| 1. |
- Andersson, N., et al.
(author)
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Amplitude modulation of light from various sources
- 1994
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In: Lighting Research and Technology. - : Sage Publications. - 1477-1535 .- 1477-0938. ; 26:3, s. 157-160
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This work was done to obtain basic knowledge about various light sources and specially about light modulation, or flicker. The study showed that the modulation of light varied a lot between different ordinary light sources. In general the 100 Hz component in the flickering light dominated. For incandescent lights the modulation increased with decreasing power and was in the range 10-22%. Light from the tungsten-halogen lamps had 2-6% modulation. The most common light sources (single-colour fluorescent light) had a modulation of about 20%. Fluorescent tubes with better colour rendering (full-colour fluorescent and full-colour special fluorescent tubes) had a higher modulation, 30-40%, while light from high-frequency (HF) fluorescent tubes had a modulation of 0.9%. Light from conventional compact fluorescent tubes had a modulation degree of about 44%, and for HF compact fluorescent tubes it was 2-7%. Modulation of light from HF compact fluorescent tubes had a tendency to decrease with increasing tube size. The modulation of light from discharge lamps was in the range of 52% up to 100% and the curve form of the light from low pressure sodium vapour lamp (100% modulation) contained several high frequency components.
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| 2. |
- Baste, Valborg, et al.
(author)
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Pregnancy outcomes after paternal radiofrequency field exposure aboard fast patrol boats
- 2012
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In: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 54:4, s. 431-438
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate adverse reproductive outcomes among male employees in the Royal Norwegian Navy exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields aboard fast patrol boats. Methods: Cohort study of Royal Norwegian Navy servicemen linked to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, including singleton offspring born between 1967 and 2008 (n = 37,920). Exposure during the last 3 months before conception (acute) and exposure more than 3 months before conception (nonacute) were analyzed. Results: Perinatal mortality and preeclampsia increased after service aboard fast patrol boats during an acute period and also after increased estimated radiofrequency exposure during an acute period, compared with service aboard other vessels. No associations were found between nonacute exposure and any of the reproductive outcomes. Conclusions: Paternal work aboard fast patrol boats during an acute period was associated with perinatal mortality and preeclampsia, but the cause is not clear.
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| 3. |
- Baste, Valborg, et al.
(author)
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Prospective study of pregnancy outcomes after parental cell phone exposure : the Norwegian mother and child cohort study
- 2015
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In: Epidemiology. - 1044-3983. ; 26:4, s. 613-621
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Research about prenatal exposure to electromagnetic fields from cell phones among expectant parents and reproductive outcome is limited. The aim of this article is to investigate the association between pregnancy outcome and parental cell phone exposure in a large prospective study. Methods: The study was based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted during the decade 1999–2009. In that study, pregnant women were recruited before a routine ultrasound examination during gestational week 15; they answered a questionnaire at that time and again around gestational week 30. The expectant father was invited to answer a questionnaire during gestational week 15 (2001–2009). The forms contained questions regarding cell phone use. The response rate was 38.7% and the cohort comprised 100,730 singleton births. Pregnancy outcomes were obtained by linkage to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Results: The risk of preeclampsia was slightly lower among women with medium and high cell phone exposure compared with low exposure after adjusting for potential confounders. Fathers with testis exposure when using cell phones had a borderline increased risk of perinatal mortality among offspring and a slightly decreased risk of partner developing preeclampsia during pregnancy compared with no cell phone exposure of head or testis. None of the other pregnancy outcomes was associated with cell phone exposure. Conclusions: We found no association between maternal prenatal or paternal preconceptional cell phone exposure and any of the studied pregnancy outcomes. The only risk estimate suggesting a potential increased risk was not consistent with other findings.
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| 4. |
- Baste, Valborg, et al.
(author)
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Radiofrequency exposure on fast patrol boats in the Royal Norwegian Navy-an approach to a dose assessment.
- 2010
-
In: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 0197-8462 .- 1521-186X. ; 31:5, s. 350-360
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Epidemiological studies related to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) have mainly used crude proxies for exposure, such as job titles, distance to, or use of different equipment emitting RF EMF. The Royal Norwegian Navy (RNoN) has measured RF field emitted from high-frequency antennas and radars on several spots where the crew would most likely be located aboard fast patrol boats (FPB). These boats are small, with short distance between the crew and the equipment emitting RF field. We have described the measured RF exposure aboard FPB and suggested different methods for calculations of total exposure and annual dose. Linear and spatial average in addition to percentage of ICNIRP and squared deviation of ICNIRP has been used. The methods will form the basis of a job exposure matrix where relative differences in exposure between groups of crew members can be used in further epidemiological studies of reproductive health. Bioelectromagnetics, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 5. |
- Carlberg, Michael, et al.
(author)
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Meningioma patients diagnosed 2007-2009 and the association with use of mobile and cordless phones : a case-control study
- 2013
-
In: Environmental Health. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1476-069X. ; 12:60
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: To study the association between use of wireless phones and meningioma. Methods: We performed a case-control study on brain tumour cases of both genders aged 18-75 years and diagnosed during 2007-2009. One population-based control matched on gender and age was used to each case. Here we report on meningioma cases including all available controls. Exposures were assessed by a questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: In total 709 meningioma cases and 1,368 control subjects answered the questionnaire. Mobile phone use in total produced odds ratio (OR) = 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.7-1.4 and cordless phone use gave OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.8-1.5. The risk increased statistically significant per 100 h of cumulative use and highest OR was found in the fourth quartile (>2,376 hours) of cumulative use for all studied phone types. There was no statistically significant increased risk for ipsilateral mobile or cordless phone use, for meningioma in the temporal lobe or per year of latency. Tumour volume was not related to latency or cumulative use in hours of wireless phones. Conclusions: No conclusive evidence of an association between use of mobile and cordless phones and meningioma was found. An indication of increased risk was seen in the group with highest cumulative use but was not supported by statistically significant increasing risk with latency. Results for even longer latency periods of wireless phone use than in this study are desirable.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Figueroa Karlström, Eduardo, et al.
