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1.
  • Beal, Jacob, et al. (author)
  • Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
  • 2020
  • In: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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3.
  • Kristanl, Matej, et al. (author)
  • The Seventh Visual Object Tracking VOT2019 Challenge Results
  • 2019
  • In: 2019 IEEE/CVF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION WORKSHOPS (ICCVW). - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9781728150239 ; , s. 2206-2241
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2019 is the seventh annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of 81 trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in the recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies for short-term tracking analysis as well as the standard VOT methodology for long-term tracking analysis. The VOT2019 challenge was composed of five challenges focusing on different tracking domains: (i) VOT-ST2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB, (ii) VOT-RT2019 challenge focused on "real-time" short-term tracking in RGB, (iii) VOT-LT2019 focused on long-term tracking namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance. Two new challenges have been introduced: (iv) VOT-RGBT2019 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB and thermal imagery and (v) VOT-RGBD2019 challenge focused on long-term tracking in RGB and depth imagery. The VOT-ST2019, VOT-RT2019 and VOT-LT2019 datasets were refreshed while new datasets were introduced for VOT-RGBT2019 and VOT-RGBD2019. The VOT toolkit has been updated to support both standard short-term, long-term tracking and tracking with multi-channel imagery. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website(1).
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4.
  • de las Fuentes, Lisa, et al. (author)
  • Gene-educational attainment interactions in a multi-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis identify novel blood pressure loci
  • 2021
  • In: Molecular Psychiatry. - : Springer Nature. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 26:6, s. 2111-2125
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Educational attainment is widely used as a surrogate for socioeconomic status (SES). Low SES is a risk factor for hypertension and high blood pressure (BP). To identify novel BP loci, we performed multi-ancestry meta-analyses accounting for gene-educational attainment interactions using two variables, “Some College” (yes/no) and “Graduated College” (yes/no). Interactions were evaluated using both a 1 degree of freedom (DF) interaction term and a 2DF joint test of genetic and interaction effects. Analyses were performed for systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure. We pursued genome-wide interrogation in Stage 1 studies (N = 117 438) and follow-up on promising variants in Stage 2 studies (N = 293 787) in five ancestry groups. Through combined meta-analyses of Stages 1 and 2, we identified 84 known and 18 novel BP loci at genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10-8). Two novel loci were identified based on the 1DF test of interaction with educational attainment, while the remaining 16 loci were identified through the 2DF joint test of genetic and interaction effects. Ten novel loci were identified in individuals of African ancestry. Several novel loci show strong biological plausibility since they involve physiologic systems implicated in BP regulation. They include genes involved in the central nervous system-adrenal signaling axis (ZDHHC17, CADPS, PIK3C2G), vascular structure and function (GNB3, CDON), and renal function (HAS2 and HAS2-AS1, SLIT3). Collectively, these findings suggest a role of educational attainment or SES in further dissection of the genetic architecture of BP.
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5.
  • Feitosa, Mary F., et al. (author)
  • Novel genetic associations for blood pressure identified via gene-alcohol interaction in up to 570K individuals across multiple ancestries
  • 2018
  • In: PLOS ONE. - : Public library science. - 1932-6203. ; 13:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for hypertension; the mechanism by which alcohol consumption impact blood pressure (BP) regulation remains unknown. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study accounting for gene-alcohol consumption interaction for BP might identify additional BP loci and contribute to the understanding of alcohol-related BP regulation. We conducted a large two-stage investigation incorporating joint testing of main genetic effects and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-alcohol consumption interactions. In Stage 1, genome-wide discovery meta-analyses in approximate to 131 K individuals across several ancestry groups yielded 3,514 SNVs (245 loci) with suggestive evidence of association (P <1.0 x 10(-5)). In Stage 2, these SNVs were tested for independent external replication in individuals across multiple ancestries. We identified and replicated (at Bonferroni correction threshold) five novel BP loci (380 SNVs in 21 genes) and 49 previously reported BP loci (2,159 SNVs in 109 genes) in European ancestry, and in multi-ancestry meta-analyses (P < 5.0 x 10(-8)). For African ancestry samples, we detected 18 potentially novel BP loci (P< 5.0 x 10(-8)) in Stage 1 that warrant further replication. Additionally, correlated meta-analysis identified eight novel BP loci (11 genes). Several genes in these loci (e.g., PINX1, GATA4, BLK, FTO and GABBR2 have been previously reported to be associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide insights into the role of alcohol consumption in the genetic architecture of hypertension.
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6.
  • Klionsky, Daniel J., et al. (author)
  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
  • 2012
  • In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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7.
  • Sung, Yun Ju, et al. (author)
  • A multi-ancestry genome-wide study incorporating gene-smoking interactions identifies multiple new loci for pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure
  • 2019
  • In: Human Molecular Genetics. - : Oxford University Press. - 0964-6906 .- 1460-2083. ; 28:15, s. 2615-2633
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Elevated blood pressure (BP), a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, is influenced by both genetic and lifestyle factors. Cigarette smoking is one such lifestyle factor. Across five ancestries, we performed a genome-wide gene–smoking interaction study of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) in 129 913 individuals in stage 1 and follow-up analysis in 480 178 additional individuals in stage 2. We report here 136 loci significantly associated with MAP and/or PP. Of these, 61 were previously published through main-effect analysis of BP traits, 37 were recently reported by us for systolic BP and/or diastolic BP through gene–smoking interaction analysis and 38 were newly identified (P < 5 × 10−8, false discovery rate < 0.05). We also identified nine new signals near known loci. Of the 136 loci, 8 showed significant interaction with smoking status. They include CSMD1 previously reported for insulin resistance and BP in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Many of the 38 new loci show biologic plausibility for a role in BP regulation. SLC26A7 encodes a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger expressed in the renal outer medullary collecting duct. AVPR1A is widely expressed, including in vascular smooth muscle cells, kidney, myocardium and brain. FHAD1 is a long non-coding RNA overexpressed in heart failure. TMEM51 was associated with contractile function in cardiomyocytes. CASP9 plays a central role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Identified only in African ancestry were 30 novel loci. Our findings highlight the value of multi-ancestry investigations, particularly in studies of interaction with lifestyle factors, where genomic and lifestyle differences may contribute to novel findings.
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8.
  • Chen, Yuqing, et al. (author)
  • Breaking solvation dominance of ethylene carbonate via molecular charge engineering enables lower temperature battery
  • 2023
  • In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Low temperatures severely impair the performance of lithium-ion batteries, which demand powerful electrolytes with wide liquidity ranges, facilitated ion diffusion, and lower desolvation energy. The keys lie in establishing mild interactions between Li+ and solvent molecules internally, which are hard to achieve in commercial ethylene-carbonate based electrolytes. Herein, we tailor the solvation structure with low-ε solvent-dominated coordination, and unlock ethylene-carbonate via electronegativity regulation of carbonyl oxygen. The modified electrolyte exhibits high ion conductivity (1.46 mS·cm−1) at −90 °C, and remains liquid at −110 °C. Consequently, 4.5 V graphite-based pouch cells achieve ~98% capacity over 200 cycles at −10 °C without lithium dendrite. These cells also retain ~60% of their room-temperature discharge capacity at −70 °C, and miraculously retain discharge functionality even at ~−100 °C after being fully charged at 25 °C. This strategy of disrupting solvation dominance of ethylene-carbonate through molecular charge engineering, opens new avenues for advanced electrolyte design.
