morbidity further.
33.	Isayama, Tetsuya, et al. (author) International Variation in the Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Its Association with Infant Outcomes : A Survey and Linked Cohort Study 2022 In: The Journal of Pediatrics. - : Elsevier. - 0022-3476 .- 1097-6833. ; 244, s. 24-29 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objective: To assess whether treating patients with a presymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), based on early routine echocardiography, performed regardless of clinical signs, improved outcomes. Study design: This multicenter, survey-linked retrospective cohort study used an institutional-level questionnaire and individual patient-level data and included infants of <29 weeks of gestation born in 2014-2016 and admitted to tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of 9 population-based national or regional neonatal networks. Infants in NICUs receiving treatment of presymptomatic PDA identified by routine echocardiography and those not were compared for the primary composite outcome (early death [≤7 days after birth] or severe intraventricular hemorrhage) and secondary outcomes (any in-hospital mortality and major morbidities). Results: The unit survey (response rates of 86%) revealed a wide variation among networks in the treatment of presymptomatic PDA (7%-86%). Among 246 NICUs with 17 936 infants (mean gestational age of 26 weeks), 126 NICUs (51%) with 7785 infants treated presymptomatic PDA. The primary outcome of early death or severe intraventricular hemorrhage was not significantly different between the NICUs treating presymptomatic PDA and those who did not (17% vs 21%; aOR 1.00, 95% CI 0.85-1.18). The NICUs treating presymptomatic PDA had greater odds of retinopathy of prematurity treatment (13% vs 7%; aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.01-2.12); however, it was not significant in a sensitivity analysis excluding Japanese data. Conclusions: Treating presymptomatic PDA detected by routine echocardiography was commonplace but associated with no significant benefits. Well-designed trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of early targeted PDA treatment.
34.	Isayama, Tetsuya, et al. (author) Neonatal Intensive Care Unit-Level Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treatment Rates and Outcomes in Infants Born Extremely Preterm 2020 In: Journal of Pediatrics. - : Elsevier. - 0022-3476 .- 1097-6833. ; 220, s. 34-39.e05 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objectives: To assess associations between neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)- level patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) treatment rates (pharmacologic or surgical) and neonatal outcomes.Study design: This cohort study included infants born at 24-28 weeks of gestation and birth weight <1500 g in 2007-2015 in NICUs caring for >= 100 eligible infants in 6 countries. The ratio of observed/expected (O/E) PDA treatment rates was derived for each NICU by estimating the expected rate using a logistic regression model adjusted for potential confounders and network. The primary composite outcome was death or severe neurologic injury (grades III-IV intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia). The associations between the NICU-level O/E PDA treatment ratio and neonatal outcomes were assessed using linear regression analyses including a quadratic effect (a square term) of the O/E PDA treatment ratio.Results: From 139 NICUs, 39 096 infants were included. The overall PDA treatment rate was 45% in the cohort (13%-77% by NICU) and the O/E PDA treatment ratio ranged from 0.30 to 2.14. The relationship between the O/E PDA treatment ratio and primary composite outcome was U-shaped, with the nadir at a ratio of 1.13 and a significant quadratic effect (P<.001). U-shaped relationships were also identified with death, severe neurologic injury, and necrotizing enterocolitis.Conclusions: Both low and high PDA treatment rates were associated with death or severe neurologic injury, whereas a moderate approach was associated with optimal outcomes.
35.	Jacobsson, Bo, et al. (author) Förtidsbörd största perinatala problemet: 5,7 procent av graviditeter i Sverige slutar för tidigt, inte klarlagt varför – kostar miljardbelopp varje år : [Preterm delivery: an overview on epidemiology, pathophysiology and consequences for the individual and the society] 2019 In: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen förlag. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 116 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Preterm delivery in Sweden constitutes 5.7 % of all deliveries, which is among the lowest rates in the world. There has not been any increase in the proportion of iatrogenic preterm deliveries during the last decades.The main hypothesis concerning the causality of preterm delivery is still that of the ascending infection from the vagina to the uterus and inflammation resulting in contractions, rupture of membranes and delivery. The mechanisms behind parturition at term are still elusive and this is also true for preterm delivery. The genetic contribution to preterm delivery is about 25-30 %. The first genes that are associated with preterm delivery and gestational duration have recently been published. Huge progress has been made in care of preterm born infants. Sweden has among the lowest rates of mortality and morbidity in the world, especially in the lowest gestational weeks. New modes of care, family-centered care and hospital-assisted home care, have empowered the parents and reduced the cost for care.
