| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, et al.
(author)
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Internationalisation process in turbulent and stable markets: Do firms know that they do not know?
- 2013
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In: Journal for Global Business Advancement. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1746-966X .- 1746-9678. ; 6:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The view of foreign market commitment in the internationalisation process is constructed on the assumption of firms' experiential knowledge. Firms know that they do not know and seek for knowledge through the experience. The paper is based on the view that firms sometimes do not know that they do not know. It raises the question: if international firms can really gather knowledge about the future, why then do they always face critical problems? Unlike the view of studies on the internationalisation process that firms 'know what they do not know', this paper is concerned with the unknown. It discusses the idea that firms in their foreign market relationships do not know that they do not know; therefore their commitment always faces crises. With this theoretical assumption, the paper presents one case study. The process of internationalisation of a Swedish firm is analysed to examine the connection between knowledge and commitment.
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| 4. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1947-, et al.
(author)
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Internationalization - Do They Know That They Don't Know?
- 2012
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In: Advances in Global Research. - Ajman.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The view of foreign market commitment in internationalization process is constructed on the assumption of firms’ knowledge seeking. Uncertainty is reduced by knowledge grounding foreign market commitment. Firms know that they do not know and seek for knowledge through experience or interactions. Incrementality hold stable market and knowledge change. The paper stands on the view that firms do not know that they do not know. It raises the simple question of if international firms’ can really reach knowledge on future why then do they always face with critical problems. Different to the view in internationalization process that firms ‘know what they do not know’; this paper is concerned with the unknown. It discuss that firms’ in their foreign market do not know that they do not know and thereforetheir commitment always face with crises when the market change is drastic. With this theoretical assumption paper presents one case study. The process of internationalization of a Swedish firm is analysed to examine the connection between the knowledge and commitment.
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| 5. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1946-, et al.
(author)
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The internationalization process model : A proposed view of firms' regular incremental and irregular non-incremental behaviour
- 2014
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In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:1, s. 155-168
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Commitment in the internationalization process model (IP-model) is challenged by the search for knowledge through experience and interactions. Critics opposing this logic even forced the founder of the model to call for the need for integration of other elements in order to understand irregular behaviour like rapid internationalization, loss of commitment and market exit. Aligned with this call, the paper raises the question of how the IP-model can be applied to analyse both regular/incremental and irregular/non-incremental behaviour of the firms. To reach an answer, the paper proposes a theoretical view by adding expectation and unknown uncertainty to the IP-model and examines this in a case study. The contribution is a further development of the IP-model by merging these two concepts that provide tools for understanding irregular behaviour. The paper analyses a Swedish firm's internationalization in different foreign markets for the period of 1995-2009. Conclusions support the understanding of how the model can describe regular incremental and irregular non-incremental commitment behaviour.
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| 6. |
- Alimadadi, Siavash
(author)
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Consistent Inconsistency : The Role of Tension in Explaining Change in Interorganizational Relationships
- 2016
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis commences with the notion that interorganizational exchange relationships are dynamic to an unprecedented degree. It is argued that, global production networks have integrated firms into interdependent structures that blur traditional geographical and organizational boundaries. It is also true that the same networks bring together companies with diverse socio-cultural and economic backgrounds. Thus, the thesis focuses on the complexity of the contemporary international business landscape. The purpose of the work performed was to understand the process of change in interorganizational relationships under these complexities.Through a qualitative study of two main cases and a pilot study, the thesis investigates the networking behavior and the relationship dynamics between multinational companies from Sweden and Turkey, operating in Turkish and Swedish markets, respectively. By examining how firms create, maintain, dissolve and reconstruct their relationships, the thesis contributes to problematizing some of the assumptions that are commonly taken for granted, but which underpin several studies of interorganizational relationship dynamics. The findings illustrate that as recent trends such as cross-border acquisitions frequently perturb the contexts within which firms are embedded, the impact might be favorable for some actors, while others might push for new and different ‘directions’, finding the existing relational arrangements and resource structures counter to their future goals. Yet, the actions of parties are constrained by the structural position in which they find themselves. Thus, the development of an exchange relationship involves multiple processes, often inconsistent with one another, thereby disturbing the stability of the relationship.Through the aggregation of each paper’s contribution, the “Thesis Summary” offers a wide perspective of the relationship dynamics. By incorporating both teleological and dialectical views, the framework proposed captures both the actions undertaken by individual firms to make change, and the structural forces both promoting and opposing change. Ultimately, the thesis offers a framework for investigating the impact of complexity on change in interorganizational relationships, opening doors to an improved understanding of the significance divergent perspectives and disruptive experiences have on relationship change.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Alimadadi, Siavash, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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How does uncertainty impact opportunity development in internationalization?
