| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Do administrators have the same priorities for risk reductions as the general public?
- 2012
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In: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 45:1, s. 79-95
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A stated preference survey was used to investigate the potential discrepancy between the priorities of public administrators and the general public regarding risk reductions. Both groups of respondents were asked to assume the role of a public policy-maker and choose between different public safety projects. We investigate differences in three areas: (i) large vs. small accidents, (ii) actual vs. subjective risk, and (iii) the trade-off between avoiding fatalities and serious injuries for different age groups and accidents. We find only minor differences between the responses of administrators and the general public, the most important of which is the difference in priorities between reducing the risk of many small or one large accident. In this area the most common response from the general public is that they prefer avoiding many small accidents rather than one large accident while among the administrators there is almost an equal split between the two options.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Do you do what you say or do you do what you say others do?
- 2008
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Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We design a donations vs. own money choice experiment comparing three differenttreatments. In two of the treatments the pay-offs are hypothetical. In the first of these, a shortcheap talk script was used, and subjects were required to state their own preferences in thisscenario. In the second, subjects were asked to state how they believed an average studentwould respond to the choices. In the third treatment the pay-offs were real, allowing us to usethe results to compare the validity of the two hypothetical treatments. We find a stronghypothetical bias in both hypothetical treatments where the marginal willingness to pay fordonations are higher when subjects state their own preferences but lower when subjects statewhat they believe are other students preferences. The explanation is probably a self-imageeffect in both cases. We find that it is mainly women who are prone to hypothetical bias inthis study
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Carlsson, F., et al.
(author)
-
Value of statistical life and cause of accident: A choice experiment
- 2008
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The results from this study are used to compare the marginal willingness to pay for risk reductions and calculate corresponding values of statistical life for road, fire and drowning accidents in Sweden. The values were estimated using a mail survey with 5200 respondents where each respondent was required to answer nine different dichotomous willingness to pay questions which were varied according to accident type, base line risk, risk reduction and cost. The risk reductions were expressed as mortality risk for adult Swedes. The questionnaire also contained socioeconomic and risk related questions. We find that - Women are more likely to take actions in order to reduce their mortality risk. - Older respondents are more likely to take actions in order to reduce their risk of dying by fire and road accidents, but not drowning. - Respondents who live in apartment blocks are less likely to take actions to reduce their mortality risk. - Respondents who have had a previous bad experience with road accidents are more likely to take mortality risk reducing actions. - Respondents who found the valuation questions easy to answer are more likely to take actions. Using results from at probit regression model we find the value of statistical life for road accidents to be 20.2 million Swedish kronor (⬠2.2 million), 13.3 million kronor (⬠1.4 million) for fire accidents, and 12.4 million kronor (⬠1.3 million) for drowning accidents. Our results therefore suggest that different values should be used in a cost-benefit framework depending on the accident type. The value of statistical life for road accidents is within the span of other Swedish estimates where several studies using contingent valuation methods with WTP-questions have arrived at values between 17 and 24 million Swedish kronor (Persson et al, 1996; Persson et al, 2001; Hultkrantz et al, 2006; Svensson, 2007). Further comparison is not possible because we are unaware of any other studies that estimate the value of statistical life using WTP-questions for fire and drowning accidents. The respondents were also asked whether they believed they could affect the level of risk and also questioned on the extent of their concern regarding the different types of accidents. The responses indicate that while subjects believe that they can affect the risk levels of all three accident types, they believe that they can control the risk for road accidents to a lesser extent for road accidents than for the others. Similarly, although subjects do not worry about the mortality risks to any large extent, there is a clear difference between road accidents and the other causes. It may be the case that these two factors cause the differences in value of statistical life estimates for road accidents on one hand and fire and drowning accidents on the other hand. The results that subjective beliefs of the risk such as dread and voluntariness influences the value of statistical life is in line with suggestions by Slovic (1987), Savage (1993) and Chilton et al (2006)