36.	Jacobsson, Bo, et al. (author) Förtidsbörd största perinatala problemet [Preterm delivery an overview on epidemiology, pathophysiology and consequences for the individual and the society] 2019 In: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen Förlag AB. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 116 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract Preterm delivery in Sweden constitutes 5.7 % of all deliveries, which is among the lowest rates in the world. There has not been any increase in the proportion of iatrogenic preterm deliveries during the last decades.The main hypothesis concerning the causality of preterm delivery is still that of the ascending infection from the vagina to the uterus and inflammation resulting in contractions, rupture of membranes and delivery. The mechanisms behind parturition at term are still elusive and this is also true for preterm delivery. The genetic contribution to preterm delivery is about 25-30 %. The first genes that are associated with preterm delivery and gestational duration have recently been published. Huge progress has been made in care of preterm born infants. Sweden has among the lowest rates of mortality and morbidity in the world, especially in the lowest gestational weeks. New modes of care, family-centered care and hospital-assisted home care, have empowered the parents and reduced the cost for care.
37.	Jacobsson, Bo, 1960, et al. (author) Preterm delivery: an overview on epidemiology, pathophysiology and consequences for the individual and the society : Förtidsbörd största perinatala problemet - 5,7 procent av graviditeter i Sverige slutar för tidigt, inte klarlagt varför – kostar miljardbelopp varje år. 2019 In: Läkartidningen. - 1652-7518. ; 116 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Preterm delivery in Sweden constitutes 5.7 % of all deliveries, which is among the lowest rates in the world. There has not been any increase in the proportion of iatrogenic preterm deliveries during the last decades.The main hypothesis concerning the causality of preterm delivery is still that of the ascending infection from the vagina to the uterus and inflammation resulting in contractions, rupture of membranes and delivery. The mechanisms behind parturition at term are still elusive and this is also true for preterm delivery. The genetic contribution to preterm delivery is about 25-30 %. The first genes that are associated with preterm delivery and gestational duration have recently been published. Huge progress has been made in care of preterm born infants. Sweden has among the lowest rates of mortality and morbidity in the world, especially in the lowest gestational weeks. New modes of care, family-centered care and hospital-assisted home care, have empowered the parents and reduced the cost for care.
38.	Karlsson, Björn-Markus, et al. (author) Sound and vibration : effects on infants' heart rate and heart rate variability during neonatal transport 2012 In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 101:2, s. 148-154 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Aim: To measure the effect of sound and whole-body vibration on infants' heart rate and heart rate variability during ground and air ambulance transport.Methods: Sixteen infants were transported by air ambulance with ground ambulance transport to and from the airports. Whole-body vibration and sound levels were recorded and heart parameters were obtained by ECG signal.Results: Sound and whole-body vibration levels exceeded the recommended limits. Mean whole-body vibration and sound levels were 0.19m/s(2) and 73dBA, respectively. Higher whole-body vibration was associated with a lower heart rate (p<0.05), and higher sound level was linked to a higher heart rate (p=0.05). The heart rate variability was significantly higher at the end of the transport than at the beginning (p<0.01). Poorer physiologic status was associated with lower heart rate variability (p<0.001) and a lower heart rate (p<0.01). Infants wearing earmuffs had a lower heart rate (p<0.05).Conclusions: Sound and whole-body vibration during neonatal transport exceed recommended levels for adults and sound seem to have a more stressful effect on the infant than vibrations. Infants should wear earmuffs during neonatal transport because of the stress reducing effect.
