| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Andersgaard, Alice Beathe, et al.
(author)
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Eclampsia in Scandinavia: incidence, substandard care, and potentially preventable cases
- 2006
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 85:8, s. 929-936
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background. Description of incidence, clinical signs, symptoms, and consequences of eclampsia in Scandinavia, and assessment of substandard care and potential preventability. Methods. A descriptive cohort study including all women giving birth in a 2-year period (mid-1998-mid-2000) in Scandinavia. Notifications of eclampsia cases were obtained from all obstetric units at 3-monthly intervals. All patient files were reviewed, and systematic audit was performed to identify potentially preventable cases by using predefined criteria. Main outcome measures. Signs and symptoms preceding the eclamptic seizure, the standard of medical care, maternal and perinatal morbidity, and mortality were all recorded. Potentially preventable cases through improved care and cases eligible for primary prophylactic magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) were estimated. Results. The incidence of eclampsia was 5.0/10 000 maternities (CI = 4.3-5.7/ 10 000). Eighty-six percent had a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia before the seizure. Nine of 10 had at least one physical complaint before the first seizure, severe headache being the most common symptom, occurring in two-thirds. Most seizures (90%) occurred after admission to hospital. By audit, 89 cases (42%) were classified as having received substandard care. Prophylactic use of magnesium sulfate might have reduced the number of eclampsia cases by 35 (17%). Conclusions. Eclampsia occurred mainly in hospital and the majority of women had symptoms heralding the seizure. In retrospect, nearly half of the cases were found potentially preventable by timely intervention, improved medical care, and systematic use of prophylactic treatment with MgSO4.
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| 3. |
- Anderson, Kristin, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Broadcast Encryption and Group Codes
- 2004
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We consider the subset difference scheme for broadcast encryption and count the number of required transmissions when using this scheme. The subset scheme organizes receivers in a tree structure and we note that isomorphic trees yield the same number of required transmissions. We then study the group properties of isomorphism classes of trees. Finally we formulate some research questions for further study of the performance of the subset difference scheme.
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| 4. |
- Anderson, Kristin, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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The Algebraic Structure of a Broadcast Encryption Scheme
- 2005
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In: Radiovetenskap och Kommunikation, RVK05,2005.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we consider the subset difference scheme for broadcast encryption and count the number of required broadcast transmissions when using this scheme. The subset difference scheme organizes receivers in a tree structure and we note that isomorphic trees yield the same number of required broadcast transmissions. Based on the isomorphism the trees can be partitioned into classes. We suggest to use the vast amount of tools available from the theory of groups to analyze the subset difference scheme and therefore we formulate the mappings between isomorphic trees using concepts from group theory. Finally we identify some research issues for further study of the performance of the subset difference scheme using group theory.
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| 5. |
- Anderson, Kristin, 1977-
(author)
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Tree Structures in Broadcast Encryption
- 2005
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The need for broadcast encryption arises when a sender wishes to securely distribute messages to varying subsets of receivers, using a broadcast channel, for instance in a pay-TV scenario. This is done by selecting subsets of users and giving all users in the same subset a common decryption key. The subsets will in general be overlapping so that each user belongs to many subsets and has several different decryption keys. When the sender wants to send a message to some users, the message is encrypted using keys that those users have. In this thesis we describe some broadcast encryption schemes that have been proposed in the literature. We focus on stateless schemes which do not require receivers to update their decryption keys after the initial keys have been received; particularly we concentrate on the Subset Difference (SD) scheme.We consider the effects that the logical placement of the receivers in the tree structure used by the SD scheme has on the number of required transmissions for each message. Bounds for the number of required transmissions are derived based on the adjacency of receivers in the tree structure. The tree structure itself is also studied, also resulting in bounds on the number of required transmissions based on the placement of the users in the tree structure.By allowing a slight discrepancy between the set of receivers that the sender intends to send to and the set of receivers that actually can decrypt the message, we can reduce the cost in number of transmissions per message. We use the concept of distortion to quantify the discrepancy and develop three simple algorithms to illustrate how the cost and distortion are related.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Blom, Rolf, et al.
