| 1. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Vertical temperature gradients in apartments with hydronic radiator heating
- 2019
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In: Cold Climate HVAC 2018 : Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates - Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 575-585
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A vertical temperature stratification normally exists in rooms during the heat-ing season in cold climates. An expression of the gradient in apartments heated by hydronic radiator heating systems with exhaust ventilation has ear-lier been developed assuming a dependency of the outdoor temperature. The expression was used by a public real estate owner when re-calculating meas-ured indoor temperature at 2.1 m above floor to 1.2 m above floor represent-ing the occupancy zone and used for individual metering and billing of space heating cost. To validate the suggested expression temperature measurements have been made at four heights in living rooms in apartments built in the 70’s. The heights includes 0.0, 0.1, 1.1 and 1.7 m above floor. The theoreti-cal expression has been compared to the full-scale measurements and in general the expression overestimates the vertical temperature gradient. The measured gradients are generally very low. The thermal comfort in the aspect of vertical temperature gradient is good for the studied period.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Arfvidsson, Jesper, et al.
(author)
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Fukthandbok : Praktik och teori
- 2017. - 4
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In: Fukthandbok : Praktik och teori - Praktik och teori. - 9789173338233 - 9789173338530
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 4. |
- Arfvidsson, Jesper, et al.
(author)
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Fuktsäkerhet i kalla vindsutrymmen
- 2005
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In: Bygg & teknik. - 0281-658X. ; :Nummer 4/05, s. 12-16
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Arfvidsson, Jesper, et al.
(author)
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Moisture Safety in Cold Attics
- 2005
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In: Civil Engineering ´05. International scientific conference, Proceedings. - 998419745X ; , s. 165-173
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 8. |
- Arfvidsson, Jesper, et al.
(author)
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Tätskikt i våtrum
- 2005
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)
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| 9. |
- Bengtsson, Mathilda, et al.
(author)
-
Metoden ByggF-PST : Tillämpning av ByggaF på tillverkning av prefabricerade småhus i trä. Version 1.0
- 2018
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Metoden som presenteras i detta dokument är en tillämpning av ByggaF påprefabricerad småhustillverkning av hus med träbaserad stomme kallad:”ByggaF för Prefabricerade småhus med trästomme”, hädanefter omnämnd somByggaF-PST. ByggaF-PST är en metod som säkerställer, dokumenterar ochkommunicerar fuktsäkerheten i hela byggprocessen, från planering tillbruksskede. Metoden innebär ett arbetssätt för att uppfylla samhällets krav påfuktsäkerhet och innehåller rutiner och hjälpmedel för alla aktörer, frånsmåhustillverkare, konsulter, materialleverantörer och entreprenörer.
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| 10. |
- Ekberg, Olle, et al.
(author)
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Investigating the presence of mold in wood treated with chlorophenol
- 2020
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In: 12th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics (NSB 2020). - : EDP Sciences. - 2555-0403. ; 172
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A common moisture-related problem in Sweden and other countries, is mold odor indoors. The general perception is that mold odor indicates hazardous hidden mold. However, some grey literature studies indicate that the source of mold odor might not be substantial amounts of mold, but rather chloroanisoles (CAs) which are biomethylated from chlorophenols (CPs) in moist conditions. Products containing CPs were commonly used world-wide as wood preservatives in the 1960-70s and problems with indoor mold odor have been reported in buildings where such products have been used. In Sweden, one of the main uses of CPs in buildings was in wooden constructions exposed to big moisture loads, such as sill plates and crawl space ceilings. Here we aimed to determine the potential presence and level of mold growth on wood treated with CPs in one school building with reported odor problems built in the stated time period. Odorous wooden samples were taken and analyzed for mold growth. No mold was detected by the naked eye, but some growth was seen using a microscope. We presently investigate more schools and samples, but so far our results question that mold odor depends on substantial amounts of mold.
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| 11. |
- Ekström, Tomas, et al.
(author)
-
Evaluating the impact of data quality on the accuracy of the predicted energy performance for a fixed building design using probabilistic energy performance simulations and uncertainty analysis
- 2021
-
In: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 249
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Probabilistic building performance simulations enables a method for evaluating how the data quality used to create input models affects the accuracy of the predicted energy performance. The method described in this paper explores an uncertainty analysis of a fixed building design and system by including the discrepancy between the declared property of a product, material, or behaviour quantified under specific conditions, and the actual performance in real-world use. The method was tested using a case study, a multi-family building, using two datasets based on different data quality to quantify the discrepancies. The models' outcome was validated against field measurements from 28 buildings built using the fixed building design. The main findings were that data quality significantly shifted the probability density curves and consequently impacted the predictions and accuracy of the predictive models, showing the importance of high-quality input models and a validation process based on a probability distribution. The study also indicated that higher quality data does not equal narrower distributions in the input models. In this case, the case study showed that, despite well-known building properties, narrowing the performance gap can only occur through larger variation in the input data models, resulting in a larger predicted energy performance interval.
