| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Sugiyama, Jun, et al.
(author)
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Magnetic ground state of novel zigzag chain compounds, NaCr2O4 and Ca1-xNaxCr2O4, determined with muons and neutrons
- 2015
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In: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAGNETISM, ICM 2015. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 868-875
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The magnetic nature of a novel one-dimensional compound NaCr2O4 with zigzag CrO2 chains has been studied by muon spin rotation and relaxation (mu+SR) and neutron diffraction (ND). It is found that NaCr2O4 undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at T-N = 125 K, below which the Cr moments in each zigzag chain align ferromagnetically along the c-axis but antiferromagnetically along the a-axis between adjacent zigzag chains. For the solid solution system Ca1-xNaxCr2O4, mu+SR measurements reveal the evolution of a complex magnetic order with increasing Ca content (1 - x), which finally enters into an incommensurate AF ordered state below T-N = 21 for CaCr2O4.
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| 4. |
- Sugiyama, Jun, et al.
(author)
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Magnetic phases in Sr1-xCaxCo2P2 studied by mu+SR
- 2015
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In: 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAGNETISM, ICM 2015. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 426-434
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to elucidate the dependence of the magnetic ground state on the Ca content (x) in Sr1-xCaxCo2P2 (0 <= x <= 1, ThCr2Si2-type structure), we have performed muon spin rotation and relaxation (mu+SR) experiments on Sr1-xCaxCo2P2 powder samples mainly in a zero applied field. The end member compound, SrCo2P2, is found to be paramagnetic down to 19 mK. As x increases, such a paramagnetic ground state is observed down to 1.8 K until x = 0.45. Then, as x increases further, a short-range antiferromagnetic (AF) ordered phase appears at low temperatures for 0.48 <= x <= 0.75, and finally, a long-range AF ordered phase is stabilized for x > 0.75. The internal magnetic field of the other end member compound, CaCo2P2, is well consistent with that of the A-type AF order state, which was proposed from neutron scattering experiments. The phase diagram determined with mu+SR is different from that proposed by macroscopic measurements. For an isostructural compound, LaCo2P2, static magnetic order is found to be formed below similar to 130 K.
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| 5. |
- Sugiyama, Jun, et al.
(author)
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Variation of magnetic ground state of Sr1-xCaxCo2P2 determined with mu(+) SR
- 2015
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In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 91:14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to study the variation of a microscopic internal magnetic field with the Ca content (x), we have systematically measured muon-spin rotation and relaxation (mu+SR) spectra for Sr1-xCaxCo2P2 (0 <= x <= 1) powder samples mainly in a zero external field. As x increases from 0, a Pauli-paramagnetic phase is observed even at the lowest T measured (1.8 K) until x = 0.45; then, a short-range antiferromagnetic (AF) ordered phase appears for 0.48 <= x <= 0.75, and finally a long-range AF ordered phase is stabilized for x >= 0.75. The evolution of the magnetic order is connected to the shrinking of the c-axis length as a function of x, which naturally enhances the AF interaction between the two adjacent Co planes.
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