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9.
  • He, Nan, et al. (author)
  • High-Speed Duplex Free Space Optical Communication System Assisted by a Wide-Field-of-View Metalens
  • 2023
  • In: ACS Photonics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2330-4022. ; 10:9, s. 3052-3059
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Free space optical communication (FSO) has gained significant attention due to the growing demand for a high information capacity. For FSO between multiple or moving targets, a receiver with a wide angle of acquisition capability is necessary. Traditionally, gimbals and fast steering mirrors have been used, but they are often difficult to make both compact and wide-angle. Here, a novel duplex FSO system is demonstrated, which utilizes a highly compact fiber coupling metalens to receive and transmit signals in a large field of view up to 80°. High coupling efficiency up to 48.8% at a wavelength of 1550 nm is experimentally achieved. The small coupling loss enables the user to modulate and direct the downstream power from the base station back along the same path, saving energy and leaving only one source in the FSO system. The low bit error rate and the open and clear eye diagram results validate the excellent downlink/uplink communication performance of a 10 Gbps FSO system empowered by the metalens. The system exhibits a large field of view, high data rate, compact size, and low power consumption, which meets the size, weight, and power requirement of smart devices.
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10.
  • He, N., et al. (author)
  • Highly Compact All-Solid-State Beam Steering Module Based on a Metafiber
  • 2022
  • In: ACS Photonics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2330-4022. ; 9:9, s. 3094-3101
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Optical phased arrays occupy the predominant position in the solid-state light detection and ranging; however, their applications are limited by high insertion loss, complex control, and the need for tunable lasers. Here, by assembling a quadratic silicon metalens onto the end face of a single-mode fiber array to form a metafiber, we propose an all-solid-state beam steering module. With the introduction of the flat metalens, the module is highly compact, and the field of view may be extremely wide. A large field of view up to about 60° is testified experimentally based on a one-dimensional module. The application for parking space monitoring is also demonstrated based on a two-dimensional module. The beam steering module can be switched between the scanning mode and the flash mode compatibly and can also be extended to a larger scale with a higher scanning precision by increasing the size of the fiber array and scaling the metalens. The presented scheme featured with high compactness, high performance, and good compatibility provides a distinctive beam steering candidate for light detection and ranging or optical wireless communication applications. 
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11.
  • Kristan, Matej, et al. (author)
  • The Visual Object Tracking VOT2017 challenge results
  • 2017
  • In: 2017 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION WORKSHOPS (ICCVW 2017). - : IEEE. - 9781538610343 ; , s. 1949-1972
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2017 is the fifth annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of 51 trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art published at major computer vision conferences or journals in recent years. The evaluation included the standard VOT and other popular methodologies and a new "real-time" experiment simulating a situation where a tracker processes images as if provided by a continuously running sensor. Performance of the tested trackers typically by far exceeds standard baselines. The source code for most of the trackers is publicly available from the VOT page. The VOT2017 goes beyond its predecessors by (i) improving the VOT public dataset and introducing a separate VOT2017 sequestered dataset, (ii) introducing a realtime tracking experiment and (iii) releasing a redesigned toolkit that supports complex experiments. The dataset, the evaluation kit and the results are publicly available at the challenge website(1).
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12.
  • Shi, K., et al. (author)
  • Thermal Vertical Emitter of Ultra-High Directionality Achieved Through Nonreciprocal Magneto-Optical Lattice Resonances
  • 2022
  • In: Advanced Optical Materials. - : Wiley. - 2162-7568 .- 2195-1071. ; 10:24
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Kirchhoff's law shows that reciprocal materials have equal spectral emissivity at two symmetric polar angles, which is a fundamental limit for a thermal emitter to achieve a small angular divergence in the normal direction. Nonreciprocal materials allow violation of Kirchhoff's law as the emissivity at the two symmetric polar angles can be different. However, achieving strong nonreciprocal thermal radiation near zero angle is challenging. In this work, to reduce the power consumption of a light source for e.g. gas sensing, an ultra-high-directional nonreciprocal thermal vertical emitter is proposed, with a periodic structure of magneto-optical material. When B = 3 T or 1.5 T, magneto-optical lattice resonances enable the near-perfect emissivity at 22.36 µm or 22.99 µm at zero angle. The strong nonreciprocity contributed by the collective modes allows for a near-complete violation of Kirchhoff's law at small angles of ±1°. The nonreciprocal emitters have a very small angular divergence (≈1°), which is better than that of the state-of-the-art thermal emitters. The highly directional nonreciprocal thermal emission is robust despite ±25% change in material loss and ±5% fluctuation in structural parameters. This work should inspire the design of high-directional nonreciprocal thermal emitters and their applications in high-resolution thermal imaging, infrared gas sensing, biomedical breath monitoring, and so on.
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13.
  • Takeuchi, Fumihiko, et al. (author)
  • Interethnic analyses of blood pressure loci in populations of East Asian and European descent
  • 2018
  • In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 9:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and more than 200 genetic loci associated with BP are known. Here, we perform a multi-stage genome-wide association study for BP (max N = 289,038) principally in East Asians and meta-analysis in East Asians and Europeans. We report 19 new genetic loci and ancestry-specific BP variants, conforming to a common ancestry-specific variant association model. At 10 unique loci, distinct non-rare ancestry-specific variants colocalize within the same linkage disequilibrium block despite the significantly discordant effects for the proxy shared variants between the ethnic groups. The genome-wide transethnic correlation of causal-variant effect-sizes is 0.898 and 0.851 for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Some of the ancestry-specific association signals are also influenced by a selective sweep. Our results provide new evidence for the role of common ancestry-specific variants and natural selection in ethnic differences in complex traits such as BP.
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14.
  • Wang, Chunyu, et al. (author)
  • Modelling water and energy fluxes with an explicit representation of irrigation under mulch in a maize field
  • 2022
  • In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1923 .- 1873-2240. ; 326
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Globally, water-saving irrigation plays a vital role in agricultural ecosystems to achieve sustainable food pro-duction under climate change. Irrigation under mulch (IUM) system has been widely used in modern agricultural ecosystems due to its high water use efficiency, but it remains unclear how each component of the water and energy processes responds to this agricultural management practice. Current modeling approaches are inade-quate in investigating the impacts of IUM management on water-energy balance, which have shown more complicated than non-mulched management. Therefore, this study provided an explicit simulation of water and energy fluxes in IUM system using a process-oriented ecosystem model-CoupModel and the three years of the eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Based on Monte Carlo and the multiple model performance evaluation criteria, most of the model sensitive parameters were well constrained and 32 potentially important parameters, e.g., iscovevap, the fraction of mulch coverage, were identified to characterize the impacts of plastic mulching on energy balance and water transport. After proper calibration, the coefficient of determination (R2) for measured and simulated soil temperature (T) and soil water content (SWC) was 0.79 and 0.60, respectively, and the R2 for T and SWC during the validation period were 0.91 and 0.71, respectively. Furthermore, we found that there was a strong coupling between the parameters of the water and energy processes, which would restrict the simulation results due to the correlation between the parameters and the evaluation indices. This study presented a sys-tematic model parameters calibration in the agricultural ecosystem implemented with IUM and provided with a more comprehensive understanding of the water and energy balance in cropland. These results would help agricultural model development with more detailed considerations of the water-saving management.
