| 1. |
- Regev, A, et al.
(author)
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The Human Cell Atlas
- 2017
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In: eLife. - : ELIFE SCIENCES PUBLICATIONS LTD. - 2050-084X. ; 6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hansson, B. A. M., et al.
(author)
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Characterisation of a liquid-xenon jet laser-plasma extreme-ultraviolet source
- 2004
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In: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 75:6, s. 2122-2129
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A liquid-xenon-jet laser-plasma source for extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and soft-x-ray generation has been characterized. Being a source candidate for EUV lithography (EUVL), we especially focus on parameters important for the integration of the source in EUVL systems. The deep-ultraviolet (DUV) out-of-band radiation (=120–400 nm) was quantified, to within a factor of two, using a flying-circus tool together with a transmission-grating spectrograph resulting in a total DUV conversion efficiency (CE) of ~0.33%/2sr. The size and the shape of the xenon plasma was investigated using an in-band-only EUV microscope, based on a spherical Mo/Si multilayer mirror and a charge-coupled device detector. Scalability of the source size from 20–270 µm full width at half maximum was shown. The maximum repetition-rate sustainable by the liquid-xenon-jet target was simulated by a double-pulse experiment indicating feasibility of >17 kHz operation. The xenon-ion energy distribution from the plasma was determined in a time-of-flight experiment with a Faraday-cup detector showing the presence of multi-kilo-electron-volt ions. Sputtering of silicon witness plates exposed to the plasma was observed, while a xenon background of >1 mbar was shown to eliminate the sputtering. It is concluded that the source has potential to meet the requirements of future EUVL systems.
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| 4. |
- Hemberg, O., et al.
(author)
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Stability of droplet-target laser-plasma soft x-ray sources
- 2000
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 88:9, s. 5421-5425
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The spatial stability of microscopic target droplets used for laser-plasma soft x-ray generation in vacuum is investigated. A long-term drift in drop position is characterized with an ultrafast laser-diode imaging system. The drift is experimentally and theoretically shown to be due to a temperature-induced increase in target-liquid viscosity as a result of evaporation. Finally, the drift is compensated for and stable, long-term unattended operation of the source is demonstrated with an automatic phase-delay drop-to-laser synchronizing system. This is important for future compact lithography and microscopy systems.
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| 5. |
- Hertz, Hans M., et al.
(author)
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Electron-Impact Liquid-Metal-Jet Hard x-Ray Sources
- 2014
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In: Comprehensive Biomedical Physics. - : Elsevier. - 9780444536327 ; , s. 91-109
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The power and brightness of electron-impact microfocus x-ray sources have long been limited by thermal damage in the target. This is a major constraint for a wide range of biomedical applications, from imaging to diffraction. Here, we describe the development of an x-ray microfocus source based on a new target concept, the liquid-metal jet (LMJ). The regenerative nature of this target allows for significantly higher e-beam power density than on conventional targets, resulting in this source showing promise for >. 100. × higher brightness than state-of-the-art sources. We first discuss the basic physics of the two important subsystems of the source, LMJ in vacuum and focused electron-beam systems, and then describe the properties of several versions of the source, from early prototypes to the first LMJ sources now reaching the market. Finally, we review some early applications of the source for biomedical imaging and diffraction.
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| 6. |
- Hertz, Hans M., et al.
(author)
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Laboratory x-ray micro imaging : Sources, optics, systems and applications
- 2009
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In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 186
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We summarize the recent progress in laboratory-scale soft and hard x-ray micro imaging in Stockholm. Our soft x-ray work is based on liquid-jet laser-plasma sources which are combined with diffractive and multilayer optics to form laboratory x-ray microscopes. In the hard x-ray regime the imaging is based on a liquid-metal-jet electron-impact source which provides the necessary coherence to allow phase-contrast imaging with high fidelity.
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| 7. |
- Hertz, Hans M., et al.
(author)
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Liquid-jet laser-plasma X-ray sources for microscopy and lithography
- 2001
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In: Journal de Physique IV. - : EDP Sciences. - 1155-4339 .- 1764-7177. ; 11:PR2, s. 389-396
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We review the development of compact laser-plasma soft x-ray sources based on microscopic liquid-drop or liquid-jet targets. It is shown that such sources provide practically debris-free, high-flux operation at water-window and EUV wavelengths. This regenerative and solid-density target system holds promise for the generation of high-average power using high-repetition-rate lasers. Application of the source to compact x-ray microscopy, multi layer-op tics characterization and EUV lithography is briefly discussed.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Howick, Virginia M., et al.
(author)
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The Malaria Cell Atlas : Single parasite transcriptomes across the complete Plasmodium life cycle
- 2019
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 365:6455
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Malaria parasites adopt a remarkable variety of morphological life stages as they transition through multiple mammalian host and mosquito vector environments. We profiled the single-cell transcriptomes of thousands of individual parasites, deriving the first high-resolution transcriptional atlas of the entire Plasmodium berghei life cycle. We then used our atlas to precisely define developmental stages of single cells from three different human malaria parasite species, including parasites isolated directly from infected individuals. The Malaria Cell Atlas provides both a comprehensive view of gene usage in a eukaryotic parasite and an open-access reference dataset for the study of malaria parasites.