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| 12. |
- Ekström, Tomas, et al.
(author)
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Possibilities with Probabilistic Methods for Dynamic Building Energy Simulations using Stochastic Input Data : – Initial Analysis
- 2019
-
In: Proceedings of the Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings XIV. - 9781947192447 ; , s. 840-840
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As observed in earlier studies, there is evidently a performance gap between the predicted annual energy use from building performance simulations based on traditional deterministic methods compared to the monitored annual energy use of a building. The hypothesis is that using a probabilistic method makes it possible to consider the uncertainties in the input data and quantify the overall uncertainty of a building design using a probability distribution for the predicted energy performance of a building. Thus, reducing the performance gap between the predicted and monitored energy use. This paper aims to detail the advantages and disadvantages of both the deterministic and the probabilistic methods when determining the energy performance of a building and evaluate the differences based on a qualitative analysis. The differences between the methods are evaluated further based on the results from a previous case study where the probabilistic method has been implemented in two dynamic building performance simulation software. The conclusion from this study is that both methods have their specific advantages and disadvantages, however the main differentiating point is the scope of application. The deterministic method is a simpler alternative, needing a less amount of data and is performed in less time, thus making it advantageous in early phases when the basic design of a building is decided, and available information still is limited. However, this method must make use of an arbitrary margin of safety when used for code compliance. The perceived accuracy of the results, since the software reports the result to several decimals, are often misleading since the numerical value says nothing about the probability of fulfilling the requirements. The probabilistic method is more robust and requires more information, such as a larger quantity of data for each factor, and more advanced knowledge of both energy performance and statistics from the operator. Because of this, it also requires more computational power and is more time consuming. Thus, the method is more advantageous for analysis and determining the risks associated with not fulfilling the building regulations, since the method determines the probability of failure, instead of using an arbitrary margin of safety.
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| 13. |
- Ekström, Tomas, et al.
(author)
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Probabilistic risk analysis and building performance simulations : Building design optimisation and quantifying stakeholder consequences
- 2021
-
In: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 252
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A method for risk analysis and building performance simulations is developed to optimise the building design process and fulfil the design criteria. The aim is to support the decision-makers during the building design process by including uncertainties from the design phase, quantifying the probability of attaining the energy performance criteria and financial requirements. The method is meant to be used as a comparative study of optional building designs based on different stakeholder values and consequence models to quantify the economic consequences of failing to comply with energy requirements. A case study usingsingle-family houses demonstrated the various applications of the method using two design options as examples for quantifying the probability of failure and the probability of a design option being more financially viable than the other. The energy performance was simulated based on fifteen stochastic parameters, and the cost evaluation was simulated using six stochastic parameters from three stakeholders with different values and two different consequence models. The results showed a difference between stakeholders in the case study; the cheaper option was more suitable for the property developer while the more expensive option was a better choice for the private building owner if a longer lifecycle was expected.
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| 14. |
- Ekström, Tomas, et al.
(author)
-
Proposed Method for Probabilistic Risk Analysis using Building Performance Simulations and Stochastic Parameters
- 2020
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In: 12th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics (NSB 2020). - : EDP Sciences. ; 172
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As parts of the world continue the work of mitigating the impact of climate change, many countries strive for continued reductions in energy demand from buildings by implementing more stringent building regulations. Consequently, the importance of accurate and efficient building performance simulations to predict the energy use of a building design increases. As observed in earlier studies, there are performance gaps between the predicted annual energy demand from building energy performance simulations based on deterministic methods compared to the monitored annual energy use of a building. This paper presents a preliminary method developed using probabilistic methods for risk analysis and building performance simulations to predict the energy performance of buildings using stochastic parameters. The method is used to calculate the probability for the energy performance of a building design to fulfil the energy requirements. The consequences are quantified using an example of energy performance contracting to evaluate the inherent risk of a building’s design. The method was demonstrated in a case study and validated by comparing the results in energy performance and probability of failure against measured data from 26 single-family houses.
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| 15. |
- Hamid, Akram Abdul, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of the Impact of Interior Insulation on Exterior Walls in Three Swedish Buildings
- 2022
-
In: Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings XV International Conference. - 9781955516280 ; , s. 258-267
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Among thermal improvements of external walls in heritage buildings, interior insulation of external walls might be the only option. However, interior insulation is associated with several risks of damage due to the diminishment of the hygrothermal performance of the existing wall. This project aims to assess the impact of available solutions for interior insulation through field measurements and hygrothermal simulations on external walls in three Swedish buildings. Temperature and relative humidity were measured indoors, outdoors, and on the exterior and interior surfaces of the external walls. Measurements were used to validate models of the walls in WUFI Pro. The models were used to determine the impact of 13 different solutions for interior insulation. The solutions are either vapor-tight or open, and some are capillary active. The results were analyzed regarding risks for microbial growth using the Viitanen model. The validation regards the temperatures and relative humidity on the interior surfaces of the included walls and shows that the models can be accepted for an assessment. The validation also shows that the measured indoor climate can be replaced with an indoor climate standard yielding reliable results. The results show that the risk for damage relies on the design of the existing external wall. If the wall is already hydrophobically treated, the risks are reduced significantly. Furthermore, suppose the wall is poorly insulated. In that case, a larger relative reduction of the transmission losses might be achieved with a lower amount (thickness) of additional insulation, which also results in lower risks for moisture damage. Nonetheless, results show that all included external walls can be insulated from the interior without considerable risks of moisture damage, but that one of them should also be hydrophobically treated.