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
-
Value of statistical life and cause of accident: A choice experiment
- 2008
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to compare value of statistical life (VSL) estimates for traffic, drowning and fire accidents. Using a choice experiment in a mail survey of 5000 Swedish respondents we estimated the willingness to pay for risk reductions in the three accidents. In the experiment respondents were asked in a series of questions, whether they would choose risk reducing investments where type of accident, cost of the investment, the risk reduction acquired, and the baseline risk varied between questions. The VSLs for fire and drowning accidents were found to be about 1/3 lower than that for traffic accidents. Although respondents worry more about traffic accidents, this alone cannot explain the difference in VSL estimates. The difference between fire and drowning accidents was not found to be statistically significant.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Grahn, Tonje
(author)
-
A Nordic Perspective on Data Availability for Quantification of Losses due to Natural Hazards
- 2016
-
Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Natural hazards cause enormous amounts of damage worldwide every year. Since 1994 more than 1.35 billion people have lost their lives and more than 116 million homes have been damaged. Understanding of disaster risk implies knowledge about vulnerability, capacity, exposure of persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment. Quantitative damage assessments are a fundamental part of disaster risk management. There are, however, substantial challenges when quantifying damage which depends on the diversity of hazards and the fact that one hazardous event can negatively impact a society in multiple ways. The overall aim of the thesis is to analyze the relationship between climate-related natural hazards and subsequent damage for the purpose of improving the prerequisite for quantitative risk assessments in the future. The thesis concentrates on two specific types of consequences due to two types of hazards, 1) damage to buildings caused by lake floods, and 2) loss of lives caused by quick clay landslides. Several causal relationships were established between risk factors and the extent of damages. Lake water levels increased the probability of structural building damage. Private damage reducing measures decreased the probability of structural building damage. Extent of damage decreased with distance to waterfront but increased with longer flood duration while prewar houses suffered lower flood damage compared to others. Concerning landslides, the number of fatalities increased when the number of humans in the exposed population increased. The main challenges to further damage estimation are data scarcity, insufficient detail level and the fact that the data are rarely systematically collected for scientific purposes. More efforts are needed to create structured, homogeneous and detailed damage databases with corresponding risk factors in order to further develop quantitative damage assessment of natural hazards in a Nordic perspective.
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| 9. |
- Grahn, Tonje, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of data availability for the development of landslide fatality curves
- 2017
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In: Landslides. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-510X .- 1612-5118. ; 14:3, s. 1113-1126
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Quick clay landslides are a special feature of Norwegian and Swedish geologies. Vibrations or small initial landslides can cause a quick clay layer to collapse and liquefy, resulting in rapid landslides with little or no time for evacuation, making them a real threat to human life. Research concentrating on damages due to landslides is scarce, and analyses of loss of human lives caused by quick clay landslides in the scientific literature are, to our knowledge, non-existing. Fatality quantification can complement landslide risk assessments and serves as guidance for policy choices when evaluating efficient risk-reducing measures. The objectives of this study were to assess and analyze available damage information in an existing data set of 66 historical landslide events that occurred in Norway and Sweden between 1848 and 2009, and access its applicability for quantifying loss of human life caused by quick clay landslides. Fatality curves were estimated as functions of the number of exposed persons per landslide. Monte Carlo simulations were used to account for the uncertainties in the number of people actually exposed. The results of the study imply that the quick clay fatality curves are non-linear, indicating that the probability of losing lives increases exponentially when the number of exposed persons increases. Potential factors affecting human susceptibility to landslides (e.g., landslide-, area-, or individual-specific characteristics) could not be satisfyingly quantified based on available historical records. Future research should concentrate on quantifying susceptibility factors that can further explain human vulnerability to quick clay landslides.