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15.
  • Xing, Fuqiang, et al. (author)
  • 1800MHz Microwave Induces p53 and p53-Mediated Caspase-3 Activation Leading to Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
  • 2016
  • In: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 11:9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Recent studies have reported that exposure of mammalian cells to microwave radiation may have adverse effects such as induction of cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave induced mammalian cell apoptosis are not fully understood. Here, we report a novel mechanism: exposure to 1800MHz microwave radiation induces p53-dependent cell apoptosis through cytochrome c-mediated caspase-3 activation pathway. We first measured intensity of microwave radiation from several electronic devices with an irradiation detector. Mouse NIH/3T3 and human U-87 MG cells were then used as receivers of 1800MHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at a power density of 1209 mW/m(2). Following EMR exposure, cells were analyzed for viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage, p53 expression, and caspase-3 activity. Our analysis revealed that EMR exposure significantly decreased viability of NIH/3T3 and U-87 MG cells, and increased caspase-3 activity. ROS burst was observed at 6 h and 48 h in NIH/3T3 cells, while at 3 h in U-87 MG cells. Hoechst 33258 staining and in situ TUNEL assay detected that EMR exposure increased DNA damage, which was significantly restrained in the presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant). Moreover, EMR exposure increased the levels of p53 protein and p53 target gene expression, promoted cytochrome c release from mitochondrion, and increased caspase-3 activity. These events were inhibited by pretreatment with NAC, pifithrin-alpha (a p53 inhibitor) and caspase inhibitor. Collectively, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that 1800MHz EMR induces apoptosis-related events such as ROS burst and more oxidative DNA damage, which in turn promote p53-dependent caspase-3 activation through release of cytochrome c from mitochondrion. These findings thus provide new insights into physiological mechanisms underlying microwave-induced cell apoptosis.
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16.
  • Zhang, Zhi, et al. (author)
  • Customized Structural Color Filters by Pixel-Level Electrothermal Regulation
  • 2023
  • In: Laser & Photonics reviews. - : Wiley. - 1863-8880 .- 1863-8899. ; 17:5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Reflective structural colors have backlight-free supremacy and can provide energy-efficient and environmental-friendly color production for many applications. However, they are hindered by the complex process and incorrect colors after fabrication. Here, a pixelated electrothermal oxidation technique is proposed that can precisely tailor and produce reflective structural colors covering the entire visible range, providing the possibility for customized structural color filter arrays from a titanium canvas. Furthermore, as a demonstration, a photonic-firework-like color filter array is achieved in a single step via thermal engineering. Based on this one-step-forming color array, a computational spectrometer is also realized featuring a resolvability of 10 nm and operating bandwidth covering the whole visible range. Considering its compactness and mass production capability, this method has numerous potential applications in, e.g., imaging, anti-counterfeiting, printing, color display, and spectroscopy.
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17.
  • Bentham, James, et al. (author)
  • A century of trends in adult human height
  • 2016
  • In: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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18.
  • Bentham, James, et al. (author)
  • A century of trends in adult human height
  • 2016
  • In: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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19.
  • Bi, D., et al. (author)
  • The association between sex-related interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms and the risk for cerebral palsy
  • 2014
  • In: Journal of Neuroinflammation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1742-2094. ; 11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: The relationship between genetic factors and the development of cerebral palsy (CP) has recently attracted much attention. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to be associated with susceptibility to perinatal brain injury and development of CP. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a pivotal role in neonatal brain injury, but conflicting results have been reported regarding the association between IL-6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CP. The purpose of this study was to analyze IL-6 gene polymorphisms and protein expression and to explore the role of IL-6 in the Chinese CP population. Methods: A total of 753 healthy controls and 713 CP patients were studied to detect the presence of five SNPs (rs1800796, rs2069837, rs2066992, rs2069840, and rs10242595) in the IL-6 locus. Of these, 77 healthy controls and 87 CP patients were selected for measurement of plasma IL-6 by Luminex assay. The SHEsis program was used to analyze the genotyping data. For all comparisons; multiple testing on each individual SNP was corrected by the SNPSpD program. Results: There were no differences in allele or genotype frequencies between the overall CP patients and controls among the five genetic polymorphisms. However, subgroup analysis found significant sex-related differences in allele and genotype frequencies. Differences were found between spastic CP and controls in males for rs2069837; between CP with periventricular leukomalacia and controls in males for rs1800796 and rs2066992; and between term CP and controls in males for rs2069837. Plasma IL-6 levels were higher in CP patients than in the controls, and this difference was more robust in full-term male spastic CP patients. Furthermore, the genotype has an effect on IL-6 synthesis. Conclusions: The influence of IL-6 gene polymorphisms on IL-6 synthesis and the susceptibility to CP is related to sex and gestational age.
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20.
  • Campbell, PJ, et al. (author)
  • Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes
  • 2020
  • In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 578:7793, s. 82-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale1–3. Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4–5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter4; identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation5,6; analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution7; describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity8,9; and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes8,10–18.
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21.
  • Cao, Shun, et al. (author)
  • Strong Coupling between a Single Quantum Emitter and a Plasmonic Nanoantenna on a Metallic Film
  • 2022
  • In: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 12:9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The strong coupling between single quantum emitters and resonant optical micro/nanocavities is beneficial for understanding light and matter interactions. Here, we propose a plasmonic nanoantenna placed on a metal film to achieve an ultra-high electric field enhancement in the nanogap and an ultra-small optical mode volume. The strong coupling between a single quantum dot (QD) and the designed structure is investigated in detail by both numerical simulations and theoretical calculations. When a single QD is inserted into the nanogap of the silver nanoantenna, the scattering spectra show a remarkably large splitting and anticrossing behavior of the vacuum Rabi splitting, which can be achieved in the scattering spectra by optimizing the nanoantenna thickness. Our work shows another way to enhance the light/matter interaction at a single quantum emitter limit, which can be useful for many nanophotonic and quantum applications.
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22.
  • Chen, DS, et al. (author)
  • Single cell atlas for 11 non-model mammals, reptiles and birds
  • 2021
  • In: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1, s. 7083-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The availability of viral entry factors is a prerequisite for the cross-species transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Large-scale single-cell screening of animal cells could reveal the expression patterns of viral entry genes in different hosts. However, such exploration for SARS-CoV-2 remains limited. Here, we perform single-nucleus RNA sequencing for 11 non-model species, including pets (cat, dog, hamster, and lizard), livestock (goat and rabbit), poultry (duck and pigeon), and wildlife (pangolin, tiger, and deer), and investigated the co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Furthermore, cross-species analysis of the lung cell atlas of the studied mammals, reptiles, and birds reveals core developmental programs, critical connectomes, and conserved regulatory circuits among these evolutionarily distant species. Overall, our work provides a compendium of gene expression profiles for non-model animals, which could be employed to identify potential SARS-CoV-2 target cells and putative zoonotic reservoirs.