(author)
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Therapeutic staff exposure to magnetic field pulses during TMS/rTMS treatments
- 2006
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In: Bioelectromagnetics. - Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons. - 0197-8462 .- 1521-186X. ; 27:2, s. 156-158
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS/rTMS) is currently being used in treatments of the central nervous system diseases, for instance, depressive states. The principles of localized magnetic stimulation are summarized and the risk and level of occupational field exposure of the therapeutic staff is analyzed with reference to lCNIRP guidelines for pulses below 100 kHz. Measurements and analysis of the occupational exposure to magnetic fields of the staff working with TMS/rTMS are presented.
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| 8. |
- Frankel, Jennifer, et al.
(author)
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Assessing exposures to Magnetic resonance imaging's complex Mixture of Magnetic Fields for In Vivo, In Vitro, and epidemiologic studies of Health effects for staff and Patients
- 2018
-
In: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A complex mixture of electromagnetic fields is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): static, low-frequency, and radio frequency magnetic fields. Commonly, the static magnetic field ranges from one to three Tesla. The low-frequency field can reach several millitesla and with a time derivative of the order of some Tesla per second. The radiofrequency (RF) field has a magnitude in the microtesla range giving rise to specific absorption rate values of a few Watts per kilogram. Very little attention has been paid to the case where there is a combined exposure to several different fields at the same time. Some studies have shown genotoxic effects in cells after exposure to an MRI scan while others have not demonstrated any effects. A typical MRI exam includes muliple imaging sequences of varying length and intensity, to produce different types of images. Each sequence is designed with a particular purpose in mind, so one sequence can, for example, be optimized for clearly showing fat water contrast, while another is optimized for high-resolution detail. It is of the utmost importance that future experimental studies give a thorough description of the exposure they are using, and not just a statement such as "An ordinary MRI sequence was used." Even if the sequence is specified, it can differ substantially between manufacturers on, e.g., RF pulse height, width, and duty cycle. In the latest SCENIHR opinion, it is stated that there is very little information regarding the health effects of occupational exposure to MRI fields, and long-term prospective or retrospective cohort studies on workers are recommended as a high priority. They also state that MRI is increasingly used in pediatric diagnostic imaging, and a cohort study into the effects of MRI exposure on children is recommended as a high priority. For the exposure assessment in epidemiological studies, there is a clear difference between patients and staff and further work is needed on this. Studies that explore the possible differences between MRI scan sequences and compare them in terms of exposure level are warranted.
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| 9. |
- Frankel, Jennifer, et al.
(author)
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EMF exposure variation among MRI sequences from pediatric examination protocols
- 2019
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In: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0197-8462 .- 1521-186X. ; 40:1, s. 3-15
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exposure environment is unique due to the mixture and intensity of magnetic fields involved. Current safety regulations are based on well-known acute effects of heating and neuroexcitation while the scientific grounds for possible long-term effects from MRI exposure are lacking. Epidemiological research requires careful exposure characterization, and as a first step toward improved exposure assessment we set out to characterize the MRI-patient exposure environment. Seven MRI sequences were run on a 3-Tesla scanner while the radiofrequency and gradient magnetic fields were measured inside the scanner bore. The sequences were compared in terms of 14 different exposure parameters. To study within-sequence variability, we varied sequence settings such as flip angle and slice thickness one at a time, to determine if they had any impact on exposure endpoints. There were significant differences between two or more sequences for all fourteen exposure parameters. Within-sequence differences were up to 60% of the corresponding between-sequence differences, and a 5-8 fold exposure increase was caused by variations in flip angle, slice spacing, and field of view. MRI exposure is therefore not only sequence-specific but also patient- and examination occurrence-specific, a complexity that requires careful consideration for an MRI exposure assessment in epidemiological studies to be meaningful.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Greenebaum, Ben, et al.
(author)
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Environmental and occupational DC and low frequency electromagnetic fields
- 2018. - 4
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In: Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields. - Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis Group. - 9781138735309 - 9781315186580 - 9781351737548 ; , s. 29-53
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Quite high exposure can occur in some of occupations as well as during some personal activities, for instance, in trains, where the extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field can reach rather high levels. This chapter presents an overview of the fields the authors encounter in the steady direct current and low-frequency range and in various situations. Recent published reviews of common field exposures include Joseph D. Bowman on both ordinary environmental and occupational exposures and P. Gajsek et al., which discusses European exposures. Several studies have explored the exposure to ELF electric and magnetic fields in homes in different countries. Inside an organism, naturally occurring charges, currents, and fields in cells, tissues, and organs are very important physiologically, and electric charges and magnetic moments are crucial factors in determining molecular structure and chemical reaction rates. Most modern electrical appliances are equipped with an electronically switched power supply in which an electronic circuit replaces the old-style transformer.
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| 12. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Background ELF magnetic fields in incubators : A factor of importance in cell culture work.
- 2009
-
In: Cell biology international. - : Wiley. - 1095-8355 .- 1065-6995. ; 33, s. 755-757
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields in cell culture incubators have been measured. Values of the order of tens of muT were found which is in sharp contrast to the values found in our normal environment (0.05-0.1muT). There are numerous examples of biological effects found after exposure to MF at these levels, such as changes in gene expression, blocked cell differentiation, inhibition of the effect of tamoxifen, effects on chick embryo development, etc. We therefore recommend that people working with cell culture incubators check for the background magnetic field and take this into account in performing their experiments, since this could be an unrecognised factor of importance contributing to the variability in the results from work with cell cultures.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Dose and exposure in bioelectromagnetics
- 2017
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In: Dosimetry in bioelectromagnetics. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781498774130 - 9781498774147 ; , s. 101-117
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 15. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, 1942-, et al.
