| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Widell, Lars M, 1964-
(author)
-
Essays in International Trade : Measurement, Product Quality, Input-Output Modelling and Tax Evasion
- 2016
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of four independent essays that deal with several measurement aspects within the field of international trade. The measurement problems addressed are related to measuring the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports or measuring tax evasionEssay 1, The Human Capital Content of Trade and its Measurement. Evidence from Swedish Data, deals with various measurement problems related to calculations of the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports. This builds on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek extension to the Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory.Essay 2, Product Quality Adjustment and the Human Capital Content of Trade. A New Computational Framework, builds on the same theoretical background, but introduces a quality-adjustment in the calculations of the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports, which builds on the idea underlying vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT). Quality adjustment is performed, first, by assuming that a product sold at a higher price has a higher quality than the same product sold at a lower price and, second, by assuming that a highquality product implies a higher content of skilled labour than a low-quality product.Essay 3, Estimation of commodity-by-commodity input–output matrices, focuses on a new method in constructing symmetric input-output tables (SIOTs), which has been termed the Bohlin and Widell model, using data contained within supply- and use-tables (SUTs). One key contribution is that it makes it possible to estimate SIOTs in cases when the underlying SUTs are rectangular. The method also addresses the problem of negative coefficients, a long-standing issue encountered in the derivation of SIOTs.Essay 4, Tax evasion in Kenya and Tanzania: Evidence from missing imports, focuses on estimating the amount of tax evasion in trade between Kenya and Tanzania. The study is empirically focused, and the measurement errors in reported trade flows between both countries are correlated with tax rates, to determine whether the measurement error increases with the tax rate.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ackum, Susanne, et al.
(author)
-
Vi tar fram en handfast plan för en omstart av Sverige
- 2020
-
In: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447. ; :27 april
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Det är /.../ fullt möjligt att tänka strategiskt och systematiskt även i brinnande kris. Omstartskommissionen hoppas kunna bidra till fokus, analys och konkreta policyförslag för att stödja Sveriges långsiktiga inriktning. Vi kommer att under våren och sommaren anordna seminarier och hearings om vårt arbete, delrapporter ska läggas fram – och när budgetarbetet börjar och Riksdagen öppnar, vill vi kunna bidra med en rejäl och handfast plan för hur vi omstartar Sverige.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bohlin, Lars
(author)
-
Taxation of intermediate goods : a CGE analysis
- 2010
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This dissertation is concerned with tax rates for the use of commodities in general, and energy in particular. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are used to analyze the normative question of whether the tax rate for intermediate use by firms should be the same as the tax rate for final consumption by households. To answer this question, a distinction needs to be made between fiscal taxes for the purpose of raising revenue for the government, and Pigovian taxes for the purpose of changing behaviour. Concerning fiscal taxes, firms should not pay taxes on their use of inputs if the tax rates in final consumption are at their optimal level. If the tax rate for households is above the optimal level, intermediate use in firms should be taxed in order to increase the price of other commodities and reduce the distortion of relative prices. Essay 1 ascertains what factors determine the optimal relation between the tax rate for final consumption by households and intermediate use by firms. Essay 2 analyses Swedish energy taxes from the perspective of reducing global emission of CO2. It is found that the welfare maximizing tax rates are equal for households and firms not participating in emission trading, while firms that participate in emission trading should have a zero tax rate. Essays 3 and 4 deal with methodological issues. Essay 3 derives a new method for estimation of symmetric input-output tables from supply and use tables. This method solves the problem of negative coefficients, makes it possible to use both the industry and commodity technology assumptions simultaneously and enables the commodity technology assumption to be used even when the number of commodities is larger than the number of industries. Essay 4 describes the model used in the first two essays. The price structure developed here makes it possible to take into account price differences between different purchasers other than differences in tax rates. This essay also makes a comparison between the Swedish implementation of this model and other Swedish CGE-models used to analyse climate policy and energy taxation.
|
|
| 5. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(author)
-
Så startar Sverige om
- 2020
-
Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(author)
-
Ojnareskogen värd långt mer än kalkjobben
- 2015
-
In: Svenska Dagbladet. - Stockholm : Schibsted. - 1101-2412.
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Den kanske största miljöstriden i svensk historia håller nu på att avslutas, efter tio år i olika rättsliga instanser ända upp till Högsta domstolen. Det handlar om ett 50-tal kalkjobb eller bevarandet av ett av vårt lands mest skyddsvärda områden, skriver flera nationalekonomer gemensamt.