(author)
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Data Network Security : Part I Problem Survey and Model
- 1977
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Data encryption and related methods may be used to preserve information security i n a data network. Here information security is defined as the degree to which the destruction, change or loss of information is presented. Information is defined as the content of the message represented by the data. The information in a block of data is unchanged if the intended result of the transmission of the block is obtained. This means for example that the original message reaches the correct destination where it is interpreted as intended. Undisturbed information does not, in general, require un disturbed data.The network is supposed to be a public network, accessed by many different users. We are interested in a well defined group of users who are communicating mainly among themselves. Different groups, however, are also allowed to communicate in a well defined manner. The logical structure of the communication within a group is star-shaped. The information communicated within the groups hall be protected against threats from other users of the network, from illegitimate users (wiretappers etc) and from members in the group. The structure of the threats is described in section 3 of this paper.The network itself and the requirement it imposes are supposed to be unchanged. Encryption and decryption are taking place outside the network. The encrypted data shall comply with the requirements of the network. The communication process in the group consists of time-limited messages which are essentially transmitted from one point to another in the network. This is the basis for the model of the communication which is described in section 4. The model, although simple, enables us to structure the problems in connection with encryption/decryption. This is done in section 5 and 6. The purpose of the paper is to form a basis for synthesis of security measures by means on cryptological methods. The analysis is general enough to be applied to any data network and any type of user group.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Chan, Jerry, et al.
(author)
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Pragmatic comparison of beta(2)-agonist side effects within the worldwide atosiban versus beta agonists study
- 2006
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In: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-2115. ; 128:1-2, s. 135-141
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: While beta(2)-agonists for the acute treatment of preterm labour unequivocally reduce the odds of delivery within 48 hand 7 days, they have been associated with substantial maternal and fetal side effects. We aimed to compare side effect profiles of beta(2)-agonist tocolytics. Study design: Pragmatic comparison of ritodrine, salbutamol and terbutaline from re-analysis of data obtained within three comparator arms of three simultaneous comparable randomised controlled trials of beta(2)-agonists against atosiban in 742 women in preterm labour. The prevalence of categoric side effects between treatment groups was analysed using a chi(2) test. The differences in continuous variables between treatment groups were analysed in analyses of covariance. Results: The prevalence of categoric side effects was similar with the three drugs, with the exception of the subjective symptom of palpitations (ritodrine 24.0%, terbutaline 9.3% and salbutamol 12.3%, P = 0.003). There were also some differences in maternal diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001) and serum glucose levels (P < 0.001), although these were small (<3 mmHg and <= 2.8 mmol/L, respectively) and clinically unimportant. Conclusion: Side effects were common with all three drugs. Thus, choosing one beta(2)-agonist over the other to minimise side effects has little rationale, especially now that safer tocolytics are available. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Fåk, Viiveke, et al.
(author)
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Inslag av teknik i humanistisk universitetsutbildning : Ett försök, en utredning och ett förslag
- 1981
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sedan några år ger vi en kurs i Telekommunikationsteknikens utveckling för elever vid Kulturkommunikationslinjen vid Linköpings Universitet. Syftet med denna kurs var att ge även humaniorastuderande en grundläggande kunskap i för dem relevant teknik. Erfarenheterna av den kursen ledde oss till att. diskutera hur humanister skulle bibringas kunskap om teknik i allmänhet. Dessa diskussioner vidgades till den här rapporterade utredningen, där vi dels berättar om våra erfarenheter av den nämnda kursen, redogör för resultaten av en enkätundersökning bland eleverna som genomgått kursen och diskuterar vilka inslag av teknik som bör finnas i humanistisk universitetsutbildning och hur dessa inslag bör utformas. För den senare delen har vi också diskuterat med åtskilliga företrädare för utländska universitet, främst amerikanska, om deras erfarenhet av att undervisa i tekniska ämnen för humanister.
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| 12. |
- Hagström, Åsa, 1975-
(author)
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Understanding Certificate Revocation
- 2006
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Correct certificate revocation practices are essential to each public-key infrastructure. While there exist a number of protocols to achieve revocation in PKI systems, there has been very little work on the theory behind it: Which different types of revocation can be identified? What is the intended effect of a specific revocation type to the knowledge base of each entity?As a first step towards a methodology for the development of reliable models, we present a graph-based formalism for specification and reasoning about the distribution and revocation of public keys and certificates. The model is an abstract generalization of existing PKIs and distributed in nature; each entity can issue certificates for public keys that they have confidence in, and distribute or revoke these to and from other entities.Each entity has its own public-key base and can derive new knowledge by combining this knowledge with certificates signed with known keys. Each statement that is deduced or quoted within the system derives its support from original knowledge formed outside the system. When such original knowledge is removed, all statements that depended upon it are removed as well. Cyclic support is avoided through the use of support sets.We define different revocation reasons and show how they can be modelled as specific actions. Revocation by removal, by inactivation, and by negation are all included. By policy, negative statements are the strongest, and positive are the weakest. Collisions are avoided by removing the weaker statement and, when necessary, its support.Graph transformation rules are the chosen formalism. Rules are either interactive changes that can be applied by entities, or automatically applied deductions that keep the system sound and complete after the application of an interactive rule.We show that the proposed model is sound and complete with respect to our definition of a valid state.