- 2018
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In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 27:1, s. 161-172
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The features of the internationalization of emerging market multinational companies (EMNCs) create a laboratory for extending theory. In this paper, we argue that a high level of asymmetry between prior knowledge and a non-incremental commitment, such as an acquisition, lies at the core of understanding these types of internationalization processes. Our proposed theoretical view is that while some uncertainties in opportunity development are known to the firms and can be managed by available knowledge, disruptive commitments can result in complexes of unstable and unilineal dynamics that bring about unexpected and hence unforeseeable uncertainties. These uncertainties may be a source of future unintended consequences that will have an impact on the firm as the internationalization process unfolds. This view is used for analysis of a longitudinal case study concerning the acquisition of a Swedish firm, Vargon Alloys, by the Turkish corporation Yildirim Group, focusing on the opportunity discovery and exploitation period between 2008 and 2013. By dividing uncertainty into two types (foreseeable and unforeseeable) and analysing the hidden problems that emerged after the sudden fusion of the two networks, the study nuances understanding of the emergent and non-orderly nature of the internationalization process as it unfolds. From a process point of view, the study may aid deeper understanding of complications when discovering and exploiting opportunities.
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| 9. |
- Alshaibi, Alsedieg
(author)
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Business Relationships Between Local Firms and MNCs in a less Developing Country : The Case of Libyan Firms
- 2008
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- International business relationships have been widely researched over the last three decades. Themajor attention of these studies, no matter what their theoretical perspective, concerns the MNCs inthe less developing countries (LDCs). Studies that illustrate how firms in LDCs behave regardinginteraction with MNCs are slim. Therefore, this study focuses on firms in LDCs, namely Libyan firms,and their relationships with MNCs. The study reflects not only on the relationships between the localfirms with MNCs but also the impacts of other interrelated business and non-business units on theserelationships. The study employs business network theory for industrial marketing and develops amodel applicable for studying such a market.The empirical study employs a survey method which examines 60 Libyan firms’ relationships withforeign suppliers containing more than 300 questions. In the empirical part, the study shows that therelationships like technological adaptation, technological cooperation and information exchange wereawarded low values. The measures on the other hand show a high value of impact from the politicalactors and even activities in the contextual environment. The study shows in detail where and howthe political actions influence business relationships. These impacts from the local environment affectlocal firms more than the foreign suppliers, and thus have some bearing on the MNCs and local firms’relationship weaknesses and strengths.The thesis’ conceptual contribution stands on development of new notions in business network theoryby integration of the contextual environment, in other words, network environment, and examinationof their impact on the strength of the focal business relationship. The study further contributesknowledge, not only for firms and politicians in LDCs to understand the consequence of their actions,but also provides deep information for MNCs to understand issues like why firms in LDCs behave ina specific way. Such understandings facilitate the development of cooperation. The study providesinformation about a number of characteristics which are specific for the business networks of such amarket which is dependent on only one resource like oil. While most studies in the field ofinternational business regard the business activities of MNCs, more research is needed to also observethe behaviour of firms from LDCs to gain deeper knowledge on the relationship between the MNCsand local firms from LDCs. The role of political actors and the influence of dependency on one soletype of resources and aspects like change in the prices of this resource seem to be important, but arequite neglected in research in international business.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bengtson, Anna, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Adding a political dimension to business research
- 2009
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In: International Journal of Business Environment. - : Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.. - 1740-0589 .- 1740-0597. ; 2:4, s. 391-399
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Bengtson, Anna, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Managing relationship development and crises in emerging markets : A Swedish firm´s relationship behaviour in Argentina
- 2012