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| 16. |
- Hamid, Akram Abdul, et al.
(author)
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Choice of Indoor Standard in Hygrothermal Simulations of External Walls – Three Swedish Case Studies
- 2023. - 1
-
In: AIP Conference Proceedings. - 0094-243X. ; 2918
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When assessing the moisture damage risks of different external wall designs using hygrothermal simulation software, the user of said software can choose between different inputs for the determination of the indoor climate. This paper aims to compare results from field measurements in three Swedish buildings using different standards available in a widely used commercial hygrothermal simulation software, WUFI Pro. In this project, field measurements on external walls were conducted before the implementation of interior insulation. Measurements were conducted indoors, outdoors, and on the exterior and interior surfaces of the external walls. Comparing measurement and simulation results shows that on-site measurements give more accurate modelling of an existing external wall. However, the results also show that, when needed, any of the current standards can be used as replacements for actual measurements regarding indoor air temperature. The comparisons show that the most accurate results regarding the relative humidity are generated when ASHRAE Standard 160 is applied with an intermediate approach and a higher air change rate than in the nominal case. However, several parameters must be known for such an approach, such as the actual air change rate and the number of bedrooms. If such parameters are not known, the standard that gives the best fit between measured and simulated relative humidity is EN15026.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik, et al.
(author)
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Concerns when improving the energy efficiency of 1960's and 70's Swedish multi-family dwellings
- 2010. - Part 2
-
In: ASHRAE Transactions. ; 116
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ABSTRACTBetween the years of 1965 and 1975 some one million apartments were built on an industrial scale in Sweden. The intent was to provide the quickly growing population with modern housing featuring reasonably sized apartments and good functionality; such as central heating and modern kitchens and bathrooms.Some forty years later many of these large multi-family dwellings are in dire need of substantial renovation and improvements to extend their life expectancy and improve their desirability.Improved energy performance is under the current circumstances a demand from both the national government, EU and the property owners. Previous historical experiences from trying to reduce energy use in buildings has made concerned parties aware that care must be taken to, among other things, avoid reductions in indoor air quality and minimizing the risk of moisture damage in structures. This paper is an overview of some common features of these Swedish multi-family dwellings and some of the approaches and problems related to improving their energy efficiency, while trying to avoid negative impact on the indoor climate and maintaining components in a functionally sound state.Included is also a brief overview of some currently ongoing research projects related to the improvement of the 1965 to 1975 Swedish multi-family dwellings.The eventual challenge is to find a way to adapt these buildings in a controlled manner so that they will be energy efficient, economical, functional and provide the residents with an appropriate indoor environment while being aesthetically pleasing.
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| 19. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik
(author)
-
Concrete slab on the ground and moisture control : verification of some methods to improve the moisture conditions in the foundation
- 1991
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This work deals with different types of repair methods for concrete slab on the ground damaged by moisture. Many of the available methods involve some kind of mechanical ventilation of the foundation. The basic principle for all these systems is the same. By establishing air movement through an air-permeable layer below or above the concrete slab, the flowing air can absorb moisture from surrounding materials. When the air has passed through the layer, it is transported out, and away from, the foundation. Three methods of this type have been examined by extensive field rneasurements in a few buildings. Improved drainage system constitute another type of repair method frequently used for Concrete slabs in the ground with moisture problems originating from the ground. A system of this type was investigated in a building for two years . The joint water levels close to the drain pipes and below the building were measured every four hours. Three transient numerical models are presented in the report. All the models can be used to predict temperatures in different parts of mechanically-ventilated foundations. One of the models can also be used to predict moisture conditions in mechanically ventilated foundations. Superposition and scaling were applied in order to demonstrate a method of determining the temperature-distribution in a ventilated layer on the basis of diagrams and simple manual calculations.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik
(author)
-
Fallstudie i provhus med uteluftventilerat vindsutrymme : Mätningar och simuleringar
- 2022. - 1
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- On a cold-ventilated attic, there is always an outer roof that must be tight against snow and meltwater, which means that there are also materials in the construction that make it more or less vapour tight. In traditional roofs, the waterproofing layer often consists of an asphalt-impregnated paperboard on a tonged and grooved board. As an alternative to the conventional solution, a less diffusion-tight product is used instead. According to (Arfvidsson et al., 2017), this can sometimes be a suitable solution. However, the risk of moisture damage during the construction phase must be considered.Field measurements have been carried out in a test house close to LTH in Lund to investigate whether there will be any differences in the climate on a cold attic and its surrounding building parts with a traditional outer roof compared to a modern product with less vapour resistance. The case study results show no decisive differences in moisture conditions when comparing two different sur-face materials on a tonged and grooved board. The outer roofs examined was traditional roofing felt and a diffusion-open product. In cases where differences could be found, these were small but usually to the advantage of the diffusion-open product.Results from a relatively extensive literature study are reported, with a separate sum¬mary for each report. The literature study shows that the interest in cold roofs ventilated with outdoor air is of great interest, both nationally and inter-nationally. In many cases, approximately the same conclusions are reached. Namely that outdoor ventilated attics are a risk construction, especially if they are well insulated. There is also a warning to additionally insulate existing build-ings without first conducting a thorough analysis of what this can lead to from a humidity point of view. The literature study also contains articles on parallel roofs ventilated with outdoor air and compact roofs with diffusion-open roof coverings. Many reports within this area emphasize the importance of well-thought solutions and careful work execution.