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| 13. |
- Herbst, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Different types of acid-base changes at birth, fetal heart rate patterns, and infant outcome at 4 years of age
- 1997
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 76:10, s. 953-958
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: To study the relationship between different types of acidemia in umbilical artery blood at birth, fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns during labor, and infant long-term outcome. METHODS: Case-control study of 48 infants with pure high base deficit (base deficit (BD) > or = 12 mmol/L and pCO2 < 8.0 kPa), 51 with mixed acidemia (BD > or = 12 mmol/L and pCO2 > or = 8.0 kPa), born at or after term, and controls matched for maternal age, parity, and gestational age at birth. FHR patterns during labor and the results of developmental screening at age 4 were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Late decelerations were associated with pure high base deficit and complicated variable decelerations with mixed acidemia. Both types of acidemia were correlated with Apgar scores below 7 at 1 minute, and mixed acidemia with more admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit. Developmental screening at age 4 years showed no significant differences between infants with mixed acidemia or pure high base deficit and controls. Twelve infants with mixed acidemia and six controls had deficits in language/speech development. CONCLUSIONS: Late decelerations may be an indicator of a metabolic component of acidemia and complicated variable decelerations an indicator of mixed acidemia. The higher rate of admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit in cases with mixed acidemia may suggest that a concomitant hypercapnia (resulting in lower pH) in metabolic acidemia at birth may be of importance for the outcome. A possible relation between acidemia at birth and deficits in speech/language development should be further evaluated.
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| 14. |
- Herbst, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Intermittent versus continuous electronic monitoring in labour: a randomised study
- 1994
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In: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. - 1365-215X. ; 101:8, s. 663-668
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy in detecting signs of fetal hypoxia in labour of intermittent (I-group) versus continuous (C-group) electronic fetal monitoring in women with low or moderate risk factors for fetal distress. DESIGN: A prospective, randomised study. SETTING: A tertiary referral centre. SUBJECTS: Four thousand and forty-four parturients at low risk for obstetric complications with a reactive fetal heart rate admission test at arrival in labour. During the study period (October 5 1989 to May 31 1991), 5647 women were delivered in the labour ward. Of these, 1178 women (20.9%) were excluded because of high risk factors in pregnancy or at admission for labour, including women undergoing elective caesarean section. Of the remaining 4469 women 4044 (90.5%) were randomised to either intermittent (n = 2015) or continuous monitoring (n = 2029) during the first stage of labour. METHODS: In the C-group the fetal heart rate was recorded continuously with electronic fetal monitoring during the first stage of labour. In the I-group the fetal heart rate was recorded with electronic fetal monitoring for 10 to 30 min every 2 to 2.5 h during the first stage of labour, and the fetal heart rate was auscultated every 15 to 30 min in between recording periods. If complications occurred, recording was changed to continuous. In the second stage of labour all the women were monitored continuously. Umbilical cord artery acid-base status was assessed at birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration of electronic fetal monitoring, rates of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, caesarean section for fetal distress, acidosis in umbilical cord arterial blood at birth, Apgar scores of less than 7 at 1 or 5 min, and referrals to the neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the study groups in the incidence of ominous fetal heart rate recordings: 6.3% (I-group) versus 6.6% (C-group), or the interval from arrival to first detected abnormal fetal heart rate, although the number of suspicious fetal heart rate patterns was higher in the C-group (28.6%) than in the I-group (24.6%). In the I-group electronic fetal monitoring was performed for (median monitoring time) 38.8% of the first stage of labour as compared with 78.6% in the C-group. The incidence of caesarean section for fetal distress was similarly low in both groups: 1.2% versus 1.0%. There were no significant differences in the immediate neonatal outcome in terms of umbilical artery pH, Apgar scores, or admissions to the neonatal care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent use of electronic fetal monitoring at regular intervals (with stethoscopic auscultation in between) appears to be as safe as continuous electronic fetal monitoring in low risk labours.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Herbst, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Maternal fever in term labour in relation to fetal tachycardia, cord artery acidaemia and neonatal infection