|
|
| 8. |
- Mai, Anh, 1986-
(author)
-
Organizing for efficiency : Essays on merger policies, independence of authorities, and technology diffusion
- 2017
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Institutions are fundamentally sets of rules in a society that help create stability. Organizations are groups of people who may share the same goal. Changes in organizations and institutions will have large effects on the performance of economies. This thesis explores empirical aspects concerning two elements of institutional and organizational design: economic regulations and independent regulatory authorities (IRAs).Essay 1 studies the impact of the 2004 EU merger policy reform on how mergers are reviewed by the European Commission. The EU policy appears to have softened after the reform for unilateral mergers and this may suggest an improvement of merger policy efficiency.Essay 2 compares the merger enforcements in the EU and the US. Our approach is to decompose the differences into policy effects and casemix effects. The EU policy has significantly changed after its 2004 reform. Overall, the results show a convergence between the two policies for dominance mergers after the EU policy reform.Essay 3 constructs an independence index for 109 European IRAs in six different sectors: competition, energy, financial markets, pharmaceuticals, food safety, and telecom. Factor analysis suggests that the heads of the agencies are mostly constrained by four factors: collegial bodies, the judicial system, politics and scope of tasks, and resources.Essay 4 explores a correlation between independence of regulatory authorities and corruption. We find that the authorities in corrupt countries to a large extent rely on collegial bodies but are less tightly controlled by the judicial system, compared with those in “clean” countries.Essay 5 studies the impact of regulation on broadband diffusion speed. The results imply that a strict local loop unbundling policy appears to slow the diffusion speed of fixed broadband. In contrast, a procompetition policy that aims to promote entry has a significant positive impact on the diffusion speed of mobile broadband.
|
|
| 9. |
- Westin, Jonas, 1980-
(author)
-
Welfare Effects of Transport Policies : an analysis of congestion pricing and infrastructure investments
- 2011
-
Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Interactions between the transport market and other distorted markets, such as the labor market, can have a large impact on the overall welfare effect of a road pricing policy or a congestion charge. Many road pricing studies therefore try to incorporate effects from other distorted markets in the analysis. A difficulty when assessing the welfare effect of a future transport policy is also that many factors and parameters needed for the analysis is uncertain. This thesis contains three papers all studying different methodological approaches to analyzing the welfare effects of transport policies. The first two papers analyze the welfare effect of congestion pricing in distorted economies. The main contribution of the first paper is to analyze how the welfare effect of a congestion charge in a distorted economy depends on what assumptions we make regarding the tax system in the initial no-toll situation. A critical assumption in many cost-benefit analyses of congestion charges is that the whole population has a single value of time. The second paper studies the effect of a congestion charge in a population of commuters with a continuously distributed value of time. The main contribution of the paper, compared to previous literature, is that it studies the welfare effect and distributional impact of a congestion charge in a population with endogenous labor supply and heterogeneous value of time where mode-choice self-selection plays an important role. The third paper studies the climate benefit of an investment in high speed rail by calculating the magnitude of annual traffic emission reduction required to compensate for the annualized embedded emissions from the construction of the line. To account for uncertainties in underlying assumptions, a Monte Carlo simulation framework is used in the analysis. The paper finds that to be able to balance the annualized emissions from the construction, traffic volumes of more than 10 million annual one-way trips are usually required, and most of the traffic diverted from other transport modes must come from aviation.
|
|
| 10. |
- Ahlberg, Joakim, 1966-
(author)
-
Multi-unit common value auctions : theory and experiments
- 2012
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Research on auctions that involve more than one identical item for sale was,almost non-existing in the 90’s, but has since then been getting increasing attention. External incentives for this research have come from the US spectrum, sales, the European 3G mobile-phone auctions, and Internet auctions. The policy relevance and the huge amount of money involved in many of them have helped the theory and experimental research advance. But in auctions where values are equal across bidders, common value auctions, that is, when the value depends on some outside parameter, equal to all bidders, the research is still embryonic.This thesis contributes to the topic with three studies. The first uses a Bayesian game to model a simple multi-unit common value auction, the task being to compare equilibrium strategies and the seller’s revenue from three auction formats; the discriminatory, the uniform and the Vickrey auction. The second study conducts an economic laboratory experiment on basis of the first study. The third study comprises an experiment on the multi-unit common value uniform auction and compares the dynamic and the static environments of this format.The most salient result in both experiments is that subjects overbid. They are victims of the winner’s curse and bid above the expected value, thus earning a negative profit. There is some learning, but most bidders continue to earn a negative profit also in later rounds. The competitive effect when participating in an auction seems to be stronger than the rationality concerns. In the first experiment, subjects in the Vickrey auction do somewhat better in small groups than subjects in the other auction types and, in the second experiment, subjects in the dynamic auction format perform much better than subjects in the static auction format; but still, they overbid.Due to this overbidding, the theoretical (but not the behavioral) prediction that the dynamic auction should render more revenue than the static fails inthe second experiment. Nonetheless, the higher revenue of the static auction comes at a cost; half of the auctions yield negative profits to the bidders, and the winner’s curse is more severely widespread in this format. Besides, only a minority of the bidders use the equilibrium bidding strategy.The bottom line is that the choice between the open and sealed-bid formats may be more important than the choice of price mechanism, especially in common value settings.
