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1.	Aleksich, Mariya, et al. (author) XFEL Microcrystallography of Self-Assembling Silver n-Alkanethiolates 2023 In: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - 0002-7863. ; 145:31, s. 17042-17055 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract New synthetic hybrid materials and their increasing complexity have placed growing demands on crystal growth for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Unfortunately, not all chemical systems are conducive to the isolation of single crystals for traditional characterization. Here, small-molecule serial femtosecond crystallography (smSFX) at atomic resolution (0.833 Å) is employed to characterize microcrystalline silver n-alkanethiolates with various alkyl chain lengths at X-ray free electron laser facilities, resolving long-standing controversies regarding the atomic connectivity and odd-even effects of layer stacking. smSFX provides high-quality crystal structures directly from the powder of the true unknowns, a capability that is particularly useful for systems having notoriously small or defective crystals. We present crystal structures of silver n-butanethiolate (C4), silver n-hexanethiolate (C6), and silver n-nonanethiolate (C9). We show that an odd-even effect originates from the orientation of the terminal methyl group and its role in packing efficiency. We also propose a secondary odd-even effect involving multiple mosaic blocks in the crystals containing even-numbered chains, identified by selected-area electron diffraction measurements. We conclude with a discussion of the merits of the synthetic preparation for the preparation of microdiffraction specimens and compare the long-range order in these crystals to that of self-assembled monolayers.
2.	Canton, Sophie E., et al. (author) Ultrafast Jahn-Teller Photoswitching in Cobalt Single-Ion Magnets 2023 In: Advanced Science. - 2198-3844. ; 10:21 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Single-ion magnets (SIMs) constitute the ultimate size limit in the quest for miniaturizing magnetic materials. Several bottlenecks currently hindering breakthroughs in quantum information and communication technologies could be alleviated by new generations of SIMs displaying multifunctionality. Here, ultrafast optical absorption spectroscopy and X-ray emission spectroscopy are employed to track the photoinduced spin-state switching of the prototypical complex [Co(terpy)2]2+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) in solution phase. The combined measurements and their analysis supported by density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent-DFT (TD-DFT) and multireference quantum chemistry calculations reveal that the complex undergoes a spin-state transition from a tetragonally elongated doublet state to a tetragonally compressed quartet state on the femtosecond timescale, i.e., it sustains ultrafast Jahn-Teller (JT) photoswitching between two different spin multiplicities. Adding new Co-based complexes as possible contenders in the search for JT photoswitching SIMs will greatly widen the possibilities for implementing magnetic multifunctionality and eventually controlling ultrafast magnetization with optical photons.
3.	Chen, Yifeng, et al. (author) Developing aqueous porous carbons for biogas upgrading 2024 In: Separation and Purification Technology. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1383-5866 .- 1873-3794. ; 329 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Developing novel sorbents is essential for biogas upgrading. In this study, mixed sorbents of aqueous porous carbons were developed to separate CO2 from the biogas, where the porous carbon with the developed micropore structure was identified as the most desirable constituent. Both thermodynamics and kinetics were studied experimentally, and Henry’s constant (KH) and the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient (kL) of CO2 in the mixed sorbent as well as the selectivity of CO2/CH4 were obtained accordingly. Furthermore, the CO2 separation performance was evaluated with a proposed index, and the cost of biogas upgrading using the mixed sorbent was estimated and compared. The results showed that the porous carbon with the developed micropore structure led to better performance on KH and kL of CO2 in the mixed sorbent, and the mixed sorbent with 3.03 wt% porous carbon exhibited the best CO2 separation performance, reducing 36.2 % in cost compared to the current technologies.
4.	Chen, Yifeng, et al. (author) Kinetics study and performance evaluation of a hybrid choline-glycine/polyethylene glycol/water absorbent for CO2 separation 2023 In: Separation and Purification Technology. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1383-5866 .- 1873-3794. ; 304 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of absorbents are beneficial in evaluating their CO2 separation performance. In this study, the kinetic properties of CO2 in a hybrid choline-glycine/polyethylene glycol/water absorbent, including the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient, enhancement factor, and reaction rate constant, were systematically determined through experimental measurements and data processing. Furthermore, an index referred to as “absorbility” was proposed to combine the kinetic properties determined in this study with the thermodynamic properties obtained in our previous study to evaluate the CO2 separation performance. Additionally, the regeneration performance of the hybrid absorbent was also conducted. The results show that the performance of the hybrid absorbent (30 wt% [Cho][Gly] + 10 wt% PEG200 + 60 wt% H2O) is comparable to that of aqueous monoethanolamine, and is thus promising for CO2 separation, considering its low regeneration temperature and low environmental impact.