(author)
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ELF noise fields : a review
- 2010
-
In: Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1536-8378 .- 1536-8386. ; 29:3, s. 72-97
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The debate as to whether low-level electromagnetic fields can affect biological systems and in the long term cause health effects has been going on for a long time. Yet the interaction of weak electromagnetic fields (EMF) with living cells, undoubtedly a most important phenomenon, is still not well understood. The exact mechanisms by which the effects are produced have not been identified. Furthermore, it is not possible to clearly define which aspects of an EMF exposure that constitute the "dose." One of the groups that contributed to solving this problem is the Bioelectromagnetics group at Catholic University of America (CUA), Washington, D. C. Their work has been devoted to investigating the physical parameters that are needed to obtain an effect of EMF exposure on biological systems, and also how to inhibit the effect. This is a review of their work on bioeffects caused by low-level EMF, their dependence on coherence time, constancy, spatial averaging, and also how the effects can be modified by an applied ELF noise magnetic field. The group has been using early chick embryos, and L929 and Daudi cells as their main experimental systems. The review also covers the work of other groups on low-level effects and the inhibition of the effects with an applied noise field. The group at CUA has shown that biological effects can be found after exposure to low-level ELF and RF electromagnetic fields, and when effects are observed, applying an ELF magnetic noise field inhibits the effects. Also, other research groups have tried to replicate the studies from the CUA group, or to apply EMF noise to suppress EMF-induced effects. Replications of the CUA effects have not always been successful. However, in all cases where the noise field has been applied to prevent an observed effect, it has been successful in eliminating the effect.
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| 16. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Exposure classification of MRI workers in epidemiological studies
- 2013
-
In: Bioelectromagnetics. - Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0197-8462 .- 1521-186X. ; 34:1, s. 81-84
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We estimate that there are about 100,000 workers from different disciplines, such as radiographers, nurses, anesthetists, technicians, engineers, etc., who can be exposed to substantial electromagnetic fields (compared to normal background levels) around magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners. There is a need for well-designed epidemiological studies of MRI workers but since the exposure from MRI equipment is a very complex mixture of static magnetic fields, switched gradient magnetic fields, and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF), it is necessary to discuss how to assess the exposure in epidemiological studies. As an alternative to the use of job title as a proxy of exposure, we propose an exposure categorization for the different professions working with MRI equipment. Specifically, we propose defining exposure in three categories, depending on whether people are exposed to only the static field, to the static plus switched gradient fields or to the static plus switched gradient plus RF fields, as a basis for exposure assessment in epidemiological studies.
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| 17. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields. A review of open questions on exposure assessment techniques
- 2009
-
In: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - Warszawa : Central Institute for Labour Protection. - 1080-3548 .- 2376-9130. ; 15:1, s. 3-33
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- European Directive 2004/40/EC on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), based on the guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, was to be implemented in the Member States of the European Union by 2008. Because of some unexpected problems the deadline was postponed until 2012. This paper reviews some of the problems identified and presents some suggestions for possible solutions based on the authors' experience in assessing occupational exposure to EMF. Among the topics discussed are movement in static magnetic fields, ways to time average extreme low frequency signals, the difference between emission and exposure standards, and ways of dealing with those issues.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, 1942-, et al.
(author)
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Is there any exposure from a mobile phone in stand-by mode?
- 2012
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In: Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1536-8378 .- 1536-8386. ; 31:1, s. 52-56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several studies have been using a GSM mobile phone in stand-by mode as the source for exposure, and they claimed that this caused effects on for instance sleep and testicular function. In stand-by mode the phone is only active in periodic location updates, and this occurs with a frequency set by the net operator. Typical updates occur with 2-5 h in between, and between these updates the phone is to be considered as a passive radio receiver with no microwave emission. Thus, the exposure in stand-by mode can be considered negligible.
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| 20. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Non-Ionizing Radiation in Swedish Health CareExposure and Safety Aspects
- 2019
-
In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 16:7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main aim of the study was to identify and describe methods using non-ionizing radiation (NIR) such as electromagnetic fields (EMF) and optical radiation in Swedish health care. By examining anticipated exposure levels and by identifying possible health hazards we also aimed to recognize knowledge gaps in the field. NIR is mainly used in health care for diagnosis and therapy. Three applications were identified where acute effects cannot be ruled out: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electrosurgery. When using optical radiation, such as class 3 and 4 lasers for therapy or surgical procedures and ultra-violet light for therapy, acute effects such as unintentional burns, photo reactions, erythema and effects on the eyes need to be avoided. There is a need for more knowledge regarding long-term effects of MRI as well as on the combination of different NIR exposures. Based on literature and after consulting staff we conclude that the health care professionals' knowledge about the risks and safety measures should be improved and that there is a need for clear, evidence-based information from reliable sources, and it should be obvious to the user which source to address.
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| 21. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Occupational exposure in wireless communication
- 2009
-
In: Advances in electromagnetic fields in living systems. - Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag New York. - 9780387927336 - 9780387927367 ; , s. 199-219
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Today we are exposed to electromagnetic fields from the use of wireless communication devices almost everywhere. However, occupational exposure where there is a possibility to exceed the international guidelines occurs only in work very near mobile phone base stations, and this exposure can easily be dealt with in practice in the form of instructions and administrative measures. All other devices produce exposure well below present guidelines. This low-level exposure has been discussed from a health perspective, and in this paper the exposure from sources such as mobile phones, cordless phones, WiMax, WLAN and base station antennas is discussed. The problem of exposure assessment for epidemiological studies is also dealt with in a general manner.
