| 1. |
- Alfredsson, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Tribological conditions of curling - the ultimate friction sport?
- 2011
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In: 18th International Conference on Wear of Materials, Philadelphia, USA, April 3-7, 2011.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Curling is an Olympic winter sport in which 8 players forming two teams slide stones across a sheet of ice towards a target area. The two teams have eight stones each and take turns to slide the stones over to the target area, some 28 m away from the release line. After being released, the stone is only affected by the sliding friction. However, this friction may be somewhat modified by sweeping the ice just in front of the sliding stone, using special curling brooms. Further, the trajectory of the stone becomes slightly curled. By slowly turning the stone clockwise when it is released, it will turn to the right, and vice versa. The best team in each round of 16 stones score one point for each stone resting closer to the target than the best stone from the opponent team.The game makes up a very interesting tribological system, presenting a number of challenging problems. These problems include understanding exactly:what determines the level of friction, and how it is affected by the sweeping,how the roughness of the stone influences the friction, and how the sliding surface should best be prepared to give a stable and repeatable friction,how the intentionally bumpy "pebbled" ice structure influences the friction,the size and distribution of the contact spots between the rough stone and the pebbled ice,the mechanism causing the curl of the stone - "Why does the stone curl?".This poster is based on an experimental project, and presents this very intriguing tribological system. It offers some ready explanations and challenges the visiting tribologists to contribute their insights.
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| 2. |
- Hogmark, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions on contraceptive use and counselling : a cross-sectional survey in Maharashtra, India
- 2013
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In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 3:12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptionstowards contraceptive use and counselling among medical students in Maharashtra, India.Setting. Considerable global maternal mortality and morbidity could be avoided through theuse of effective contraception. In India, contraception services are frequently unavailable or there are obstacles to obtaining modern, reversible contraceptives.Participants. A cross-sectional descriptive study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 1996 medical students in their fifth year of study at 27 medical colleges in the state of Maharashtra, India. Descriptive and analytical statistics interpreted the survey instrument and significant results were presented with 95% CI.Results. Respondents expressed a desire to provide contraceptive services. A few studentshad experienced training in abortion care. There were misconceptions about moderncontraceptive methods and the impact of sex education. Attitudes towards contraceptionwere mainly positive, premarital counselling was supported and the influence of traditional values and negative provider attitudes on services was recognised. Gender, area of upbringing and type of medical college did not change the results.Conclusions. Despite mostly positive attitudes towards modern contraceptives, sex education and family planning counselling, medical students in Maharashtra have misconceptions about modern methods of contraception. Preservice and in-service training in contraceptive counselling should be implemented in order to increase women's access to evidence-based maternal healthcare services.
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| 3. |
- Hogmark, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Medical students' knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards contraceptive use and counselling : a cross-sectional survey in Maharashtra, India.
- 2013
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In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 3:12, s. e003739-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards contraceptive use and counselling among medical students in Maharashtra, India.SETTING: Considerable global maternal mortality and morbidity could be avoided through the use of effective contraception. In India, contraception services are frequently unavailable or there are obstacles to obtaining modern, reversible contraceptives.PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional descriptive study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 1996 medical students in their fifth year of study at 27 medical colleges in the state of Maharashtra, India. Descriptive and analytical statistics interpreted the survey instrument and significant results were presented with 95% CI.RESULTS: Respondents expressed a desire to provide contraceptive services. A few students had experienced training in abortion care. There were misconceptions about modern contraceptive methods and the impact of sex education. Attitudes towards contraception were mainly positive, premarital counselling was supported and the influence of traditional values and negative provider attitudes on services was recognised. Gender, area of upbringing and type of medical college did not change the results.CONCLUSIONS: Despite mostly positive attitudes towards modern contraceptives, sex education and family planning counselling, medical students in Maharashtra have misconceptions about modern methods of contraception. Preservice and in-service training in contraceptive counselling should be implemented in order to increase women's access to evidence-based maternal healthcare services.
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| 4. |
- Hogmark, Sara, et al.