5.	Daon, J., et al. (author) Chemically enhanced carbon nanotubes based Thermal Interface Materials 2015 In: THERMINIC 2015 - 21st International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems 2015. - 9781467397056 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract With progress in microelectronics the component density on a device increases drastically. As a consequence the power density reaches levels that challenge device reliability. New heat dissipation strategies are needed to efficiently drain heat. Thermal Interface Materials (TIMs) are usually used to transfer heat across interfaces, for example between a device and its packaging. Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (VACNTs) can be used to play this role. Indeed, carbon nanotubes are among the best thermal conductors (similar to 3.000 W/mK) and in the form of VACNT mats, show interesting mechanical properties. On one side, VACNTs are in contact with their growth substrate and there is a low thermal resistance. On the other side, good contact must be created between the opposite substrate and the VACNTs in order to decrease the contact thermal resistance. A thin-film deposition of an amorphous material can be used to play this role. This paper reports a chemically enhanced carbon nanotube based TIM with creation of chemical bonds between the polymer and VACNTs. We show that these covalent bonds enhance the thermal transfer from VACNTs to a copper substrate and can dramatically decrease local resistances. Implementation processes and thermal characterizations of TIMs are studied and reported.
6.	Daon, J., et al. (author) Electrically conductive thermal interface materials based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes mats 2014 In: IEEE 20th International Workshop on Thermal Investigation of ICs and Systems (Therminic). Greenwich, London, United Kingdom, 24-26 September 2014. - 9781479954155 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract In power microelectronics, the trends towards miniaturization and higher performances result in higher power densities and more heat to be dissipated. In most electronic assembly, thermal interface materials (TIM) help provide a path for heat dissipation but still represent a bottleneck in the total thermal resistance of the system. VA-CNTs mats are typically grown on HR silicon substrate with Al2O3 diffusion barrier layer using Thermal CVD process. In many cases, 'die attach' thermal interface materials need to be electrically conductive and the growth of dense VA-CNT mats on an electrically conductive substrate remains a challenge. This paper presents the growth of dense VA-CNT mats on doped silicon with Al2O3 and TiN diffusion barrier layer. Processes, thermal and electrical characterization of VA-CNTs based thermal interface materials are studied and reported.
7.	Fan, X., et al. (author) Reliability of carbon nanotube bumps for chip on glass application 2014 In: Proceedings of the 5th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference, ESTC 2014. - 9781479940264 ; , s. Art. no. 6962753- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an ideal candidate material for electronic interconnects due to their extraordinary thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. In this study, densified CNT bumps utilizing the paper-mediated controlled method were applied as the interconnection for chip on glass (COG) applications, and the silicon chip with patterned CNT bumps was then flipped and bonded onto a glass substrate using anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA) at a bonding pressure of 127.4 Mpa, 170°C for 8 seconds. The electrical properties of the COG were evaluated with the contact resistance of each bump measured using the four-point probe method. Three different structure traces, marked as Trace A, Trace B, and Trace C, were tested, respectively. Thermal cycling (-40 to 85°C, 800 cycles) and damp heat tests (85°C/85% RH, 1000 hours) were also conducted to evaluate the reliability of the CNT-COG structure. The average contact resistance of the samples was recorded during these tests, in which there was no obvious electrical failure observed after both the thermal cycling and damp heat tests. The results of these tests indicated that the COG has good reliability and the CNT bumps have promising potential applications in COG.