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| 22. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields : different from general public exposure and laboratory studies
- 2023
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In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 20:16
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The designs of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies do not adequately reflect the characteristics of long-term occupational EMF exposure; the higher exposure levels permitted for employees are nevertheless extrapolated on this basis. Epidemiological studies consider occupational exposure only in a very general way, if at all. There is a lack of detailed descriptive data on long-term occupational exposure over the duration of the working life. Most studies reflect exposure characteristics of the general population, exposures which are long-term, but at a comparably low level. Occupational exposure is often intermittent with high peak power followed by periods with no exposure. Furthermore, the EU EMF-Directive 2013/35/EU states a demand for occupational health surveillance, the outcome of which would be of great help to epidemiologists studying the health effects of EMF exposure. This paper thus aims to outline and specify differences between public and occupational exposure and to increase the understanding of specific aspects of occupational exposure which are important for long-term health considerations. This could lead to a future protection concept against possible hazards based on adequate descriptions of long-term exposures and also include supplementary descriptive features such as a “reset time” of biological systems and accurate dose quantities.
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| 23. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Occupational Exposure to Magnetic Field inTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment
- 2018
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In: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry. - : IntechOpen. - 9781789236514 - 9781789236507 ; , s. 143-149
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used both as a diagnostic instrument and for therapy, available only at some psychiatric clinics for treatment of depression and at clinical neurophysiology where TMS is used for diagnosis of nerve damage. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare issued a referral edition about the use of repetitive TMS as an alternative treatment for depression. This may lead to a major increase in the application of TMS to treat depression. TMS is based on induction of an electric (E) field inside the brain by application of an external magnetic field with rapid rise and fall time. The E field in the brain has been calculated when different coils were used for the treatment. The reported E fields are of the order of tens to hundreds of volts per meter and the induced current density is estimated at tens of A/m2. This field can depolarize neurons or modulate cortical excitability by selecting the appropriate parameters for stimulation and the duration of the treatment session. The mechanisms of action of neurostimulation still remain incompletely understood.
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| 24. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell
(author)
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Occupational exposure to the electromagnetic field and precautionary approaches to health issues
- 2024
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In: Electromagnetic ergonomics. - : CRC Press. - 9781003020486 - 9780367896102 ; , s. 235-249
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Current international guidelines and limits for occupational and public (lower limits) exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) are set in order to ensure that the strengths of fields that humans experience are not harmful to health. At present, they are based on the current scientific knowledge on the prevention of acute effects. The guideline limits incorporate a large safety margin with respect to the thresholds of those effects, and therefore do not represent a precise delineation between safety and hazard. Normal exposure levels are in most cases much lower than the mentioned limits, preventing acute effects. The International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified exposure to both extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field and to radiofrequency (RF) fields (at levels below limits for acute effects protection) as a class IIB, possibly carcinogenic to humans, and new animal studies have strengthened the demand for an update of this classification for RF fields. Concerns have been expressed about health and safety from occupational exposure to EMF at below the present guidelines, and a precautionary step might be advisable. Just as individuals can exercise Prudent Avoidance, government regulators, electric power companies and other companies where EMF exposure may occur, can also exercise prudence. In the following, we will give some examples of such measures.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Hansson Mild, Kjell, et al.
(author)
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Pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies on the use of mobile and cordless telephones and the risk of brain tumours diagnosed during 1997-2003
- 2007
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In: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1080-3548 .- 2376-9130. ; 13:1, s. 63-71
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Here we present the pooled analysis of 2 case-control studies on the association of brain tumours with mobile phone use. Use of analogue cellular phones increased the risk for acoustic neuroma by 5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2-9% per 100 hrs of use. The risk increased for astrocytoma grade III-IV with latency period with highest estimates using > 10-year time period from first use of these phone types. The risk increased per one year of use of analogue phones by 10%, 95% CI = 6-14%, digital phones by 11%, 95% CI = 6-16%, and cordless phones by 8%, 95% CI = 5-12%. For all studied phone types OR for brain tumours, mainly acoustic neuroma and malignant brain tumours, increased with latency period, especially for astrocytoma grade III-IV.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
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Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Oncology. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 43:6, s. 1833-1845
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous studies have shown a consistent association between long-term use of mobile and cordless phones and glioma and acoustic neuroma, but not for meningioma. When used these phones emit radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) and the brain is the main target organ for the hand-held phone. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified in May, 2011 RF-EMF as a group 2B, i.e. a possible' human carcinogen. The aim of this study was to further explore the relationship between especially long-term (>10 years) use of wireless phones and the development of malignant brain tumours. We conducted a new case-control study of brain tumour cases of both genders aged 18-75 years and diagnosed during 2007-2009. One population-based control matched on gender and age (within 5 years) was used to each case. Here, we report on malignant cases including all available controls. Exposures on e.g. use of mobile phones and cordless phones were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender, year of diagnosis and socio-economic index using the whole control sample. Of the cases with a malignant brain tumour, 87% (n=593) participated, and 85% (n=1,368) of controls in the whole study answered the questionnaire. The odds ratio (OR) for mobile phone use of the analogue type was 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.04-3.3, increasing with >25 years of latency (time since first exposure) to an OR=3.3, 95% CI=1.6-6.9. Digital 2G mobile phone use rendered an OR=1.6, 95% CI=0.996-2.7, increasing with latency >15-20 years to an OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.6. The results for cordless phone use were OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.1-2.9, and, for latency of 15-20 years, the OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.8. Few participants had used a cordless phone for >20-25 years. Digital type of wireless phones (2G and 3G mobile phones, cordless phones) gave increased risk with latency >1-5 years, then a lower risk in the following latency groups, but again increasing risk with latency >15-20 years. Ipsilateral use resulted in a higher risk than contralateral mobile and cordless phone use. Higher ORs were calculated for tumours in the temporal and overlapping lobes. Using the meningioma cases in the same study as reference entity gave somewhat higher ORs indicating that the results were unlikely to be explained by recall or observational bias. This study confirmed previous results of an association between mobile and cordless phone use and malignant brain tumours. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that RF-EMFs play a role both in the initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis.
