| 1. |
- Abom, A.E., et al.
(author)
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Characterization of the metal-insulator interface of field-effect chemical sensors
- 2003
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 93:12, s. 9760-9768
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The metal-insulator interface of hydrogen-sensitive metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors, with SiO2 as the insulator and Pt as the metal contact, was discussed. It was found that the difference in hydrogen response between differently prepared devices was explained by a difference in concentration of available adsorption sites. The analysis showed that the concentration of Pt atoms in contact with the oxide affected both the hydrogen response and the metal-oxide adhesion.
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| 2. |
- Bendsen, Nathalie T., et al.
(author)
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Effect of industrially produced trans fat on markers of systemic inflammation : evidence from a randomized trial in women
- 2011
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In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 52:10, s. 1821-1828
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Consumption of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) has been positively associated with systemic markers of low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in cross-sectional studies, but results from intervention studies are inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted a 16 week double-blind parallel intervention study with the objective to examine the effect of IP-TFA intake on bio-markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Fifty-two healthy overweight postmenopausal women (49 completers) were randomly assigned to receive either partially hydrogenated soybean oil (15.7 g/day IP-TFA) or control oil without IP-TFA. After 16 weeks, IP-TFA intake increased baseline-adjusted serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha by 12% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5-20; P = 0.002] more in the IP-TFA group compared with controls. Plasma soluble TNF receptors 1 and 2 were also increased by IP-TFA [155 pg/ml (CI: 63-247); P < 0.001 and 480 pg/ml (CI: 72-887); P = 0.02, respectively]. Serum C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL) 6 and adiponectin and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue mRNA expression of IL6, IL8, TNF alpha, and adiponectin as well as ceramide content were not affected by IP-TFA, nor was urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin-F(2 alpha). In conclusion, this dietary trial indicates that the mechanisms linking dietary IP-TFA to cardiovascular disease may involve activation of the TNF alpha system.
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| 3. |
- Bengtsson, Caroline, et al.
(author)
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Incident chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with impaired sleep quality: Results of the RhiNE study
- 2019
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In: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. - : American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). - 1550-9389 .- 1550-9397. ; 15:6, s. 899-905
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Study Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Associations between CRS and poor sleep quality have been reported. This 10-year follow-up study investigates possible associations between incident CRS and sleep quality. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 16,500 individuals in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Estonia in 2000. It included questions on airway diseases, age, sex, body mass index, smoking habits, comorbidities, education and sleep quality. In 2010, a second questionnaire was sent to the same individuals, with a response rate of 53%. A subgroup of 5,145 individuals without nasal symptoms in 2000 was studied. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine associations between CRS (defined according to the European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps epidemiological criteria) at follow-up and sleep quality, with adjustment for potential confounders. Individuals with the respective sleep problem at baseline were excluded. Results: Over 10 years, 141 (2.7%) of the individuals without nasal symptoms in 2000 had developed CRS. CRS was associated with difficulties inducing sleep (adjusted odds ratio 2.81 [95% CI 1.67–4.70]), difficulties maintaining sleep (2.07 [1.35–3.18]), early morning awakening (3.03 [1.91–4.81]), insomnia (2.21 [1.46–3.35]), excessive daytime sleepiness (2.85 [1.79–4.55]), and snoring (3.31 [2.07–5.31]). Three insomnia symptoms at baseline increased the risk of CRS at follow-up by 5.00 (1.93–12.99). Conclusions: Incident CRS is associated with impaired sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness. Insomnia symptoms may be a risk factor for the development of CRS. © 2019 American Academy of Sleep Medicine. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Berlind, Torun, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Microstructure, mechanical properties, and wetting behaviorof Si-C-N thin films grown by reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2001
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In: Surface and Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0257-8972. ; 141:2-3, s. 145-155
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Silicon–carbon–nitride (Si–C–N) thin films were deposited by reactive magnetron co-sputtering of C and Si targets in a mixed Ar/N2 discharge. Films were grown to a thickness of more than 0.5 μm on graphite and Si(001) substrates held at a negative floating potential of −35 V, and substrate temperature between 100 and 700°C. The total pressure was constant at 0.4 Pa (3 mtorr), and the nitrogen fraction in the gas mixture was varied between 0 and 100%. As-deposited films were analyzed with respect to composition, state of chemical bonding, microstructure, mechanical properties, and wetting behavior by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nanoindentation and contact angle measurements, respectively. Depending on the deposition condition, ternary SixCyNz films within the composition range 1≤x≤34 at.%, 34≤y≤81 at.%, and 16.5≤z≤42 at.% were prepared with a textured, amorphous-to-graphite-like microstructure. For Si–C–N films with low Si content, C---C, C---N and Si---C bonds were present. At higher Si content, N preferentially bonds to Si, while less C---N bonds were observed. Films containing more than 12 at.% of Si contained widely dispersed crystallites, 2–20 nm in diameter. Incorporation of a few at.% Si resulted in a dramatic reduction of the film surface energy compared to pure CN films. The measured contact angles using distilled water and glycerol liquids were for some films comparable with those on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Teflon® surface. The hardness of Si–C–N films could be varied over the range 9–28 GPa.
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| 7. |
- Braun, Oscar Ö., et al.
(author)
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Continuous-flow LVADs in the Nordic countries : complications and mortality and its predictors
- 2019
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In: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1401-7431 .- 1651-2006. ; 53:1, s. 14-20
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess complications and mortality and its predictors, with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) in the Nordic Countries.Design: This was a retrospective, international, multicenter cohort study.Results: Between 1993 and 2013, 442 surgically implanted long-term mechanical assist devices were used among 8 centers in the Nordic countries. Of those, 238 were CF-LVADs (HVAD or HeartMate II) implanted in patients >18 years with complete data. Postoperative complications and survival were compared and Cox proportion hazard regression analysis was used to identify predictors of mortality. The overall Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 75% at 1 year, 69% at 2 years and 63% at 3 years. A planned strategy of destination therapy had poorer survival compared to a strategy of bridge to transplantation or decision (2-year survival of 41% vs. 76%, p < .001). The most common complications were non-driveline infections (excluding sepsis) (44%), driveline infection (27%), need for continuous renal replacement therapy (25%) and right heart failure (24%). In a multivariate model age and left ventricular diastolic dimension was left as independent risk factors for mortality with a hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.01-1.80], p = .046) per 10 years and 0.88 (95% CI [0.72-0.99], p = .044) per 5 mm, respectively.Conclusion: Outcome with CF LVAD in the Nordic countries was comparable to other cohorts. Higher age and destination therapy require particularly stringent selection.