- 1997
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In: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. - : Wiley. - 1365-215X .- 1470-0328 .- 1471-0528. ; 104:3, s. 363-366
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine 1. whether maternal fever during term labour is associated with acidaemia at birth and neonatal infection and 2. whether fetal tachycardia precedes maternal fever and is associated with neonatal infection. DESIGN: Retrospective matched-pair case-control study. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and forty-eight newborn infants whose mothers developed fever during term labour (cases) and 248 control infants. The women were matched for parity and duration of labour. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cord artery acid-base status, Apgar scores, neonatal infections, and fetal heart rate before maternal fever. RESULTS: Mean pH, as well as the rate of cord artery acidaemia at birth (pH < 7.10) was equal in cases and controls (in both groups 7.24% and 6%, respectively). Signs of septicaemia and/or pneumonia were identified in 17 case newborns (7%) and in one control (0.4%; OR 17.0, P < 0.001). Of 212 pairs with complete heart rate data, fetal tachycardia preceded maternal fever in 39 cases (18%) and in 16 controls (8%) (OR 2.6, P = 0.003). Tachycardia before maternal fever was not associated with increased neonatal infectious morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal fever during term labour was associated with perinatal infection, but not with acidaemia at birth. Elevated fetal heart rate preceded maternal fever in a minority of cases and was not associated with perinatal infection.
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| 17. |
- Herbst, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Risk factors for acidemia at birth
- 1997
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In: Obstetrics and Gynecology. - 1873-233X. ; 90:1, s. 125-130
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for acidemia at birth. METHODS: From September 1988 to December 1996, cord arterial blood pH was measured in 23,016 of 27,064 live-born infants (85.0%). Values below 7.05 were observed in 264 newborns (1.1%), of whom 14 born by cesarean delivery before labor and one triplet infant were excluded from the study. The remaining 249 newborns with acidemia and their mothers were compared with 249 unmatched controls with normal pH (the first infant with umbilical arterial pH above 7.10 born after each case). Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: Variables significantly and independently associated with acidemia at birth were labor with breech presentation (adjusted odds ratio [OR]2.9), oxytocin administration (OR 2.1), meperidine administration (OR 2.0), cord entanglement (OR 1.7), and male gender of the infant (OR 1.4). Clinical evidence of chorioamnionitis also was associated with acidemia, although after adjustment for prematurity, the association was not statistically significant (OR 3.9, 95% confidence interval 0.8, 19). CONCLUSION: Labor with breech presentation, administration of oxytocin and meperidine, cord entanglement, and male gender are associated with an increased risk for insufficient fetomaternal gas exchange.
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| 18. |
- Herbst, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Risk factors for fever in labor
- 1995
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In: Obstetrics and Gynecology. - 1873-233X. ; 86:5, s. 790-794
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for fever in labor. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted. Maternal sublingual temperature was measured every 2-4 hours during labor in 3109 of 3860 consecutive term parturients presenting from September 1992 through December 1993. Women who had fever (at least one recorded temperature of 38C or more, n = 72) during labor were compared with those who remained afebrile (n = 3037). Furthermore, a matched-pair case-control study was conducted, involving 250 women at term who developed fever in labor and 250 controls matched for parity and duration of labor; all delivered between January 1989 and December 1993. A conditional multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for fever during labor. RESULTS: In the case-control study, fever was associated with epidural analgesia, nulliparity, and a long duration of labor. These three variables were also related among themselves. However, multiple regression analysis showed that all three variables were independently associated with maternal temperature. In the matched-pair study, epidural analgesia, rupture of membranes longer than 24 hours, latency phase exceeding 8 hours, and a temperature in the upper normal range (37.5-37.9C) at admission were independent risk factors for developing fever in labor. CONCLUSION: Epidural analgesia, duration of labor, and a long interval from rupture of membranes to delivery were independent risk factors for maternal fever in labor.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Hogan, Linda, et al.
(author)
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How often is a low 5-min Apgar score in term newborns due to asphyxia?