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In: New Policy Challanges for European Multinationals. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 9781781900208 - 9781781900215 ; , s. 421-442
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose – Researchers rarely touch on the phenomenon of crisis in the relationship itself combined with relationship conflict caused by turbulence in the relationship environment – specifically for emerging markets. The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical view for studying how firms manage business relationships when facing crises caused both by involved parties and by contextual factors.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a business network perspective, the paper develops a relationship view stressing trust/distrust, commitment/de-commitment and uncertainty/knowledge as central explanatory relationship elements. The paper employs longitudinal case study method and discusses how the relationship between the Swedish firm Ericsson and Telefónica in Argentina for the period of 1998–2004. The process view is composed of three phases: the start-up phase, a phase of crisis and instability and finally a phase of restoration.Findings/originality – With the assumption of extensiveness in relationship development and high risk in falling from conflict into critical problems in emerging markets, the paper has elaborated new theoretical and empirical thoughts. The study gains further strength from the fact that the number and intensity of crises is increasing because of the escalation in global interdependency. It contributes further knowledge on strategy decisions like exit, wait and see, take the risk and advance affecting the firms’ business relationship.
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| 16. |
- Bengtson, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Managing stability and crises in business relationships : The case of Ericsson in an emerging market
- 2013
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In: European Business Review. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0955-534X .- 1758-7107. ; 25:6, s. 518-535
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose – Adding to the theoretical view of relationship development, this paper holds the view that relationship change encompasses not only smooth incremental change but also includes crises which can trigger relationship weakening, dissolution and/or recovery. The aim is to develop a theoretical view that allows understanding of both smooth incremental and critical changes in the process of relationship development.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a business network perspective, the paper's relationship view holds uncertainty, commitment and trust as central explanatory elements. The process view is composed of three episodes: incremental relationship development; relationship crisis; and ending or survival. The paper employs a longitudinal case study method and discusses how the relationship between the Swedish firm, Ericsson, and its counterpart, Telefónica, develops in the emerging market of Argentina during the period of 1998-2004. Findings – Conclusions demonstrate the vulnerability of relationships due to counterparts' behaviour and network embeddedness. This is a risk of commitment deterioration, and remedial actions like investment in new commitments will reduce distrust and uncertainty. Re-energizing relationships incrementally requires behaviour like waiting strategies, when otherwise the choice is to exit.Originality/value – Few researchers have combined the findings from stable relationship development studies with the findings from research on crisis into one model handling both stability and instability in business relationships. This is despite the fact that episodes of turbulence and instability are becoming more common in business relationships, due to entrance into more unstable markets, and markets crises of various types.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bengtson, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Political entrepreneurship in new small ventures : The case of IMS
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing. - 1742-5360 .- 1742-5379. ; 3:1, s. 26-43
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article introduces the view of political entrepreneurship, which is based on the development of unique interaction with political units to assist firms in their business. Based on a business network perspective, the aim is to develop a theoretical frame for analysis of this interaction. The question raised is how small entrepreneurs can develop relationships with political units in order to strengthen their business opportunities. Relationship commitment and knowledge are introduced as managerial elements determining the firms' influential and adaptive behaviour. A case study of a new venture in life science is used to illustrate the reasoning. The results manifest how even small firms can use their resources and knowledge to develop specific relationships with political units that support their business efforts. Issues related to loosely coupled relationships are brought forward as a theoretical foundation to aid the understanding of political entrepreneurship.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Chidlow, Agnieszka, et al.