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23.
  • Chen, M., et al. (author)
  • A highly stable optical humidity sensors based on nano-composite film
  • 2019
  • In: Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4005 .- 1873-3077. ; 287, s. 329-337
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We report a highly stable humidity sensor based on nanocomposite film obtained by depositing Au nanoparticles on the surface of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and then modifying NaOH (CdTe@Au/NaOH). The CdTe@Au/NaOH film will form compound salts that can be dissolved or crystallized with humidity changes, resulting in a significant absorption variation of green light, which is very benefit for water vapor detection. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence on the performance of humidity sensing by varying the thickness of Au layer as well as the concentration of NaOH. Our results show that the quickest response-recovery time (˜less than 30 s) was found in the sensing film with the Au layer thickness of 20 nm and NaOH concentration of 1M, which can be ascribed to the combined effects of the better morphology and the yield of compound salts. The repeatable response and recovery measurements demonstrate that the designed sensors exhibit an ultralow humidity detection level with fast response-recovery time, high stability and reproducibility at room temperature. The simplicity, low fabrication cost, and wide working range of the humidity sensor will pave the way for its application in environments and gas detection.
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24.
  • Chen, M. J., et al. (author)
  • Association of Interleukin 6 gene polymorphisms with genetic susceptibilities to spastic tetraplegia in males: A case-control study
  • 2013
  • In: Cytokine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1043-4666. ; 61:3, s. 826-830
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of non-progressive motor impairment and permanent disorders causing limitation of activity and abnormal posture. It may be caused by infection (such as chorioamnionitis), asphyxia or multiple genetic factors. The Interleukin 6 gene (IL6) was suggested to be involved in the susceptibilities to CP risk as a kind of proinflammatory cytokine. Objective To explore the genetic association between the polymorphisms of the IL6 gene and CP in the Chinese population. Methods A total of 542 CP patients and 483 healthy control children were recruited in this study to detect five single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1800796, rs2069837, rs2066992, rs2069840, and rs10242595) in the IL6 locus. Genotyping of SNPs was performed by the MassArray platform-based genotyping approach. The SHEsis program was applied to analyze the genotyping data. Results Of the five selected SNPs, no significant allelic and genotypic association was found between CP patients and controls. However, subgroup analysis found significant differences in allele frequencies between spastic tetraplegia in males compared with controls at rs1800796 (OR = 1.39, P = 0.033, P = 0.099 after SNPSpD correction) and rs2069837 (OR = 1.58, P = 0.012, P = 0.035 after SNPSpD correction). The frequencies of the C allele of rs1800796 and the A allele of rs2069837 were greater in males with spastic tetraplegia than in the controls. The two SNPs haplotype rs1800796 (G) – rs2069837 (G) were also associated with a decreased risk of spastic tetraplegia in males (OR = 0.619, P = 0.009, P = 0.027 after Bonferroni correction). Conclusion Genetic variation of the IL6 gene may influence susceptibility to spastic tetraplegia in males and its role in cerebral palsy deserves further evaluation in a large-scale and well-designed study.
  •  
25.
  • Chen, Yuqing, et al. (author)
  • A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns : the issues, strategies, and testing standards
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Energy Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 2095-4956 .- 2096-885X. ; 59, s. 83-99
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Efficient and reliable energy storage systems are crucial for our modern society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with excellent performance are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles (EVs), but frequent fires and explosions limit their further and more widespread applications. This review summarizes aspects of LIB safety and discusses the related issues, strategies, and testing standards. Specifically, it begins with a brief introduction to LIB working principles and cell structures, and then provides an overview of the notorious thermal runaway, with an emphasis on the effects of mechanical, electrical, and thermal abuse. The following sections examine strategies for improving cell safety, including approaches through cell chemistry, cooling, and balancing, afterwards describing current safety standards and corresponding tests. The review concludes with insights into potential future developments and the prospects for safer LIBs.
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26.
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27.
  • Danaei, Goodarz, et al. (author)
  • Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331288 participants
  • 2015
  • In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. - 2213-8595 .- 2213-8587. ; 3:8, s. 624-637
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA(1c). We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA(1c) (HbA(1c) >= 6 . 5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG >= 7 . 0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT >= 11 . 1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG- or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r= 0 . 98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA(1c) was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42 . 8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41 . 6%; in the other 15 . 6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA(1c)-based prevalences was partly related to participants' age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA(1c) 6 . 5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52 . 8% (95% CI 51 . 3-54 . 3%) and a pooled specificity of 99 . 74% (99 . 71-99 . 78%) compared with FPG 7 . 0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was 30 . 5% (28 . 7-32 . 3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA(1c) versus FPG. Interpretation Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA(1c)-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test.
  •  
28.
  • de Vries, Paul S., et al. (author)
  • Multiancestry Genome-Wide Association Study of Lipid Levels Incorporating Gene-Alcohol Interactions
  • 2019
  • In: American Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0002-9262 .- 1476-6256. ; 188:6, s. 1033-1054
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A person's lipid profile is influenced by genetic variants and alcohol consumption, but the contribution of interactions between these exposures has not been studied. We therefore incorporated gene-alcohol interactions into a multiancestry genome-wide association study of levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. We included 45 studies in stage 1 (genome-wide discovery) and 66 studies in stage 2 (focused follow-up), for a total of 394,584 individuals from 5 ancestry groups. Analyses covered the period July 2014-November 2017. Genetic main effects and interaction effects were jointly assessed by means of a 2-degrees-of-freedom (df) test, and a 1-df test was used to assess the interaction effects alone. Variants at 495 loci were at least suggestively associated (P < 1 x 10(-6)) with lipid levels in stage 1 and were evaluated in stage 2, followed by combined analyses of stage 1 and stage 2. In the combined analysis of stages 1 and 2, a total of 147 independent loci were associated with lipid levels at P < 5 x 10(-8) using 2-df tests, of which 18 were novel. No genome-wide-significant associations were found testing the interaction effect alone. The novel loci included several genes (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (PCSK5), vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB), and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1 (APOBEC1) complementation factor (A1CF)) that have a putative role in lipid metabolism on the basis of existing evidence from cellular and experimental models.
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29.
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30.
  • Feng, Ruizhi, et al. (author)
  • Mutations in TUBB8 and Human Oocyte Meiotic Arrest.