- 2007
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In: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-2115. ; 130:2, s. 169-175
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate how often low 5-min Apgar scores (AS(5-min)) at term are associated with asphyxia. Study design: A cohort- and case-control study, including all 183 term infants with AS(5-min) below 7 born at Lund University Hospital during 1993-2002, antepartum deaths excluded. The control group included 183 randomly selected term newborns with AS(5-min) 9-10. Cardiotocography (CTG) traces were assessed blinded to group and outcome. Obstetric and pediatric files were reviewed. Results: After excluding infants with severe malformations, indications of hypoxia were found at the following rates in cases with AS(5-min) below 4 (N = 30), scores 4-6 (N = 143), and controls (N = 182)-abnormal admission CTG: 38%, 8% and 0.6%; abnormal CTG before birth: 88%, 69% and 18%; obstetrical catastrophe: 28%, 6% and 0.6%; interventions for fetal distress: 83%, 48% and 9%; cord artery pH below 7.15: 69%, 54% and 7%; hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or hypoxic death: 70%, 14% and none. All differences between each case group and controls were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In the absence of severe malformations, the vast majority of AS(5-min) below 4, and at least half of scores 4-6 could be attributed to birth asphyxia. Signs of hypoxia usually appeared during labor, but were present at admission in 38% of cases with AS(5-min) below 4.
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| 21. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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An update on the controversies of tocolytic therapy for the prevention of preterm birth
- 2003
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 82:1, s. 1-9
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Where there are no contraindications to their use, tocolytics can improve neonatal survival rates by approximately 3% per day between 23 and 27 weeks gestation with a concomitant reduction in morbidity. The ultimate aim of tocolytic therapy is to prolong pregnancy until growth and maturation is complete, but even short-term delay may enable the administration of antepartum glucocorticoids to reduce hyaline membrane disease or to arrange transfer to a center with neonatal intensive care facilities. Both of these have been shown to reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity. Until recently, none of the currently used tocolytics, whether licensed or unlicensed, were developed specifically for the inhibition of preterm labor and consequently, they exhibit various potentially serious side-effects. As a result of the recent licensing of the oxytocin antagonist, atosiban, developed for the treatment of preterm labor and due to its high utero-specificity, obstetricians have experienced an advance in their options for the management of spontaneous preterm labor.
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| 22. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar
(author)
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Combination therapy.
- 2005
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In: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. - : Wiley. - 1471-0528 .- 1470-0328. ; 112, s. 89-93
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 23. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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Computer Security 1981
- 1976
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The goal of COMPUTER SECURITY 1981 is to prediet the demand for protection of eleetronic data processing (EDP) and for the information processed. To predict the future demands on computer security we have discussed the issue with several people involved in one way or another with EDP. These discussions, our own knowledge other background material have been the material for discussions amongst the authors. The results are divided into two parts. In the first part (section 4) we have been as objective as possible. In the latter part (section 5) we have discussed the differences between the results in section 4 and our own opinion as proffessional researchers.In addition the report covers a summary of how EDP is used 1981 and a section describing the structure of the security field (which we have used in the interviews) and an outline of the investigation.
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| 24. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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Effects of isradipine, a new calcium antagonist, on postpartum uterine activity
- 1989
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 68:8, s. 725-730
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of a new calcium antagonist, isradipine (PN 200-110) on postpartum uterine activity and the maternal cardiovascular system were investigated. Uterine activity was recorded by a microtip transducer catheter inserted transcervically within 45 min of normal vaginal delivery. 0.5 mg of isradipine was given as a bolus injection during 5 min to 7 women with spontaneous uterine activity and 1 mg was given during a 15-min period to another 8 women with oxytocin-stimulated uterine activity. Matched controls with similar pre-injection activity (+/- 5%) but not given the drug were selected for comparison. The effects of the drug in 3 women (given 1 mg of isradipine) were compared with those in matched controls and in women given 0.25 mg of terbutalin i.v. as a bolus injection. Isradipine had a marked inhibitory effect on both spontaneous and oxytocin-stimulated uterine activity. The inhibitory effect of 1 mg of isradipine seemed comparable to that of 0.25 mg of terbutalin. The inhibition occurred within 1-2 min after the injection and was sustained throughout the study period (2 h). A transient reduction of the systolic (mean maximum decrease 10-15%) and diastolic blood pressure (mean maximum decrease 15-20%) was seen, particularly during the injection period. Hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 80 mmHg) was not recorded. A moderate increase in pulse rate (mean maximum increase 22-27%) was seen in all cases. The results show that isradipine given as a bolus injection can inhibit early postpartum uterine activity, with minimal side effects.