|
|
| 11. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Economic Analysis and Investment Priorities in Sweden's Transport Sector
- 2018
-
In: Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2194-5888 .- 2152-2812. ; 9:1, s. 120-146
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Beginning as a planning tool within Sweden's national road administration some 50 years ago, benefit-cost analysis (BCA) has come to be a pillar of the national transport policy because of subsequent strategic choices made by the national parliament. These choices made it necessary to widen the analysis of costs to include also externalities and a foregone conclusion was that efficient investment priorities should be made based on BCA. But no one asked whether the political decision makers or the BCA models were up to that task. This paper reviews the institutional framework and practice of BCA in Sweden for transport infrastructure investment, and considers design issues that have been and still are debated, such as whether the discount rate should include a risk term and how to account for the marginal cost of public funds. A main concern with BCA results is the underestimation of construction costs, making transport sector projects look better than they are. Several ex post analyses have established that a higher NPV ratio increases the probability of being included in the investment program proposal prepared by the agency. The requirement to let projects undergo BCA seems to make planners trim project proposals by trying to reduce investment costs without significantly reducing benefits. This relationship is weaker among profitable projects. Moreover, there is no correlation between rate of return and the probability of being included in the final program, which is established on political grounds.
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
- Andersson Järnberg, Linda, 1969-, et al.
(author)
-
Willingness to pay for private and public improvements of vulnerable road users’ safety
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A frequent finding in the empirical literature on cost-benefit analysis of traffic safety measures is that valuations of public goods are lower than valuations of private goods, contrary to theory predictions. This study elicits the willingness to pay for publicly and privately provided safety improvement benefiting cyclists and pedestrians, a relatively neglected group in this literature. Our results suggest that there is no significant difference between valuations of a private good and three versions of a public good as long as the good itself is the same, in our case a mobile phone app. The public good versions differ in attributes such as mandatory or voluntary use and private or public provision institutions. This finding is consistent with the simultaneous presence of both financial altruism and safety altruism, or neither. Public institutions are preferred to private ones in the provision of the public goods, and voluntary participation is preferred to mandated regulation. We also find evidence that attitudes that favor using taxes to fund traffic safety projects, and public responsibility for traffic safety are associated with a higher willingness to pay.
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
- Andersson, Matts, 1975-
(author)
-
Policy Analysis for Different Types of Decision-Making Situations
- 2017
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis seeks to contribute to decision support for policy makers in the transport sector. In order to frame the papers and to relate them to the broad field of “policy analysis”, I have structured the papers around a simple framework with three decision levels: responsibility, policy gap, and policy measure. The thesis contains five papers.“Transaction and transition costs during the deregulation of the Swedish Railway market” is a paper in the transaction cost school. We studied the costs associated with the shift from monopoly to competition in the Swedish railway market, and we found that the change resulted in comparatively small transaction costs, but that transition and misalignment costs seem to be larger. In “Parking policy under strategic interaction”, I examined the effect of strategic interaction between jurisdictions using an analytical model based on Hotelling’s linear city model. I conclude that the procedure for setting supply in most municipalities has a strong downward effect on municipal parking fees and that resource flow competition implies that the fees are higher than the efficient prices (but that the effect of the supply procedures makes this effect incongruous).In “Validation of aggregate reference forecasts for passenger transport”, we followed up the Swedish national forecasts for passenger transport produced from 1975 to 2009 and tried to explain the deviations. We found that the forecasts during the last decades have overestimated car traffic, and that this is due to input errors. The potential problem of using cross-sectional models for forecasting intertemporal changes seems to have been limited.In “The kilometer tax and Swedish industry - effects on sectors and regions”, we estimated factor demand elasticities in the Swedish manufacturing industry and used these to analyze the effects of a kilometer tax for heavy goods vehicles. We found that the kilometer tax leads to factor substitution in that it decreases transport demand and increases labor demand. The effects on output are less pronounced. In “The effect of minimum parking requirements on the housing stock”, we used a model of the rental, asset, and construction markets. We quality-assured our assumptions and our results through interviews with market actors. In our example suburb, we found that parking norms reduced the housing stock by 1.2% and increased rents by 2.4%.