  • 2016
  • In: The New England journal of medicine. - 1533-4406. ; 374:3, s. 223-232
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background Human reproduction depends on the fusion of a mature oocyte with a sperm cell to form a fertilized egg. The genetic events that lead to the arrest of human oocyte maturation are unknown. Methods We sequenced the exomes of five members of a four-generation family, three of whom had infertility due to oocyte meiosis I arrest. We performed Sanger sequencing of a candidate gene, TUBB8, in DNA samples from these members, additional family members, and members of 23 other affected families. The expression of TUBB8 and all other β-tubulin isotypes was assessed in human oocytes, early embryos, sperm cells, and several somatic tissues by means of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay. We evaluated the effect of the TUBB8 mutations on the assembly of the heterodimer consisting of one α-tubulin polypeptide and one β-tubulin polypeptide (α/β-tubulin heterodimer) in vitro, on microtubule architecture in HeLa cells, on microtubule dynamics in yeast cells, and on spindle assembly in mouse and human oocytes. Results We identified seven mutations in the primate-specific gene TUBB8 that were responsible for oocyte meiosis I arrest in 7 of the 24 families. TUBB8 expression is unique to oocytes and the early embryo, in which this gene accounts for almost all the expressed β-tubulin. The mutations affect chaperone-dependent folding and assembly of the α/β-tubulin heterodimer, disrupt microtubule behavior on expression in cultured cells, alter microtubule dynamics in vivo, and cause catastrophic spindle-assembly defects and maturation arrest on expression in mouse and human oocytes. Conclusions TUBB8 mutations have dominant-negative effects that disrupt microtubule behavior and oocyte meiotic spindle assembly and maturation, causing female infertility. (Funded by the National Basic Research Program of China and others.).
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31.
  • He, Lixia, et al. (author)
  • An Analysis of Current and Electric Field Pulses Associated With Upward Negative Lightning Flashes Initiated from the Santis Tower
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. - 2169-897X .- 2169-8996. ; 123:8, s. 4045-4059
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present a study on the characteristics of current and electric field pulses associated with upward lightning flashes initiated from the instrumented Santis Tower in Switzerland. The electric field was measured 15km from the tower. Upward flashes always begin with the initial stage composed of the upward-leader phase and the initial-continuous-current (ICC) phase. Four types of current pulses are identified and analyzed in the paper: (1) return-stroke pulses, which occur after the extinction of the ICC and are preceded by essentially no-current time intervals; (2) mixed-mode ICC pulses, defined as fast pulses superimposed on the ICC, which have characteristics very similar to those of return strokes and are believed to be associated with the reactivation of a decayed branch or the connection of a newly created channel to the ICC-carrying channel at relatively small junction heights; (3) classical M-component pulses superimposed on the continuing current following some return strokes; and (4) M-component-type ICC pulses, presumably associated with the reactivation of a decayed branch or the connection of a newly created channel to the ICC-carrying channel at relatively large junction heights. We consider a data set consisting of 9 return-stroke pulses, 70 mixed-mode ICC pulses, 11 classical M-component pulses, and 19 M-component-type ICC pulses (a total of 109 pulses). The salient characteristics of the current and field waveforms are analyzed. A new criterion is proposed to distinguish between mixed-mode and M-component-type pulses, which is based on the current waveform features. The characteristics of M-component-type pulses during the initial stage are found to be similar to those of classical M-component pulses occurring during the continuing current after some return strokes. It is also found that about 41% of mixed-mode ICC pulses were preceded by microsecond-scale pulses occurring in electric field records some hundreds of microseconds prior to the onset of the current, very similar to microsecond-scale electric field pulses observed for M-component-type ICC pulses and which can be attributed to the junction of an in-cloud leader channel to the current-carrying channel to ground. Classical M-component pulses and M-component-type ICC pulses tend to have larger risetimes ranging from 6.3 to 430s. On the other hand, return-stroke pulses and mixed-mode ICC pulses have current risetimes ranging from 0.5 to 28s. Finally, our data suggest that the 8-s criterion for the current risetime proposed by Flache et al. is a reasonable tool to distinguish between return strokes and classical M-components. However, mixed-mode ICC pulses superimposed on the ICC can sometimes have considerably longer risetimes, up to about 28s, as observed in this study.
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32.
  • He, Lixia, et al. (author)
  • Electromagnetic Fields Associated With the M-Component Mode of Charge Transfer
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 2169-897X .- 2169-8996. ; 124:13, s. 6791-6809
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In upward flashes, charge transfer to ground largely takes place during the initial continuous current (ICC) and its superimposed pulses (ICC pulses). ICC pulses can be associated with either M-component or leader/return-stroke-like modes of charge transfer to ground. In the latter case, the downward leader/return stroke process is believed to take place in a decayed branch or a newly created channel connected to the ICC-carrying channel at relatively short distance from the tower top, resulting in the so-called mixed mode of charge transfer to ground. In this paper, we study the electromagnetic fields associated with the M-component charge transfer mode using simultaneous records of electric fields and currents associated with upward flashes initiated from the Santis Tower. The effect of the mountainous terrain on the propagation of electromagnetic fields associated with the M-component charge transfer mode (including classical M-component pulses and M-component-type pulses superimposed on the initial continuous current) is analyzed and compared with its effect on the fields associated with the return stroke (occurring after the extinction of the ICC) and mixed charge transfer modes. For the analysis, we use a 2-Dimentional Finite-Difference Time Domain method, in which the M-component is modeled by the superposition of a downward current wave and an upward current wave resulting from the reflection at the bottom of the lightning channel (Rakov et al., 1995, model) and the return stroke and mixed mode are modeled adopting the MTLE (Modified Transmission Line with Exponential Current Decay with Height) model. The finite ground conductivity and the mountainous propagation terrain between the Santis Tower and the field sensor located 15 km away at Herisau are taken into account. The effects of the mountainous path on the electromagnetic fields are examined for classical M-component and M-component-type ICC pulses. Use is made of the propagation factors defined as the ratio of the electric or magnetic field peak evaluated along the mountainous terrain to the field peak evaluated for a flat terrain. The velocity of the M-component pulse is found to have a significant effect on the risetime of the electromagnetic fields. A faster traveling wave speed results in larger peaks for the magnetic field. However, the peak of the electric field appears to be insensitive to the M-component wave speed. This can be explained by the fact that at 15 km, the electric field is still dominated by the static component, which mainly depends on the overall transferred charge. The contribution of the radiation component to the M-component fields at 100 km accounts for about 77% of the peak electric field and 81% of the peak magnetic field, considerably lower compared to the contribution of the radiation component to the return stroke fields at the same distance. The simulation results show that neither the electric nor the magnetic field propagation factors are very sensitive to the risetimes of the current pulses. However, the results indicate a high variability of the propagation factors as a function of the branch-to-channel junction point height. For junction point heights of about 1 km, the propagation factors reach a value of about 1.6 for the E-field and 1.9 for the H-field. For a junction height greater than 6 km, the E-field factor becomes slightly lower than 1. The obtained results are consistent with the findings of Li, Azadifar, Rachidi, Rubinstein, Paolone, et al. (2016, ) in which an electric field propagation factor of 1. 8 was inferred for return strokes and mixed-mode pulses, considering that junction points lower than 1 km or so would result in a mixed mode of charge transfer, in which a downward leader/return-stroke-like process is believed to take place. It is also found that the field enhancement (propagation factor) for return stroke mode is higher for larger ground conductivities. Furthermore, the enhancement effect tends to decrease with increasing current risetime, except for very short risetimes (less than 2.5 mu s or so) for which the tendency reverses. Finally, model-predicted fields associated with different charge transfer modes, namely, return stroke, mixed-mode, classical M-component, and M-component-type ICC pulse are compared with experimental observations at the Santis Tower. It is found that the vertical electric field waveforms computed considering the mountainous terrain are in very good agreement with the observed data. The adopted parameters of the models that provide the best match with the measured field waveforms were consistent with observations. The values for the current decay height constant adopted in the return stroke and mixed-mode models (1.0 km for the return stroke and 0.8 km for the mixed-mode pulse) are lower than the value of 2.0 km typically used in the literature.