(author)
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Internationalization of Service Firms and Their Interactions with Socio-Political Actors : Guest Editors' Introduction
- 2019
-
In: MIR: Management International Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0938-8249 .- 1861-8901. ; 59:4, s. 499-514
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Although there is extensive research in the field of services and lately on the internationalization of services, the topic of how service firms interact with society and political organizations, during their internationalization process, remains almost untouched. As an answer to the call for further research on the interaction between service firms, society and policy makers, this paper aims to advance the knowledge by proposing an integrative theoretical view. Dissimilar to the earlier research where each study stands on a specific theoretical discipline (economic, behavioural or political science), the proposed theoretical view asserts the need for an interdisciplinary approach. The integration of these three perspectives is vital since business, policy and society have different legitimacy and dependency grounds and yet their goals and objectives have been converging over the years. Isolating these disciplines from each other is, thus, not very helpful in advancing the knowledge and understanding the conditions, motives and consequences of multinational enterprises in foreign markets. Moreover, the internationalization of services and the extent of heterogeneity in service products/solutions, from banking to retailing and e-commerce, create new challenges that need for interaction between these parties; the three pillars of our society.
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| 24. |
- Drogendijk, Rian, et al.
(author)
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Internationalisation of Bank Enterprises in New Emerging Markets : The Case of Penetration and Expansion into Eastern European Countries
- 2008
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In: International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets. - 1753-6219. ; 1:1, s. 80-104
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The question raised in this papers is how two EU firms penetrate and expand into new emerging markets in Eastern Europe. The theoretical view relies on the firms' Internationalisation and business network theories and the varieties in the behaviour is explained by the degree of business commitment and knowledge. The outcomes add new knowledge to the internationalisation and business relationship theories for the better understanding of market entry and expansion and offer managerial implications for management of political relationships.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Drogendijk, Rian, et al.
(author)
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Internationalization of Services Companies
- 2009
-
In: Glocal Marketing. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144055558 ; , s. 189-216
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this chapter we examine how two banks, each in their own way, expand into new foreign markets. Using well-known theories relating to the internationalisation process and business networks, we investigate how their entry processes evolve and which network relations are essential in the development of a successful new unit. Our analysis shows that the two banks ahve encountered different opportunities and problems in their expansion processes, which can partly be related to the timing of their entry. In both cases political relations appear to be of critical importance for the success of the expansion process. Not only did the banks have to devote time and resources to developing business relations in the new environment, they also needed to commit themselves to and learn about the political environment. This outcome leads to discussions about how to include political relationship development into the internationalization process model.
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| 27. |
- Ebadzadeh Semnani, Sedigheh Sarah
(author)
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Trust in Different Types of Organizational Relationships : A Social Capital Perspective
- 2016
-
Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to expand the understanding about the concepts of trust and social capital, and to explore their role in achieving desired organizational outcomes. The research followed a multiple case study approach, focusing on Iranian service providers. The reason for this focus is the insufficient scholarly contribution about social capital in developing countries. Moreover, considering the significant role of trust in social capital generation according to many scholars, this study seeks to understand how the issue of lack of trust in developing countries can influence social capital generation in these nations. In order to address the criticisms in the literature, this research first attempts to study the concepts of trust and social capital in different types of organizational relationships separately. There are, therefore, different levels of analysis in this study. The three types of organizational relationships which are the focus of this research are intra-organizational, organization-customer and business cluster.An intensive literature review was carried out on trust and social capital to build an overall theoretical picture of the problem at hand. The next step was to analyse the findings of this study by engaging both empirical and theoretical findings simultaneously. This was carried out with the aim of achieving answers to the research questions through theory matching and elaboration.The result of this study, in general, supports both the positive role of trust and social capital in achieving desired organizational outcomes. The empirical data and