|
|
| 16. |
- Aranki, Ted N., 1978-
(author)
-
Wages, unemployment and regional differences : empirical studies of the Palestinian labor market
- 2006
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of four essays analyzing wages, unemployment and regional differences in the Palestinian labor market. Paper [I] investigates the effects of the Israeli closure policy on Palestinian wage earnings. Closure has a significant impact on the Palestinian labor force in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, the effect differs between the two regions. The estimated models show that closure affects the Gaza Strip more than the West Bank. This could indicate that external closure is more damaging than internal closure. The reason is that external closure has been more strictly enforced in the Gaza Strip compared to the West Bank, which has suffered from a more severe internal closure. Paper [II] examines the effects of foreign workers on labor market outcomes for Palestinian workers from the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The data covers the period 1999-2003, a period in which Israel enforced a strict closure on labor (and goods) movement. The evidence suggests that foreign workers in Israel do not affect Palestinian employment; however, an increase in the number of foreign workers in Israel tends to reduce Israeli wages paid to Gazans. The Israeli closure policy appears to be the main cause of the substantial reduction in long-run Palestinian employment levels in Israel, not the presence of foreign workers. Paper [III] (co-authored with Yousef Daoud) investigates the determinants of unemployment duration in the Palestinian territories. This paper is the first study analyzing unemployment duration for Palestinian males; it covers a sensitive period (1999-2003) which in part witnessed a sharp increase in unemployment resulting from the closure of the Israeli labor market to many Palestinians. Non-parametric, semi-parametric, and full parametric methods were used to investigate the importance of individual and local labor market characteristics. The results indicate no significant differences between semi- and full-parametric methods. The Intifada has significantly lowered the hazard rate throughout the Palestinian territories, however, more so for the West Bank than the Gaza Strip. The probability of leaving unemployment is substantially lower in Gaza. Thus, the risk of long-term unemployment for individuals becoming unemployed is higher in that region. Paper [IV] estimates the economic returns to schooling in the Palestinian territories, and examines the relationship between household characteristics and the returns received by male household members in the labor market. The basic findings are that the economic returns to schooling are very low. Yet, the least-square estimate of the economic returns to schooling in Palestine is overestimated because of omitted unobservable household characteristics from the wage-schooling relationship. This is true even after correcting for measurement error in the schooling variable. The measurement-error-corrected least-square estimator of the returns to schooling is overestimated by 32 percent. Nevertheless, the omitted variable bias is of different magnitude in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In fact, the least-square estimator of the returns to schooling in the West Bank is more biased upwards, due to omitted unobservable household characteristics, than measurement error biases the estimated returns downwards. The results for the Gaza Strip indicate on the contrary no such bias, as the upward bias due to omitted variables is roughly offset by the attenuation bias due to errors in the measurement of schooling.
|
|
| 17. |
- Armelius, Hanna, 1973-
(author)
-
Distributional Side Effects of Tax Policies: An Analysis of Tax Avoidance and Congestion Tolls
- 2004
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays.Essay 1This essay examines the effects of tax avoidance on saving and income distribution. In an intertemporal model taxes can be avoided through asset trade. We find that including an avoidance response to taxation will increase all the negative distortions of increased tax progressivity. This result is in contrast to previous findings that tax avoidance can be used to escape some of the negative incentives that a highly progressive tax system leads to. Furthermore, we find that in the presence of tax avoidance measurements of income inequality will be biased downward, since avoidance is more common among the relatively rich. A simulation of a representative economy shows that standard measurements of inequality can be seriously misleading, particularly for economies with relatively high marginal tax rates.Essay 2The paper analyses an integrated urban road pricing policy based on an automatic payment system for cars. Like Glazer and Niskanen (2000) we study congestion tolls with heterogeneous commuters, but we focus on welfare effects and extend their model to include a choice of departure time, as well as travel mode. We find that tolls can be welfare improving even if the public transit mode normally used for substitution is also congested. If, for some reason, public transit charges cannot be changed, substitution towards off-peak travel can be stimulated by a combined road toll and parking duties policy made possible by modern automatic vehicle-identification technologies.Essay 3This essay focuses on the distributional impact and political acceptance of congestion tolls, which, we find, will depend on the location of a switch point income level, at which tolls become regressive. The latter, in turn, depends on the relative attractiveness of the car versus the mass transit system. We find that in a European setting, congestion tolls will most likely have a negative effect on the middle classes, while individuals at both tails of the income distribution will find themselves better off. An investment in the public transportation system will increase the number of individuals who would favor a reform involving congestion tolls on the road network. Such investments might therefore be warranted not only for environmental reasons, but also as a means of making an optimal road pricing policy politically acceptable, something which can be useful particularly in developing countries where financing traffic improvements can be difficult.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Brommesson, Douglas, 1976-, et al.
(author)
-
Sverige och EU
- 2007. - 1
-
In: Sverige i världen. - Malmö : Gleerups. - 9789140651051 ; , s. 131-145, s. 343-365
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Budh, Erika, 1970-
(author)
-
Essays on Environmental Economics
- 2005
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays.Essay IThis essay reports on an experimental study of how voluntary contributions in a public good game are affected by framing. In the public good context, average wealth improves from contributions. In the defensive contexts, the voluntary contributions prevent reductions in average wealth. The experiment shows that the subjects classified as conditionally co-operative make zero contributions to a larger extent in the defensive contexts. But there are no significant differences in average contribution levels, owing to compensating contributions by some subjects motivated by warm glow.Essay IIThe aim of this essay is to clarify the magnitude of the sub-optimization cost associated with separate control strategies for compliance with the Swedish environmental quality objectives. The marginal reduction costs are estimated using a separate and an integrated version of a deterministic linear programming model. The main findings are that there are no substantial sub-optimization costs for separate control strategies for CO2, NOX and SO2. But an integrated action strategy could imply enhanced costefficiency in reductions of VOC and particles.Essay IIIIn this essay we develop a multivariate stochastic control framework to deal with the cost efficiency problem associated with multiple emissions, since there are considerable quantification uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of the proposed emission reduction measures. It is found that a composite probabilistic constraint induces considerably lower abatement costs than separable probabilistic restrictions. Moreover, it can be concluded that the possibilities of increasing the cost-efficiency of emission reductions, with an approach that includes all major emissions to air simultaneously, become more apparent in the stochastic framework than in the deterministic setting.Essay IVThe European Union (EU) emission-trading scheme (ETS) is on of the most ambitious emission-trading systems ever and the involved member-states have various national climate strategies. This paper compares two options regarding how Sweden, a memberstate with a stricter national CO2 target than the EU Kyoto commitment, can internalise ETS. In the first strategy, the total emission cap for the Swedish ETS participants is based on the EU Kyoto commitment and combined with existing CO2 taxation. In the second, the ETS participants are exempted from CO2 taxation and the national policy is instead enforced by a stricter emission cap. We evaluate these strategies with a stochastic linear programming model based on 51 measures in Sweden. From the EU perspective, a transition from the first to the second strategy would reduce the cost of complying with the national target by approximately 150 and 40 million € a year, at emission allowance prices of 9 and 54 €/tonne respectively.