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33.
  • He, Xingkang, et al. (author)
  • EVENT-TRIGGERED DISTRIBUTED ESTIMATION WITH DECAYING COMMUNICATION RATE
  • 2022
  • In: SIAM Journal of Control and Optimization. - : Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM). - 0363-0129 .- 1095-7138. ; 60:2, s. 992-1017
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We study distributed estimation of a high-dimensional static parameter vector through a group of sensors whose communication network is modeled by a fixed directed graph. Different from existing time-triggered communication schemes, an event-triggered asynchronous scheme is investigated in order to reduce communication while preserving estimation convergence. A distributed estimation algorithm with a single step size is first proposed based on an event-triggered communication scheme with a time-dependent decaying threshold. With the event-triggered scheme, each sensor sends its estimate to neighbor sensors only when the difference between the current estimate and the last sent-out estimate is larger than the triggering threshold. Different sensors can have different step sizes and triggering thresholds, enabling the parameter estimation process to be conducted in a fully distributed way. We prove that the proposed algorithm has mean-square and almost-sure convergence, respectively, under an integrated condition of sensor network topology and sensor measurement matrices. The condition is satisfied if the topology is a balanced digraph containing a spanning tree and the system is collectively observable. The collective observability is the possibly mildest condition, since it is a spatially and temporally collective condition of all sensors and allows sensor measurement matrices to be time-varying, stochastic, and nonstationary. Moreover, we provide estimates for the convergence rates, which are related to the step size as well as the triggering threshold. Furthermore, as an essential metric of sensor communication intensity in the event-triggered distributed algorithms, the communication rate is proved to decay to zero with a certain speed almost surely as time goes to infinity. In addition, we show that it is feasible to tune the threshold and the step size such that requirements of algorithm convergence and communication rate decay are satisfied simultaneously. We also show that given the step size, adjusting the decay speed of the triggering threshold can lead to a tradeoff between the convergence rate of the estimation error and the decay speed of the communication rate. Specifically, increasing the decay speed of the threshold would make the communication rate decay faster but reduce the convergence rate of the estimation error. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the developed results.
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34.
  • Jin, Ruinan, et al. (author)
  • ON THE CONVERGENCE OF MSGD AND ADAGRAD FOR STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION
  • 2022
  • In: ICLR 2022. - : International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • As one of the most fundamental stochastic optimization algorithms, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has been intensively developed and extensively applied in machine learning in the past decade. There have been some modified SGD-type algorithms, which outperform the SGD in many competitions and applications in terms of convergence rate and accuracy, such as momentum-based SGD (mSGD) and adaptive gradient algorithm (AdaGrad). Despite these empirical successes, the theoretical properties of these algorithms have not been well established due to technical difficulties. With this motivation, we focus on convergence analysis of mSGD and AdaGrad for any smooth (possibly non-convex) loss functions in stochastic optimization. First, we prove that the iterates of mSGD are asymptotically convergent to a connected set of stationary points with probability one, which is more general than existing works on subsequence convergence or convergence of time averages. Moreover, we prove that the loss function of mSGD decays at a certain rate faster than that of SGD. In addition, we prove the iterates of AdaGrad are asymptotically convergent to a connected set of stationary points with probability one. Also, this result extends the results from the literature on subsequence convergence and the convergence of time averages. Despite the generality of the above convergence results, we have relaxed some assumptions of gradient noises, convexity of loss functions, as well as boundedness of iterates.
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35.
  • Kostka, Kristin, et al. (author)
  • Unraveling COVID-19: A Large-Scale Characterization of 4.5 Million COVID-19 Cases Using CHARYBDIS.
  • 2022
  • In: Clinical epidemiology. - 1179-1349. ; 14, s. 369-384
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Routinely collected real world data (RWD) have great utility in aiding the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic response. Here we present the international Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) Characterizing Health Associated Risks and Your Baseline Disease In SARS-COV-2 (CHARYBDIS) framework for standardisation and analysis of COVID-19 RWD.We conducted a descriptive retrospective database study using a federated network of data partners in the United States, Europe (the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, Germany, France and Italy) and Asia (South Korea and China). The study protocol and analytical package were released on 11th June 2020 and are iteratively updated via GitHub. We identified three non-mutually exclusive cohorts of 4,537,153 individuals with a clinical COVID-19 diagnosis or positive test, 886,193 hospitalized with COVID-19, and 113,627 hospitalized with COVID-19 requiring intensive services.We aggregated over 22,000 unique characteristics describing patients with COVID-19. All comorbidities, symptoms, medications, and outcomes are described by cohort in aggregate counts and are readily available online. Globally, we observed similarities in the USA and Europe: more women diagnosed than men but more men hospitalized than women, most diagnosed cases between 25 and 60 years of age versus most hospitalized cases between 60 and 80 years of age. South Korea differed with more women than men hospitalized. Common comorbidities included type 2 diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and heart disease. Common presenting symptoms were dyspnea, cough and fever. Symptom data availability was more common in hospitalized cohorts than diagnosed.We constructed a global, multi-centre view to describe trends in COVID-19 progression, management and evolution over time. By characterising baseline variability in patients and geography, our work provides critical context that may otherwise be misconstrued as data quality issues. This is important as we perform studies on adverse events of special interest in COVID-19 vaccine surveillance.
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36.
  • Kristan, Matej, et al. (author)
  • The Visual Object Tracking VOT2015 challenge results
  • 2015
  • In: Proceedings 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops ICCVW 2015. - : IEEE. - 9780769557205 ; , s. 564-586
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Visual Object Tracking challenge 2015, VOT2015, aims at comparing short-term single-object visual trackers that do not apply pre-learned models of object appearance. Results of 62 trackers are presented. The number of tested trackers makes VOT 2015 the largest benchmark on short-term tracking to date. For each participating tracker, a short description is provided in the appendix. Features of the VOT2015 challenge that go beyond its VOT2014 predecessor are: (i) a new VOT2015 dataset twice as large as in VOT2014 with full annotation of targets by rotated bounding boxes and per-frame attribute, (ii) extensions of the VOT2014 evaluation methodology by introduction of a new performance measure. The dataset, the evaluation kit as well as the results are publicly available at the challenge website(1).
  •  
37.
  • Kristan, Matej, et al. (author)
  • The Visual Object Tracking VOT2016 Challenge Results
  • 2016
  • In: COMPUTER VISION - ECCV 2016 WORKSHOPS, PT II. - Cham : SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG. - 9783319488813 - 9783319488806 ; , s. 777-823
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2016 aims at comparing short-term single-object visual trackers that do not apply pre-learned models of object appearance. Results of 70 trackers are presented, with a large number of trackers being published at major computer vision conferences and journals in the recent years. The number of tested state-of-the-art trackers makes the VOT 2016 the largest and most challenging benchmark on short-term tracking to date. For each participating tracker, a short description is provided in the Appendix. The VOT2016 goes beyond its predecessors by (i) introducing a new semi-automatic ground truth bounding box annotation methodology and (ii) extending the evaluation system with the no-reset experiment.