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| 29. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
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Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region
- 2011
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In: Pathophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-4680. ; 18:4, s. 325-333
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has increased during the last decades in Sweden as in many other countries. Besides of ultraviolet radiation and constitutional factors such as light-sensitive skin and poor ability to tan few risk factors are established. Some studies indicate that electromagnetic fields might be of concern. In this case-control study we assessed use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases with melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls. These subjects constituted 82% and 80%, respectively, that answered the questionnaire. Overall no increased risk was found. However, in the most exposed area; temporal, cheek and ear, cumulative use >365. h of mobile phone yielded in the >1-5-year latency group odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.7-6.1 and cordless phone use gave OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1-3.8. Highest OR was calculated for first use of mobile or cordless phone before the age of 20 years regardless of anatomical localisation in the head and neck region. No interaction was found with established risk factors such as red, medium blond or fair hair colour, blue eyes, skin type I or II (never or sometimes tanned), severe sunburns as teenager or heredity. The results must be interpreted with caution due to low numbers and potential methodological shortcomings in a case-control study. However, the findings might be consistent with a late carcinogenic effect from microwaves, i.e. tumour promotion, but need to be confirmed.
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| 30. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
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Epidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases.
- 2009
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In: Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology / ISP. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-4680. ; 16:2-3, s. 113-22
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During recent years there has been increasing public concern on potential cancer risks from microwave emissions from wireless phones. We evaluated the scientific evidence for long-term mobile phone use and the association with certain tumors in case-control studies, mostly from the Hardell group in Sweden and the Interphone study group. Regarding brain tumors the meta-analysis yielded for glioma odds ratio (OR)=1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.9-1.1. OR increased to 1.3, 95% CI=1.1-1.6 with 10 year latency period, with highest risk for ipsilateral exposure (same side as the tumor localisation), OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.4-2.4, lower for contralateral exposure (opposite side) OR=1.2, 95% CI=0.9-1.7. Regarding acoustic neuroma OR=1.0, 95% CI=0.8-1.1 was calculated increasing to OR=1.3, 95% CI=0.97-1.9 with 10 year latency period. For ipsilateral exposure OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.1-2.4, and for contralateral exposure OR=1.2, 95% CI=0.8-1.9 were found. Regarding meningioma no consistent pattern of an increased risk was found. Concerning age, highest risk was found in the age group <20 years at time of first use of wireless phones in the studies from the Hardell group. For salivary gland tumors, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and testicular cancer no consistent pattern of an association with use of wireless phones was found. One study on uveal melanoma yielded for probable/certain mobile phone use OR=4.2, 95% CI=1.2-14.5. One study on intratemporal facial nerve tumor was not possible to evaluate due to methodological shortcomings. In summary our review yielded a consistent pattern of an increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma after >10 year mobile phone use. We conclude that current standard for exposure to microwaves during mobile phone use is not safe for long-term exposure and needs to be revised.
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| 31. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Exposure to wireless phone emissions and serum beta-trace protein.
- 2010
-
In: International journal of molecular medicine. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1791-244X .- 1107-3756. ; 26:2, s. 301-306
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lipocalin type of prostaglandin D synthase or beta-trace protein is synthesized in the choroid plexus, lepto-meninges and oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system and is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid. beta-trace protein is the key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandin D2, an endogenous sleep-promoting neurohormone in the brain. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the radio frequency (RF) range have in some studies been associated with disturbed sleep. We studied the concentration of beta-trace protein in blood in relation to emissions from wireless phones. This study included 62 persons aged 18-30 years. The concentration of beta-trace protein decreased with increasing number of years of use of a wireless phone yielding a negative beta coefficient = -0.32, 95% confidence interval -0.60 to -0.04. Also cumulative use in hours gave a negative beta coefficient, although not statistically significant. Of the 62 persons, 40 participated in an experimental study with 30 min exposure to an 890-MHz GSM signal. No statistically significant change of beta-trace protein was found. In a similar study of the remaining 22 participitants with no exposure, beta-trace protein increased significantly over time, probably due to a relaxed situation. EMF emissions may down-regulate the synthesis of beta-trace protein. This mechanism might be involved in sleep disturbances reported in persons exposed to RF fields. The results must be interpreted with caution since use of mobile and cordless phones were self-reported. Awareness of exposure condition in the experimental study may have influenced beta-trace protein concentrations.
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| 32. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours : increased risk associated with use for ≥10 years
- 2007
-
In: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - London : BMJ Publishing Group. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 64, s. 626-632
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM: To evaluate brain tumour risk among long-term users of cellular telephones. METHODS: Two cohort studies and 16 case-control studies on this topic were identified. Data were scrutinised for use of mobile phone for > or =10 years and ipsilateral exposure if presented. RESULTS: The cohort study was of limited value due to methodological shortcomings in the study. Of the 16 case-control studies, 11 gave results for > or =10 years' use or latency period. Most of these results were based on low numbers. An association with acoustic neuroma was found in four studies in the group with at least 10 years' use of a mobile phone. No risk was found in one study, but the tumour size was significantly larger among users. Six studies gave results for malignant brain tumours in that latency group. All gave increased odd ratios (OR), especially for ipsilateral exposure. In a meta-analysis, ipsilateral cell phone use for acoustic neuroma was OR = 2.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 5.3) and OR = 2.0, (1.2 to 3.4) for glioma using a tumour latency period of > or =10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results from present studies on use of mobile phones for > or =10 years give a consistent pattern of increased risk for acoustic neuroma and glioma. The risk is highest for ipsilateral exposure.