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| 10. |
- Grahn, Tonje, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Households (un)willingness to perform private flood risk reduction : Results from a Swedish survey
- 2019
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In: Safety Science. - : Elsevier. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 116, s. 127-136
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study applies the protection motivation theory (PMT) in analysing homeowners’ flood risk perception and their risk reduction behaviour. A survey was completed by 1143 households in flood-prone residential areas in Sweden. Respondents were asked about their flood experience, their beliefs about their future private flood risk, their trust in public risk reduction and their perception of how responsibility for flood risk reduction is divided between different governmental and private institutions. This study finds that homeowners that have implemented private flood risk reduction (FRR) had to a larger extent been exposed to floods in the past and they considered public FRR to be insufficient. They also had a greater sense of responsibility and believed they had considerable knowledge on how to reduce their private flood risk. Respondents were also asked about their preferences for performing 15 specific private risk reducing measures. The most frequent answer given by homeowners was (1) they do not have the knowledge needed to evaluate the measures. (2) They have evaluated the measures and deemed that the measures will not be able to effectively reduce their private flood risk. To facilitate and exploit the flood risk reduction potential of households, this study identifies the following four areas of flood risk management that need to be better communicated to residents in vulnerable residential areas: Objective flood risk, response efficacy regarding private and public FRR measures, skills that can increase homeowners’ self-efficacy, and the actual responsibility distribution by law concerning private property flood risk reduction.
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| 11. |
- Grahn, Tonje, 1976-
(author)
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Risk assessment of natural hazards : Data availability and applicability for loss quantification
- 2017
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Quantitative risk assessments are a fundamental part of economic analysis and natural hazard risk management models. It increases the objectivity and the transparency of risk assessments and guides policymakers in making efficient decisions when spending public resources on risk reduction. Managing hazard risks calls for an understanding of the relationships between hazard exposure and vulnerability of humans and assets. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and estimate causal relationships between hazards, exposure and vulnerability, and to evaluate the applicability of systematically collected data sets to produce reliable and generalizable quantitative information for decision support. Several causal relationships have been established. For example, the extent of lake flood damage to residential buildings depends on the duration of floods, distance to waterfront, the age of the house and in some cases the water level. Results also show that homeowners private initiative to reduce risk, prior to or during a flood, reduced their probability of suffering building damage with as much as 40 percent. Further, a causal relationship has been established between the number of people exposed to quick clay landslides and landslide fatalities. Even though several relationships were identified between flood exposure and vulnerability, the effects can only explain small parts of the total variation in damages, especially at object level. The availability of damage data in Sweden is generally low. The most comprehensive damage data sets in Sweden are held by private insurance companies and are not publicly available. Data scarcity is a barrier to quantitative natural hazard risk assessment in Sweden. More efforts should therefore be made to collect data systematically for modelling and validating standardized approaches to quantitative damage estimation.
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| 12. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(author)
-
Are national injury prevention and research efforts matching the distribution of injuries across sectors?
- 2015
-
In: Injury Prevention. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1353-8047 .- 1475-5785. ; 21:e1, s. e113-e115
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2011, 88% of all unintentional injury fatalities occurred in home and leisure environments in Sweden, while transportation fatalities accounted for 10% and work/school injuries for 2%. The corresponding proportions among non-fatal injuries were 75, 12 and 13%, respectively. However, 83% of the national governmental expenditure on unintentional injury prevention in 2011 was allocated to transportation safety, 7% to home and leisure, and 10% to the work sector including schools. Likewise, around 85% of the governmental research budget aimed for unintentional injury research was allocated to the transportation sector, 9% to home and leisure environments, and 6% to the work and school sector. Our results reveal a striking lack of correspondence between problem profile and governmental countermeasures.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(author)
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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Fire Safety Measures
- 2023
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In: Residential Fire Safety. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031063244 ; , s. 221-241
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ignoring costs when evaluating different measures is not a very rational way to deal with fire safety. Finding efficient measures to increase fire safety is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for choosing the relevant measure. The measure in question must also be economically efficient, that is, the benefits must outweigh the costs, both measured in monetary values. Cost-benefit analysis, CBA, is a method used to find out if that is true or not. This chapter describes what CBA is and how to use it for evaluating fire safety measures. The problem of choosing values for lives and injuries is discussed. The chapter also includes a short list of CBA results for residential fire safety measures. The main conclusion of the chapter is that more CBA studies evaluating fire safety measures should be done.