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| 25. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar
(author)
-
Encryption in Data Networks with Application to Teletex
- 1978
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- TELETEX is a new international telecommunication service for text communication between terminals capable of data storage and possibly integrated in a information processing system, [l]. The new service is intended to fill the same needs as does business mail. With regard to information security this means that the information handled by the TELETEX system shall not be unintentionally changed or destroyed or lost to an unintended receiver. Measures to prevent this are called information protection. (We prefer to use the terms information security and information protection rather than data security and data protection. The reason is that "data " in the sense of a string of symbol s may be lost without revealing the information represented by the data. This is for example the case when the data consists of encrypted information).One of the most efficient methods for information protection is to use encryption. This means that the information is transmitted using a ''language" which i s not understood by is efficiently protected against loss and in most cases also against undetected change. Cryptological methods can also be used to detect information destruction. In Section 2 of this report we discuss the basic problems involved with the use of encryption in data networks in general.In a separate report we discuss the possible threats to the information security in TELETEX. This leads to suggestions regarding suitable protection methods. Our standpoint is that TELETEX shall offer at least the same level of information security as does the established mail distribution system.
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| 26. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar
(author)
-
Encryption in Telefax
- 1978
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Our standpoint is that the basic need for information security in TELETEX is provided by the data network used together with the possibility to encrypt the messages in the terminals, thereby protecting the messages from information loss. Means for detection of information destruction or change and f or verification at unencrypted data may then be provided for by the user of the TELETEX system.
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| 27. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar
(author)
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Fetal monitoring during labor.
- 2009
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In: Neonatology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-7800 .- 1661-7819. ; 95:4, s. 342-346
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- For three decades, cardiotocography has been the basic technique for fetal surveillance during labor, but its impact on fetal well-being remains controversial. The benefits and disadvantages of fetal monitoring with cardiotocography during labor are reviewed. Special reference is made to the possible effect on the rate of neonatal seizures in newborns and their long-term outcome.
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| 28. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar
(author)
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Gender aspects of preterm birth.
- 2003
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In: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. - 1471-0528. ; 110, s. 34-38
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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Long term outcome after umbilical artery acidaemia at term birth: influence of gender and duration of fetal heart rate abnormalities
- 1997
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In: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. - : Wiley. - 1365-215X .- 1470-0328 .- 1471-0528. ; 104:10, s. 1123-1127
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study the outcome after acidaemia at term birth, and the relation to gender and duration of pathological fetal heart rate changes. DESIGN: Population based study of 154 infants with umbilical artery pH < 7.05 at term birth. Neonatal outcome and the result of developmental screening at age four years were compared with a control group with pH > 7.10. Fetal heart rate traces in infants with acidaemia were reviewed, and the relation between duration of fetal heart rate changes and outcome was analysed. RESULTS: Of the 154 newborns with acidaemia at birth, 10 had encephalopathy, of which two died and two developed cerebral palsy. Nine of these 10 infants were boys, and eight had pH < 7.00. Male newborns (n = 39) more often had pronounced acidaemia (pH < 7.00) than females (n = 22). Although few infants had severe impairment, infants born with acidaemia significantly more often had speech problems at follow up than controls (19/102 versus 8/98; P = 0.03). In infants with acidaemia, duration of abnormal fetal heart rate changes was significantly associated with neonatal encephalopathy and speech problems at age four years. CONCLUSIONS: Acidaemia at term birth was associated with neonatal encephalopathy and with speech problems at four years of age. Boys had more often pronounced acidaemia and a complicated course. A protracted abnormal fetal heart rate trace was associated with poor outcome.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar
(author)
-
Några reflektioner kring elektroniska betalningsmedel
- 1979
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- De här nedskrivna tankarna är en frukt av diskussioner med bankfolk och datasäkerhetsforskare rörande olika problem med elektroniska betalningsmedel. De utgör ett försök att formulera de mest grundläggande egenskaperna i viss mån för betalningsmedel i allmänhet och för elektroniska i synnerhet. Syftet är att skapa diskussion kring de problem (främst säkerhetsproblem) som en allmän användning av elektroniska betalningsmedel kan ge upphov till.
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| 33. |
- Ingemarsson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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ST analysis
- 2007
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In: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. - : Wiley. - 1471-0528 .- 1470-0328. ; 114:11, s. 1445-1445
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Jörgensen, Connie, et al.
