| 1. |
- Prusakov, Pavel, et al.
(author)
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A global point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in neonatal intensive care units : The no-more-antibiotics and resistance (NO-MAS-R) study
- 2021
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In: eClinicalMedicine. - : Elsevier. - 2589-5370. ; 32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Global assessment of antimicrobial agents prescribed to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) may inform antimicrobial stewardship efforts.Methods: We conducted a one-day global point prevalence study of all antimicrobials provided to NICU infants. Demographic, clinical, and microbiologic data were obtained including NICU level, census, birth weight, gestational/chronologic age, diagnoses, antimicrobial therapy (reason for use; length of therapy), antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP), and 30-day in-hospital mortality.Findings: On July 1, 2019, 26% of infants (580/2,265; range, 0-100%; median gestational age, 33 weeks; median birth weight, 1800 g) in 84 NICUs (51, high-income; 33, low-to-middle income) from 29 countries (14, high-income; 15, low-to-middle income) in five continents received >= 1 antimicrobial agent (92%, antibacterial; 19%, antifungal; 4%, antiviral). The most common reasons for antibiotic therapy were "rule-out" sepsis (32%) and "culture-negative" sepsis (16%) with ampicillin (40%), gentamicin (35%), amikacin (19%), vancomycin (15%), and meropenem (9%) used most frequently. For definitive treatment of presumed/confirmed infection, vancomycin (26%), amikacin (20%), and meropenem (16%) were the most prescribed agents. Length of therapy for culture-positive and "culture-negative" infections was 12 days (median; IQR, 8-14) and 7 days (median; IQR, 5-10), respectively. Mortality was 6% (42%, infection-related). An NICU ASP was associated with lower rate of antibiotic utilization (p = 0.02).Interpretation: Global NICU antibiotic use was frequent and prolonged regardless of culture results. NICU-specific ASPs were associated with lower antibiotic utilization rates, suggesting the need for their implementation worldwide.
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| 2. |
- Zhou, Jun, et al.
(author)
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Compressed Level Crossing Sampling for Ultra-Low Power IoT Devices
- 2017
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In: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers. - 1549-8328. ; 64:9, s. 2495-2507
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Level crossing sampling (LCS) is a power-efficient analog-to-digital conversion scheme for spikelike signals that arise in many Internet of Things-enabled automotive and environmental monitoring applications. However, LCS scheme requires a dedicated time-to-digital converter with large dynamic range specifications. In this paper, we present a compressed LCS that exploits the signal sparsity in the time domain. At the compressed sampling stage, a continuous-time ternary encoding scheme converts the amplitude variations into a ternary timing signal that is captured in a digital random sampler. At the reconstruction stage, a low-complexity split-projection least squares (SPLSs) signal reconstruction algorithm is presented. The SPLS splits random projections and utilizes a standard least squares approach that exploits the ternary-valued amplitude distribution. The SPLS algorithm is hardware friendly, can be run in parallel, and incorporates a low-cost k-term approximation scheme for matrix inversion. The SPLS hardware is analyzed, designed, and implemented in FPGA, achieving the highest data throughput and the power efficiency compared with the prior arts. Simulations of the proposed sampler in an automotive collision warning system demonstrate that the proposed compressed LCS can be very power efficient and robust to wireless interference, while achieving an approximately eightfold data volume compression when compared with Nyquist sampling approaches.
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