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| 33. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Meta-analysis of long-term mobile phone use and the association with brain tumours
- 2008
-
In: International Journal of Oncology. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 32:5, s. 1097-1103
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We evaluated long-term use of mobile phones and the risk for brain tumours in case-control studies published so far on this issue. We identified ten studies on glioma and meta-analysis yielded OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.8-1.1. Latency period of > or =10-years gave OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.8-1.9 based on six studies, for ipsilateral use (same side as tumour) OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2-3.4 (four studies), but contralateral use did not increase the risk significantly, OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.6-2.0. Meta-analysis of nine studies on acoustic neuroma gave OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.7-1.1 increasing to OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.6-2.8 using > or =10-years latency period (four studies). Ipsilateral use gave OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1-5.3 and contra-lateral OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.7-2.2 in the > or =10-years latency period group (three studies). Seven studies gave results for meningioma yielding overall OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.99. Using > or =10-years latency period OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.9-1.8 was calculated (four studies) increasing to OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.99-3.1 for ipsilateral use and OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.3-3.1 for contralateral use (two studies). We conclude that this meta-analysis gave a consistent pattern of an association between mobile phone use and ipsilateral glioma and acoustic neuroma using > or =10-years latency period.
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| 34. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Methodological aspects of epidemiological studies on the use of mobile phones and their association with brain tumors
- 2008
-
In: The Open Environmental Journal. - : Bentham Open. - 1874-2335. ; 2, s. 54-61
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our case-control studies were the first to report an association between the use of mobile or cordless phonesand brain tumors; glioma and acoustic neuroma. Criticism of these results has been based partly on results from the Interphonestudies conducted under the auspice of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Here, we comparestudy design and epidemiological methods used in our studies and the Interphone studies. We conclude that while ourresults appear sound and reliable, several of the Interphone findings display differential misclassification of exposure dueto observational and recall bias, for example, following low participation rates in both cases and controls and bed-sidecomputer guided interviews of cases rather than blinded interviews of cases and controls. However, as we have presentedelsewhere, there seems to be a consistent pattern of an association between mobile phone use and ipsilateral glioma andacoustic neuroma using > 10 years latency period.
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| 35. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Mobile phone use and the risk for malignant brain tumors : A case-control study on deceased cases and controls
- 2010
-
In: Neuroepidemiology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0251-5350 .- 1423-0208. ; 35:2, s. 109-114
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated the use of mobile or cordless phones and the risk for malignant brain tumors in a group of deceased cases. Most previous studies have either left out deceased cases of brain tumors or matched them to living controls and therefore a study matching deceased cases to deceased controls is warranted. Recall error is one issue since it has been claimed that increased risks reported in some studies could be due to cases blaming mobile phones as a cause of the disease. This should be of less importance for deceased cases and if cancer controls are used. In this study brain tumor cases aged 20-80 years diagnosed during 1997-2003 that had died before inclusion in our previous studies on the same topic were included. Two control groups were used: one with controls that had died from another type of cancer than brain tumor and one with controls that had died from other diseases. Exposure was assessed by a questionnaire sent to the next-of-kin for both cases and controls. Replies were obtained for 346 (75%) cases, 343 (74%) cancer controls and 276 (60%) controls with other diseases. Use of mobile phones gave an increased risk, highest in the >10 years' latency group yielding odds ratio (OR) = 2.4, and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-4.1. The risk increased with cumulative number of lifetime hours for use, and was highest in the >2,000 h group (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.6-7.1). No clear association was found for use of cordless phones, although OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.8-3.4 was found in the group with >2,000 h of cumulative use. This investigation confirmed our previous results of an association between mobile phone use and malignant brain tumors.
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| 36. |
- Hardell, Lennart, 1944-, et al.
(author)
-
Mobile Phones and Cancer : Next Steps
- 2014
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In: Epidemiology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 25:4, s. 617-618
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 37. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
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Pooled analysis of case-control studies on acoustic neuroma diagnosed 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 and use of mobile and cordless phones
- 2013
-
In: International Journal of Oncology. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 43:4, s. 1036-1044
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We previously conducted a case-control study of acoustic neuroma. Subjects of both genders aged 20-80 years, diagnosed during 1997-2003 in parts of Sweden, were included, and the results were published. We have since made a further study for the time period 2007-2009 including both men and women aged 18-75 years selected from throughout the country. These new results for acoustic neuroma have not been published to date. Similar methods were used for both study periods. In each, one population-based control, matched on gender and age (within five years), was identified from the Swedish Population Registry. Exposures were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire supplemented by a phone interview. Since the number of acoustic neuroma cases in the new study was low we now present pooled results from both study periods based on 316 participating cases and 3,530 controls. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender, year of diagnosis and socio-economic index (SEI). Use of mobile phones of the analogue type gave odds ratio (OR) = 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.0-4.3, increasing with >20 years latency (time since first exposure) to OR = 7.7, 95% CI = 2.8-21. Digital 20 mobile phone use gave OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1, increasing with latency >15 years to an OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.8-4.2. The results for cordless phone use were OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1, and, for latency of >20 years, OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 1.7-26. Digital type wireless phones (20 and 3G mobile phones and cordless phones) gave OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.0 increasing to OR = 8.1,95% CI = 2.0-32 with latency >20 years. For total wireless phone use, the highest risk was calculated for the longest latency time >20 years: OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.2-9.0. Several of the calculations in the long latency category were based on low numbers of exposed cases. Ipsilateral use resulted in a higher risk than contralateral for both mobile and cordless phones. OR increased per 100 h cumulative use and per year of latency for mobile phones and cordless phones, though the increase was not statistically significant for cordless phones. The percentage tumour volume increased per year of latency and per 100 h of cumulative use, statistically significant for analogue phones. This study confirmed previous results demonstrating an association between mobile and cordless phone use and acoustic neuroma.