39.	Kelly, L E, et al. (author) Perinatal health services organization for preterm births : a multinational comparison 2017 In: Journal of Perinatology. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0743-8346 .- 1476-5543. ; 37:7, s. 762-768 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore population characteristics, organization of health services and comparability of available information for very low birth weight or very preterm neonates born before 32 weeks' gestation in 11 high-income countries contributing data to the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes of Neonates (iNeo).STUDY DESIGN: We obtained population characteristics from public domain sources, conducted a survey of organization of maternal and neonatal health services and evaluated the comparability of data contributed to the iNeo collaboration from Australia, Canada, Finland, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UK.RESULTS: All countries have nationally funded maternal/neonatal health care with >90% of women receiving prenatal care. Preterm birth rate, maternal age, and neonatal and infant mortality rates were relatively similar across countries. Most (50 to >95%) between-hospital transports of neonates born at non-tertiary units were conducted by designated transport teams; 72% (8/11 countries) had designated transfer and 63% (7/11 countries) mandate the presence of a physician. The capacity of 'step-down' units varied between countries, with capacity for respiratory care available in <10% to >75% of units. Heterogeneity in data collection processes for benchmarking and quality improvement activities were identified.CONCLUSIONS: Comparability of healthcare outcomes for very preterm low birth weight neonates between countries requires an evaluation of differences in population coverage, healthcare services and meta-data.
40.	Klinger, Gil, et al. (author) Late-onset sepsis among extremely preterm infants of 24-28 weeks gestation : an international comparison in 10 high-income countries 2024 In: Neonatology. - : S. Karger. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Introduction: Despite advances in neonatal care, late-onset sepsis remains an important cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Neonatal late-onset sepsis rates have decreased in some countries, while in others they have not. Our objective was to compare trends in late-onset sepsis rates in 9 population-based networks from 10 countries and to assess the associated mortality within 7 days of late-onset sepsis.Methods: We performed a retrospective populationbased cohort study. Infants born at 24-28 weeks' gestation between 2007 and 2019 were eligible for inclusion. Lateonset sepsis was defined as a positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture. Late-onset sepsis rates were calculated for 3 epochs (2007-11, 2012-15, and 2016-19). Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) for late-onset sepsis were calculated for each network.Results: Of a total of 82,850 infants, 16,914 (20.4%) had late-onset sepsis, with Japan having the lowest rate (7.1%) and Spain the highest (44.6%). Late-onset sepsis rates decreased in most networks and remained unchanged in a few. Israel, Sweden, and Finland showed the largest decrease in late-onset sepsis rates. The aRRs for late-onset sepsis showed wide variations between networks. The rate of mortality temporally related to late-onset sepsis was 10.9%. The adjusted mean length of stay for infants with late-onset sepsis was increased by 5-18 days compared to infants with no late-onset sepsis.Conclusions: One in 5 neonates of 24-28 weeks' gestation develops late-onset sepsis. Wide variability in late-onset sepsis rates exists between networks with most networks exhibiting improvement. Late-onset sepsis was associated with increased mortality and length of stay.
41.	Koller-Smith, Louise I. M., et al. (author) Comparing very low birth weight versus very low gestation cohort methods for outcome analysis of high risk preterm infants 2017 In: BMC Pediatrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2431. ; 17 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Compared to very low gestational age (<32 weeks, VLGA) cohorts, very low birth weight (<1500 g; VLBW) cohorts are more prone to selection bias toward small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants, which may impact upon the validity of data for benchmarking purposes. Method: Data from all VLGA or VLBW infants admitted in the 3 Networks between 2008 and 2011 were used. Two-thirds of each network cohort was randomly selected to develop prediction models for mortality and composite adverse outcome (CAO: mortality or cerebral injuries, chronic lung disease, severe retinopathy or necrotizing enterocolitis) and the remaining for internal validation. Areas under the ROC curves (AUC) of themodels were compared. Results: VLBW cohort (24,335 infants) had twice more SGA infants (20.4% vs. 9.3%) than the VLGA cohort (29,180 infants) and had a higher rate of CAO (36.5% vs. 32.6%). The two models had equal prediction power for mortality and CAO (AUC 0.83), and similarly for all other cross-cohort validations (AUC 0.81-0.85). Neither model performed well for the extremes of birth weight for gestation (<1500 g and >= 32 weeks, AUC 0.50-0.65; >= 1500 g and >= 32 weeks, AUC 0.60-0.62). Conclusion: There was no difference in prediction power for adverse outcome between cohorting VLGA or VLBW despite substantial bias in SGA population. Either cohorting practises are suitable for international benchmarking.