(author)
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Ultrasound measurement of the fetal cerebral ventricles: a prospective, consecutive study
- 1986
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In: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. - : Wiley. - 0091-2751 .- 1097-0096. ; 14:3, s. 185-190
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Real-time ultrasound was used in 654 consecutive pregnancies to obtain standard growth parameters for the fetal brain. Measurement of the width of the lateral ventricle (LVW) and hemisphere and their relationships to menstrual age, biparietal diameter, and birth weight were determined. The growth of the LVW was to a great extent independent of birth weight but dependent on menstrual age. Thirteen fetuses with a single ventricular width measurements exceeding +2 SD from the mean were separately evaluated, and all but one case were found to be normal.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Lunell, N O, et al.
(author)
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Transplacental passage of isradipine in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension
- 1993
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In: American Journal of Hypertension. - 1941-7225. ; 6:3 Pt 2, s. 110-111
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of isradipine in maternal and fetal plasma, and in amniotic fluid under steady-state conditions. Eight women were treated with 5-mg isradipine tablets twice daily and eight women were given slow-release isradipine capsules (SRO) twice daily for hypertension in pregnancy. Blood and amniotic fluid sampling for analysis of drug concentration was performed at delivery. In the isradipine tablet group, maternal and fetal plasma levels were 788 +/- 701 pg/mL (mean +/- SD) and 270 +/- 90 pg/mL, respectively. The corresponding levels in the SRO-treated group were 463 +/- 217 pg/mL and 185 +/- 95 pg/mL, respectively. In the amniotic fluid, the concentration was 74 +/- 42 pg/mL in the tablet group and 45 +/- 14 pg/mL in the SRO group. Therefore, isradipine passes the placental barrier, but its concentration is considerably lower in the fetal compartments.
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| 38. |
- Montan, Sven, et al.
(author)
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Placental grading with ultrasound in hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies. A prospective, consecutive study
- 1986
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - 1600-0412. ; 65:5, s. 477-480
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Placental grading was studied prospectively with real-time ultrasound in 654 consecutive pregnancies. The placental maturation was clearly demonstrated in both unselected and hypertensive pregnancies. No differences in placental grading were found between normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies. Fetal outcome was not associated with different placental grades and a grade III placenta was not predictive of an adverse outcome. The value of antenatal placental grading in unselective and hypertensive pregnancies could not be demonstrated.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Strevens, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Author's Reply.
- 2004
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In: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. - : Wiley. - 1471-0528 .- 1470-0328. ; 111:2, s. 193-195
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract is not available. Author's Reply to correspondence about article "Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia"
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| 41. |
- Strevens, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Blood pressure during pregnancy in a Swedish population; impact of parity
- 2001
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 80:9, s. 824-829
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- SUBJECT: Hypertension represents the most commonly encountered complication of pregnancy. Normal levels of blood pressure (BP) need to be established in each pregnant population in order to recognize pathology. A lack of studies from our own country and certain methodological objections to early studies motivated this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six hundred pregnant women were included in a historical cohort. The maternal BP had been measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer and standardized routines at each antenatal visit. Data regarding age, baseline BMI, weight gain and smoking habits as well as parity had been recorded. RESULTS: BP values were overall somewhat higher than in international studies, the SBP increasing slightly towards term. The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased slightly until 25-28 weeks of gestation. A steady increase thereafter led to values at term 7.3% above initial values. In nulliparae the increase was significantly greater, 9.9% versus 5.4% in multiparae. Primigravidae showed mean DBP levels significantly higher than all multigravidae towards term. The DBP was correlated with the baseline BMI, but not with age or weight gain. In smoking pregnant women the DBP showed a significantly greater initial decrease and failed to follow the subsequent rise to the same degree as in non-smokers. CONCLUSION: Slightly higher blood pressure levels were found in this study compared to other international studies. Multiple regression analysis showed that parity, baseline BMI and smoking all significantly influenced the DBP at term. Multiparae have significantly lower DBP levels in pregnancy compared to nulliparae. The first pregnancy seems to have the greatest impact in lowering the blood pressure in subsequent pregnancies.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Wide-Swensson, Dag, et al.