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| 22. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik
(author)
-
Fuktproblem i en byggnad med flytande golv : fältmätningar och åtgärdsförslag
- 1990
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna rapport behandlar fuktskador i ett hus uppfört 1973 med platta på mark och flytande golv. Mätningar har genomförts i huset under två år. Syftet var att erhålla mätdata under en lång tidsperiod i en byggnad med klara fukt- och luktproblem. I rapporten diskuteras lämpliga åtgärder för att komma till rätta med problemen.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik, et al.
(author)
-
Fuktsäkerhet i kalla vindsutrymmen : slutrapport
- 2008
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- En ökning av skador på kalla ventilerade vindar orsakade av kondensproblem har iakttagits. En ökad isolering i vindsbjälklaget i kombination med att skorstensstocken numera är kall, eller saknas helt, har bidragit till att vindsutrymmet blivit kallare. Med skorsten säkerställdes alltid ett undertryck i hela byggnaden samt en bättre luftomsättning under uppvärmningssäsongen. Utan skorsten får vi följaktligen en sämre ventilation och större risk för övertryck i byggnadens övre delar. För att säkerställa att varm, fuktig inomhusluft inte kommer upp på vinden har vikten av lufttäthet i vindsbjälklaget ökat. Trots att man bygger lufttäta bjälklag får man ibland kondensproblem på kalla vindar. En bidragande orsak kan vara att nattutstrålningen får större betydelse i nybyggda kalla vindsutrymme. Målet med projektet är att prediktera fukt och temperaturtillstånd i kalla vindar och därmed risken för fuktrelaterade skador. Detta har skett genom att praktiskt prova olika alternativa utformningar på vindar och takkonstruktioner på kalla vindar och jämföra med beräkningar. Experimentell insamling av data från nybyggda konstruktioner samt omgivande klimat har samlats in och verifierats mot beräkningar. Följande konstruktioner har undersökts: Värmeisolering under råspont - I jämförelse med referenshuset ligger temperaturerna generellt högre. Vidare registrerades ett högre fukttillskott under sommaren samt något mindre under vintern. Värmekällor på vinden - I jämförelse med referenshuset ligger temperaturerna generellt något högre, medan relativa fuktigheten ligger något lägre. Höga värden för fukttillskottet registrerades i samband med kompletterande betonggjutning på mellanbjälklagen. Reducerad ventilation - I jämförelse med referenshuset ligger temperaturerna något högre på sommaren och något lägre på vintern. Relativa fuktigheten ligger lägre på sommaren men ungefär lika på vintern. Fukttillskottet är förhöjt under första vintern p.g.a. kompletterande pågjutning. Reducerad ventilation i kombination med diffusionsöppen underlagstäckning på råspont – I en kompletterande fallstudie undersöktes reducerad ventilation i kombination med diffusionsöppen underlagstäckning på råspont. Slutsatsen från denna studie och liknade pågående studier i Storbritannien är att reducerad ventilation i kombination med diffusionsöppen underlagstäckning på råspont tycks minska risken för fukt och mögelskador i jämförelse med en traditionellt ventilerad vind med underlagspapp på råspont. Gemensamt för samtliga vindar är att lufttemperaturen nästan alltid är högre på vindarna i jämförelse med uteluften. Fukttillskottet under vintern är mycket litet. Detta tyder på att luftläckaget underifrån är litet eller inget alls, vilket ur fuktsäkerhetssynpunkt är positivt. Det uppmätta fukttillskottet är lägre under vintern i samtliga hus. Fukttillskottet är dock mycket högt under produktionsskedet i några av husen. Därför är det viktigt att luft- och ångtätande åtgärder mellan vindsutrymme och underliggande lokaler utförs i ett tidigt skede. Plastfolie, tätningar av genomföringar och anslutningar samt tät vindslucka är direkt avgörande för en acceptabel fuktnivå i vindsutrymmet. En dålig luft- och ångtäthet under byggskedet kan få negativa konsekvenser under mycket lång tid. Det är olämpligt att reducera ventilationen under byggskedet eftersom risken finns att byggfukten kan fukta upp vinden. Däremot bör åtgärden, med gott resultat, kunna genomföras under driftsskedet under förutsättning att god lufttäthet gentemot bostadsutrymmen kan garanteras under byggnadens hela livslängd. Isolering på utsida av råspont bör fungera väl tillsammans med normal underlagspapp. Vid användning av diffusionsöppen underlagstäckning på råspont i kombination med relativt ångtät cellplast minskar dock ånggenomsläppligheten. Beräkningar har genomförts för de fyra husen i Paradsängen. Resultaten från dessa visar att samtliga provade åtgärder är gynnsamma och minskar risken för fuktskador. Jämförelser mellan beräkningar och mätningar visar på god överensstämmelse. Generellt är skillnaderna störst under vintern, beräkningarna ligger dock på säkra sidan, det vill säga beräkningarna ger högre relativa fuktigheter än vad mätningarna visar. Uppskattningar av luftomsättningen på vindarna tycks stämma.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik
(author)
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Golv på mark
- 1993