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| 16. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(author)
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Cost-benefit analysis of sprinklers in nursing homes for elderly
- 2013
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In: Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 2194-5888 .- 2152-2812. ; 4:2, s. 209-235
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The risk of dying in fires in nursing homes is six times the risk of dying in fires at home in Sweden. One way to reduce this risk is to install fire sprinklers. This study measures the benefits using value of full lives, life years and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) for deaths and injuries. The results show that sprinklers are cost-effective in newly built nursing homes no matter what value of life is used. However, if sprinklers are installed in already existing buildings, they are cost-effective only if the value of a statistical life is used.
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| 17. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Do public administrators have the same preferences for risk reductions as citizens?
- 2010
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we compare the preferences of the general public with the preferences of public administrators working in the area of safety. We are interested in three different aspects of risk reductions: (i) large versus small accidents, (ii) actual versus subjective risks, and (iii) trade-off between avoiding fatalities and injuries for different age groups. We use stated preference surveys where respondents assume the role of a policy maker. In particular, respondents were asked to choose between different public infrastructure projects that resulted in different outcomes. When responding they were asked to take the role of a public policy-maker. For the general public, we use survey responses from two mail questionnaires sent out between May and June 2007 to a random sample of 1400 and 2600 Swedish citizens. For the administrators, we used survey responses from an internet survey sent out in September 2008 to a random sample of 330 administrators. The administrators were working in the field of fire and rescue services both in the national and local level.Large and small accidentsThe question concerned the choice between avoiding one large accident with many deaths, or many smaller accidents with fewer dead people per accident. Both projects would in total save an equal number of lives. A large fraction of the citizens are indifferent to both projects, but the most common response is that many small accidents should be avoided instead of one large accident. Among the administrators, there is almost an equal split between preferring to avoid many small and one large accident, and fewer think that the two projects are equally good. Thus, administrators are more likely to choose the project that will avoid one large accident, and they are less likely to say that the two projects are equally good. Actual versus perceived risksRespondents were asked to choose between projects with different effects on the actual and perceived risks. In one case, peoples perception of the risk is correct. In the other case people overestimate the risk. A majority of both citizens and administrators chose the alternative where the actual and subjective risk decreases in equal ratio, but a higher percentage of administrators (over 30 %) opt for the alternative where the decrease in subjective risk is higher.Saving different groups We find that saving the life of 1.43 10-year olds is equivalent to saving one 40-year-old from dying in accidents. Likewise, saving the life of one 70-year-old is equivalent to saving 3.31 10-year olds from dying. The social marginal substitution rate between saving a life and avoiding a serious injury is between 3.2 and 3.8 for the different age groups, thus one saved life is equivalent to avoiding around 3.5 seriously injured, which is significantly lower than the officially used value of 6 by the Swedish Road Administration. We find only a few differences between citizens and administrators preferences with respect to different age groups.
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| 18. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Do you do what you say or do you do what you say others do?