literature, therefore, seem to be in line with one another to a large extent. However, in several cases of this study the issue of lack of trust at the Iranian companies did in fact hinder the achievement of their desired outcomes. Moreover, the findings from the organization-customer and business cluster relationships showed that several of these Iranian companies are indeed already benefiting from social capital. However, they mostly benefit from the type of social capital arising from information flows. What they are missing, and are in fact in great need of, is the type of social capital associated with the benefits of trust. In other words, they were unsuccessful in bringing forward the benefits of the relational dimension of social capital. The study has also contributed towards refining the literature by showing that there are differences in the connotation of both “trust” and “social capital” when they are studied under different types of organizational relationships. Simply using these terms without specifying the type of relationship, or level of analysis, does not bring forward a clear understanding. Furthermore, the findings had pointed out the important difference between a contributing factor to a phenomenon and the phenomenon itself, which in this case were trust and social capital, respectively.Last but not least, the results of the cross-case analysis identified certain patterns and differences in the role of trust and social capital in different relationship types. These findings were summarized in the form of a proposed model and a matrix. The proposed model started with the development of trust in organizational interpersonal relationships, and ended with the creation of two different types of social capital that can benefit both the organization and its customers. The matrix, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of keeping a balance between different types of social capital, depending on the organizational requirement, in order to achieve the best desired outcomes.
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| 28. |
- Ekman, Peter, 1969-
(author)
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Enterprise Systems & Business Relationships : The Utilization of IT in the Business with Customers and Suppliers
- 2006
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis deals with how companies utilize their enterprise systems in their business relationships. The study’s starting point is enterprise systems that basically are standardised information systems that the company can acquire from software vendors like SAP, Oracle and Microsoft. Enterprise systems aim to integrate and manage all the company’s data and it can also be linked to its business partners.The thesis contains two case studies of how a focal company utilizes its enterprise system in their business relationships. To accomplish this, an analytical framework based upon the combination of an information systems (IS) and a business relationship perspective is developed and applied. The IS perspective follows an ‘ensemble view of technology’ approach which describes the use of information systems as embedded in a both technical and social context. The business relationship perspective is founded in empirical studies of industrial companies. Basically, business relationships are unique and based on the companies’ exchanges. It also involves behavioural elements as trust, commitment, adaptations and interdependencies between the partners.The two case studies cover the business relationships between ten companies and the character of the studied business relationships varies. The results show that enterprise systems are mainly focused on the companies’ internal activities. The exchanges in the business relationships are either carried out without the enterprise system or are supported by some complementary information system. Enterprise systems are thus mainly seen as production systems. This can be explained by the heritage from former material and resource planning (MRP) systems. An alternative explanation can be that business relationships are unique and require continuous adaptations and a mutual orientation. Enterprise systems require structural data rendering them difficult to use for the activities of a business relationship. The users then develop other, individual, applications that handle what is needed in their ongoing business. The threat is that information can be lost on a company level. The challenge is therefore to investigate the complementary information systems functions to see if it is possible to extend the enterprise system to include them. To be worth its epithet, the enterprise system must facilitate all the business activities found in the companies business relationships.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Engwall, Lars, 1942-, et al.
(author)
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Internationalization of Financial Services in Turbulent Markets
- 2014
-
In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:6, s. 1035-1039
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two significant features during the post-war period have been an increasing internationalization of ecohomic activities and a growing role for financial services in the world economy. Considerable attention has been devoted to both these features separately, while attention to the internationalization of financial service firms has been more limited. Even more limited have been the efforts to combine this work with studies of the influence of market turbulence on financial service firms. The present special issue is an attempt to provide a remedy to this state of affairs. In this introduction we first provide a background to the topic. We then give a brief summary of the characteristics of financial services as well as a short review of extant literature, before presenting the six papers that make up the issue and providing some conclusions.