42.	Lehtonen, Liisa, et al. (author) Family Rooms in Neonatal Intensive Care Units and Neonatal Outcomes : An International Survey and Linked Cohort Study 2020 In: The Journal of Pediatrics. - : Elsevier. - 0022-3476 .- 1097-6833. ; 226, s. 112-117 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Objectives: To evaluate the proportion of neonatal intensive care units with facilities supporting parental presence in their infants’ rooms throughout the 24-hour day (ie, infant-parent rooms) in high-income countries and to analyze the association of this with outcomes of extremely preterm infants.Study design: In this survey and linked cohort study, we analyzed unit design and facilities for parents in 10 neonatal networks of 11 countries. We compared the composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity, length of stay, and individual morbidities between neonates admitted to units with and without infant-parent rooms by linking survey responses to patient data from 2015 for neonates of less than 29 weeks of gestation.Results: Of 331 units, 13.3% (44/331) provided infant-parent rooms. Patient-level data were available for 4662 infants admitted to 159 units in 7 networks; 28% of the infants were cared for in units with infant-parent rooms. Neonates from units with infant-parent rooms had lower odds of mortality or major morbidity (aOR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.89), including lower odds of sepsis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, than those from units without infant-parent rooms. The adjusted mean length of stay was 3.4 days shorter (95%, CI –4.7 to −3.1) in the units with infant-parent rooms.Conclusions: The majority of units in high-income countries lack facilities to support parents' presence in their infants' rooms 24 hours per day. The availability vs absence of infant-parent rooms was associated with lower odds of composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity and a shorter length of stay.
43.	Lui, Kei, et al. (author) Inter-center variability in neonatal outcomes of preterm infants: A longitudinal evaluation of 298 neonatal units in 11 countries 2021 In: Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. - : Elsevier. - 1744-165X .- 1878-0946. ; 26:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Collaboration and cooperation of clinicians and neonatal units at regional, national, and international levels are key features of many networks or systems that aim to improve neonatal outcomes. Network performance is typically assessed by comparing individual, unit-level outcomes. In this paper, we provide insight into another dimension, i.e., inter-center outcome variation in 10 national/regional neonatal collaborations from 11 high-income countries. We illustrate the use of coefficients of variation for evaluation of mortality and a composite outcome of mortality, severe neurological injury, treated retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, as a measure of inter-center variation. These inter-center variation estimates could help to identify areas of opportunities and challenges for each country/region; they also provide “macro”-level evaluations that can be useful for clinicians, administrators, managers and policy makers.
44.	Lui, K, et al. (author) Trends in Outcomes for Neonates Born Very Preterm and Very Low Birth Weight in 11 High-Income Countries 2019 In: The Journal of pediatrics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6833 .- 0022-3476. ; 215, s. 32- Journal article (peer-reviewed)
45.	Luthander, Charlotte Millde, et al. (author) Results from the National Perinatal Patient Safety Program in Sweden : the challenge of evaluation 2016 In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 95:5, s. 596-603 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract IntroductionWe studied the effects of the national Perinatal Patient Safety Program in Sweden, addressing local improvement measures, changes in the proportion of low Apgar score and the number of settled injury claims due to asphyxia. Material and methodsFinal reports on achieved improvements from all Swedish obstetric units were analyzed and categories of the improvement measures taken in perinatal risk areas were established. Data on all term newborns during 2006-12 were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry. Incidence of 5-min Apgar score <7 was analyzed before, during and after the intervention. The odds ratio for low Apgar score in period iII vs. period I was calculated. Patient injury claims from The Swedish National Patient Insurance Company (LoF) were analyzed. ResultsNumerous local improvement initiatives were reported. The incidence of 5-min Apgar score <7 on a national level remained unchanged during the study periods. The units with the highest rate of Apgar score <7 showed a significant decrease in Apgar score of 4-6 after the intervention, whereas units with the lowest rate of Apgar score <7 showed a significant increase in Apgar score <7 after the intervention. A decline in settled claims due to substandard care was observed (7.5%, 2012-14; p for trend 0.049). ConclusionThe national incidence of low Apgar score remained unchanged but a reduction of settled claims of severely asphyxiated neonates was observed. The study highlights the need for robust designs when evaluating large-scale initiatives for improving patient safety at delivery, along with the difficulties in performing them.