- 2010
-
In: Journal of Choice Modelling. - 1755-5345. ; 3:2, s. 113-133
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We design a donations vs. own money choice experiment and compare the results from three different treatments. In two of the treatments the pay-offs are hypothetical. In the first of these, a short cheap talk script was used and subjects were required to state their own preferences in this scenario. In the second treatment, subjects were asked to state how they believed the average student would respond to the choices. In the third treatment the pay-offs were real, allowing us to use the results to compare the validity of the two hypothetical treatments. Our hypothesis is that when subjects are asked to state how they believe an average person would respond, they will use their own preferences in their responses without using the survey situation for self-enhancement. However, we find a strong hypothetical bias in both hypothetical treatments where the marginal willingness to pay for donations is higher when subjects state their own preferences but lower when subjects state what they believe are other peoples preferences. Our explanation is that subjects use the survey situation to bolster their self-image. We also find that it is mainly women who are prone to hypothetical bias in this study
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968
(author)
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Essays on the Performance of Fire and Rescue Services
- 2002
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of an introduction and five separate papers. All papers deal with measuring performance for the Swedish fire and rescue services. The first paper describes the production process of fire safety, while Papers 2-5 are empirical analyses measuring performance for some aspects of that process. Paper 1 (The problems of defining outputs in the public sector’s service production - a discussion with an application to the fire service) discusses how outputs and inputs should be measured in the public sector, and how they could be used in productivity and efficiency studies. There are two different levels where the studies could be performed: the vertical and the horizontal levels. The vertical level is the distinction between performing studies on the macro, the national, and the within-unit level. The horizontal level is the distinction between different outputs, whether determinant variables, direct outputs or consequences are used. The paper also includes an application of these ideas to the fire service. Paper 2 (Swedish fire and rescue services’ manning levels - a stochastic frontier analysis using panel data) studies the productivity and efficiency of the Swedish fire and rescue services during 1989-1995 using a stochastic frontier specification for panel data. The manning level is modelled as a function of risk, environment, and number of turn-outs. The results show that the size of population was the main determinant of manning levels. No productivity change was discovered. The efficiency differences found were substantial with a mean input saving potential of 30%. In Paper 3 (Measuring the efficiency of Swedish fire services’ stand-by level), the DEAmodel is used to find efficiency scores and returns to scale corrected for environmental variables. The paper studies the stand-by level of Swedish fire services. This level has two output dimensions 1) the turn-out time (the faster the better), measured as number of people reached within five and ten minutes, and 2) the suppressing power, measured by the total number of firemen turning out (the more the better). The empirical results show that the long run input saving potential is about 30%. In Paper 4 (Productivity change of Swedish Fire Services between 1992 and 1998), Malmquist productivity indexes are used to find out how productivity has changed among Swedish fire services between 1992 and 1998. The paper studies the stand-by level and the empirical results show that productivity has decreased for full- and mixedtime fire services. Less input used has resulted in less output produced. Paper 5 (Measuring performance differences using an ordinal output variable: The case of Swedish fire services) investigates how to find performance differences in fire services with an ordinal output variable. Performance is measured by adjusting the outputs for inputs using the ordered probit model. No performance differences were found between full-time and part-time firemen for fires in detached houses. The results also indicate that “team spirit” is more important for performance than the actual number of firemen fighting a fire.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(author)
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How Important is the Time Factor? Saving Lives Using Fire and Rescue Services
- 2017
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In: Fire technology. - : Springer Publishing Company. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 53:2, s. 695-708