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I denna skrift ges en heltäckande beskrivning av de byggnadsfysikaliska förhållandena i konstruktioner med golv på mark. Olika fuktbelastningar och deras konsekvenser beskrivs i detalj. Stor vikt läggs vid att skapa förståelse för olika byggnadsfysikaliska samband, speciellt mellan värme och fukt. Vidare tillämpas fuktdimensioneringsmetodiken på tre noggrant beskrivna grundkonstruktioner
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik
(author)
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Metoder för riskanalys - Fuktsäkerhet i byggnader
- 2000
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I denna skrift ges en introduktion till riskanalys och riskbedömning vid fuktberäkningar. Vid riskbedömningar kan man ta hänsyn till spridningar i materialegenskaper och omgivande klimatfaktorer. I skriften diskuteras hur man ska välja material - och klimatdata i olika situationer och hur olämpliga val kan ge en betydande över- eller underskattning av risken för ogynsamma fuktförhållanden. Data kan hämtas från skriften T19:1996, Materialdata för fukttransportberäkningar och PC-programmet Klimatdata.
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| 30. |
- Harderup, Lars-Erik, et al.
(author)
-
Moisture Safety in Cold Attics with Thick Thermal Insulation
- 2010
-
In: [Host publication title missing]. ; 2(2), s. 403-404
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Damages, caused by moisture and mould, in cold attics have increased in Sweden during the last decades. The main reasons are thicker thermal insulation between the living space and the attic and lack of the heat and ventilation effects from a warm chimney. Cold attics are ventilated to avoid that heat leakage from the living space heats up the outer roof with snow melting and icicles as result. With reduced heat flux from the living space the original purpose of the ventilation is not valid any more. There can be other reasons to ventilate the attic, for example to take away the humid air that can be transported to the attic from the living space trough diffusion and moisture convection. Also water from small and occasional water leakage can be removed from the attic by the ventilation. There can also be disadvantages with ventilation. The wind pressure against the building can sometimes cause a negative pressure in the attic, which increases the moisture convection from the living space into the attic. During clear cold nights the heat radiation from the roof into the sky could lead to that the temperature at the inner side of the roof gets lower than outside, which increases the risk for condensation or high relative humidity. This paper presents field measurements and results from four different concepts to increase the moisture safety in cold attics. Attics with reduced ventilation, internal heat source, thin thermal insulation of the outer roof, and reduced ventilation combined with new types of underlay with reduced resistance to moisture flux are discussed and compared with calculations and a reference house.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Lorentzen, Johnny C., et al.
(author)
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Evidence of Unrecognized Indoor Exposure to Toxic Chlorophenols and Odorous Chloroanisoles in Denmark, Finland, and Norway
- 2023
-
In: Indoor Air. - 0905-6947. ; 2023
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Production and use of chlorophenols (CPs) are being phased out around the globe, but with considerable lag in some highlypopulated countries. The process could be incentivized by leading countries sharing their experiences on problems thatoccurred, including the built environment. We previously reported that Swedish industry and authorities promoted CPs,including pentachlorophenol (PCP), as wood preservatives in buildings for decades. Yet, Swedish indoor research did notrecognize exposure to the hazardous CPs and their odor potent derivatives, the chloroanisoles (CAs), which smell like moldand still evolve from legacy preservatives in damp building structures. We hypothesized that the toxic CPs and odorous CAscould be key players for health and odor problems not only in Sweden but also in the neighboring Nordic countries. We foundno reports in scientific medical literature of CPs being used in buildings in these countries. However, grey literature shows thatCPs were indeed used, even during building booms, in house exteriors, constructions, and interiors, from the 1950s up to thelate 1970s (Denmark) and even the 1990s (Finland and Norway). One application of CPs was in houses erected on dampness-prone house foundations, conditions ideal for formation of odorous CAs through microbial methylation. Furthermore, oursearches suggest that these problematic chemicals played hitherto unrecognized key roles when indoor air research evolved.Thus, odor became an important aspect of the “sick building syndrome” in Denmark and an early warning sign of health risksin Finland, as asthma and allergy were attributed to “dampness and mold.” None of the countries addressed the possible linksbetween odor and health effects and exposure to CAs and CPs. In conclusion, our results suggest that unrecognized indoorexposure to toxic CPs and odorous CAs has mislead Nordic indoor air research for decades.