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| 31. |
- Figueira de Lemos, Francisco, 1968-
(author)
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A Political View on the Internationalization Process
- 2013
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The role of governments in the internationalization of the firm had early recognition in prominent seminal studies in international business, such as Hymer’s thesis or the Uppsala Model, though the interaction between multinationals and governments has attracted scarce attention. As such, the main stream of economics and management studies have focused on internationalization essentially as an issue of the firm, wherein the multinationals’ interaction with the environment is limited to a business-industrial scope of suppliers, clients, and competitors.In a different direction, this thesis includes the political setting and studies the beneficial side of governments in the internationalization process of the firm. With this purpose, the present dissertation proposes a conceptual framework based on Johanson and Vahlne’s (1977) internationalization process model, complemented with Williamson’s (1975) Transaction Costs Economics, and encompassed by conceptual insights from institutional studies related to international business. Specifically, the role of governments in the internationalization process is examined through the variances of the relation between knowledge and commitment at the micro, meso, and macro level.The structure of the thesis reflects the multilevel approach, integrating one conceptual and three empirical papers, each of which dealing with a particular level of analysis. Through the aggregation of each paper’s intrinsic contribution, the dissertation’s summary offers a wide view on the internationalization phenomena, adding the political elements to the industrial-business elements of the environment. Overall, internationalization is conceptualized as a process of interaction with the business environment, whereas the public nature of political elements induces the compromise of combining activities between firms and governments. Evidence gives the ground to conclude that internationalization is not a game played just between firms, or, even, between firms and markets, but also with and within governments.
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| 32. |
- Figueira de Lemos, Francisco, 1968-, et al.
(author)
-
Internationalization Processes in Stable and Unstable Market Conditions : Towards a model of commitment decisions in dynamic environments
- 2014
-
In: Journal of world business (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-9516 .- 1878-5573. ; 49:3, s. 332-349
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article proposes a managerial decision framework to deal with internationalization whether in stable or dynamic environments. While displaying the effects of unstable and stable environmental settings on commitment decisions, the framework is the result of an inferential abductive approach that merges the risk management model with empirical data collected from a 32-year longitudinal case study on nine Swedish MNCs. The longitudinal analysis shows that when environmental changes are perceived as detrimental, firms tend to decrease their tangible assets and commit in a more intangible way. On the opposite, when changes to the environment are perceived as beneficial, firms follow an incremental path of commitment, preferably in tangible kind. The findings contribute new knowledge to understand such diversities in commitment decisions as divestment, wait-and-see, market-exit and re-entry.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Gunnarsson, Pierre Erik, 1964-
(author)
-
Ancillary actor relations : The case of EU’s leading defence primes
- 2022
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This longitudinal research project in industrial marketing seeks to understand ancillary actors, specifically what they are, their characteristics, relations and impact on focal relations based on the empirical case of the cross-border relations of EU’s largest defence equipment producing firms (called “primes”). Ancillary actors are approached on four arenas: i) the political setting for EU defence equipment production, ii) the “primes” business relations, e.g. their market, iii) an issue community for setting up a single EU defence company and iv) a collaborative project, the Eurofighter.Ten analytical propositions with potentially common attributes for ancillary actors are that ancillary actors 1) have a role flexibility, where they may simultaneously act within a business and political setting assuming supportive, coercive, adaptive and influential roles, 2) emerge from focal actors’ legitimacy and commitments, 3) help to support, organise or mitigate collaboration between business and political actors, 4) create, facilitate and support cross-border political and business ties on political and protected markets that help to overcome market impediments, 5) may project actor strategies into other markets and settings, 6) may balance political actors’ control, transfer of knowledge and work share distribution, 7) are often more lasting than business actors and political actors, bridging time, 8) may seek to expand and move into the focal relation, 9) need to be transparent, which risks hampering efficiency and 10) risk being inefficient and ineffective. Empirical observations are that after more than half a century of political integration, EU has established legitimate ancillary actors for defence equipment. New protectionism and disintegration however risk being underestimated in this setting. Although the EU defence equipment market is frequently characterised as fragmented, EU defence business actors are intertwined by stable cross-border relations since decades, where primes may project influence of states into foreign markets. Ancillary actors for EU defence equipment have been criticised for being costly and ineffective, yet they promote common values, standardisation and knowledge sharing. Within ancillary actors, there are however risks, such as bleeding through, knowledge tapping and lack of innovativeness. Ancillary actors may foster integration and permanent bodies, in business as well as politics.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1946-, et al.