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| 11. |
- Menoni, C. S., et al.
(author)
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Nanometer-scale imaging and ablation with Extreme Ultraviolet lasers
- 2007
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In: 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5. - 9781424435906 ; , s. 1401-1402
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The short wavelength and high brightness of compact extreme ultraviolet lasers is shown to enable the development of microscopes with spatial resolution of tens of nanometers and new types of nanoprobes.
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| 12. |
- de Groot, J., et al.
(author)
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Improved liquid-jet laser-plasma source for X-ray microscopy
- 2003
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In: Journal de Physique IV. - : EDP Sciences. - 1155-4339 .- 1764-7177. ; 104, s. 121-122
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We increase the x-ray flux from a liquid-jet laser-plasma x-ray source by optimizing the target geometry. A new nozzle fabrication method allows us to produce stable microscopic liquid jets with a wide range of diameters. The improved x-ray flux is demonstrated by optimizing the diameter of an ethanol liquid-jet for our 3 ns, square=532 nm Nd:YAG laser and measuring the flux at the square=3.37 rim C VI emission line. Preliminary data suggest that the x-ray flux can be increased by more than a factor of 4 compared to previous experiments. The goal is to significantly reduce the exposure time of our laser-plasma-based compact x-ray microscope by improving the source.
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| 13. |
- de Groot, J., et al.
(author)
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Target optimization of a water-window liquid-jet laser-plasma source
- 2003
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 94:6, s. 3717-3721
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We optimize the water-window x-ray flux and debris deposition for a liquid-jet laser plasma source by varying both the target diameter and the jet material. For two target liquids, methanol and ethanol, measurements of the lambda = 3.37 nm C vi x-ray flux and the debris deposition rates are presented as function of the jet diameter. It is shown that the effective carbon debris deposition is more than I order of magnitude smaller for methanol, while the x-ray flux is reduced only similar to40%. The reduction in carbon debris deposition may be explained by reactive ion etching by oxygen from the plasma. Thus, the methanol water-window source may be operated at a 5-10X higher flux without increasing the debris deposition. The optimization potentially allows a reduction of the exposure time of compact soft x-ray microscopy or other water-window applications based on such sources without increasing damage to sensitive x-ray optics.
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| 14. |
- Hansson, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Stabilization of liquified-inert-gas jets for laser-plasma generation
- 2004
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 95:8, s. 4432-4437
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate the hydrodynamic properties of liquified-inert-gas jets in a vacuum with a special emphasis on their stability. Such jets have applications as targets for laser-plasma generation of soft-x-ray and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. An important example is the liquid-xenon-jet laser-plasma source, one of the source candidates for EUV lithography. A simple hydrodynamic model in not sufficient to explain experimental observations of jet stability. Evaporation-induced cooling explains observed in-flight freezing of the jet and may be a key factor influencing jet stability. It is shown how the jet stability, and, thus, the stability of the laser-plasma x-ray and EUV emission, are improved by applying localized heating to the tip of the jet-generating nozzle.
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| 15. |
- Hemberg, Oskar, et al.
(author)
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A Liquid-Metal-Jet Anode X-Ray Tube
- 2004
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In: Optical Engineering. - : SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. - 0091-3286 .- 1560-2303. ; 43:7, s. 1682-1688
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe a novel electron-impact x-ray source based on a high-speed liquid-metal-jet anode. Thermal power load calculations indicate that this new anode concept potentially could increase the achievable brightness in compact electron-impact x-ray sources by more than a factor 100 compared to current state-of-the-art rotating-anode or microfocus sources. A first, successful, low-power proof-of-principle experiment is described and the feasibility of scaling to high-brightness and high-power operation is discussed. Some possible applications that would benefit from such an increase in brightness are also briefly
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| 16. |
- Hemberg, Oscar, et al.
(author)
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High-brightness liquid-metal-jet x-ray tube
- 2011
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In: Acta Crystallographica Section A. - : International Union of Crystallography. - 2053-2733. ; 67, s. C257-C257
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 17. |
- Hemberg, Oscar, et al.
(author)
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The liquid-metal-jet anode x-ray source
- 2004
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In: Proceedings of The International Society for Optical Engineering. - : SPIE. ; , s. 421-431
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We introduce a novel electron-impact x-ray source based on a high-speed liquid-metal-jet anode. Basic thermal power load calculations indicate that this new anode concept potentially could increase the achievable brightness in compact electron-impact x-ray sources by more than a factor 100 compared to current state-of-the-art rotating-anode or microfocus sources. A first, successful, low-power proof-of-principle experiment is described and the feasibility of scaling to high-brightness and high-power operation is discussed. Some possible applications that would benefit from such an increase in brightness are also briefly described.