(author)
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One-year follow up of contraceptive use and pregnancy rates after early medical abortion : Secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of immediate post-abortion placement of intrauterine devices
- 2023
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) effectively prevent unwanted pregnancies. Little is known about long-term outcomes of women choosing an IUD after early medical abortion.Material and methods: We present secondary outcome data of continuation rates, factors associated with continuation and discontinuation, choice of IUD type, women's satisfaction with IUD, and IUD expulsions, subsequent pregnancies, and abortions within 1 year post-abortion in a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial on IUD placement within 48 hours compared with placement 2-4 weeks after medical abortion up to 63 days' gestation ( NCT03603145).Results: Of the 240 women studied, 112/120 (93.3%) in the intervention group vs 113/120 (94.2%) in the control group completed the 12-month follow-up. The rate of IUD use at 12 months was 84/112 (75%) in the intervention group vs 75/113 (66.4%) in the control group (P = 0.19). Attendance at the IUD placement visit was the only predictor of long-term IUD use (relative risk [RR] = 5.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.03-16.0; P = 0.001). The main reason for choosing an IUD was high contraceptive effectiveness. The most common reasons for IUD discontinuation were bleeding problems and abdominal pain. IUD expulsion was rare and did not differ between groups. Satisfaction among IUD users at 1 year was high (>94%) and the majority of all participants would recommend IUD to a friend (65.8%). Use of no contraception and experience of unprotected intercourse were less common in the intervention group (11/112 [9.8%] vs 25/113 [22.1%], P = 0.02 and 17/112 [15.2%] vs 32/113 [28.3%], P = 0.02, respectively). There was no difference in the rate of subsequent pregnancies and abortions (pregnancies 14/112, 12.5% in the intervention group vs 8/113, 7.1% in the control group, P = 0.19; abortions 5/112, 4.5% vs 3/113, 2.7%, P = 0.5).Conclusions: IUD placement after medical abortion led to high continuation and satisfaction rates with no difference between groups. We found no difference in IUD expulsions after immediate compared with later placement. Unprotected intercourse was significantly less common in the immediate group. In clinical practice, immediate placement of IUDs available free of charge at the abortion clinic is likely to increase attendance to the placement visit and continued use of IUDs after abortion.
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| 5. |
- Hogmark, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Placement of an intrauterine device within 48 hours after early medical abortion : a randomized controlled trial
- 2023
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In: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9378 .- 1097-6868. ; 228:1, s. 53.e1-53.e9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Intrauterine devices are safe, well tolerated and known to reduce the risk of unwanted pregnancies. At medical abortion, intrauterine devices are placed at a follow-up visit. Patients who miss this visit risk being left without contraception.OBJECTIVE: To study if placement of an intrauterine device within 48 hours of completed medical abortion up to 63 days' gestation leads to higher user rates at six months after the abortion compared with placement at two to four weeks after abortion. Furthermore, to compare continued use of intrauterine devices, safety and patient satisfaction between groups.STUDY DESIGN: We performed an open-label, randomized, controlled, multicenter, superiority trial (phase 3). A total of 240 patients requesting medical abortion up to 63 days' gestation and opting for intrauterine device were allocated to placement within 48 hours of complete medical abortion (intervention group) or at 2-4 weeks after abortion (control group). We defined the abortion as complete after bleeding of clots and cessation of heavy bleeding following use of misoprostol. Patients answered questionnaires at 3, 6 and 12 months. Primary outcome was use of intrauterine device at 6 months post abortion. Secondary outcomes included expulsion rate, pain at placement, adverse events and complications from the abortion, acceptability, and pregnancies and their outcomes. Differences in non-parametric continuous variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U-test and differences in dichotomous variables were analyzed by Chi square test or Fisher's exact test. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: In the intervention group, 91/111 (82%) used an intrauterine device at six months after the abortion, compared to 87/112 (77.7%) in the control group with a difference in proportion of 4.3% (95% CI -0.062, 0.148, p=0.51). Attendance rate and rate of successful intrauterine device placement were similar between groups. Patients in the intervention group had lower pain scores at placement of the intrauterine device (mean pain score VAS 32.3, SD 29) compared to the control group (mean pain score VAS 43.4, SD 27.9, p=0.002). Patients preferred their allocated time of placement significantly more often in the intervention group, (83/111, 74.8%) compared to the control group (70/114, 61.4%, p=0.03). Use of ultrasound at intrauterine device placement (because of doubts concerning complete abortion) was more common in the intervention group (43/108, 39.8%) compared to the control group (15/101, 14.9%, p<0.001) and in one patient in the control group, a retained gestational sac was found. Three patients in the intervention group and two patients in the control group had a vacuum aspiration. No difference was found in intrauterine device expulsion rates between the groups. In the intervention group, 9/97 (9.3%) patients experienced expulsion during the first six months after abortion and 4/89 (4.5%, p=0.25) in the control group. There were no perforations or infections requiring antibiotic treatment.CONCLUSION: Placement of an intrauterine device within 48 hours after medical abortion at ≤ 63 days' gestation does not lead to higher user rates at six months after the abortion, compared with intrauterine device placement at 2-4 weeks after abortion. When compared with placement at a follow-up visit after 2-4 weeks, intrauterine device placement within 48 hours after early medical abortion appears safe, is preferred by patients and associated with lower pain scores.