(author)
-
A Note on Knowledge Development in Marketing
- 2012. - First edition
-
In: Business-to-Business Marketing Management. - Bingley, UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 9781780525761 ; , s. 11-33
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1946-
(author)
-
A note on the criticisms against the internationalization process model
- 1997
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The internationalization process model introduced three decades ago still influences internationalbusiness studies. Since that time, a growing number of researchers have tested the model to showits strengths and weaknesses. Among the critics, some focus on the weakness of the theoreticalaspects, while others argue against parts of the model. This paper will review these criticisms andcompare them with the original ideas in the internationalization model.One criticized aspect of the internationalization model is the concept of commitment,which is treated by researchers via measurable indicators, i.e. tangible commitment. The aim ofthis paper is to study commitment from a different angle and deal with intangible commitmentswhich are connected to the concept of psychic distance in the internationalization model.Exploration of the elements in commitment strengthens the model for the internationalizationprocess. It also opens new doors for the use of the model for other internationalization modes,like project selling. To test the concept, a summary of a historical study in which firms lose theirtangible commitments and rely only on intangible commitments is given.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1946-, et al.
(author)
-
An interaction model for consumer-retailer relationships
- 2004
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Repurchasing is one of the crucial marketing areas that has recently occupied the attention of both researchers and marketing managers of retailers. While most consumer-retailer relationship studies concern the behaviour of either retailer or consumer, this article develops a notion of the relationship as an interactive phenomenon that needs an integrative approach in which the characteristics and behaviour of both parties are taken into consideration. By using the relationship theory to expose the repurchasing behaviour of consumers, the attempt is to further enlarge the understanding of relationship interdependencies between retailers and consumers. The discussion put forward in this article is based on a research proposal and application that formed the starting ground for a larger research project at the Department of Business Studies at Uppsala University. The research project involves four senior staff and three doctoral candidates and was started in 2003. The purpose of this article is to develop an interaction model for relationships between consumers and retailers based on earlier research in the area, thereby opening up a new research field. This model will in future years be used for empirical studies of both a qualitative and a quantitative nature, which may further revise and / or confirm the statements made here.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1946-, et al.
(author)
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Business and Socio-Political Interaction in International Service Projects : The Case of Brazil
- 2019
-
In: MIR: Management International Review. - : Gabler Verlag/GWV Fachverlage GmbH. - 0938-8249 .- 1861-8901. ; 59:1, s. 171-200
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Building on a business network perspective, the aim of this paper is to present a theoretical view for studying service MNEs in ICT (information communication technology) projects centred on the improvement of public services. The four inter-related concepts of cooperation, legitimacy, commitment and knowledge are applied in the analysis of two projects. Defining the projects as object-based services, the study manifests how service MNEs manage three types of actors (business, politi-cal and social) having their legitimacy in different systems. The cases illustrate cross-border activities where MNEs from Sweden, Spain and China join forces in Brazil with local business, social and political actors and cooperate to strengthen their competitive market position. The study concludes that successful cooperation is partially explained by the management’s ability to incorporate business resources into the needs of the socio-political actors. Furthermore, in object-based services, which are not similar to long-term business relationships, the three involved par-ties advance different types of relationships within a loose network structure. A key implication is that extensive public–private relationships are needed even when MNEs enjoy an established position in a foreign market.
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