|
|
| 26. |
- Bångman, Gunnel, 1956-
(author)
-
Equity in welfare evaluations : the rationale for and effects of distributional weighting
- 2006
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis addresses the issue of weighted cost-benefit analysis (WCBA). WCBA is a welfare evaluation model where income distribution effects are valued by distributional weighting. The method was developed already in the 1970s. The interest in and applications of this method have increased in the past decade, e.g. when evaluating of global environmental problems. There are, however, still unsolved problems regarding the application of this method. One such issue is the choice of the approach to the means of estimating of the distributional weights. The literature on WCBA suggests a couple of approaches, but gives no clues as to which one is the most appropriate one to use, either from a theoretical or from an empirical point of view. Accordingly, the choice of distributional weights may be an arbitrary one. In the first paper in this thesis, the consequences of the choice of distributional weights on project decisions have been studied. Different sets of distributional weights have been compared across a variety of strategically chosen income distribution effects. The distributional weights examined are those that correspond to the WCBA approaches commonly suggested in literature on the topic. The results indicate that the choice of distributional weights is of importance for the rank of projects only when the income distribution effects concern target populations with low incomes. The results also show that not only the mean income but also the span of incomes, of the target population of the income distribution effect, affects the result of the distributional weighting when applying very progressive non-linear distributional weights. This may cause the distributional weighting to indicate an income distribution effect even though the project effect is evenly distributed across the population. One rational for distributional weighting, commonly referred to when applying WCBA, is that marginal utility of income is decreasing with income. In the second paper, this hypothesis is tested. My study contributes to this literature by employing stated preference data on compensated variation (CV) in a model flexible as to the functional form of the marginal utility. The results indicate that the marginal utility of income decreases linearly with income. Under certain conditions, a decreasing marginal utility of income corresponds to risk aversion. Thus the hypothesis that marginal utility of income is decreasing with income can be tested by analyses of individuals’ behaviour in gambling situations. The third paper examines of the role of risk aversion, defined by the von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility function, for people’s concern about the problem of ‘sick’ buildings. The analysis is based on data on the willingness to pay (WTP) for having the indoor air quality (IAQ) at home examined and diagnosed by experts and the WTP for acquiring an IAQ at home that is guaranteed to be good. The results indicate that some of the households are willing to pay for an elimination of the uncertainty of the IAQ at home, even though they are not willing to pay for an elimination of the risks for building related ill health. The probability to pay, for an elimination of the uncertainty of the indoor air quality at home, only because of risk aversion is estimated to 0.3-0.4. Risk aversion seems to be a more common motive, for the decision to pay for a diagnosis of the IAQ at home, among young people. Another rationale for distributional weighting, commonly referred to, is the existence of unselfish motives for economic behaviour, such as social inequality aversion or altruism. In the fourth paper the hypothesis that people have altruistic preferences, i.e. that they care about other people’s well being, is tested. The WTP for a public project, that ensures good indoor air quality in all buildings, have been measured in three different ways for three randomly drawn sub-samples, capturing different motives for economic behaviour (pure altruism, paternalism and selfishness). The significance of different questions, and different motives, is analysed using an independent samples test of the mean WTPs of the sub-samples, a chi-square test of the association between the WTP and the sample group membership and an econometric analysis of the decision to pay to the public project. No evidence for altruism, either pure altruism or paternalism, is found in this study.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
|
|
| 29. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(author)
-
Stoppa Ostlänken nu! : Debatt
- 2016
-
In: Dagens Industri. - : Dagens industri.
-
Review (pop. science, debate, etc.)
|
|
| 30. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(author)
-
Stoppa Ostlänken nu!
- 2016
-
In: Dagens Industri. - : Dagens industri AB. - 0346-640X .- 1402-4209. ; :3 augusti
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
|
|
| 31. |
- Carlén, Björn, 1965-, et al.