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| 8. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(author)
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Carbon nitride films on orthopedic substrates
- 2000
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In: Diamond and related materials. - 0925-9635 .- 1879-0062. ; 9:12, s. 1984-1991
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mechanical and tribological properties of carbon nitride (CN(X)) films deposited on orthopedic substrates are presented. CN(X) films were prepared by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in N2/Ar plasma. Films were grown on Ni and ZrO2 substrates to a thickness of ~1 µm at a total pressure of 3 mtorr and a substrate temperature of 250°C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows dense and homogeneous films, with 'fullerene-like' micro-structures consisting of curved, frequently intersecting, and highly in-plane oriented basal lattice planes. Nanoindentation measurements revealed a change in the mechanical properties of films treated with three different biological solutions. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed a change in the chemical structure of the treated films. The friction coefficients of CN(X) films against high speed steel (HSS), ZrO2 and Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) balls were evaluated by ball-on-disk tests in dry and lubricated conditions. In the case of dry sliding against a HSS ball, the steady state friction coefficient values are 0.22 for the film on the Ti substrate and 0.26 for the film on the ZrO2 substrate. The friction coefficients under human serum lubrication conditions were below 0.18 for the ZrO2 and UHMWPE balls. An increase in wettability of human plasma on CN(X) films was observed compared to the orthopedic surfaces, which could enhance the retention of synovial fluid on those surfaces, improving the lubrication of the bearings of total joint arthroplasty components during function. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.The mechanical and tribological properties of carbon nitride (CNX) films deposited on orthopedic substrates are presented. CNX films were prepared by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in N2/Ar plasma. Films were grown on Ni and ZrO2 substrates to a thickness of approximately 1 µm at a total pressure of 3 mtorr and a substrate temperature of 250 °C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows dense and homogeneous films, with `fullerene-like' microstructures consisting of curved, frequently intersecting, and highly in-plane oriented basal lattice planes. Nanoindentation measurements revealed a change in the mechanical properties of films treated with three different biological solutions. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed a change in the chemical structure of the treated films. The friction coefficients of CNX films against high speed steel (HSS), ZrO2 and Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) balls were evaluated by ball-on-disk tests in dry and lubricated conditions. In the case of dry sliding against a HSS ball, the steady state friction coefficient values are 0.22 for the film on the Ti substrate and 0.26 for the film on the ZrO2 substrate. The friction coefficients under human serum lubrication conditions were below 0.18 for the ZrO2 and UHMWPE balls. An increase in wettability of human plasma on CNX films was observed compared to the orthopedic surfaces, which could enhance the retention of synovial fluid on those surfaces, improving the lubrication of the bearings of total joint arthroplasty components during function.
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| 9. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(author)
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Electrical and optical properties of CNx(0=x=0.25) films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2001
-
In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 89:2, s. 1184-1190
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The electrical and optical properties of carbon-nitride CNx films (O=x=0.25) deposited by unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in mixed Ar/N2 discharges at a substrate temperature of 350°C have been investigated. Pure C films exhibit a dark conductivity at room temperature of 250 O-1 cm-1, which grows up to 250 O-1 cm-1 for CNx films with N content of 20%. For CNx films, temperature-dependent conductivity measurements suggest that two electron conduction processes exist in the investigated temperature range 130
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| 10. |
- Broitman, E, et al.
(author)
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Letter: Electrical properties of carbon nitride thin films : Role of morphology and hydrogen content
- 2002
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In: Journal of Electronic Materials. - 0361-5235 .- 1543-186X. ; 31:9, s. 957-961
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The influence of hydrogen content and ambient humidity on the electrical properties of carbon nitride (CNX) films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in Ar discharges mixed with N-2 and H-2 at a substrate temperature of 350degreesC have been investigated. Carbon films deposited in pure Ar exhibit a dark resistivity at room temperature of similar to4 X 10(-2) Omegacm, while the resistivity is one order of magnitude lower for CN0.25 films deposited in pure N-2, due to their denser morphology. The increasing H-2 fraction in the discharge gas leads to an increased resistivity for all gas mixtures. This is most pronounced for the nitrogen-free films deposited in an Ar/H-2 mixture, where the resistivity increases by over four orders of magnitude. This can be related to a decreased electron mobility as H inhibits the formation of double bonds. After exposure to air, the resistivity increases with time through two different diffusion regimes. The measured electrical properties of the films are related to the apparent film microstructure, bonding nature, and ambient humidity.
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| 11. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(author)
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Mechanical and tribological properties of CNx films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2001
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In: Wear. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 248:1-2, s. 55-64
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hardness, elasticity, wear rate and friction coefficient of carbon nitride (CNx) films of defined microstructure and composition are presented. CNx films were deposited by dc reactive magnetron sputtering from a C target in N2/Ar plasma. Films were grown on Si (001), Ni, and HSS substrates to thickness of ~0.5 µm at a total pressure of 3 mTorr with the N2 fraction varied from 0 to 1, and the substrate temperature Ts, varied from ambient to 350°C. The mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated by nanoindentation and dry ball-on-disk test. For CNx (0 = x = 0.35) films deposited below 200°C (amorphous structure), the elastic recovery and hardness do not change significantly with increasing N concentration, however, the friction coefficient increases from 0.19 to 0.45, while the coating wear rate is low. For CNx (0 = x = 0.15) films grown at Ts = 350°C, where a transition from a graphite-like to a "fullerene-like" phase occurs, a dramatic increase in hardness and elasticity is observed. Furthermore, the rms surface roughness decreases from 15.0 to 0.4 nm. For 0.15 = x = 0.20, CNx films deposited at Ts = 350°C (fullerene-like phase) exhibit a smooth surface, high hardness and elasticity (~90% recovery), and a coefficient of friction against hard steel of ~0.25. For all substrates, film friction coefficient tends to increase as the nitrogen content in the film is increased. Results also indicate the formation of a transfer layer which improves the tribological properties of the films. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(author)
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Structural and mechanical properties of diamond-like carbon films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering
- 2003
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In: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 21:4, s. 851-859
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A systematic study of physical properties of sputter-deposited DLC films was performed as a function of flux ratio and ion energy. The energy and flux ions and neutral atoms impinging on the surface of the growing films were deduced from Langmuir probe measurements and theoretical calculations. The bombardment of growing films by the energetic particles led to changes in microstructure and mechanical properties. Results suggest that the presence of defective graphite formed by subplanted C and Ar atoms is the dominant influence on the mechanical properties of the DLC films.