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| 33. |
- Lorentzen, Johnny C., et al.
(author)
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Mold Odor from Wood Treated with Chlorophenols despite Mold Growth That Can Only Be Seen Using a Microscope
- 2024
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In: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 12:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We previously reported that indoor odorous chloroanisoles (CAs) are still being emitted due to microbial methylation of hazardous chlorophenols (CPs) present in legacy wood preservatives. Meanwhile, Swedish researchers reported that this malodor, described since the early 1970s, is caused by hazardous mold. Here, we examined to what extent CP-treated wood contains mold and if mold correlates with perceived odor. We found no studies in PubMed or Web of Science addressing this question. Further, we investigated two schools built in the 1960s with odor originating from crawlspaces. No visible mold was evident in the crawlspaces or on the surfaces of treated wood samples. Using a microscope, varying amounts of mold growth were detected on the samples, all containing both CP(s) and CA(s). Some samples smelled, and the odor correlated with the amount of mold growth. We conclude that superficial microscopic mold on treated wood suffices produced the odor. Further, we argue that CPs rather than mold could explain the health effects reported in epidemiological studies that use mold odor as an indicator of hazardous exposure.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
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A method for blind validation of hygrothermal calculation tools
- 2014
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In: Proceedings XIII DBMC - XIII International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. ; , s. 624-631
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of hygrothermal calculation tools for dimensional purposes in the design phase is common. However, used tools are usually not blindly verified in real, on-site conditions. This paper present a method for verification of hygrothermal calculation tools for real-life, situations. In the method calculations become carried out before the measurement results are known, i.e. by blind calculations, which afterwards are compared with measurements. The main conclusion is that blind validations are reliable since intentional or unintentional adjustments of calculated results, to obtain better correlations to the measured values, are impossible. Other positive effect is that information about how the user perceives the tool could be found since the blind calculations are similar to the designer situation in daily work.
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| 37. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of measured and calculated temperature and relative humidity with varied and constant air flow in the facade air gap
- 2011
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In: Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics - NSB 2011. - 9789521525742 ; 1, s. 147-154
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Calculation of relative humidity and temperature in an early stage of the design process is important to avoid moisture damages in wooden walls. Previous studies show that a sufficient air flow in the air gap behind the façade panel is important to ensure a moisture safe construction. This study investigates if blind WUFI 5.0 calculations with a varied air flow in the air gap behind the façade give a better correlation to measured values compared to calculations with a constant air flow. Calculations for two cases are compared to measured values in single family house. The results show that calculations with a wind dependent air flow does not necessary give better correlation to measured values compared to calculations with a constant air flow. However, the calculated values are confirmed with measured values during the warm period and there are deviations in the outer part of the wall during the cold period. Variations in measured values at the same depth in different places in the studied wall are larger compared to differences between calculated values with or without a wind dependent air flow in the façade air gap.
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| 38. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
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Control of moisture safety design by comparison between calculations and measurements in passive house walls made of wood
- 2011
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In: Proceedings fo the 12th International Conference on Durability of Buildings Materials and Components - XII DBMC. - 9789727521326 ; , s. 25-32
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of passive house technique has been used in a new wood framed building in Sweden. Besides the positive effect of reduced energy need, highly insulated wooden houses often have a higher risk of moisture and mould problems. The reason is that critical positions is more exposed to higher relative humidity compared to ordinary houses with thinner insulation. To investigate if an external wall has been correctly designed and constructed it has been investigated both with hourly measurements and by calculations with WUFI 5.0. The aim of this study is to investigate the result of the moisture design process and the way changes in the design influence the moisture safety with real climate conditions. The study also investigates if WUFI 5.0 is a reliable tool to use in the construction design process. This was investigated by comparisons between measured and calculated relative humidity and temperature in different positions in an exterior wooden wall from April 2009 to October 2010. In the original design the outer wooden studs have no protecting layer from the ventilated air gap behind the façade. Results from calculations with WUFI 5.0 shows that it is sufficient with a thin protecting thermal insulation on the outside of outer studs to considerably improve the moisture conditions in the outer parts ot the wall. If we never want the relative humidity to be above the critical level, at least 87 mm of insulation have to be applied on the outside of the wooden studs. Comparisons between measurements and calculations show that WUFI 5.0 can be a reliable tool in moisture design of highly insulated wood framed walls. To get safe results it is important to use reliable climate and correct assumption about the air flow in the air gap behind the façade material.