46.	Martin, Lisa J., et al. (author) Country-Specific vs. Common Birthweight-for-Gestational Age References to Identify Small for Gestational Age Infants Born at 24-28 weeks : An International Study 2016 In: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. - : Wiley. - 0269-5022 .- 1365-3016. ; 30:5, s. 450-461 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Controversy exists as to whether birthweight-for-gestational age references used to classify infants as small for gestational age (SGA) should be country specific or based on an international (common) standard. We examined whether different birthweight-for-gestational age references affected the association of SGA with adverse outcomes among very preterm neonates.Methods: Singleton infants (n = 23 788) of 24(0)-28(6) weeks' gestational age in nine high-resource countries were classified as SGA (<10th centile) using common and country-specific references based on birthweight and estimated fetal weight (EFW). For each reference, the adjusted relative risk (aRR) for the association of SGA with composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity was estimated.Results: The percentage of infants classified as SGA differed slightly for common compared with country specific for birthweight references [9.9% (95% CI 9.5, 10.2) vs. 11.1% (95% CI 10.7, 11.5)] and for EFW references [28.6% (95% CI 28.0, 29.2) vs. 24.6% (95% CI 24.1, 25.2)]. The association of SGA with the composite outcome was similar when using common or country-specific references for the total sample for birthweight [aRRs 1.47 (95% CI 1.43, 1.51) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.44, 1.53) respectively] and for EFW references [aRRs 1.35 (95% CI 1.31, 1.38) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.35, 1.43) respectively].Conclusion: Small for gestational age is associated with higher mortality and morbidity in infants born <29 weeks' gestational age. Although common and country-specific birthweight/EFW references identified slightly different proportions of SGA infants, the risk of the composite outcome was comparable.
47.	Moreira, Alvaro, et al. (author) Development and Validation of a Mortality Prediction Model in Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates 2022 In: Neonatology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. ; 119:4, s. 418-427 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract Introduction: Understanding factors that associate with neonatal death may lead to strategies or interventions that can aid clinicians and inform families. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop an early prediction model of neonatal death in extremely low gestational age (ELGA, <28 weeks) neonates. Methods: A predictive cohort study of ELGA neonates was derived from the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register between the years 2011 to May 2021. The goal was to use readily available clinical variables, collected within the first hour of birth, to predict in-hospital death. Data were split into a train cohort (80%) to build the model and tested in 20% of randomly selected neonates. Model performance was assessed via area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared to validated mortality prediction models and an external cohort of neonates. Results: Among 3,752 live-born extremely preterm infants (46% girls), in-hospital mortality was 18% (n = 685). The median gestational age and birth weight were 25.0 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 24.0, 27.0) and 780 g (IQR 620, 940), respectively. The proposed model consisted of three variables: birth weight (grams), Apgar score at 5 min of age, and gestational age (weeks). The BAG model had an AUC of 76.9% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) (72.6%, 81.3%), while birth weight and gestational age had an AUC of 73.1% (95% CI: 68.4%,77.9%) and 71.3% (66.3%, 76.2%). In the validation cohort, the BAG model had an AUC of 68.9%. Conclusion: The BAG model is a new mortality prediction model in ELGA neonates that was developed using readily available information.