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| 13. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(author)
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Structural, electrical, and optical properties of diamondlike carbon films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering
- 2003
-
In: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559.
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The electrical and optical properties of diamondlike carbon films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering on Si substrates at room temperature have been measured as a function of the ion energy (Eion) and ion-to-carbon flux (Jion/JC). The results show that, in the ranges of 5 eV⩽Eion⩽85 eV and 1.1⩽Jion/JC⩽6.8, the presence of defective graphite formed by subplanted C and Ar atoms, voids, and the surface roughness, are the dominant influences on the resistivity and optical absorption
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| 14. |
- Broms, Gabriella, et al.
(author)
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Anti-TNF treatment during pregnancy and birth outcomes : Apopulation-based study from Denmark, Finland, and Sweden
- 2020
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In: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. - : Wiley. - 1053-8569 .- 1099-1557. ; 29:3, s. 316-327
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: To study the risk of preterm birth, caesarean section, and small for gestational age after anti-tumor necrosis factor agent treatment (anti-TNF) in pregnancy.Methods: Population-based study including women with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and psoriasis, and their infants born 2006 to 2013 from the national health registers in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Women treated with anti-TNF were compared with women with nonbiologic systemic treatment. Adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab were compared pairwise. Continuation of treatment in early pregnancy was compared with discontinuation. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated in logistic regression models adjusted for country and maternal characteristics.Results: Among 1 633 909 births, 1027 infants were to women treated with anti-TNF and 9399 to women with nonbiologic systemic treatment. Compared with non-biologic systemic treatment, women with anti-TNF treatment had a higher risk of preterm birth, odds ratio 1.61 (1.29-2.02) and caesarean section, 1.57 (1.35-1.82). The odds ratio for small for gestational age was 1.36 (0.96-1.92). In pairwise comparisons, infliximab was associated with a higher risk of severely small for gestational age for inflammatory joint and skin diseases but not for inflammatory bowel disease. Discontinuation of anti-TNF had opposite effects on preterm birth for inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory joint and skin diseases.Conclusions: Anti-TNF agents were associated with increased risks of preterm birth, caesarean section, and small for gestational age. However, the diverse findings across disease groups may indicate an association related to the underlying disease activity, rather than to agent-specific effects.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Brunell, I.F., et al.
(author)
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In-situ stress measurement during the deposition of CN x thin films by unbalanced magnetron sputtering; formation of high levels of stress with 28 eV ion irradiation
- 2004
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In: Philosophical Magazine Letters. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0950-0839 .- 1362-3036. ; 84:6, s. 395-403
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Stress development during growth of CN x films by unbalanced magnetron sputtering has been investigated with an in-situ laser deflection technique. The stress is initially tensile, then it becomes compressive, reaching a maximum of as much as 7 GPa. These are anomalously high stress levels compared with pure carbon, considering the low ion energies (28 eV) and ion-to-neutral arrival rate ratio (<1) employed. This phenomenon is explained by the formation of a fullerene-like microstructure and nitrogen substitution at the growth surface. An accompanying increased reactivity of carbon atoms promotes sp3 bonding or other cross-linking of curved basal planes with resulting film densification.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Bröms, Gabriella, et al.
(author)
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Paediatric infections in the first 3 years of life after maternal anti-TNF treatment during pregnancy
- 2020
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In: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0269-2813 .- 1365-2036. ; 52:5, s. 843-854
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Most anti‐tumour necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) agents are transferred across the placenta and may increase paediatric susceptibility to infections.Aims: To assess the risk of paediatric infections after maternal anti‐TNF treatment.Methods: Population‐based cohort study in Denmark, Finland and Sweden 2006‐2013 in which 1027 children born to women with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis or inflammatory bowel disease, treated with anti‐TNF, and 9346 children to women with nonbiologic systemic treatment, were compared to 1 617 886 children of the general population. Children were followed for 3 years.Results: Adjusted by maternal age, parity, smoking, body mass index, country and calendar year, the incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) for hospital admissions for infection in the first year were 1.43 (1.23‐1.67) for anti‐TNF and 1.14 (1.07‐1.21) for non‐biologic systemic treatment, and 1.29 (1.11‐1.50) and 1.09 (1.02‐1.15), respectively, when additionally adjusting for adverse birth outcomes. There was a slight increase in antibiotic prescriptions in the second year for anti‐TNF, 1.19 (1.11‐1.29), and for non‐biologic systemic treatment, 1.10 (1.07‐1.13). There was no difference among anti‐TNF agents, treatment in the third trimester, or between mono/combination therapy with non‐biologic systemic treatment.Conclusions: Both anti‐TNF and non‐biologic systemic treatment were associated with an increased risk of paediatric infections. However, reassuringly, the increased risks were present regardless of treatment in the third trimester, with combination of treatments, and were not persistent across the first 3 years of life. Our findings may indicate a true risk, but could also be due to unadjusted confounding by disease severity and healthcare‐seeking behaviour. This may in turn shift the risk‐benefit equation towards continuation of treatment even in the third trimester.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Cardell, Lars-Olaf, et al.
(author)
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TOTALL: high cost of allergic rhinitis-a national Swedish population-based questionnaire study.