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| 39. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
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Importance of a Proper applied Airflow in the Façade Air Gap when Moisture and Temperature are Calculated in Wood Framed Walls
- 2010
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In: Reader manual: 5th International BUILDAIR-Symposium on Building and Ductwork Air thightness (former “European BlowerDoor-Symposium”) October 21-22, 2010, Kgs. Lyngby near Copenhagen, Denmark. ; , s. 37-37
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The airflow in the air gap behind the façade panel has shown to be of importance when risks of moisture and mould damages in wood frame walls are calculated. This study demonstrates the importance of a properly applied outdoor air flow in the air gap behind the façade panel when temperature and moisture conditions are calculated. The paper present and compare how variations in airflow in the air gap influence temperature and moisture conditions in a modern Swedish wood framed wall. Different references present various air flows that are adapted in the air gap. Calculations are made in the one dimensional temperature and moisture calculation program WUFI 4.2. The results shows that the air flows in the air gap behind the panel affect relative humidity in all positions outside the vapour retarder. At the same time temperature in the whole construction and relative humidity inside the vapour retarder is not affected by different air flows in a significant way. The conclusion is that a correct airflow in the façade air gap is of importance for calculated moisture conditions in modern Swedish wood constructions. An incorrect air flow can also give significant errors for calculated moisture conditions.
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| 40. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
-
Important factors affecting the risk of mold growth in well-insulated wood frame walls in Northern European climates
- 2013
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In: [Host publication title missing]. - 9781936504619
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Due to increased awareness of climate change and energy costs, well-insulated buildings have become more common. Furthermore, greater interest has been shown in using wood in building to produce more carbon dioxide-efficient houses. However, thicker thermal insulation in walls increases the risk of high relative humidity levels and the risk of mold-related damage in wood frame houses. This paper presents important factors affecting the risk of mold growth in well-insulated wood frame walls in Northern European climates. Recent findings regarding important factors are first briefly summarized. The paper continues with a parametric study in which moisture-critical positions in traditional Swedish wood frame designs are investigated by using hygrothermal modeling. Traditional North European walls with insulation thicknesses of 220 mm are compared to walls with thicker thermal insulation and alternative designs. The influences of the different wall designs in relation to the risk of mold growth are compared using isopleth and a visual mold chart. It has been found that there is a higher risk of moisture-related damage in thicker insulated walls. However, this risk could be reduced by choosing more suitable designs in which well-ventilated air gaps behind the cladding and exterior vapor-permeable moisture resistant thermal insulation boards are of great importance.
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| 41. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
-
Moisture safety in wood frame constructions – What do we know today? – A literature overview
- 2013
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In: Proceedings of SB13 Oulu - Sustainable procurement in urban regeneration and renovation Northern Europe and North-West Russia. - 9789517585613 ; , s. 96-97
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper intends to offer an overview of current knowledge in practical moisture safety in wood frame house. Books, journal articles, reports and other documents at different levels regarding moisture and moisture safety in different aspects are summarized. Possible gaps and flaws in existing knowledge, such as, lack of blind verifications of moisture safety calculation tools, the need to separate quantitative and qualitative issues in the moisture safety design processes and the fact that mould growth model handle the influence of duration in different manners are reported.
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| 42. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
-
Predicting hygrothermal performance in cold roofs using a 1D transient heat and moisture calculation tool
- 2015
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In: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-684X .- 0360-1323. ; 90, s. 215-231
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Stricter Swedish building regulations require a moisture safety design process to be carried out before houses are built. In order to predict moisture-critical conditions, a properly verified, user-friendly and reliable calculation tool that could be used in this design phase, is required. This paper initially presents a blind method that could be used in order to verify hyg-rothermal calculation tools in a reliable manner. Furthermore, general results and findings from blind validations of a transient heat and moisture calculation tool carried out in cold roofs are summarized and presented. The comparisons include measurements and calculations of temperature and relative humidity and were carried out in Northern European climates. In general, the results show a good correlation between measured and calculated values. Comparisons show that the studied tool can be used during the design phase to predict moisture risks. However, factors such as the influence of impaired temperature measurements on relative humidity have to be taken into account. There is also a need for outdoor climate boundary conditions that take into account critical periods. Measurements and calculations also established that the most moisture-critical conditions in general occurred in the tongued and grooved wooden roof boarding located under the roof membrane. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 43. |
- Mundt Petersen, Solof, et al.
(author)
-
Validation of a 1D transient heat and moisture calculation tool under real conditions
- 2013
-
In: [Host publication title missing]. - 9781936504619
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Stricter Swedish building regulations require a moisture-safety design process to be carried out before houses are built. In order to predict moisture-critical conditions, a properly verified, user-friendly and reliable calculation tool that could be used in this design phase, is required.This paper initially presents a blind method that could be used in order to verify heat and moisture calculation tools in a reliable manner. Furthermore, general results and findings from blind validations using a transient heat and moisture calculation tool are summarized and presented.The comparisons include measurements and calculations of temperature and relative humidity and were carried out in northern European climates.In general, the results show a good correlation between measured and blindly-calculated values. Comparisons show that the studied tool can be used during the design phase to predict moisture risks. However, factors such as the influence of impaired-temperature measurements on relative humidity have to be taken into account. There is also a need for outdoor climate-boundary conditions that take into account critical periods.Measurementsandcalculations also established that themostmoisture-critical conditions ingeneral occurred in the exterior part of the frame, behind the air gap.