(author)
-
Landbaserade godstransporter, klimat och styrmedel : underlagsrapporter 1-10
- 2014
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- VTI notat 28-2014 innehåller de tio underlagsrapporter som ligger till grund för VTI rapport 831: ”Landbaserade godstransporter, klimat och styrmedel – Sammanfattande rapport”. I VTI rapport 831 diskuterar forskarna flera dimensioner av hur växthusgaserna från godstransportsektorn ska kunna minskas, till exempel med hjälp av så kallade Gröna korridorer. Vidare diskuteras hur man ska se på de klimatpolitiska konsekvenserna av överflyttning från väg till järnväg eller elektrifierade fordon på väg.
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
- Deschamps-Laporte, Jean-Philippe, 1985-
(author)
-
Essays on welfare and debt : From impact evaluation in Kenya to Canadian housing markets
- 2020
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis is comprised of two independent essays on the topics of impact evaluation, and one essay on the housing wealth-effect. The essays address key questions on welfare and spending decisions made by households when subject to government assistance programs and increases in housing prices.The first essay deals with a large scale pro-poor government assistance program in Kenya. It studies the impact of extension services on rural households, to understand whether the SIDA-funded program led to sustainable improvements in the treated households’ livelihoods. The results suggest that the treated households increased fertilizer dosage, and had higher household expenditures. However, the treatment did not impact farming revenues and output.The second essay investigates a novel labelled cash transfer program in agriculture in Kenya. This essay documents the impacts of the program to draw a relationship between the treatment and farm output and revenue, as well as basic welfare indicators at the household level. The results show that while household expenditures were higher following the reception of the labelled cash transfer, farm yields and revenues were not improved by the intervention.The third essay analyses the relationship between housing prices and consumer debt in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Using administrative data and an implementation of the Arellano-Bond estimator, this essay shows that, even as residential property values climbed very rapidly, consumers did not engage in additional non-mortgage debt, in particular consumers who planned to stay in their home for the following twelve months.
|
|
| 34. |
- Ekblad, Kristin, 1975-
(author)
-
The economics of sickness absence : social interactions, local cultures and working conditions
- 2014
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The focus of this thesis is the study of social and psychosocial aspects of sickness absence. In Essay 1, Sickness Absence and Peer Effects – Evidence from a Swedish Municipality, detailed employment records from a Swedish public employer are used to investigate whether sick leave among work group colleagues influences individual sick leave. Our results indicate that a worker’s level of sick leave is positively correlated with sick leave among peers. When length of employment is taken into account, however, we find that this positive peer effect emerges initially after the first few years of employment. In Essay 2, Who Cares about the Colleagues? – Insights into Peer Effect Heterogeneities in Sickness Absence across Gender and Age, I scrutinize the data used in Essay 1 to further investigate the nature of peer effects in sickness absence in relation to gender and age. The results indicate that men, as well as women, are sensitive to their female colleagues but not to their male peers. Moreover, somewhat surprisingly, I find that young and middle-aged workers are sensitive to younger peers, whereas the oldest workers are not sensitive to any of their peers. Essay 3, Sickness Absence and Local Culture, investigates the effect of geographical and presumed cultural context on sickness absence. Our results indicate that the region of residence is important to individual ‘illness-related absence’. In Essay 4, Sickness Absence, Working Conditions and Gender – An Empirical Analysis using Multiltvel Models, I analyse how psychosocial working conditions are related to short- and longterm sick leave and if, and how, these relation-ships vary with gender. The results show that employees who enjoy higher levels of autonomy in their post take fewer periods of short-term sick leave, and that this effect is significantly greater for male workers. The results also show that for female workers, stronger work-group cohesion is related to a lower likelihood of long-term sick leave.
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
- Eliasson, Jonas, et al.
(author)
-
Introduction : Editorial
- 2009
-
In: Transportation Research Part A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 43:3, s. 237-239
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)
|
|
| 37. |
- Eliasson, Jonas, et al.
(author)
-
The Stockholm Congestion-Charging Trial 2006 : Overview of the effects
- 2009
-
In: Transportation Research Part A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 43:3, s. 240-250
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Stockholm congestion charging trial in 2006 demonstrated the effects of a full-scale time-differentiated urban road toll scheme. Improvements in travel times were large enough to be perceived by the general public. This was pivotal to the radical change of public attitudes that occurred during the trial and that resulted in a positive outcome of a subsequent referendum on a proposal for making the system permanent. This paper summarises the effects of the trial and analyses to what extent targets were met. Effects on congestion reduction were larger than anticipated, which also resulted in favourable economic and environmental effects. The trial showed that a single-cordon toll could affect traffic within a large area, i.e., not just close to the zone limits.
|
|
| 38. |
- Enberg, Nils, et al.