- 2016
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In: NPJ primary care respiratory medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2055-1010. ; 26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Allergic rhinitis is a global illness with a well-recognised impact on quality of life and work performance. Comparatively little is known about the extent of its economic impact on society. The TOTALL study estimates the total cost of allergic rhinitis using a sample representing the entire Swedish population of working age. A questionnaire focused on allergic rhinitis was mailed out to a random population of Swedish residents, aged 18-65 years. Health-care contacts, medications, absenteeism (absence from work) and presenteeism (reduced working capacity at work) were assessed, and the direct and indirect costs of allergic rhinitis were calculated. Medication use was evaluated in relation to the ARIA guidelines. In all, 3,501 of 8,001 (44%) answered the questionnaire, and 855 (24%) of these reported allergic rhinitis. The mean annual direct and indirect costs because of allergic rhinitis were €210.3 and €750.8, respectively, resulting in a total cost of €961.1 per individual/year. Presenteeism represented 70% of the total cost. Antihistamines appear to be used in excess in relation to topical steroids, and the use of nasal decongestants was alarmingly high. The total cost of allergic rhinitis in Sweden, with a population of 9.5 million, was estimated at €1.3 billion annually. These unexpectedly high costs could be related to the high prevalence of disease, in combination with the previously often underestimated indirect costs. Improved adherence to guidelines might ease the economic burden on society.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Dantoft, Thomas M., et al.
(author)
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Gene expression profiling in persons with multiple chemical sensitivity before and after a controlled n-butanol exposure session
- 2017
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In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 7:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pathophysiological pathways leading to symptoms elicitation in multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) by comparing gene expression in MCS participants and healthy controls before and after a chemical exposure optimised to cause symptoms among MCS participants.The first hypothesis was that unexposed and symptom-free MCS participants have similar gene expression patterns to controls and a second hypothesis that MCS participants can be separated from controls based on differential gene expression upon a controlled n-butanol exposure.DESIGN: Participants were exposed to 3.7 ppm n-butanol while seated in a windowed exposure chamber for 60 min. A total of 26 genes involved in biochemical pathways found in the literature have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of MCS and other functional somatic syndromes were selected. Expression levels were compared between MCS and controls before, within 15 min after being exposed to and 4 hours after the exposure.SETTINGS: Participants suffering from MCS and healthy controls were recruited through advertisement at public places and in a local newspaper.PARTICIPANTS: 36 participants who considered themselves sensitive were prescreened for eligibility. 18 sensitive persons fulfilling the criteria for MCS were enrolled together with 18 healthy controls.OUTCOME MEASURES: 17 genes showed sufficient transcriptional level for analysis. Group comparisons were conducted for each gene at the 3 times points and for the computed area under the curve (AUC) expression levels.RESULTS: MCS participants and controls displayed similar gene expression levels both at baseline and after the exposure and the computed AUC values were likewise comparable between the 2 groups. The intragroup variation in expression levels among MCS participants was noticeably greater than the controls.CONCLUSIONS: MCS participants and controls have similar gene expression levels at baseline and it was not possible to separate MCS participants from controls based on gene expression measured after the exposure.
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| 25. |
- Dorri, Megan, et al.
(author)
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Synthesis and characterization of CrB 2 thin films grown by DC magnetron sputtering
- 2021
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In: Scripta Materialia. - : Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd. - 1359-6462 .- 1872-8456. ; 200
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- CrB x thin films with 1.90 < x < 2.08 have been deposited by direct-current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) from a stoichiometric CrB 2 target at 5 and 20 mTorr (0.67 and 2.67 Pa) Ar pressure onto sapphire (0 0 01) substrates. All films, irrespective of deposition conditions, exhibit a (0 0 01) texture. Attesting to the achievement of close-to-stoichiometric composition, epitaxial film growth is observed at 900 ?C, while film growth at 500 ?C yields (0001) fiber texture. Film composition does not depend on substrate temperature but exhibits slightly reduced B content with increasing pressure for samples deposited at 900 ?C. Excess B in the overstoichiometric epitaxial CrB 2.08 films segregates to form B-rich inclusions. Understoichiometry in CrB 1.90 films is accommodated by Cr-rich stacking faults on { 1 1? 00 } prismatic planes. ? 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Garcia, I.A., et al.
(author)
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How hard is fullerene-like CNx? Some observations from the nanoindentation response of a magnetron-sputtered coating
- 2002
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In: Philosophical magazine. A. Physics of condensed matter. Defects and mechanical properties. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0141-8610. ; 82:10 SPEC., s. 2133-2147
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thin fullerene-like CNx coatings deposited on hard substrates (e.g. SiC) show very shallow residual impressions when investigated by nanoindentation at displacements less than the coating thickness. The low work of indentation (i.e. the small area enclosed by the loading and unloading curves) of these materials implies a large amount of recovery of indent depth which is often associated with materials of high hardness. However, analysis of the unloading curves by the Oliver-Pharr method generates hardness values which are usually less than that of silicon. Detailed analysis of the loading curve shows three distinct regimes of behaviour corresponding to behaviour controlled by surface roughness, elastic deformation and plasticity. Measurements of Young's modulus from the elastic part of the loading curve, from the Oliver-Pharr method and from elastic wave measurements are all consistently low. This implies that the material behaves like a very hard rubber which undergoes considerable elastic recovery on unloading but does not have a very high resistance to penetration on loading. The very high H/E values for fullerene-like CNx confirms this view.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Greczynski, Grzegorz, et al.
(author)
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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of thin films
- 2023
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In: NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS. - : SPRINGERNATURE. - 2662-8449. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a popular analytical technique in materials science as it can assess the surface chemistry of a broad range of samples. This Primer concerns best practice in XPS analysis, aimed at both entry-level and advanced users, with a focus on thin film samples synthesized under vacuum conditions. The high surface to volume ratio of thin films means that factors such as substrate choice and air exposure time are important for the final result. Essential concepts are introduced, such as binding energy, photoelectric effect, spectral referencing and chemical shift, as well as practical aspects including surface sensitivity, probing depth, energy resolution, sample handling and sputter etching. Correct procedures for experimental planning, instrument set-up, sample preparation, data acquisition, results analysis and presentation are reviewed in connection with physical principles and common applications. Typical problems, including charging, spectral overlap, sputter damage and binding energy referencing, are discussed along with possible solutions or workarounds. Finally, a workflow is presented for arriving at high-quality results. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can be used to investigate chemical bonding and elemental composition. This Primer discusses how XPS can be used to characterize thin films, including key considerations for sample preparation, experimental set-up and data analysis.
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| 30. |
- Grillo, SE, et al.