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| 44. |
-
NSB 2014 - 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics - Abstract book
- 2014
-
Editorial proceedings (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Nordic Symposium on Building Physics started in Lund in 1987 on an initiative by the Moisture Research Centre in Lund and has been arranged every third year. The venues of the previous symposia were Lund (1987), Trondheim (1990), Copenhagen (1993), Espoo (1996), Gothenburg (1999), Trondheim (2002), Reykjavik (2005), Copenhagen (2008), and Tampere (2011). Now it is organized for the 10th time and will again, 27 years later, be hold in Lund. Over time, the symposium has become the biggest international conference focusing on Building Physics. A total of about 300 abstracts were submitted to the 2014 symposium and an international scientific committee of external referees reviewed nearly 180 papers. The symposium provides a broad presentation of Building Physics research, especially in Europe.
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| 45. |
-
NSB 2014 - 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics - Full Papers
- 2014
-
Editorial proceedings (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This symposium presents two tracks, one practical and one more theoretical, divided in ten topics, and presented in three parallel sessions. Two new topics are introduced; “Historical Buildings” and “Challenges for the future”. The intention of adding Historical Buildings is to gather people with different backgrounds, for example Building Physicists, Building antiquarians, Building Biologists, Architects, City planners etc. in a common forum. The interest for questions related to “Challenges of the Future” is growing rapidly. This area requires competence from many different specialities for example environmental impact, climate change, meteorology, and risk assessment. Three keynote lectures related to the above subjects will be given at the symposium. Professor Johnny Kronvall, who organized the first symposium in 1987, will speak about “Building Physics – an attempt to a 30 years´ evolution story”, M.Sc. Anders Kumlin will concentrate on the practical applications in ”Practical Moisture Problems”. The last keynote lecture is Professor Mark Bomberg who will present his thoughts in ”A personal view on Building Physics: An address in the Nordic BP Symposium 2014”... CONTENT Introduction 4 Scientific committee 5 FULL PAPERS Air-tightness 7-117 Building Envelope Systems 119-320 Building Materials and Structures 322-515 Challenges of the Future 517-598 Historical Buildings 600-669 Low energy Buildings 671-945 Moisture Safety 947-1170 Retrofitting of Buildings 1172-1356 RAP-RETRO 1358-1406 Author Index 1407-1411 Sponsors Back page
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| 46. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(author)
-
Challenges in transdisciplinary research : Example from a study on people as part of energy and ventilation systems in residential buildings (PEIRE)
- 2019
-
In: Cold Climate HVAC 2018 : Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates - Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 802-812
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Energy efficiency measures in residential buildings typically include changes in ventilation and heating systems, and increased thermal insulation of the building envelope. The expected energy efficiency is not always reached, despite large knowledge and professional implementation of each separate measure. Thereis a lack in understanding of how technical systems interact, and how the ocupants are influenced by and in turn influence the systems by their behaviour. A holistic view and a transdisciplinary research approach are needed to understand relevant interactions and propose integrated energy efficiency measures. The aim of this paper is to reveal challenges in transdisciplinary research projects that include real world studies on both humans and technical systems with measurements before and after renovation of multifamily housing. It is based on experiences from the PEIRE-project (People, Environment, Indoor, Renovation, Energy) carried out by a research team with expertise on environmental psychology, human behaviour, interaction design, universal design, building physics, building services, thermal comfort, aerosol technology, exposure assessment, acoustics, daylight, and complex thinking. Differences in theoretical bases and methodology needed to be dealt with. Metatheory building could help with the transition from a multi- to a transdisciplinary understanding.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(author)
-
Challenges in Transdisciplinary Research—Example from a Study on People as Part of Energy and Ventilation Systems in Residential Buildings (PEIRE)
- 2018
-
In: Cold Climate HVAC 2018. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 803-812
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Energy efficiency measures in residential buildings typically include changes in ventilation and heating systems, and increased thermal insulation of the building envelope. The expected energy efficiency is not always reached, despite large knowledge and professional implementation of each separate measure. There is a lack in understanding of how technical systems interact, and how the occupants are influenced by and in turn influence the systems by their behaviour. A holistic view and a transdisciplinary research approach are needed to understand relevant interactions and propose integrated energy efficiency measures. The aim of this paper is to reveal challenges in transdisciplinary research projects that include real world studies on both humans and technical systems with measurements before and after renovation of multifamily housing. It is based on experiences from the PEIRE-project (People, Environment, Indoor, Renovation, Energy) carried out by a research team with expertise on environmental psychology, human behaviour, interaction design, universal design, building physics, building services, thermal comfort, aerosol technology, exposure assessment, acoustics, daylight, and complex thinking. Differences in theoretical bases and methodology needed to be dealt with. Metatheory building could help with the transition from a multi- to a transdisciplinary understanding.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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