(author)
-
Arlandabanan : en uppföljning av samhällsekonomiska aspekter på en okonventionell projektfinansiering några år efter trafikstart
- 2004
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Infrastrukturprojekt inom järnvägssektorn karaktäriseras av höga investeringskostnader, lång livslängd och låga driftskostnader. Arlandabanan, dvs. den järnvägsförbindelse mellan Arlanda och Stockholm som invigdes i slutet av 1999, har dessa egenskaper men skiljer sig från andra större järnvägsprojekt genom att den inte till fullo finansierats via statsbudgeten. Regeringen motiverade en sådan lösning med att man på så sätt kan avlasta samhället betydande investeringskostnader samtidigt som de privata finansiärerna kan finna projektet företagsekonomiskt lönsamt. Man sa vidare att Arlandabanan "… kommer att knyta samman det svenska järnvägssystemet med Sveriges största flygplats" och att investeringen gör det möjligt " … att integrera tågtrafiken från landets olika delar…". Regeringen gjorde också följande bedömning: "… utbyggnaden av järnvägar i Mälardalen och i södra och mellersta Norrland kommer därmed att ges goda möjligheter att trafikeras av tåg som angör Arlanda flygplats."1 I ett uppdrag från Riksrevisionen har VTI fått i uppgift att göra en uppföljning av gjorda investeringar i en järnvägsförbindelse mellan Arlanda och Stockholm. Uppdraget innebär att en rapport som beskriver hur de samhällsekonomiska riskerna i Arlandabaneprojektet utvecklats efter det att riksdagen fattat beslut om dess genomförande ska utarbetas. Syftet med detta PM är att redovisa VTI:s uppdrag.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
- Fisk, Martin, 1981-, et al.
(author)
-
Coupled electromagnetic-thermal solution strategy for induction heating of ferromagnetic materials
- 2022
-
In: Applied Mathematical Modelling. - : Elsevier. - 0307-904X .- 1872-8480. ; 111, s. 818-835
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Induction heating is used in many industrial applications to heat electrically conductive materials. The coupled electromagnetic-thermal induction heating process is non-linear in general, and for ferromagnetic materials it becomes challenging since both the electromagnetic and the thermal responses are non-linear. As a result of the existing non-linearities, simulating the induction heating process is a challenging task. In the present work, a coupled transient electromagnetic-thermal finite element solution strategy that is appropriate for modeling induction heating of ferromagnetic materials is presented. The solution strategy is based on the isothermal staggered split approach, where the electromagnetic problem is solved for fixed temperature fields and the thermal problem for fixed heat sources obtained from the electromagnetic solution. The modeling strategy and the implementation are validated against induction heating experiments at three heating rates. The computed temperatures, that reach above the Curie temperature, agree very well with the experimental results.
|
|
| 42. |
- Forsstedt, Sara, et al.
(author)
-
Hur väl fungerar försäkringsbranschen?
- 2015
-
In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 43:6, s. 40-47
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Ekonomisk teori visar hur försäkringssystem kan bidra till ökad välfärd. Men den visar också att det finns gränser för hur mycket trygghet vi kan eller bör skaffa oss genom försäkringar. Med unika mikrodata undersöker vi i denna artikel ett antal frågeställningar om försäkringsmarknadens effektivitet. Resultaten har betydelse för förståelsen av hur informationsasymmetrier hanteras av försäkringsbranschen, samt underlag för vissa policyrekommendationer när det gäller trafiksäkerhet och fordonsförsäkringar.
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
- Fregert, Klas, et al.
(author)
-
Europa med nationalräkenskapsmått
- 2017. - 12
-
In: Marknad och politik. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144119328 ; , s. 353-372
-
Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)
|
|
| 45. |
- Grek, Åsa, 1989-
(author)
-
Nonresponse issues when analysing business survey data
- 2018
-
Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Data issues due to nonresponse or missing data arises often in company surveys or in firm data. Missing data and nonresponse causes bias. Another problem that causes bias is omitted variables. Accordingly, it will lead to wrong conclusions. The idea behind this licentiate thesis is to address these problems. The aim is to develop an insight into how common problems can be solved by transforming the data and changing the statistical method. There is no claim that the method suggested in the papers is always optimal. Rather, the goal of the papers is to give an awareness of problems that occurs in quantitative business research.