(author)
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Monitoring the structural and chemical properties of CNx thin films during in situ annealing in a TEM
- 2001
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In: European Physical Journal. - 1286-0042 .- 1286-0050. ; 13:2, s. 97-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Carbon nitride films synthesised by magnetron sputtering at different substrate temperatures have been studied using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) during annealing performed in situ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The proportion of sp(2) hybridised carbon slightly decreases initially during heating, presumably because of the removal of defects in the structure, whilst it increases at higher temperatures when graphitisation tends to take place, as confirmed by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Substantial amounts of nitrogen (up to similar to 80%) are removed following annealing at 1000 degreesC. A corresponding decrease in the pre-peak of the nitrogen spectra suggests that pyridine-like N is released by annealing. As this peak component decreases, a second peak, of weaker intensity, is becoming apparent in the EELS spectra when the films are heated at temperatures above approximately 700 degreesC. The possibility has been suggested that this corresponds to N substituted for C in a graphitic structure, with possibly also some N-2 contributing to the peak.
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| 31. |
- Hagman, Cecilia, et al.
(author)
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Club cell secretory protein (CC16) in gastric fluid at birth and subsequent lung disease in preterm infants
- 2018
-
In: Pediatric Pulmonology. - : Wiley. - 8755-6863. ; 53:10, s. 1399-1406
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundClub cell secretory protein (CC16) probably has a role in protecting the lung from inflammation. AimTo evaluate if low levels of CC16 in gastric fluid at birth, reflecting low levels of CC16 in the lung, would be associated with lung inflammation and respiratory morbidity. MethodsA study of 64 infants with mean gestational age 26.1 weeks. CC16 was analyzed in gastric fluid at birth. CC16, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MMP-9 were analyzed in tracheal aspirate within 24h from birth. ResultsCC16 in gastric fluid increased with gestational age (P=0.033). Lower concentrations of CC16 in gastric fluid at birth were associated with higher concentrations of IL-1 (P=0.028), TNF- (P=0.034), and MMP-9 (P=0.015) in tracheal aspirate. Infants who needed mechanical ventilation at 24 and 72h of age had lower CC16 in gastric fluid than those not ventilated at these ages (P=0.011 and P=0.024, respectively). Lower CC16 in gastric fluid was associated with higher FiO(2) at 6h (P=0.009), higher PaCO2 at 24h (P=0.03), more ventilator days (P=0.012) and more days with supplemental oxygen (P=0.03). Infants who had either died or were still treated with supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age had lower CC16 in gastric fluid than infants with none of these outcomes (P=0.049). ConclusionA low CC16 concentration in gastric fluid at birth was associated with increased inflammation in the trachea within the first 24h of life and with more need for respiratory support in the neonatal period.
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| 32. |
- Hellgren, K., et al.
(author)
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Cancer risk in patients with spondyloarthritis treated with TNF inhibitors: a collaborative study from the ARTIS and DANBIO registers
- 2017
-
In: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 76:1, s. 105-111
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Safety data on cancer risks following tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNFi) in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) (here defined as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), undifferentiated spondarthropaties (SpA UNS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA)) are scarce. Our objective was to assess risks for cancer overall and for common subtypes in patients with SpA treated with TNFi compared with TNFi-naive patients with SpA and to the general population. Methods From the Swedish (Anti-Rheumatic Therapy in Sweden (ARTIS)) and Danish (DANBIO) biologics registers, we assembled 8703 (ARTIS=5448, DANBIO=3255) patients with SpA initiating a first TNFi 2001-2011. From the Swedish National Patient and Population Registers we assembled a TNFi-naive SpA cohort (n=28,164) and a Swedish age-matched and sex-matched general population comparator cohort (n=131 687). We identified incident cancers by linkage with the nationwide Swedish and Danish Cancer Registers 2001-2011, and calculated age-standardised and sex-standardised incidence ratios as measures of relative risk (RR). Results Based on 1188 cancers among the TNFi-naive patients with SpA, RR of cancer overall was 1.1 (95% Cl 1.0 to 1.2). Based on 147 cancers among TNFi initiators with SpA, RR versus TNFi-naive was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.0) and results were similar for AS and PsA when analysed separately. Site-specific cancer RRs: prostate 0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.8), lung 0.6 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.3), colorectal 1.0 (95% CI 0.5 to 2.0), breast 1.3 (95% Cl 0.9 to 2.0), lymphoma 0.8 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.8) and melanoma 1.4 (95% CI 0.7 to 2.6). Conclusions In patients with SpA, treatment with TNFi was not associated with increased risks of cancer, neither overall nor for the six most common cancer types.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Hellgren, N., et al.
(author)
-
Anisotropies in magnetron sputtered carbon nitride thin films
- 2001
-
In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 78:18, s. 2703-2705
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Carbon nitride CNx (O=x=0.35) thin films, deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering in Ar/N2 discharges have been studied with respect to microstructure using electron microscopy, and elastic modulus using nanoindentation and surface acoustic wave analyses. For growth temperature of 100°C, the films were amorphous, and with an isotropic Young's modulus of ~170-200 GPa essentially unaffected by the nitrogen fraction. The films grown at elevated temperatures (350-550°C) show anisotropic mechanical properties due to a textured microstructure with standing basal planes, as observed from measuring the Young's modulus in different directions. The modulus measured in the plane of the film was ~60-80 GPa, while in the vertical direction the modulus increased considerably from ~25 to ~200 GPa as the nitrogen content was increased above ~15 at. %. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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| 35. |
- Hellgren, N., et al.
(author)
-
Effect of chemical sputtering on the growth and structural evolution of magnetron sputtered CNx thin films
- 2001
-
In: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 382:1-2, s. 146-152
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The growth and microstructure evolution of carbon nitride CNx (0=x=0.35) films, deposited by reactive d.c. magnetron sputtering in Ar/N2 discharges has been studied. The substrate temperature TS varied between 100 and 550 °C, and the N2 fraction in the discharge gas varied from 0 to 100%. It is found that the deposition rate and film morphology show strong dependence on TS and nitrogen fraction. For growth temperature of 100 °C, the films are amorphous, and essentially unaffected by the nitrogen fraction. For TS>200 °C, however, the nitrogen fraction has more significant effect on the growth and structural evolution of the films. The pure carbon films appear porous and have a high surface roughness. For increasing nitrogen fraction the films become denser and the roughness decreases by one order of magnitude. It is suggested that a chemical sputtering process, during which desorption of volatile N2 and CN-species, predominantly C2N2, is important not only for the deposition rate and the nitrogen incorporation, but also for the resulting film structure. The chemical sputtering process becomes more pronounced at elevated temperatures with higher nitrogen fractions.