8.	Han, Xiaolei, et al. (author) Accelerometer-assessed sedentary behaviour among Chinese rural older adults : Patterns and associations with physical function 2022 In: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 40:17, s. 1940-1949 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Sedentary behaviour is associated with a range of adverse health conditions. Population-based studies have rarely examined the distribution and associated factors of accelerometer-measured sedentary behaviour patterns in rural-dwelling older adults. This population-based study included 2096 rural-dwelling older adults (age ≥60 years; 59.0% women) derived from baseline participants of the MIND-China Study. Total sedentary time and patterns (e.g., uninterrupted bouts and breaks) were derived from the hip-worn accelerometers for 7 days. Physical function was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery test. Data were analysed using general linear models. Overall, participants spent 58.8% of daily waking time in sedentary behaviour, with nearly half of sedentary time being accumulated through sedentary bouts of 30+ minutes. Men spent more total and accumulated sedentary time than women in each sedentary bout duration, while women had more daily 1+ minute sedentary bouts than men (all P < 0.001). Controlling for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and other confounders, more prolonged sedentary time and fewer breaks were significantly associated with poor physical function, balance, lower limb strength, and walking speed (all P < 0.001). In older adults living in rural communities, prolonged sedentary behaviour and less frequent breaks are associated with poor physical function.
9.	Han, Xiaolei, et al. (author) Association of Cardiovascular Health Metrics with Dementia in Rural Chinese Older Adults : A Population-Based Study 2022 In: Clinical Interventions in Aging. - 1176-9092 .- 1178-1998. ; 17, s. 947-956 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Purpose: We explore the associations of individual and composite cardiovascular health metrics with all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia among rural-dwelling older adults and the potential age variations in their associations.Patients and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study included 4980 older adults (age ≥ 65 years; 57.23% women) from the baseline examination of MIND-China. In March–September 2018, data were collected via face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory test. We defined six cardiovascular health metrics according to the modified American Heart Association’s recommendations. We diagnosed dementia and its subtypes following the international criteria. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models.Results: Of all the participants, 250 were diagnosed with dementia, including 165 with Alzheimer’s disease and 75 with vascular dementia. Ideal composite global cardiovascular health metrics (vs poor composite metrics) were associated with a multi-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.62 (0.42– 0.93) for dementia, 0.88 (0.52– 1.48) for Alzheimer’s disease, and 0.31 (0.16– 0.60) for vascular dementia. Moreover, ideal biological cardiovascular health metrics were associated with multi-adjusted odds ratio of 0.52 (0.28– 0.95) for dementia and 0.21 (0.06– 0.77) for vascular dementia in young–old adults (65– 74 years), whereas ideal behavioral cardiovascular health metrics were associated with multi-adjusted odds ratio of 0.48 (0.26– 0.89) for dementia and 0.16 (0.06– 0.43) for vascular dementia in old–old adults (≥ 75 years).Conclusion: Our results suggest that ideal cardiovascular health metrics are cross-sectionally associated with a low likelihood of dementia and vascular dementia among rural-dwelling older Chinese adults. The associations vary with age, components of cardiovascular health metrics, and dementia subtypes.
10.	Han, Xiaolei, et al. (author) Sex disparities in cardiovascular health metrics among rural-dwelling older adults in China : a population-based study 2021 In: BMC Geriatrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2318. ; 21:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics among Chinese older adults are poorly understood. We investigated sex disparities in CVH metrics and their management among rural-dwelling older adults in China.Methods: This community-based study included 5026 participants (age >= 65years; 57.2% women) in the baseline survey of a multimodal intervention study in rural China. In March-September 2018, data were collected through face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory tests. We defined six CVH metrics (three behavioral factors-smoking, body mass index, and physical activity; three biological factors-blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose) following the modified American Heart Association's recommendations. We performed descriptive analysis separately for men and women.Results: Of all participants, only 0.8% achieved ideal levels in all six CVH metrics. Men were more likely than women to have ideal levels in all CVH metrics but smoking. Women had higher prevalence of ideal global (9.7% vs. 7.8%) and behavioral (18.3% vs. 9.5%) CVH metrics (p<0.001), whereas men had higher prevalence of ideal biological CVH metrics (5.4% vs. 3.5%, p<0.001). The prevalence of ideal global and behavioral CVH metrics increased with age in both women and men (p for trend<0.001). Women were more likely to be aware of their hypertension and diabetes, and to receive antihypertensive treatment, while men were more likely to achieve the goal of high cholesterol treatment (p<0.05).Conclusions: The CVH metrics among older adults living in the rural communities in China are characterized by an extremely low proportion of optimal global CVH metrics and distinct sex differences, alongside poor management of major biological risk factors.