48.	Norman, M., et al. (author) Association Between Year of Birth and 1-Year Survival Among Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden During 2004-2007 and 2014-2016 2019 In: Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association. - Chicago : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0098-7484 .- 1538-3598. ; 321:12, s. 1188-1199 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract IMPORTANCE Since 2004-2007, national guidelines and recommendations have been developed for the management of extremely preterm births in Sweden. If and how more uniform management has affected infant survival is unknown. OBJECTIVE To compare survival of extremely preterm infants born during 2004-2007 with survival of infants born during 2014-2016. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS All births at 22-26weeks' gestational age (n = 2205) between April 1, 2004, and March 31, 2007, and between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2016, in Sweden were studied. Prospective data collection was used during 2004-2007. Data were obtained from the Swedish pregnancy, medical birth, and neonatal quality registries during 2014-2016. EXPOSURES Delivery at 22-26 weeks' gestational age. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomewas infant survival to the age of 1 year. The secondary outcome was 1-year survival among live-born infants who did not have any major neonatal morbidity (specifically, without intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3-4, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity stage 3-5, or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia). RESULTS During 2004-2007, 1009 births (3.3/1000 of all births) occurred at 22-26 weeks' gestational age compared with 1196 births (3.4/1000 of all births) during 2014-2016 (P =.61). One-year survival among live-born infants at 22-26 weeks' gestational age was significantly lower during 2004-2007 (497 of 705 infants [70%]) than during 2014-2016 (711 of 923 infants [77%]) (difference, -7%[95% CI, -11% to -2.2%], P =.003). One-year survival among live-born infants at 22-26 weeks' gestational age and without any major neonatal morbidity was significantly lower during 2004-2007 (226 of 705 infants [32%]) than during 2014-2016 (355 of 923 infants [38%]) (difference, -6%[95% CI, -11% to -1.7%], P =.008). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among live births at 22-26 weeks' gestational age in Sweden, 1-year survival improved between 2004-2007 and 2014-2016.
49.	Norman, M., et al. (author) Association of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy With Neonatal Outcomes 2021 In: Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0098-7484 .- 1538-3598. ; 325:20, s. 2076-2086 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract IMPORTANCE The outcomes of newborn infants of women testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate neonatal outcomes in relation to maternal SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in pregnancy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nationwide, prospective cohort study based on linkage of the Swedish Pregnancy Register, the Neonatal Quality Register, and the Register for Communicable Diseases. Ninety-two percent of all live births in Sweden between March 11, 2020, and January 31, 2021, were investigated for neonatal outcomes by March 8, 2021. Infants with malformations were excluded. Infants of women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were matched, directly and using propensity scores, on maternal characteristics with up to 4 comparator infants. EXPOSURES Maternal test positivity for SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES In-hospital mortality; neonatal resuscitation; admission for neonatal care; respiratory, circulatory, neurologic, infectious, gastrointestinal, metabolic, and hematologic disorders and their treatments; length of hospital stay; breastfeeding; and infant test positivity for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Of 88 159 infants (49.0% girls), 2323 (1.6%) were delivered by mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The mean gestational age of infants of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers was 39.2 (SD, 2.2) weeks vs 39.6 (SD, 1.8) weeks for comparator infants, and the proportions of preterm infants (gestational age <37 weeks) were 205/2323 (8.8%) among infants of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and 4719/85 836 (5.5%) among comparator infants. After matching on maternal characteristics, maternal SARS-CoV-2 test positivity was significantly associated with admission for neonatal care (11.7% vs 8.4%; odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26-1.70) and with neonatal morbidities such as respiratory distress syndrome (1.2% vs 0.5%; OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.50-3.84), any neonatal respiratory disorder (2.8% vs 2.0%; OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07-1.90), and hyperbilirubinemia (3.6% vs 2.5%; OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.13-1.90). Mortality (0.30% vs 0.12%; OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 0.99-6.57), breastfeeding rates at discharge (94.4% vs 95.1%; OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.67-1.05), and length of stay in neonatal care (median, 6 days in both groups; difference, 0 days; 95% CI, -2 to 7 days) did not differ significantly between the groups. Twenty-one infants (0.90%) of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the neonatal period; 12 did not have neonatal morbidity, 9 had diagnoses with unclear relation to SARS-CoV-2, and none had congenital pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In a nationwide cohort of infants in Sweden, maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy was significantly associated with small increases in some neonatal morbidities. Given the small numbers of events for many of the outcomes and the large number of statistical comparisons, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory.
50.	Norman, Mikael, et al. (author) [Editorial comment] Association between year of birth and 1-year survival among extremely preterm infants in Sweden during 2004-2007 and 2014-2016 2019 In: Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 0029-7828 .- 1533-9866. ; 74:8, s. 456-458 Journal article (other academic/artistic)

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