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| 36. |
- Hellgren, Niklas, et al.
(author)
-
Fullerene-like B C N thin films a computational andexperimental study
- 2004
-
In: Materials Science and Engineering B. - : Elsevier. ; 113:3, s. 242-247
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ab initio calculations show that the energy cost for incorporating lattice defects such as pentagons and heptagons is significantly reduced for BCN compared to BN, thus promoting bending of basal planes in these compounds. Boron–carbon–nitride (Bsingle bondCsingle bondN) thin films with a fullerene-like (FL) microstructure were then deposited by dual cathode magnetron sputtering from C and B4C targets. Up to 1 μm thick films were grown at a total gas pressure of 3 mTorr (0.4 Pa) in varying Ar/N2 ratios, and substrate temperatures between 225 and 350 °C. Compositional and microstructural studies were performed using RBS, SEM and HREM, respectively. Depending on the deposition condition, ternary BxCyNz films with fullerene-like microstructure could be prepared in agreement with the calculations within the composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 53, 15 ≤ y ≤ 62, and 24 ≤ z ≤ 50 at.%. Fullerene-like structures also tend to form at lower temperatures in the case of BCN compared to CN. Nanoindentation measurements show that all BxCyNz films exhibited a highly elastic response independent of elemental composition. In addition, the calculations suggest a driving force for C and BN phase separation.
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| 37. |
- Hellgren, N., et al.
(author)
-
Growth, structure, and mechanical properties of CNxHy films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering in N2/Ar/H2 discharges
- 2000
-
In: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 18:5, s. 2349-2358
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reactive direct current magnetron sputtering was used to deposit the hydrogenated carbon nitride films in mixed nitrogen (N2)/argon (Ar)/ hydrogen (H2) discharges. Growth and structure evolution of films was found to be affected by chemical sputtering effects. The hydrogen were found to be bonded to nitrogen and hydrogen incorporation decreases the elasticity and hardness.
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| 38. |
- Hellgren, Niklas, et al.
(author)
-
High-power impulse magnetron sputter deposition of TiBx thin films : Effects of pressure and growth temperature
- 2019
-
In: Vacuum. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0042-207X .- 1879-2715. ; 169
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Titanium boride, TiBx thin films are grown in pure Ar discharges by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) from a compound TiB2 target Film compositions are determined by time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry as a function of deposition temperature (T-s = 25-900 degrees C) and Ar pressure (p(Ar) = 0.67-2.67 Pa, 5-20 mTorr). For reference, films are also grown by direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS) under similar conditions. The HiPIMS waveform, average target power P-T, and resulting film compositions are strongly dependent not only on P-Ar, but also on T-s. At high pressures the effect of varying T-s on P-T is minimal, while at lower P-Ar the effect of T-s is more pronounced, due to substrate-temperature-induced gas rarefaction. Films grown by HiPIMS at 0.67 Pa are understoichiometric, with B/Ti = 1.4-1.5, while at 2.67 Pa, B/Ti decreases from 2.4 to 1.4 as T-s increases from 25 to 900 degrees C. dcMS-deposited films are overstoichiometric (B/Ti similar or equal to 3) when grown at low pressures, and near-stoichiometric (B/Ti similar or equal to r 1.9-2.2) for higher P-Ar. All experimental results are explained by differences in the ionization potentials of sputtered Ti and B atoms, together with P-Ar- and T-s-dependent gas-phase scattering.
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| 39. |
- Hellgren, Niklas, et al.
(author)
-
High-power impulse magnetron sputter deposition of TiBx thin films : Effects of pulse length and peak current density
- 2024
-
In: Vacuum. - : Elsevier. - 0042-207X .- 1879-2715. ; 222
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on a systematic study of the effect of pulse length (ton=25−200μs), and peak target current density (JT,peak=0.25−2.0A/cm2) during HiPIMS deposition of AlB2-phase TiBx thin films from a TiB2 target at a pressure of pAr=1.33Pa(10mTorr) and substrate temperature Ts=500°C. All films are under-stoichiometric with B/Ti = 1.36–1.89, with the higher values corresponding to longer pulses and higher JT,peak values. While the deposition flux, including both ions and neutrals, in general increases with increasing ton and JT,peak, the Ti+ ion flux saturates, resulting in the higher B/Ti values under these conditions. Thus, the relative amount of Ti ionization, and the degree to which these ions are guided toward the substrate by magnetic fields, are main modulators determining the composition of TiBx thin films.
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| 40. |
- Hellgren, N, et al.
(author)
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Influence of plasma parameters on the growth and properties of magnetron sputtered CNx thin films
- 2000
-
In: Journal of Applied Physics. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 88:1, s. 524-532
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Carbon nitride CNx thin films were grown by unbalanced dc magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in a pure N-2 discharge, and with the substrate temperature T-s kept between 100 and 550 degrees C. A solenoid coil positioned in the vicinity of the substrate was used to support the magnetic field of the magnetron, so that the plasma could be increased near the substrate. By varying the coil current and gas pressure, the energy distribution and fluxes of N-2(+) ions and C neutrals could be varied independently of each other over a wide range. An array of Langmuir probes in the substrate position was used to monitor the radial ion flux distribution over the 75-mm-diam substrate, while the flux and energy distribution of neutrals was estimated through Monte Carlo simulations. The structure, surface roughness, and mechanical response of the films are found to be strongly dependent on the substrate temperature, and the fluxes and energies of the deposited particles. By controlling the process parameters, the film structure can thus be selected to be amorphous, graphite-like or fullerene-like. When depositing at 3 mTorr N-2 pressure, with T-s> 200 degrees C, a transition from a disordered graphite-like to a hard and elastic fullerene-like structure occurred when the ion flux was increased above similar to 0.5-1.0 mA/cm(2). The nitrogen-to-carbon concentration ratio in the films ranged from similar to 0.1 to 0.65, depending on substrate temperature and gas pressure. The nitrogen film concentration did, however, not change when varying the nitrogen ion-to-carbon atom flux ratios from similar to 1 to 20. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(00)00413-8].
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| 41. |
- Hellgren, Niklas, et al.