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38.
  • Lee, Chunsik, et al. (author)
  • VEGF-B prevents excessive angiogenesis by inhibiting FGF2/FGFR1 pathway
  • 2023
  • In: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY. - : SPRINGERNATURE. - 2095-9907 .- 2059-3635. ; 8:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Although VEGF-B was discovered as a VEGF-A homolog a long time ago, the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B remains poorly understood with limited and diverse findings from different groups. Notwithstanding, drugs that inhibit VEGF-B together with other VEGF family members are being used to treat patients with various neovascular diseases. It is therefore critical to have a better understanding of the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B and the underlying mechanisms. Using comprehensive in vitro and in vivo methods and models, we reveal here for the first time an unexpected and surprising function of VEGF-B as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis by inhibiting the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway when the latter is abundantly expressed. Mechanistically, we unveil that VEGF-B binds to FGFR1, induces FGFR1/VEGFR1 complex formation, and suppresses FGF2-induced Erk activation, and inhibits FGF2-driven angiogenesis and tumor growth. Our work uncovers a previously unrecognized novel function of VEGF-B in tethering the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway. Given the anti-angiogenic nature of VEGF-B under conditions of high FGF2/FGFR1 levels, caution is warranted when modulating VEGF-B activity to treat neovascular diseases.
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39.
  • Li, Xing, et al. (author)
  • Enhanced Photocurrent Density by Spin-Coated NiO Photocathodes for N-Annulated Perylene-Based p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
  • 2016
  • In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 8:30, s. 19393-19401
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The low photocurrent density of p-type dye sensitized solar cells (p-DSSCs) has limited the development of high-efficiency tandem cells due to the inadequate light harvesting ability of sensitizers and the low hole mobility of semiconductors. Hereby, two new "push-pull" type organic dyes (PQ-1 and PQ-2) containing N-annulated perylene as electron donor have been synthesized, where the PQ-2-based p-DSSCs show higher photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.316% owing to the higher molar extinction compared to of that PQ-1. Additionally, the photocurrent densities were remarkably increased from 2.20 to 5.85 mA cm(-2) for PQ-1 and 2.45 to 6.69 mA cm(-2) for PQ-2 by spin coated NiO photocathode based-p-DSSCs, respectively. This results are ascribed to the enhancement of hole transport rate, dye loading amounts and transparency of NiO films in comparison to that prepared by screen-printing method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and theoretical calculations studies indicate that the molecular dipole moment approaching closer to the NiO surface shifts the quasi-Fermi level to more positive levels, improving,open-circuit voltage (V-oc). Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy illustrates that the hole transit time in NiO films prepared in spin-coating is shorter than that prepared by screen-printing method.
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40.
  • Li, Xing, et al. (author)
  • Molecular engineering of D-A-pi-A sensitizers for highly efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : RSC Publishing. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 5:7, s. 3157-3166
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Two newquinoxaline-based D-A-pi-A organic sensitizers AQ309 and AQ310 have been designed and synthesized employing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) as plinker units, respectively. The new AQ309 and AQ310 dyes have been applied in all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs). An impressive record photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.0% for AQ310-based ssDSSCs using Spiro-OMeTAD as the hole transport material (HTM) was obtained under standard AM 1.5 (100 mW cm (2)) solar intensity. This clearly outperforms the PCE of the state-of-theart organic D-pi-A dye LEG4-based devices showing a PCE of 7.3% under the same conditions. Moreover, an excellent high PCE of 8.6% was also recorded for AQ310-based devices under 50% solar intensity. Meanwhile, the AQ310-based ssDSSCs showed a much longer electron lifetime according to the transient photovoltage decay measurement, demonstrating lower charge recombination losses in the devices. Photo-induced absorption spectroscopy (PIA) indicated that AQ310 could be more efficiently regenerated by Spiro-OMeTAD. These results show that molecular engineering is a promising strategy to develop D-A-pi-A organic sensitizers for highly efficient ssDSSCs.
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41.
  • Li, Zongbao, et al. (author)
  • High throughput trapping and arrangement of biological cells using self-assembled optical tweezer
  • 2018
  • In: Optics Express. - : OPTICAL SOC AMER. - 1094-4087. ; 26:26, s. 34665-34674
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Lately, a fiber-based optical tweezer that traps and arranges the micro/nanoparticles is crucial in practical applications, because such a device can trap the biological samples and drive them to the designated position in a microfluidic system or vessel without harming them. Here, we report a new type of fiber optical tweezer, which can trap and arrange erythrocytes. It is prepared by coating graphene on the cross section of a microfiber. Our results demonstrate that thermal-gradient-induced natural convection flow and thermophoresis can trap the erythrocytes under low incident power, and the optical scattering force can arrange them precisely under higher incident power. The proposed optical tweezer has high flexibility, easy fabrication, and high integration with lab-on-a-chip, and shows considerable potential for application in various fields, such as biophysics, biochemistry, and life sciences.
  •  
42.
  • Li, Zongbao, et al. (author)
  • Upconversion Luminescence of Graphene Oxide through Hybrid Waveguide
  • 2018
  • In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 122:29, s. 16866-16871
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Phonon-assisted upconversion is a promising way to generate short-wavelength emissions under excitation of long wavelength based on unique anti-Stokes luminescence properties. Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) exhibit excellent optical properties owing to quantum confinement and edge effects, which have driven research into fundamental principles and potential applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate upconversion emission by exciting an easily fabricated GON hybrid waveguide (GHVV) with enhanced photothermal effects. The results reveal different origins of short-wavelength range and long-wavelength range in the upconversion spectra, whereas the emissive surface defects of GONs and GHW structure play significant roles in the behavior of photoluminescence. Introducing other upconversion materials to promote emission efficiency, the hybrid waveguide system might readily provide the possibility for the construction of upconversion fiber lasers and remote control of the upconversion luminescence.
  •  
43.