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| 38. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Pooled analysis of case-control studies on malignant brain tumours and the use of mobile and cordless phones including living and deceased subjects
- 2011
-
In: International Journal of Oncology. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 38:5, s. 1465-1474
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We studied the association between use of mobile and cordless phones and malignant brain tumours. Pooled analysis was performed of two case-control studies on patients with malignant brain tumours diagnosed during 1997-2003 and matched controls alive at the time of study inclusion and one case-control study on deceased patients and controls diagnosed during the same time period. Cases and controls or relatives to deceased subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Replies were obtained for 1,251 (85%) cases and 2,438 (84%) controls. The risk increased with latency period and cumulative use in hours for both mobile and cordless phones. Highest risk was found for the most common type of glioma, astrocytoma, yielding in the >10 year latency group for mobile phone use odds ratio (OR) = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.9-3.7 and cordless phone use OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2-2.9. In a separate analysis, these phone types were independent risk factors for glioma. The risk for astrocytoma was highest in the group with first use of a wireless phone before the age of 20; mobile phone use OR = 4.9, 95% CI = 2.2-11, cordless phone use OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.7-8.7. In conclusion, an increased risk was found for glioma and use of mobile or cordless phone. The risk increased with latency time and cumulative use in hours and was highest in subjects with first use before the age of 20.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Tumour risk associated with use of cellular telephones or cordless desktop telephones
- 2006
-
In: World Journal of Surgical Oncology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1477-7819. ; 4:74
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The use of cellular and cordless telephones has increased dramatically during the last decade. There is concern of health problems such as malignant diseases due to microwave exposure during the use of these devices. The brain is the main target organ. METHODS: Since the second part of the 1990's we have performed six case-control studies on this topic encompassing use of both cellular and cordless phones as well as other exposures. Three of the studies concerned brain tumours, one salivary gland tumours, one non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and one testicular cancer. Exposure was assessed by self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: Regarding acoustic neuroma analogue cellular phones yielded odds ratio (OR) = 2.9, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 2.0-4.3, digital cellular phones OR = 1.5, 95 % CI = 1.1-2.1 and cordless phones OR = 1.5, 95 % CI = 1.04-2.0. The corresponding results were for astrocytoma grade III-IV OR = 1.7, 95 % CI = 1.3-2.3; OR = 1.5, 95 % CI = 1.2-1.9 and OR = 1.5, 95 % CI = 1.1-1.9, respectively. The ORs increased with latency period with highest estimates using > 10 years time period from first use of these phone types. Lower ORs were calculated for astrocytoma grade I-II. No association was found with salivary gland tumours, NHL or testicular cancer although an association with NHL of T-cell type could not be ruled out. CONCLUSION: We found for all studied phone types an increased risk for brain tumours, mainly acoustic neuroma and malignant brain tumours. OR increased with latency period, especially for astrocytoma grade III-IV. No consistent pattern of an increased risk was found for salivary gland tumours, NHL, or testicular cancer.
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| 42. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Use of cellular and cordless telephones and risk of testicular cancer
- 2007
-
In: International Journal of Andrology. - : Wiley. - 0105-6263 .- 1365-2605. ; 30:2, s. 115-122
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A case-control study on testicular cancer included use of cellular and cordless telephones. The results were based on answers from 542 (92%) cases with seminoma, 346 (89%) with non-seminoma, and 870 (89%) controls. Regarding seminoma the use of analog cellular phones gave odds ratio (OR) = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9-1.6, digital phones OR = 1.3, CI = 0.9-1.8, and cordless phones OR = 1.1, CI = 0.8-1.5. The corresponding results for non-seminoma were OR = 0.7, CI = 0.5-1.1, OR = 0.9, CI = 0.6-1.4, and OR = 1.0, CI = 0.7-1.4, respectively. There was no dose-response effect and OR did not increase with latency time. No association was found with place of keeping the mobile phone during standby, such as trousers pocket. Cryptorchidism was associated both with seminoma (OR = 4.2, CI = 2.7-6.5) and non-seminoma (OR = 3.3, CI = 2.0-5.6), but no interaction was found with the use of cellular or cordless telephones.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Hardell, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is associated with increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma
- 2013
-
In: Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology / ISP. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-4680. ; 20:2, s. 85-110
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at WHO evaluation of the carcinogenic effect of RF-EMF on humans took place during a 24-31 May 2011 meeting at Lyon in France. The Working Group consisted of 30 scientists and categorised the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phones, and from other devices that emit similar non-ionising electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), as Group 2B, i.e., a 'possible', human carcinogen. The decision on mobile phones was based mainly on the Hardell group of studies from Sweden and the IARC Interphone study. We give an overview of current epidemiological evidence for an increased risk for brain tumours including a meta-analysis of the Hardell group and Interphone results for mobile phone use. Results for cordless phones are lacking in Interphone. The meta-analysis gave for glioma in the most exposed part of the brain, the temporal lobe, odds ratio (OR)=1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.04-2.81 in the ≥10 years (>10 years in the Hardell group) latency group. Ipsilateral mobile phone use ≥1640h in total gave OR=2.29, 95% CI=1.56-3.37. The results for meningioma were OR=1.25, 95% CI=0.31-4.98 and OR=1.35, 95% CI=0.81-2.23, respectively. Regarding acoustic neuroma ipsilateral mobile phone use in the latency group ≥10 years gave OR=1.81, 95% CI=0.73-4.45. For ipsilateral cumulative use ≥1640h OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.50-4.40 was obtained. Also use of cordless phones increased the risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma in the Hardell group studies. Survival of patients with glioma was analysed in the Hardell group studies yielding in the >10 years latency period hazard ratio (HR)=1.2, 95% CI=1.002-1.5 for use of wireless phones. This increased HR was based on results for astrocytoma WHO grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme). Decreased HR was found for low-grade astrocytoma, WHO grades I-II, which might be caused by RF-EMF exposure leading to tumour-associated symptoms and earlier detection and surgery with better prognosis. Some studies show increasing incidence of brain tumours whereas other studies do not. It is concluded that one should be careful using incidence data to dismiss results in analytical epidemiology. The IARC carcinogenic classification does not seem to have had any significant impact on governments' perceptions of their responsibilities to protect public health from this widespread source of radiation.