(author)
-
Interpretation of X-ray photoelectron spectra of carbon-nitride thin films: New insights from in situ XPS
- 2016
-
In: Carbon. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0008-6223 .- 1873-3891. ; 108, s. 242-252
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on angular-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of magnetron sputtered CNx thin films, first in situ (without air exposure), then after air exposure (for time periods ranging from minutes to several years), and finally after Ar ion etching using ion energies ranging from 500 eV to 4 keV. The as-deposited films typically exhibit two strong N1s peaks corresponding to pyridine-like, and graphite-like, at similar to 398.2 eV and similar to 400.7 eV, respectively. Comparison between in situ and air-exposed samples suggests that the peak component at similar to 402-403 eV is due only to quaternary nitrogen and not oxidized nitrogen. Furthermore, peak components in the similar to 399-400 eV range cannot only be ascribed to nitriles or pyrrolic nitrogen as is commonly done. We propose that it can also be due to a polarization shift in pyridinic N, induced by surface water or hydroxides. Argon ion etching readily removes surface oxygen, but results also in a strong preferential sputtering of nitrogen and can cause amorphization of the film surface. The best methods for evaluating and interpreting the CNx film structure and composition with ex-situ XPS are discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 42. |
- Hellgren, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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Synthesis and characterization of TiBx (1.2=x=2.8) thin films grown by DC magnetron co-sputtering from TiB2 and Ti targets
- 2022
-
In: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 433
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Titanium boride, TiBx, thin films were grown by direct current magnetron co-sputtering from a compound TiB2 target and a Ti target at an Ar pressure of 2.2 mTorr (0.3 Pa) and substrate temperature of 450 ?degrees C. While keeping the power of the TiB2 target constant at 250 W, and by varying the power on the Ti target, P-Ti, between 0 and 100 W, the B/Ti ratio in the film could be continuously and controllably varied from 1.2 to 2.8, with close-tostoichiometric diboride films achieved for P-Ti = 50 W. This was done without altering the deposition pressure, which is otherwise the main modulator for the composition of magnetron sputtered TiBx diboride thin films. The film structure and properties of the as-deposited films were compared to those after vacuum-annealing for 2 h at 1100 ?degrees C. As-deposited films consisted of small (?50 nm) randomly oriented TiB2 crystallites, interspersed in an amorphous, sometimes porous tissue phase. Upon annealing, some of the tissue phase crystallized, but the diboride average grain size did not change noticeably. The near-stoichiometric film had the lowest resistivity, 122 mu omega cm, after annealing. Although this film had growth-induced porosity, an interconnected network of elongated crystallites provides a path for conduction. All films exhibited high hardness, in the 25-30 GPa range, where the highest value of similar to 32 GPa was obtained for the most Ti-rich film after annealing. This film had the highest density and was nano-crystalline, where dislocation propagation is interrupted by the off-stoichiometric grain boundaries.
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| 43. |
- Hellgren, N, et al.
(author)
-
Thermal stability of carbon nitride thin films
- 2001
-
In: Journal of Materials Research. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 16:11, s. 3188-3201
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The thermal stability of carbon nitride films, deposited by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering in N-2 discharge, was studied for postdeposition annealing temperatures T-A up to 1000 degreesC. Films were grown at temperatures of 100 degreesC (amorphous structure) and 350 and 550 degreesC (fullerenelike structure) and were analyzed with respect to thickness, composition, microstructure, bonding structure, and mechanical properties as a function of T-A and annealing time. All properties investigated were found to be stable for annealing up to 300 degreesC for long times (> 48 h). For higher T-A, nitrogen is lost from the films and graphitization takes place. At T-A = 500 degreesC the graphitization process takes up to 48 h while at T-A = 900 degreesC it takes less than 2 min. A comparison on the evolution of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and Raman spectra during annealing shows that for T-A > 800 degreesC, preferentially pyridinelike N and -C equivalent toN is lost from the films, mainly in the form of molecular N-2 and C2N2, while N substituted in graphite is preserved the longest in the structure. Films deposited at the higher temperature exhibit better thermal stability, but annealing at temperatures a few hundred degrees Celsius above the deposition temperature for long times is always detrimental for the mechanical properties of the films.
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| 44. |
- Hellgren, Niklas, et al.
(author)
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of TiBx (1.3 <= x <= 3.0) thin films
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : A V S AMER INST PHYSICS. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 39:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on a comprehensive analysis of titanium boride thin films by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Films were grown by both direct current magnetron sputtering and high- power impulse magnetron sputtering from a compound TiB2 target in Ar discharge. By varying the deposition parameters, the film composition could be tuned over the wide range 1:3 &B/Ti &3:0, as determined by elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. By comparing spectra over this wide range of compositions, we can draw original conclusions about how to interpret XPS spectra of TiBx. By careful spectra deconvolution, the signals from Ti-Ti and B-B bonds can be resolved from those corresponding to stoichiometric TiB2. The intensities of the off-stoichiometric signals can be directly related to the B/Ti ratio of the films. Furthermore, we demonstrate a way to obtain consistent and quantum-mechanically accurate peak deconvolution of the whole Ti 2p envelope, including the plasmons, for both oxidized and sputter-cleaned samples. Due to preferential sputtering of Ti over B, the film B/Ti ratio is best determined without sputter etching of the sample surface. This allows accurate compositional determination, assuming that extensive levels of oxygen are not present in the sample. Fully dense films can be accurately quantified for at least a year after deposition, while underdense samples do not give reliable data if the O/Ti ratio on the unsputtered surface is *3:5. Titanium suboxides detected after sputter etching is further indicative of oxygen penetrating the sample, and quantification by XPS should not be trusted.
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| 45. |
- Hellgren, Olof, et al.
(author)
-
The genetic structure of Borrelia afzelii varies with geographic but not ecological sampling scale.
- 2011
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In: Journal of evolutionary biology. - : Wiley. - 1420-9101 .- 1010-061X. ; 24, s. 159-167
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The genetic structure of a pathogen is an important determinant of its potential rate of adaptation and can thereby influence the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. We investigated how the genetic structure of Borrelia afzelii varies with geographic and ecological sampling scale. Genetic structure was measured as the degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) across three loci. To test for the effects of geographic and ecological scale, we calculated LD across or within populations 4-82 km apart and across or within different mammal host species. There was highly significant LD across populations and host species. However, there was also evidence for genome-wide recombination, and the LD largely resulted from epidemic spread of certain haplotypes, rather than lack of recombination. Interestingly, the degree of LD was higher in each population than in the sample as a whole, i.e. LD increased with decreasing geographic scale. In contrast, there was no effect of ecological sampling scale on LD. Strong LD may impede the rate of adaptive evolution. Our results suggest this effect might be particularly strong at a small geographic scale.