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The shorter the response time of emergency services the more lives aresaved. But, how important in fact is the time factor for saving lives? The objective ofthis study is to analyse the relation between response time and fatalities, to be able tomeasure how many lives could be saved with a shorter response time. The study usesdata from reports from the fire and rescue services in Sweden for 2005–2013 for residentialfires. The time variable used is continuous and the statistical methods are non-linearregression techniques. It is found that the risk of fatality is a non-linear function ofresponse time. For a given change of response time, the increase in risk of fatality islarge for a short response time, then decreases, and eventually seems to approach zero.If it was possible to decrease the median response time by 1 min 0.00035 lives could besaved for every turn-out on average. For all turn-outs to residential homes that meansthat about two lives, or 3%, could be saved per year. The response time is most importantfor blocks of flats, nursing homes and semi-detached/terraced houses. The responsetime is more important for fires due to smoking, children playing or started intentionally(arson). The results can be used to evaluate the performance of local fire and rescueservices. The method is easy to use for other emergency services, such as ambulances.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(author)
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Measuring Productive Performance Using Binary And Ordinal Output Variables : The Case of the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 57:3, s. 907-917
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fire protection is an example of a complex production process. This study measures efficiency by constructing binary and ordinal output variables from information on residential fires in Sweden about how a fire spreads from when the fire and rescue brigade arrives to when a fire is suppressed. The motivations behind this study are that there are only a few studies trying to estimate production efficiency for fire and rescue services, that data on a more detailed level is interesting for some public services, and there is a need to be able to measure efficiency differences even if only a binary or ordinal output variable is available. Using a logit random parameter model, the random effects are interpreted as efficiency differences. The conclusions are that fire and rescue services with a more flexible fire organisation with first response persons, working in collaboration with other municipalities and with larger populations are more efficient.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Preferences for lives, injuries, and age: A stated preference survey
- 2009
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the more difficult ethical questions from a public decision making perspective is whether the estimation of benefits from risk reducing projects should be influenced by factors such as age groups and risk domains. For example, should a project that saves the lives of elderly people be assigned a different benefit value in cost-benefit analyses than one that saves the same number of childrens lives? This paper examines the preferences of the general public in Sweden on these issues. We design a choice experiment in which subjects are required to make six pair-wise choices where the characteristics of each choice are accident type (fire and traffic), number of fatalities and serious injuries avoided, and age of those saved (5-15-, 35-45- and 65-75-year-olds). We find that avoiding the fatality of one 5-15-year-old is equivalent to avoiding 1.4 fatalities of 35-45-year-olds. Likewise, avoiding the fatality of one 5-15-year-old is equivalent to avoiding 3.3 fatalities of 65-75-year-olds. We find no significant differences between the causes of accident. One avoided fatality is found to be equivalent to around 3.5 avoided severe injuries, which is lower than the official value of 6 used by the Swedish Road Administration
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| 28. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Preferences for lives, injuries, and age: A stated preference survey
- 2010
-
In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 42:6, s. 1814-1821
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the more difficult ethical questions from a public decision-making perspective is whether the estimation of benefits from risk reducing projects should be influenced by factors such as age groups and risk domains. For example, should a project that saves the lives of elderly people be assigned a more different benefit value in cost-benefit analyses than one that saves the same number of children's lives? This paper examines the preferences of the general public in Sweden on these issues. We design a choice experiment in which subjects are required to make six pair-wise choices where the characteristics of each choice are accident type (fire and traffic), number of fatalities and serious injuries avoided, and age of those saved (515-, 3545- and 6575-year-olds). We find that avoiding the fatality of one 515-year-old is equivalent to avoiding 1.4 fatalities of 3545-year-olds. Likewise, avoiding the fatality of one 515-year-old is equivalent to avoiding 3.3 fatalities of 6575-year-olds. We find no significant differences between the causes of accident. One avoided fatality is found to be equivalent to around 3.5 avoided severe injuries, which is lower than the official value of 6 used by the Swedish Road Administration
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| 29. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(author)
-
Restvärdesverksamhetens nytta – en förstudie
- 2018
-
Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- I denna förstudie undersöks förutsättningarna för en möjlig kommande studie kring restvärdesverksamhetens nytta. Verksamheten har kartlagts, definierats och avgränsats på ett sätt som är tänkt att möjliggöra en vetenskaplig operationalisering. Tidigare forskning tycks saknas vilket gör att studier på området startar från en mycket grund nivå.Ett spektrum av nyttoposter har identifierats. Dessa tillkommer försäkringsbolagen, men även den skadedrabbade ”kunden” (enskilda, företag eller samhället) samt räddningstjänsten och samhället i övrigt. I rapporten redovisas i vilken grad dessa nyttoposter bedöms möjliga att uppskatta i monetära termer, respektive kan värderas på annat sätt.Tillgång till relevanta data är en nyckelfråga för ett fortsatt genomförande av en huvudstudie. Tekniska och juridiska hinder kring dataåtkomst fördröjde delar av förstudien, samtidigt som det finns ett värde i att dessa identifierats och delvis överbryggats inom förstudiens ram inför beslut om en huvudstudie.Förstudien bedöms sammantaget uppfylla behovet av att lägga en grund för fortsatt forskning kring restvärdesverksamhetens nytta. Fyra delstudier föreslås som en fortsättning på arbetet med att belysa olika nyttoposter, såväl kvantitativt som kvalitativt.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Time Is Money, But How Much? The Monetary Value of Response Time for Thai Ambulance Emergency Services
- 2014
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In: Value in Health. - : Elsevier. - 1098-3015 .- 1524-4733. ; 17:5, s. 555-560
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectiveTo calculate the monetary value of the time factor per minute and per year for emergency services.MethodsThe monetary values for ambulance emergency services were calculated for two different time factors, response time, which is the time from when a call is received by the emergency medical service call-taking center until the response team arrives at the emergency scene, and operational time, which includes the time to the hospital. The study was performed in two steps. First, marginal effects of reduced fatalities and injuries for a 1-minute change in the time factors were calculated. Second, the marginal effects and the monetary values were put together to find a value per minute.ResultsThe values were found to be 5.5 million Thai bath/min for fatality and 326,000 baht/min for severe injury. The total monetary value for a 1-minute improvement for each dispatch, summarized over 1 year, was 1.6 billion Thai baht using response time.ConclusionsThe calculated values could be used in a cost-benefit analysis of an investment reducing the response time. The results from similar studies could for example be compared to the cost of moving an ambulance station or investing in a new alarm system.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Value of Statistical Life and Cause of Accident: A Choice Experiment
- 2010
-
In: Risk Analysis. - 0272-4332 .- 1539-6924. ; 30:6, s. 975-986
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to compare the value of statistical life (VSL) estimates for traffic, drowning, and fire accidents. Using a choice experiment in a mail survey of 5,000 Swedish respondents we estimated the willingness to pay for risk reductions in the three accidents. In the experiment respondents were asked a series of questions, whether they would choose risk reducing investments where type of accident, cost of the investment, the risk reduction acquired, and the baseline risk varied between questions. The VSLs for fire and drowning accidents were found to be about 1/3 lower than that for traffic accidents. Although respondents worry more about traffic accidents, this alone cannot explain the difference in VSL estimates. The difference between fire and drowning accidents was not found to be statistically significant
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Johansson, Magnus, 1970-, et al.
(author)
-
How to measure efficiency in risk prevention?
- 2012
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Risk assessment methods form corner stones in the striving to reduce risks and threats to human life and society. Proposed actions can be physical or non-physical and adopted or declined after political evaluation, with consideration taken to available resources and estimated effect on risk. To optimize and avoid regrettable actions, decision-makers are in need of well-founded analyses of how efficient different options might be. Analytically, there are several possible steps that can contribute.Firstly, the correlation between a measure and its effect should be based on causality, which often is difficult to establish quantitatively. High frequent accidents (e.g. traffic) can normally be treated statistically , while low frequent accidents with severe consequences (e.g. natural hazards) are more restricted to qualitative descriptions of correlation. Systematic monitoring of injury and damage data and gathering into databases, are a crucial activity for causality valuation. Secondly, economic valuation of effect is an important contribution in a cost-benefit perspective. Thirdly, a measure often brings several different effects and some may fall outside the actual purpose. An additional problem is how to handle effects that exert varied influence on different stakeholders or social groups in society. Fourthly, certain criteria are required for final prioritization. For instance, in analysis of goal fulfillment, effects are compared with politically decided quantified goals.In cases where basic data from steps 1-3 are incomplete, alternative criteria like “acceptable risk” might be necessary to agree about politically. To use similar approaches on how to describe and quantify effect correlations, promote gathered efforts at local level where risk reducing measures are decided upon by different actors and with regard to diverse local conditions. Tests of suitable methods and approaches to measure efficiency of planned or accomplished actions in gain for risk prevention, are described and discussed.