(author)
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Calcium channel blockade (isradipine) in treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: a randomized placebo-controlled study
- 1995
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In: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6868 .- 0002-9378. ; 173, s. 872-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, on mother and fetus in the treatment of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: The investigation was performed as a two-group, parallel, double-blind multicenter study of isradipine versus placebo. Fifty-four women were randomized to treatment with isradipine slow-release capsules given orally 5 mg twice a day and 57 to a placebo group. RESULTS: Isradipine lowered the maternal mean arterial blood pressure effectively in women with nonproteinuric hypertension but did not do so in women with proteinuria at recruitment or appearing during treatment. Blood flow in the umbilical artery and maternal renal and liver function were not influenced by treatment. Isradipine had few side effects and was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Calcium channel blockade with isradipine is effective for treatment of nonproteinuric hypertension but not in preeclampsia.
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| 45. |
- Wide-Swensson, Dag, et al.
(author)
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Effect of methyldopa and isradipine on fetal heart rate pattern assessed by computerized cardiotocography in human pregnancy
- 1993
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In: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - 1097-6868. ; 169:6, s. 1581-1585
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The effects of two antihypertensive drugs, methyldopa and isradipine, on fetal heart rate pattern were analyzed by computerized cardiotocography. STUDY DESIGN: The first part of the study was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of 19 women with preeclampsia in the third trimester given 2.5 mg of oral slow-release isradipine twice a day or 250 mg of methyldopa three times a day. In a second part of the study 23 women with preeclampsia in the third trimester given 5 mg of oral slow-release isradipine twice a day were compared with 23 matched controls without medication. Main outcome measures were maternal blood pressure and mean baseline fetal heart rate, fetal movements, number of accelerations, periods of high and low baseline variability, and mean baseline heart rate variability. RESULTS: Compared with the pretreatment value, the mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly in all drug treatment groups. Fetal heart rate characteristics were not significantly changed during drug treatment or bed rest. CONCLUSION: The various features of the fetal heart rate pattern evaluated by computerized methods were not influenced by treatment with methyldopa or isradipine.
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| 46. |
- Wide-Swensson, Dag, et al.
(author)
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Effects of isradipine, a new calcium antagonist, on maternal cardiovascular system and uterine activity in labour
- 1990
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In: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. - : Wiley. - 1365-215X .- 1470-0328 .- 1471-0528. ; 97:10, s. 945-949
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of isradipine (a new calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine type) on maternal blood pressure and heart rate, fetal heart rate, and uterine activity in labour were measured. Uterine activity was recorded by an intrauterine microtip transducer catheter connected to a fetal monitor. Isradipine was given as a slow injection in doses of 0.5 mg (10 women), 1 mg (11 women), and 1.5 mg (6 women). A reduction of systolic (6-16%) and diastolic (19-22%) blood pressure was seen, and concomitantly there was an increase in maternal (29-34%) and fetal (3-10%) heart rates. Reduction in uterine activity was not dose-related (maximum reduction 17%). Side effects (headache, palpitations) were minor and well tolerated. One women in the high-dose group had a shortlasting episode of hypotension. The results suggest that isradipine given as a bolus dose decreases blood pressure in pregnant women with little effects on uterine activity and fetal heart rate.
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| 47. |
- Wide-Swensson, Dag, et al.
(author)
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How Swedish obstetricians manage hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. A questionnaire study
- 1994
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 73:8, s. 619-624
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE. To study treatment of hypertension in pregnancy in Sweden and compare our results with a similar study published in 1981. METHODS. A multiple choice questionnaire was sent to 92 obstetricians throughout Sweden and 88% responded. RESULTS. Most Swedish obstetricians would treat a woman in the second trimester with blood pressure 140/95 mmHg without antihypertensive medication (83%) in the out-patient clinic (81%). The corresponding figures according to a similar study published in 1981 were 33% and 71% of obstetricians, respectively. Almost all obstetricians (95%) would give antihypertensive treatment if the blood pressure was 170/110 mmHg or more. Betablockers and hydralazine were the most commonly used drugs. Sixteen per cent of obstetricians would use calcium antagonists, drugs not available in the previous study. Treatment with diuretics, methyldopa or diazepam in hypertension was rarely used. Eight per cent of obstetricians would give low-dose aspirin to patients with mild hypertension and 20% to patients with severe hypertension. Fourteen per cent of obstetricians would stop all kind of antihypertensive medication and frequently observe patients with essential hypertension. CONCLUSION. Antihypertensive therapy and management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy show a great disparity among Swedish obstetricians. National strategies might improve the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
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