  • Liao, Xunfan, et al. (author)
  • Regulating Favorable Morphology Evolution by a Simple Liquid-Crystalline Small Molecule Enables Organic Solar Cells with over 17% Efficiency and a Remarkable J(sc) of 26.56 mA/cm(2)
  • 2021
  • In: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 33:1, s. 430-440
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Liquid crystal small molecules (LCSMs) are manifested as the effective additives to regulate the morphology of active layers and elevate the performance of ternary organic solar cells (TOSCs) in fullerene systems. However, the current studies for TOSCs based on efficient LCSMs are most out of the LC phase transition temperature, which is not conducive to accurately disclosure the effect of LCSMs on the morphology evolution. Besides, the inner working mechanism of LCSMs has not been investigated systematically and in-depth. Herein, a structurally simple donor-acceptor-donor type LCSM DFBT-TT6 with a low liquid crystal phase transition temperature is utilized as the third component to construct TOSCs based on a highly efficient nonfullerene system PM6:Y6. To unveil the work mechanism of LCSMs on the TOSCs performance and eliminate other interferences simultaneously, a structurally similar non-LCSM DFBT-DT6 with a low glass-transition temperature is further synthesized for a more clear comparison. Interestingly, the addition of DFBT-TT6 can delicately control the crystallinity and phase separation of PM6:Y6, rendering the optimized morphology with only 3 wt % DFBT-TT6. In contrast, the non-LCSM DFBT-DT6 shows a negligible effect on morphology regulation, indicating the unique ability of LC molecules in morphology control. The underlying working mechanism is revealed by the combined study of miscibility and the wetting coefficient of the blends, elucidating that the LCSM DFBT-TT6 has good compatibility with PM6 and Y6. Therefore, DFBT-TT6 is more prone to being located at the interface of PM6 and Y6, and it is energetically favorable for charge transfer. The aforementioned favorable morphology evolution is associated with improved crystallinity, phase separation, charge transfer, exciton dissociation, and collection efficiency, ultimately boosting the power conversion efficiency of TOSCs from 15.76% to 17.05% with a remarkable short-circuit current density of 26.56 mA/cm(2). This work not only offers deep insight into the LCSM induced morphology evolution but also puts forward an affordable strategy to achieve high-performance TOSCs.
  •  
44.
  • Lin, Huagang, et al. (author)
  • Polymer-based planar waveguide chirped Bragg grating for high-resolution tactile sensing
  • 2022
  • In: Optics Express. - : Optica Publishing Group. - 1094-4087. ; 30:12, s. 20871-20882
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A novel tactile sensor for two-dimensional force location measurements, based on polymer-based planar waveguide chirped Bragg gratings (PPCBGs) fabricated on sheet PMMA substrate, is presented. The planar waveguide and chirped Bragg grating are simultaneously generated using a KrF excimer laser and a phase mask covered by a quartz chrome mask. Location and magnitude of an applied force is measured by observing the change of the wavelength of a dip in the measured spectrum and a change in the reflectivity intensity. Experimental characterization indicates submillimeter spatial resolution of applied force in the range of 1-4 N with a sensitivity of 947.02 pm/mm.
  •  
45.
  • Ling, Jun, et al. (author)
  • Enhanced channel estimation and efficient symbol detection in MIMO underwater acoustic communications
  • 2009
  • In: Conference Record of the Forty-Third Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. - : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781424458257 ; , s. 600-604
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Effective training sequences and reliable channel estimation algorithms are essential for enhancing the performance of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic communications (UAC). Also, effective interference cancellation schemes are crucial for reliable symbol detection. In this paper, the problem of designing MIMO training sequences is considered. Moreover, we present a sparse learning via iterative minimization (SLIM) algorithm for enhanced channel estimation and reduced computational complexity. Furthermore, RELAX-BLAST, a linear minimum mean-squared error based symbol detection scheme, is implemented efficiently by exploiting the conjugate gradient method and diagonalization properties of circulant matrices. The proposed MIMO UAC techniques are evaluated using both simulated and experimental examples.
  •  
46.
  • Ling, Jun, et al. (author)
  • On Bayesian channel estimation and FFT-based symbol detection in MIMO underwater acoustic communications
  • 2014
  • In: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. - 0364-9059 .- 1558-1691. ; 39:1, s. 59-73
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Reliable channel estimation and effective interference cancellation are essential for enhancing the performance of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic communication (UAC) systems. In this paper, an efficient user-parameter-free Bayesian approach, referred to as sparse learning via iterative minimization (SLIM), is presented. SLIM provides good channel estimation performance along with reduced computational complexity compared to iterative adaptive approach (IAA). Moreover, RELAX-BLAST, which is a linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE)-based symbol detection scheme, is implemented efficiently by making use of the conjugate gradient (CG) method and diagonalization properties of circulant matrices. The proposed algorithm requires only simple fast Fourier transform (FFT) operations and facilitates parallel implementations. These MIMO UAC techniques are evaluated using both simulated and in-water experimental examples. The 2008 Surface Processes and Acoustic Communications Experiment (SPACE08) experimental results show that the proposed MIMO UAC schemes can enjoy almost error-free performance even under severe ocean environments.
  •  
47.
  • Liu, Tao, et al. (author)
  • 16% efficiency all-polymer organic solar cells enabled by a finely tuned morphology via the design of ternary blend
  • 2021
  • In: Joule. - : CELL PRESS. - 2542-4351. ; 5:4, s. 914-930
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A SUMMARY There is an urgent demand for all-polymer organic solar cells (AP-OSCs) to gain higher efficiency. Here, we successfully improve the performance to 16.09% by introducing a small amount of BN-T, a B <- N-type polymer acceptor, into the PM6:PY-IT blend. It has been found that BN-T makes the active layer, based on the PM6:PY-IT:BN-T ternary blend, more crystalline but meanwhile slightly reduces the phase separation, leading to enhancement of both exciton harvesting and charge transport. From a thermodynamic viewpoint, BN-T prefers to reside between PM6 and PY-IT, and the fraction of this fine-tunes the morphology. Besides, a significantly reduced nonradiative energy loss occurs in the ternary blend, along with the coexistence of energy and charge transfer between the two acceptors. The progressive performance facilitated by these improved properties demonstrates that AP-OSCs can possibly comparably efficient with those based on small molecule acceptors, further enhancing the competitiveness of this device type.
  •  
48.
  • Luo, Yifei, et al. (author)
  • Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
  • 2023
  • In: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society. - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:6, s. 5211-5295
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
  •  
49.
  • Luo, Yang, et al. (author)
  • Three-dimensional and temperature-dependent electronic structure of the heavy-fermion compound CePt2In7 studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
  • 2020
  • In: Physical Review B. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 101:11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The three-dimensional and temperature-dependent electronic structures of the heavy-fermion superconductor CePt2In7 are investigated. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using variable photon energy establishes the existence of quasi-two- and three-dimensional Fermi surface topologies. Temperature-dependent 4d-4f on-resonance photoemission spectroscopies data reveal that heavy quasiparticle bands begin to form at a temperature well above the characteristic (coherence) temperature T+. The emergence of low-lying crystal electric field excitation may be responsible for the "relocalization" or the precursor to the establishment of heavy electrons coherence in heavy-fermion compounds. These findings provide critical insight into understanding the hybridization in heavy-fermion systems.
  •  
50.
  • Malinsky, Michal, et al. (author)
  • Non-unitary neutrino mixing and CP violation in the minimal inverse seesaw model
  • 2009
  • In: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 679:3, s. 242-248
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We propose a simplified version of the inverse seesaw model, in which only two pairs of the gauge-singlet neutrinos are introduced, to interpret the observed neutrino mass hierarchy and lepton flavor mixing at or below the TeV scale. This "minimal" inverse seesaw scenario (MISS) is technically natural and experimentally testable. In particular, we show that the effective parameters describing the non-unitary neutrino mixing matrix are strongly correlated in the MISS, and thus, their upper bounds can be constrained by current experimental data in a more restrictive way. The Jarlskog invariants of non-unitary CP violation are calculated, and the discovery potential of such new CP-violating effects in the near detector of a neutrino factory is discussed.
  •  
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