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| 45. |
- Hocking, Bruce, et al.
(author)
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Guidance note: Risk management of workers with medical electronic devices and metallic implants in electromagnetic fields.
- 2008
-
In: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - : Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute. - 1080-3548 .- 2376-9130. ; 14:2, s. 217-222
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Medical electronic devices and metallic implants are found in an increasing number of workers. Industrialapplications requiring intense electromagnetic fields (EMF) are growing and the potential risk of injuriousinteractions arising from EMF affecting devices or implants needs to be managed. Potential interactionsinclude electromagnetic interference, displacement, and electrostimulation or heating of adjacent tissue,depending on the device or implant and the frequency of the fields. A guidance note, which uses a riskmanagement framework, has been developed to give generic advice in (a) risk identification—implementingprocedures to identify workers with implants and to characterise EMF exposure within a workplace; (b) riskassessment—integrating the characteristics of devices, the anatomical localisation of implants, occupationalhygiene data, and application of basic physics principles; and (c) risk control—advising the worker andemployer regarding safety and any necessary changes to work practices, while observing privacy.
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| 46. |
- Jeschke, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Protection of workers exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields : a perspective on open questions in the context of the new ICNIRP 2020 guidelines
- 2022
-
In: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 10
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Workers in occupational settings are usually exposed to numerous sources of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and to different physical agents. Risk assessment for industrial workplaces concerning EMF is not only relevant to operators of devices or machinery emitting EMF, but also to support-workers, bystanders, service and maintenance personnel, and even visitors. Radiofrequency EMF guidelines published in 2020 by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) may also be indirectly applied to assess risks emerging from EMF sources at workplaces by technical standards or legislation. To review the applicability and adequacy to assess exposure to EMF in occupational settings in the European Union, the most current ICNIRP guidelines on radiofrequency EMF are reviewed. Relevant ICNIRP fundamentals and principles are introduced, followed by practical aspects of exposure assessment. To conclude, open questions are formulated pointing out gaps between the guidelines' principles and occupational practice, such as the impact of hot and humid environments and physical activity or controversies around ICNIRPS's reduction factors in view of assessment uncertainty in general. Thus, the article aims to provide scientific policy advisors, labor inspectors, or experts developing standards with a profound understanding about ICNIRP guidelines' applicability to assess hazards related to radiofrequency EMF in occupational settings.
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| 47. |
- Lowden, Arne, et al.
(author)
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Effects of evening exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by 3G mobile phones on health and night sleep EEG architecture
- 2019
-
In: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 28:4
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies on sleep after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields have shown mixed results. We investigated the effects of double-blind radiofrequency exposure to 1,930-1,990 MHz, UMTS 3G signalling standard, time-averaged 10 g specific absorption rate of 1.6 W kg(-1) on self-evaluated sleepiness and objective electroencephalogram architecture during sleep. Eighteen subjects aged 18-19 years underwent 3.0 hr of controlled exposure on two consecutive days 19:45-23:00 hours (including 15-min break); active or sham prior to sleep, followed by full-night 7.5 hr polysomnographic recordings in a sleep laboratory. In a cross-over design, the procedure was repeated a week later with the second condition. The results for sleep electroencephalogram architecture showed no change after radiofrequency exposure in sleep stages compared with sham, but power spectrum analyses showed a reduction of activity within the slow spindle range (11.0-12.75 Hz). No differences were found for self-evaluated health symptoms, performance on the Stroop colour word test during exposure or for sleep quality. These results confirm previous findings that radiofrequency post-exposure in the evening has very little influence on electroencephalogram architecture but possible on spindle range activity.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Lyskov, Eugene, et al.
(author)
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Low frequency therapeutic EMF differently influences experimental muscle pain in female and male subjects.
- 2005
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In: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 0197-8462 .- 1521-186X. ; 26:4, s. 299-304
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Effects of a pulsating, half sine wave magnetic field (MF) with a frequency of 100 pps and 15 mT rms flux density, generated by the MD TEMF device (EMF Therapeutics, Inc., Chattanooga), on subjective pain rating, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure were tested in a double blind, crossover design study employing experimental muscle pain. Each of 24 healthy volunteers (12 females and 12 males, 24.7 +/- 3.2 years of age) received painful stimulation induced by the infusion of 5% hypertonic saline (HS) into the erector spinae muscle during real and sham MF exposure, in counterbalanced order. Exposure to MF differently affects subjective pain estimates in females and males. MF exposure increased averaged pain level and time integral of pain ratings in females, whereas no statistically significant difference for these characteristics was found in males. Pain related elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed during both real and sham EMF exposure in female and male subjects.
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| 50. |
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