|
|
| 46. |
|
|
| 47. |
- Heldt, Tobias, 1972-
(author)
-
Sustainable Nature Tourism and the Nature of Tourists’ Cooperative Behavior : Recreation Conflicts, Conditional Cooperation and the Public Good Problem
- 2005
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of five essays.Essay I (with David Vail) explains why neither Maine, USA's comparatively laissez faire economic and land use institutions nor Dalarna, Sweden's more heavily regulated economy seems well designed to make tourism a powerful economic development engine. The paper focuses on three clusters of institutions that have a major influence on tourism's scale, economic structure, and long term sustainability. Labor laws and labor market institutions, Land ownership and property rights and Commodity taxes. The paper employs institutional contrasts between Dalarna and Maine to frame hypotheses that will guide future studies of sustainable tourism in forest regions. Essay II (with David Vail) Snowmobiling growth in North America and Sweden creates challenges in “governing the commons.” Snowmobiling contributes to the economy of distressed rural regions and enhances residents’ quality of life; but quasi-open access to winter landscapes also breeds conflicts: among snowmobilers, with landowners, with other recreationists, and with environmentalists and ecosystem health. Case studies in Sweden and Maine are used to illustrate how innovative governance institutions, complemented by infrastructure investments, can mitigate conflicts, re-align incentives, and internalize costs. Essay III (with Kreg Lindberg and Peter Fredman) Many natural areas are visited by diverse groups of recreationists, and in some cases the presence or behavior of one group may negatively impact the experience of another group. This recreation conflict may lead to access restrictions for the "offending" group. However, the magnitude of the gains and losses from such management interventions remain unknown. The present study utilizes choice experiment analysis to provide estimates of the economic value to cross-country skiers of conflict reduction from various levels of snowmobile presence. Essay IV uses a natural experiment to study the impact of an informal sanctioning mechanism on individuals’ voluntary contribution to a public good. Cross-country skiers’ actual cash contributions in two ski resorts, one with and one without an informal sanctioning system, are used. I find the contributing share to be higher in the informal sanctioning system (79 percent) than in the non-sanctioning system (36 percent). Furthermore, a CC-function, i.e. the relationship between expected average contributions of other group members and the individual’s own contribution, is elicited and compared between the two systems. Essay V tests for conditional cooperation and social comparisons in a natural field experiment, using decisions from a sample of cross-country skiers in Sweden on the issue of voluntary cash contributions to the preparation of ski tracks. Testing by experimentally varying the beliefs about others’ behavior, I find the share of subjects giving a contribution to be significantly greater in the group receiving information about others’ behavior than in the group that does not. Regression analysis cannot reject that subjects are affected by social comparisons and express a behavior classified as conditional cooperation.
|
|
| 48. |
- Hultkrantz, Lars, 1952-, et al.
(author)
-
A comparison of cost benefit and cost utility analysis in practice : divergent policies by government agencies in Sweden
- 2011
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper compares state-of-the-art implementation of Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Cost Utility Analysis (CUA) as tools for making priorities in allocation of national public funds in the transport sector and health sector, respectively, in Sweden. These methods have several similarities although they diverge on how to treat effects on health and life length. However, it is shown here that there are considerable differences in how the methods are implemented in the decision process. The paper discusses differences in which cost and benefit components that are included, economic parameters, and the role of economic evaluation in the decision making. We believe that both transport and health sector planners have a lot to learn from each other.
|
|
| 49. |
- Hultkrantz, Lars, 1952-
(author)
-
A note on high-speed rail investments and travelers`value of time
- 2013
-
In: Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-9706 .- 2210-9714. ; 3:1-2, s. 14-21
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-speed rail (HSR) is designed for travellers with high value of time. HSR offers fast and reliable services and good possibilities for work during the journey. Surprisingly, these benefits of HSR investments are often appraised with travel-time value of people who use conventional train services. This note considers under what circumstances the assumption that the value of time remains unchanged by the speed improvement induces a significant bias in appraisals. We first outline some conceptual points with a modal-mix model where travellers have varying value of time and then discuss how this could affect the social profitability of three recently constructed or proposed HSR lines: Oslo–Stockholm (Norway and Sweden), Stockholm–Goteborg (Sweden) and Beijing–Shanghai Hongqiao (China). We conclude that economic evaluations of HSR line should at the least be complemented by a sensitivity analysis of the possible effect of a change of the composition of travellers with various values of travel time.
|
|
| 50. |
- Hultkrantz, Lars, et al.
(author)
-
Accident cost, speed and vehicle mass externalities, and insurance
- 2011
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD) automobile insurance enables insurers to charge the vehicle owner per mile instead of a pre-set number of miles per year. PAYD is offered to motorists on an optional basis, i.e., they can also choose a conventional scheme. PAYD insurance builds on the improved possibilities brought by new in-vehicle technologies for measuring distance driven. However, there is a range of other risk factors that could be supervised, some of which are already used by the insurance industry. For instance, one Swedish insurance provider charges a lower premium to vehicles that have an alco-lock installed to make it impossible to use the vehicle for an intoxicated driver. In this report, we summarize some work we have done on how to incorporate two of the most important risk factors; vehicle mass and speed. The possibility to differentiate insurance premiums according to various risk factors raises questions on the interaction between vehicle insurance schemes and taxes. Distance driven, speeding and vehicle mass are in many countries subject to taxation (for instance gasoline tax for distance, speeding tickets for speed and vehicle tax for vehicle mass). We will briefly discuss how a PAYD scheme with a speeding penalty (this will here be called Pay As You Speed, PAYS) can be combined with taxes to implement a Pigou taxation of road accident externalities. We summarize results from a vehicle-fleet experiment with a PAYS insurance incentive for keeping within speed limits using a speed-alert device. The PAYS scheme was simulated with a monthly bonus to participants during two months reduced by a non-linear speeding penalty. We analyse this “mass externality” using a database including collision accidents in Sweden involving two passenger cars during five years. Finally, we discuss different solutions to internalization of this external accident cost. We calculate a mass dependent multiplicative tax on the insurance premium in a no-fault insurance system.
|
|