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| 39. |
- Jonsson, Anders, 1967-
(author)
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Dödsbränder i Sverige : En analys av datakvalitet, orsaker och riskmönster
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Risken att omkomma genom brand har mer än halverats under de senaste 60 åren i Sverige. Det är idag mycket ovanligt att små barn omkommer i brand men samma positiva utveckling kan inte ses för de äldre. En åldrande befolkning som i ökande omfattning förväntas bo kvar hemma innebär att denna grupp måste prioriteras i framtida brandskyddsarbete. Sambearbetning av data från tre nationella register visar att rutinmässigt framtagen statistik systematiskt underskattar den verkliga situationen. Män, äldre, ensamboende och ekonomiskt svaga är särskilt riskutsatta grupper att omkomma vid bostadsbränder och förekomst av alkohol bland offren är mycket vanligt. Den i särklass vanligaste brandorsaken är rökning. Trots att varje dödsbrand är unik kan det omfattande materialet beskrivas av relativt få och tydligt avgränsade typer av händelser som var och en måste mötas med relevanta preventiva insatser. Avhandlingen visar att dödsbränder i bostäder i huvudsak är ett socialt problem och att det kommer att krävas uthålliga och breda strategier, bestående både av sociala och tekniska åtgärder för att skydda de mest riskutsatta och sårbara människorna i samhället.
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| 40. |
- Jonsson, Anders, 1967-, et al.
(author)
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Identifying sociodemographic risk factors associated with residential fire-related fatalities : A matched case control study
- 2020
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In: Injury Prevention. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1353-8047 .- 1475-5785. ; :2, s. 147-152
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and residential fire fatalities in Sweden. A majority of fatal fires occur in housing. An understanding of risk factors and risk groups is a must for well-Founded decisions regarding targeted prevention efforts. There is a lack of consideration of the interrelation between sociodemographic factors and fire fatalities and there is a lack of high quality large-Scale studies. Methods: In this matched case-Control study, residential fire fatalities (cases, n=850) (age above 19 years old) were identified in the national register on fatal fires. Four controls per case were randomly matched by gender and age. ORs were calculated to assess the association between different sociodemographic factors with residential fire fatalities using conditional logistic regression. Results: Having low income, receiving social allowance and receiving health-Related early retirement pension were associated with an increased risk of dying in residential fires. The results also show clearly that adults dying in residential fires to a significantly lower extent were living together with a partner, were in work, were highly educated and lived in urban areas. However, contrary to previous research, living in rented apartments appeared not to influence the risk of death. Conclusions: In this study, we show that fatalities due to residential fires in Sweden are associated with some but not all of previously published sociodemographic risk factors. The results provide valuable information that can improve the guiding and targeting of fire mortality prevention strategies in Sweden.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Sund, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Do home fire and safety checks by on-duty firefighters decrease the number of fires? : Quasi-experimental evidence from Southern Sweden
- 2019
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In: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 70, s. 39-47
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Fire and rescue services Syd, in the south of Sweden, started to conduct home fire and safety checks on a large scale in 2010. The goal was to reduce the damages from residential fires. Method: We estimate the effects of the intervention on the incidence of residential fires and evaluate its economic effect. We use a difference-in-kinks design to analyze time-varying intervention effects and conduct a cost–benefit analysis for the economic evaluation. Results: The results demonstrate that fires and developed fires decrease by a maximum of approximately 6% and 8% per year (assuming 100% causality)and that the intervention has positive economic effects, with the benefits estimated to be maximum 8–11 times higher than the costs. Practical applications: The results should be valuable as input when deciding whether to implement home fire and safety checks elsewhere.
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| 43. |
- Sund, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Security officers responding to residential fire alarms : Estimating the effect on survival and property damage
- 2018
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In: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 97, s. 1-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Decreasing the response time to residential fires leads to more people being saved, fewer injuries, less property damage and a lesser environmental impact. One way of reducing the response time to fires is to allow the municipal fire and rescue services to cooperate with other actors. This study evaluates a potential agreement between the fire and rescue service of a Swedish municipality (Helsingborg) and a private security officers' firm. A geographic information system (GIS) simulation is used to estimate the reduced response times. The result is combined with a statistically estimated measure of the risk of fatality for marginal changes in the response time to find the effect on survival rates and property damage. The results show that the response time is 52 s on average faster using security officers for residential fires. Combining this gain in response time with the relation to fatalities and adjusting for the fact that security officers are less effective imply a decreased death rate by 0.0105 or 1.3% per year. The project has positive economic effects with the benefits estimated to be 1.4 (saved lives) and respectively 2.3 (saved lives and property damage) times higher than the costs.
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