| 1. |
- Tryggvadottir, Ellen Alma, et al.
(author)
-
Correlation between intake of fish or supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids and early pregnancy plasma concentrations
- 2022
-
In: Laeknabladid. - : Laeknabladid/The Icelandic Medical Journal. - 0023-7213 .- 1670-4959. ; 108:5, s. 238-243
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids are considered important for fetal development, but previous studies suggest suboptimal intake in part of pregnant women in Iceland. The study aim was to evaluate intake of food and supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids, among pregnant women in Iceland and correlations to fatty acid composition in plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were 853 pregnant women attending their 11-14 weeks ultrasound appointment. Information on intake of food and supplements containing long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) as well as background was obtained by a questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma fatty acids. Correlation was evaluated using the Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Median intake of lean fish was 1.3 times per week, while fatty fish was consumed once monthly. About 50% of the women took omega-3 containing supplements daily. Higher intake of both fish and omega-3 containing supplements was reflected in higher omega-3 plasma levels (r=0.37 p<0.001). A positive correlation was seen between intake of cod liver oil/capsules (r=0.23, p=0.001), omega-3 oil/capsules (r=0.20, p=0.001) and plasma concentration of omega-3. However, no correlation was seen between intake of a maternal multivitamin containing omega-3 and corresponding plasma concentration (r=0.03, p=0.98). CONCLUSION: Intake of food and supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids was reflected in plasma concentration, except for an Icelandic maternal multivitamin. One third of the women followed the recommendation of eating fish at least twice weekly. About 50% had a daily intake of supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids.
|
|
| 2. |
- Tryggvadottir, Ellen Alma, et al.
(author)
-
Early pregnancy plasma fatty acid profiles of women later diagnosed with gestational diabetes
- 2021
-
In: BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care. - : BMJ. - 2052-4897. ; 9:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction Fatty acid (FA) concentrations have previously been associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, few studies on GDM have examined FA profiles in early pregnancy or before diagnosis. This study aimed to compare early pregnancy plasma FA profiles of women with and without GDM diagnoses as well as their reported dietary consumption. Research design and methods The subjects comprised 853 women from the prospective study: Pregnant Women in Iceland II (PREWICE II), attending their 11-14 weeks ultrasound appointment in 2017-2018. During the visit, blood samples were collected for plasma FA analysis, and dietary habits were assessed using a short food frequency questionnaire. Information on GDM diagnoses was then later extracted from medical records. Differences in FA profile between GDM cases and non-cases were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results GDM was diagnosed in 127 women (14.9%). Concentrations of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-6, PUFA n-3 and total FA were higher in the women who later developed GDM compared with those who did not (p≤0.05). The medians for total FA were 2898 μg/mL for the women with GDM and 2681 μg/mL for those without GDM. Mean adjusted difference for total FA between the groups was 133 μg/mL (95% CI 33 to 233). Similar results were observed in prepregnancy normal-weight women and overweight women/women with obesity. Overall diet quality in early pregnancy appeared to be lower among the women later diagnosed with GDM. Conclusion We found that plasma FA profiles in early pregnancy were different for women later diagnosed with GDM compared with those who were not, independent of the women's body mass index.
|
|
| 3. |
- Tryggvadottir, Ellen Alma, et al.
(author)
-
Higher Alkylresorcinol Concentrations, a Consequence of Whole-Grain Intake, are Inversely Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Iceland
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1541-6100 .- 0022-3166. ; 151:5, s. 1159-1166
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: A diet rich in whole grains may provide benefits for pregnant women due to whole grains' high nutritional value and dietary fiber content. OBJECTIVES: To study the associations of whole-grain consumption, as well as the plasma alkylresorcinol concentration, a whole-grain consumption biomarker, in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnoses. METHODS: Subjects were women from the prospective study Pregnant Women in Iceland II (PREWICE II; n = 853) who attended their ultrasound appointment in gestational weeks 11-14 during the period from October 2017 to March 2018. During that visit, whole-grain consumption was estimated using a diet screening questionnaire, and blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma alkylresorcinols (ARs). Information on GDM diagnoses was later extracted from medical records. Multivariate log-binomial regression was used to evaluate the association of dietary whole-grain and AR concentrations with GDM. RESULTS: In total, 14.9% of the women adhered to the national food-based dietary guidelines (n = 127), which recommend 2 portions of whole grains daily. GDM was diagnosed in 127 women (14.9%). The frequency of whole-grain consumption was lower in women who were later diagnosed with GDM compared to the women without GDM (median, 5 times/week vs. 6 times/week, respectively; P = 0.02). This difference was reflected in the lower median concentration of total AR in women diagnosed with GDM (163 nmol/L vs. 209 nmol/L, respectively; P < 0.01). The quartile with the highest concentrations of AR had a RR of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.27-0.90) of being diagnosed with GDM, in comparison to the lowest quartile. There was a significant dose response in the GDM risk with higher AR levels. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a higher consumption of whole grains, reflected both by reported consumption according to the FFQ and AR biomarkers, was associated with a decreased risk of receiving a GDM diagnosis.
|
|
| 4. |
- Elidottir, Anita S., et al.
(author)
-
Seaweed extract improves carbohydrate metabolism in overweight and obese adults
- 2021
-
In: Current Nutrition and Food Science. - : Bentham Science Publishers B.V.. - 1573-4013. ; 17:2, s. 216-224
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and associated with type 2 diabetes. Seaweed is one of the largest producers of biomass in the marine environment and is a rich arsenal of functional ingredients that may possess the potential to prevent type 2 diabe-tes. Objective: The aim was to investigate the effects of seaweed extract on glucose metabolism and markers of inflammation in overweight and obese individuals. Methods: Participants (N=76, ≥40 years, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) who volunteered for this 10-week randomized, controlled, doubly blinded intervention study, were randomized into an intervention group (seaweed extract, 3 capsules=1200 mg/day) or a control group (placebo, 3 capsules/day). The extract derived from the brown seaweed bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus). At baseline and endpoint of the study, fasting samples were analysed for blood glucose, insulin, inflammation mark-ers, liver enzymes and creatinine (renal function). Results: Drop out was 11.8% and not significantly different between groups. Fasting blood glucose and insulin were improved at the endpoint in the intervention group, but no changes were observed in the control group (corrected endpoint differences between groups: glucose=0.61 mmol/L, P=0.038; insulin=0.72 µU/L, P=0.038). Measures of inflammation, liver enzymes and renal function did not change significantly during the study. Conclusion: Ingestion of seaweed extract over 10 weeks improves glucose metabolism without af-fecting measures of inflammation, liver function or renal function.
|
|