11.	Jiang, Di, 1983, et al. (author) A flexible and stackable 3D interconnect system using growth-engineered carbon nanotube scaffolds 2017 In: Flexible and Printed Electronics. - : IOP Publishing. - 2058-8585. ; 2:2 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract One of the critical challenges for realizing flexible electronic systems for a wide range of applications is the development of materials for flexible and stackable interconnects. We propose and demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D)interconnect structure embedded in a polymeric substrate using metal-coated carbon nanotube (CNT)scaffolds. By using two different underlayer materials for the catalyst, onestep synthesis of a dual-height CNT interconnect scaffold was realized. The CNT scaffolds serve as flexible cores for both annular metal through-substrate-vias and for horizontal metal interconnect. The 3D-CNT network was fabricated on a silicon substrate, and once the scaffolds were covered by metal, they were embedded in a polymer serving as a flexible substrate after peel-off from the silicon substrate. The 3D-CNT interconnect network was exposed to mechanical bending and stretching tests while monitoring its electrical properties. Even after 300 cycles no significant increase of resistances was found. Electrically there is a trade-off between flexibility and conductivity due to the surface roughness of the scaffold. However, this is to some extent alleviated by the metalized sidewalls giving the horizontal wires a cross-sectional area larger than indicated by their footprint. For gold wires 200 nm thick, measurements indicated a resistivity of 18 μΩ.cm, a value less than one order of magnitude larger than that of bulk gold, and a value that is expected to improve as technology improves. The mechanical properties of the metalized scaffolds were simulated using a finite element model. The potential scale-up capability of the proposed 3D-CNT network was demonstrated by the stacking of two such polymer-embedded interconnect systems.
12.	Jiang, Di, 1983, et al. (author) Carbon nanotube/solder hybrid structure for interconnect applications 2014 In: Proceedings of the 5th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference, ESTC 2014. - 9781479940264 ; , s. Art. no. 6962751- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract A carbon nanotube (CNT)/Solder hybrid bump structure is proposed in this work in order to overcome the drawbacks of high CNT resistivity while retaining the advantages of CNTs in terms of interconnect reliability. Lithographically defined hollow CNT moulds are grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD). The space inside the CNT moulds is filled up with Sn-Au-Cu (SAC) solder spheres of around 10 μm in diameter. This CNT/Solder hybrid material is then reflowed and transferred onto target indium coated substrate. The reflow melts the small solder spheres into large single solder balls thus forming a hybrid interconnect bump together with the surrounding densified CNT walls, which the CNT and the solder serve as resistors in parallel. The electrical resistance of such a CNT/Solder structure is measured to be around 6 folds lower than pure CNT bumps.
13.	Jiang, Di, 1983, et al. (author) Embedded Fin-Like Metal/CNT Hybrid Structures for Flexible and Transparent Conductors 2016 In: Small. - : Wiley. - 1613-6810 .- 1613-6829. ; 12:11, s. 1521-1526 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, an embedded fin-like metal-coated carbon nanotube (Fin-M/CNT) structure is demonstrated for flexible and transparent conductor wire applications. Embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane polymeric substrate, Fin-M/CNT wires with a minimum width of 5 μm and a minimum pitch of 10 μm have been achieved. Direct current resistances of single Fin-M/CNT wires, where the supporting CNT structures have been covered by Ti/Al/Au metal coatings of different thicknesses, have been measured. The high aspect ratio of the fin-like structures not only improves the adhesion between the wires and the polymeric substrate, but also yields a low resistance at a small surface footprint. In addition, transparent Fin-M/CNT grid lines with hexagonal patterns, with a sheet resistance of as low as 45 Ω sq−1, have been achieved at an optical transmittance of 88%. The robustness of the Fin-M/CNT structures has been demonstrated in bending tests up to 500 cycles and no significant changes in wire resistances are observed.