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| 18. |
- Hertz, Hans M., et al.
(author)
-
Laboratory X-ray micro- and nano-imaging
- 2009
-
In: Frontiers in Optics (FiO) 2009. - Washington, D.C. : Optical Society of America. - 9781557528780
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We summarize recent progress in laboratory x-ray imaging systems based on compact high-brightness liquid-jet sources, including <25 nm soft x-ray zone-plate microscopy and <10 μm (lens-free) hard x-ray phase-contrast imaging.
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| 19. |
- Hertz, Hans M., et al.
(author)
-
Table-top X-ray microscopy : Sources, optics and applications
- 2003
-
In: Journal de Physique IV. - : EDP Sciences. - 1155-4339 .- 1764-7177. ; 104, s. 115-119
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have developed the first operative compact sub-visible-resolution x-ray microscope for the water-window region (lambda = 2.3 - 4.4 nm). The microscope is based on a 100 Hz liquid-jet-target laser-plasma x-ray source, normal-incidence multilayer condenser optics, diffractive zone plate optics and CCD detection. In the present article we emphasize the system's aspects and summarize the recent progress on the components, all aiming at the reduction of the exposure time of a few seconds, i.e., similar to bending-magnet based microscopes. This primarily includes improved laser-plasma source, improved condenser optics using Cr/Sc multilayers, and improved image handling capability using wavelet algorithms. Such compact short-exposure time microscopes would significantly increase the applicability of the technology.
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| 20. |
- Jansson, Per, et al.
(author)
-
Liquid-tin-jet laser-plasma extreme ultraviolet generation
- 2004
-
In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 84:13, s. 2556-2258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We demonstrate the applicability of liquid-metal jets in vacuum as regenerative targets for laser-plasma generation of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray radiation. This extends the operation of liquid jet laser-plasma,sources to high-temperature, high-Z, high-density, low-vapor-pressure materials with new spectral signatures. The system is demonstrated using tin (Sn) as the target due to its strong emission around lambdaapproximate to13 nm, which makes the material suitable for EUV lithography. We show a conversion efficiency of 2.5% into (2% BW x 2pi x sr) and report quantitative measurements of the ionic/atomic as well as particulate debris emission.
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| 21. |
- Mattiasson, Anne-Cathrine, et al.
(author)
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Intimacy--meeting needs and respecting privacy in the care of elderly people : what is a good moral attitude on the part of the nurse/carer?
- 1998
-
In: Nursing Ethics. - : SAGE Publications. - 0969-7330 .- 1477-0989. ; 5:6, s. 527-34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article explores notions of intimacy in the caring context. The aspects discussed are: privacy and intimacy; intimacy as emotional and/or physical closeness; intimacy as touch; sexual intimacy and normal ageing; sexual intimacy and patients suffering from dementia; and intimacy as trust. Examples are given and problems are identified, with reflection on the attitude and behaviour of the carer. It is suggested that when trying to make moral decisions in concrete situations it is imperative that the carer is aware of the values upon which his or her own thinking is based. It is argued that the guiding principle should be the moral assumption that the carer's responsibility can never be interpreted as a right to disregard the wishes of the patient. Hence, the key word in daily care is 'respect'.
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| 22. |
- Otendal, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Microscopic High-Speed Liquid-Metal Jets in Vacuum
- 2005
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In: Experiments in Fluids. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0723-4864 .- 1432-1114. ; 39, s. 799-804
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe a novel electron-impact x-ray source based on a high-speed liquid-metal-jet anode. Thermal power load calculations indicate that this new anode concept potentially could increase the achievable brightness in compact electron-impact x-ray sources by more than a factor 100 compared to current state-of-the-art rotating-anode or microfocus sources. A first, successful, low-power proof-of-principle experiment is described and the feasibility of scaling to high-brightness and high-power operation is discussed. Some possible applications that would benefit from such an increase in brightness are also briefly
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| 23. |
- Otendal, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Status of the liquid-metal-jet-anode electron-impact x-ray source
- 2004
-
In: X-RAY SOURCES AND OPTICS. - BELLINGHAM : SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. - 0819454753 ; , s. 57-63
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have demonstrated a new electron-impact hard-x-ray source based on a liquid-metal-jet anode in a proof-of-principle experiment. Initial calculations show that this new anode concept potentially allows a >100x increase in source brightness compared to today's compact hard-x-ray sources. In this paper we report on the scale up of the system to medium electron-beam power resulting in a brightness comparable to current state-of-the-art sources. The upgraded system combines a similar to20-mum diameter liquid-tin jet operating at similar to60 m/s with a 50 kV, 600 W electron beam focused to similar to150 mum FWHM. We describe the properties of the current system, experimental results, as well as a brief discussion of key issues for future high-power scaling.
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