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| 6. |
- Hogmark, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Placement of an intrauterine device within 48 hours after second trimester medical abortion : a randomized controlled trial
- 2024
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In: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - 0002-9378 .- 1097-6868.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: International guidelines recommend placement of intrauterine devices immediately after second trimester medical abortion, but evidence concerning the optimal time for intrauterine device placement is lacking from clinical trials.OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of intrauterine device placement within 48 hours, compared with placement at two to four weeks after second trimester medical abortion. We hypothesized that intrauterine device placement within 48 hours would be superior compared with placement at two to four weeks after the abortion, in terms of the proportion of intrauterine device use after six months, with maintained safety and acceptability.STUDY DESIGN: In this open-label, randomized, controlled, superiority trial, we recruited participants at eight abortion clinics in Sweden. Eligible participants were ≥18 years, requesting medical abortion with gestation ≥85 days and opting for use of a post abortion intrauterine device. Participants were randomized (1:1) to intrauterine device placement either within 48 hours of complete abortion (intervention) or after 2 to 4 weeks (control). Our primary outcome was self-reported use of an intrauterine device after 6 months. Secondary outcomes included expulsion rates, pain at placement, adverse events and complications, acceptability, and subsequent pregnancies and abortions. Differences in non-normal continuous variables were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test and differences in dichotomous variables with the chi square or Fisher's exact tests. A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Group differences are presented by modified intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses.RESULTS: Between January 2019, and June 2022, we enrolled 179 participants, of whom 90 were assigned to intervention and 89 to control. Enrolment was prematurely stopped after an interim analysis exceeded a predefined intrauterine device expulsion rate of 20%. By modified intention-to-treat, use of intrauterine device after 6 months was 50.7% (34/67) in the intervention group compared to 71.6% (48/67) in the control group (proportion difference 20.9%; 95% confidence interval 4.4%-35.9%; P=.02). The intrauterine device expulsion rate was 30.1% (22/73) in the intervention group versus 2.9% (2/70; P <.001) in the control group. Other adverse events were rare and patient acceptability was high in both groups.CONCLUSION: Intrauterine device placement within 48 hours after second trimester medical abortion was non-superior in terms of the proportion of intrauterine device use after 6 months when compared with placement after 2 to 4 weeks. Placement within 48 hours after second trimester abortion can be used in selected individuals after counselling on expulsion risk.
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| 7. |
- Hogmark, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Provision of long-acting reversible contraception at surgical abortion-A cross-sectional nationwide register study
- 2022
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 101:1, s. 77-83
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Provision of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) at surgical abortion is safe, practical, and leads to higher user rates than does delayed provision. The aim of this study was to explore whether provision of LARC at surgical abortion is associated with known risk factors for subsequent abortions and inconsistent use of contraception, including sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders.Material and methods: This was a register-based cross-sectional study of 6251 women having a surgical abortion in Sweden. Data were collected from National health and population registers. Women with procedure codes for surgical abortion were identified in the National Patient Register from October 2016 to December 2018. Information from Statistics Sweden, the National Patient Register, and the Swedish prescribed drug register on sociodemographic factors, psychiatric disorders, and dispensed LARC was added and linked on an individual level. Associations of sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders with LARC provision were explored with generalized logit mixed models and presented as crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: The overall rate of LARC provision at the time of the abortion was 2515/6251 (40.2%). Younger age and lower level of education were associated with an increased likelihood of LARC provision. In the study population, 2624/6251 (42.0%) patients had a pre- or post-abortion psychiatric disorder, a factor associated with an increased likelihood of LARC provision compared with women with no such disorders (adjusted odds ratio 1.21; 95% CI 1.08-1.34). The highest rates and odds were seen among women with personality, substance use, and/or neurodevelopmental disorders and among women with multiple psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: Sociodemographic risk factors and psychiatric disorders were associated with increased LARC provision at surgical abortion, indicating that women at high risk of unwanted pregnancies are provided with effective contraception. Still, less than half of all women undergoing surgical abortion were provided with LARC, suggesting that contraceptive access and counseling prior to a surgical abortion can be improved.
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| 8. |
- Nyberg, Harald, 1985-, et al.
(author)
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The asymmetrical friction mechanism that puts the curl in the curling stone
- 2013
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In: Wear. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 301:1-2, s. 583-589
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Curling is an Olympic winter sport in which two teams slide stones across a sheet of ice towards a target area, some 28 m away from the release line. The sport has its name from the fact that the trajectory of a rotating stone becomes slightly curled, a fact used to reach open spots or take out opponent stones behind hindering “guarding” stones, etc. By slowly turning the stone clockwise when it is released, it will curl to the right, and vice versa. The resulting sideward deviation is typically slightly more than a metre. This intriguing tribological phenomenon has so far lacked a satisfactory explanation, although many attempts have been presented. In many of them, the curling motion has been attributed to an asymmetrical distribution of the friction force acting on the sliding stone, such that the friction on the rear of the stone (as seen in the direction of motion) is higher than that on the front. In a recent paper, we could show that no such redistribution of the friction, no matter how extreme, can explain the magnitude of the observed motion of a real curling stone. The present work presents an alternative asymmetrical mechanism that actually is strong enough to account for the observed motion. Further, in contrast to previous models, it satisfies other observed phenomena, including the independence of rotational speed of the stone and the strong dependence of the roughness of the stone. The model is backed up by experimental evidence and is based on the specific tribological conditions presented by the contact between a scratched curling stone and a pebbled ice sheet.
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