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| 46. |
- Hellgren, Rikard, 1988-, et al.
(author)
-
Utökning av avbördningskapacitet : RAPPORT 2021:783
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna rapport presenterar en sammanställning av genomförda projekt i Sverige under perioden 2000–2020 där avbördningskapaciteten säkrats eller utökats. Rapporten består av två delar, en kvantitativ del som innehåller data från enkätsvar från de svenska dammägarna samt en kvalitativ del som sammanställer diskussion och slutsatser från intervjuer och en genomförd workshop.Under de senaste decennierna har ett flertal projekt genomförts i Sverige med syftet att öka eller säkra avbördningskapaciteten för befintliga dammanläggningar. I vissa fall har nya utskov byggts i direkt anslutning till befintliga utskov eller så har utskov byggts i nya lägen. I andra fall har ett eller flera av de befintliga utskoven byggts om eller vilande utskov återtagits i bruk. I framtiden kommer ytterligare dammanläggningar byggas om för att möta moderna krav på tillräcklig och tillgänglig avbördande kapacitet. Även om varje projekt är unikt och tekniska lösningar måste anpassas efter lokala förutsättningar, finns det mycket beställare och projektörer kan lära av erfarenheter från tidigare genomförda projekt.Enkätsvaren beskriver det typiska projektet med allmänna data kring bakgrund, valda åtgärder och avbördningsstatistik. Extra vikt har lagts vid betongtekniska frågor relaterade till vattenkraft. En referenslista med identifierade projekt presenteras i Bilaga A där de är listade tillsammans med metadata om genomförda åtgärder. Dessutom presenteras aggregerade sammanställningar i kapitel 3. Den vanligast förekommande metoden för att öka avbördningsförmågan är att modifiera ett befintligt utskov eller bygga ett nytt. Sådana projekt innebär ofta stora ingrepp i anläggningens dammar och är tekniskt komplicerade. Det är vanligt förekommande med en eller flera typer av komplicerade gjutningar i denna typ av projekt.En stor del av detta projekt lades på att planera och genomföra en workshop för representanter från de svenska dammägarna. Workshopen bestod av flera olika ämnen relaterade till utökad avbördningsförmåga, respektive presentation med tillhörande diskussioner är presenterade i Kapitel 4. Presentationerna bidrar med att exemplifiera sammanställningen i kapitel 3 och visar på bredden och komplexiteten på frågeställningar i projektens alla faser.I kapitel fem presenteras en fördjupad studie av fyra projekt genomförda av samma dammägare och projektorganisation. Intervjuer har genomförts med projektledaren för utredningen, med dammteknisk sakkunnig och med projektledaren från byggtiden. Det innebär att erfarenheter från de genomförda projekten kan beskrivas från olika perspektiv, med fokus på likheter, skillnader och lärdomar.4
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Hultman, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Cross-linked nano-onions of carbon nitride in the solid phase : Existence of a novel C48N12 aza-fullerene
- 2001
-
In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 87:22, s. art. no.-225503
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report a new fullerenelike material consisting of cross-linked nano-onions of C and N. Growth of the onion shells takes place atom by atom on a substrate surface and yields thin solid films during magnetron sputter deposition. Electron microscopy and energy loss spectroscopy show that the core shell contains up to 20 at. % N corresponding to C48N12 aza-fullerene composition. Nanoindentation of this nanostructured material gives high resilience with hardness 7 GPa, Young's modulus 37 GPa, and complete elastic recovery after loading with 0.5 mN to a depth of 75 nm. Total energy calculations show the stability Of C60-2nN2n aza-fullerenes and suggest the existence of a novel C48N12 molecule.
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| 49. |
- Hultman, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Fullerene-like carbon nitride : A resilient coating material
- 2003
-
In: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 28:3, s. 194-202
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Carbon nitride is an emerging material for wear-resistant coatings. The fullerene-like CNx compounds generally exhibit extreme elasticity in combination with a low work of indentation hardness. Yet CNx shows a low-to-moderate resistance to penetration, depending on deposition conditions. Since the deformation energy is predominantly stored elastically, the material possesses an extremely resilient character. This new class of materials consists of sp(2)-coordinated basal planes that are buckled from the incorporation of-pentagons and cross-linked at sp(3)-hybridized C sites, both of which are caused by structural incorporation of nitrogen. Carbon nitride thus deforms elastically due to bending of the structural units. The orientation, radius of curvature of the basal planes, and the degree of cross-linking between them defines the structure and properties of the material. Due to the unique deformation behavior, the hardness requires special care to assess, but can be very high for films with a large degree of cross-linking. This article is a review of the research on CNx films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering, with examples from our recent work. The findings are significant for the design of fracture-tough materials.
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| 50. |
- Häsänen, Lars, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Contrasting between high-performers’ and low-performers’ justice perceptions on effort and turnover cognitions : Can you rely on high-performers’ during plant closures?
-
In: Journal of Managerial Psychology. - 0268-3946 .- 1758-7778.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose of this paper: The purpose of this study is to investigate the claim that high-performing employees lose their motivation to exert effort, and has a higher propensity to quit during the process of a closedown. Design/methodology/approach: A longitudinal design was used, with one year between data collection points (T1 and T2). Data was collected using online and paper copies of the same questionnaire, with a response rate of 61% on T1 and 55% on T2. A 2 (T1 Job performance: Low vs. High) × 2 (T2 Overall justice: Low vs. High) between-subject analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed on two dependent variables (effort and turnover cognitions), while controlling for positive and negative affectivity. Findings: The results showed that high-performers’ who perceived low justice received lowest scores on effort, while low-performers’ perceiving low justice received next highest score on effort. Whereas, all groups who perceived high justice had lower turnover cognitions than those who perceived low justice. Practical implications: Using high-performers’ in key positions during a plant closure could be disappointment since the results suggest that high-performers’ could either be those who put forth most and least effort, depending on if they perceive low justice. Therefore, we suggest that it could be more productive to open up the key positions to all employees to apply and interview those who are interested.
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