14.	Jiang, Di, 1983, et al. (author) Room Temperature Transfer of Carbon Nanotubes on Flexible Substrate 2012 In: Proceedings of the 18th Therminic International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems, Budapest, 25-27 September 2012. - 9782355000225 ; , s. 213-216 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper we report a novel method of transferring thermally grown vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) onto flexible substrates at room temperature with a single-step process. The transfer process is carried out by placing the CNT forests upside down on a double sided thermal release adhesive tape and peeling off the silicon substrate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to observe the transfer results. Also a second transfer using the same method but a thermal tape with higher release temperature is repeated on the as-transferred CNTs forests. The results show that this method is able to provide a novel process for transferring CNT forests at room temperature. This process will help to bring close the low cost fabrication of vertically aligned CNT structures for electronics.
15.	Jiang, Di, 1983, et al. (author) Vertically stacked carbon nanotube-based interconnects for through silicon via application 2015 In: IEEE Electron Device Letters. - 0741-3106 .- 1558-0563. ; 36:5, s. 499-501 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Stacking of silicon chips with carbon nanotube (CNT)-based through-silicon vias (TSVs) is experimentally demonstrated. Polymer filling is used to improve the transfer quality of CNTs into pre-etched silicon holes. Special hexagonal CNTs are designed to achieve high aspect ratio (10:1) CNT vias. TSVs filled with closely packed CNTs show a highly linear dc I - V response. The proposed process works at room temperature, which makes it compatible with existing device fabrication flow.
16.	Jiang, Jiuxing, et al. (author) ITQ-54 : a multi-dimensional extra-large pore zeolite with 20 [times] 14 [times] 12-ring channels 2015 In: Chemical Science. - 2041-6520 .- 2041-6539. ; 6, s. 480-485 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A multi-dimensional extra-large pore silicogermanate zeolite, named ITQ-54, has been synthesised by in situ decomposition of the N,N-dicyclohexylisoindolinium cation into the N-cyclohexylisoindolinium cation. Its structure was solved by 3D rotation electron diffraction (RED) from crystals of ca. 1 [small mu ]m in size. The structure of ITQ-54 contains straight intersecting 20 [times] 14 [times] 12-ring channels along the three crystallographic axes and it is one of the few zeolites with extra-large channels in more than one direction. ITQ-54 has a framework density of 11.1 T atoms per 1000 A3, which is one of the lowest among the known zeolites. ITQ-54 was obtained together with GeO2 as an impurity. A heavy liquid separation method was developed and successfully applied to remove this impurity from the zeolite. ITQ-54 is stable up to 600 [degree]C and exhibits permanent porosity. The structure was further refined using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data for both as-made and calcined samples.
17.	Jiang, Yutong, et al. (author) Efficient SO2 removal using aqueous ionic liquid at low partial pressure 2023 In: Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 1004-9541 .- 2210-321X. ; 58, s. 355-363 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
18.	Jiang, Ziying, et al. (author) Red Cell Distribution Width and Dementia Among Rural-Dwelling Older Adults : The MIND-China Study 2021 In: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. - 1387-2877 .- 1875-8908. ; 83:3, s. 1187-1198 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Evidence has emerged that anemia is associated with dementia, but data on the relationships of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) with dementia and cognitive function in older adults are sparse.Objective: We sought to investigate the associations of RDW with dementia and global cognitive performance among rural-dwelling Chinese older adults and further to examine their associations by anemia status.Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 5,115 participants (age≥65 years, 57.0%women) in the baseline examination (March-September 2018) of the Multimodal Interventions to Delay Dementia and Disability in rural China (MIND-CHINA). We collected data through face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory tests. Global cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We defined dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) following the respective international criteria. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic and general linear regression models.Results: Of all participants, 300 were diagnosed with dementia, including 195 with AD and 95 VaD. The multiple-adjusted odds ratio of dementia associated with quartiles of RDW were 1.45 (95%CI: 0.87–2.44), 1.00 (reference), 1.77 (1.07–2.93), and 2.28 (1.40–3.72). Similar J-shaped patterns existed for the association of RDW with odds ratio of AD and VaD. Anemia was not significantly associated with dementia. The J-shaped associations of RDW with dementia and subtypes were statistically evident only among participants without anemia. There was an inverted J-shaped relationship between RDW quartiles and β-coefficients of MMSE score.Conclusion: There is a J-shaped association between RDW level and likelihood of dementias among rural-dwelling Chinese older adults, especially among people without anemia.
19.	Jiang, Ziying, et al. (author) Red cell distribution width, anemia, and lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling older adults 2022 In: Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1594-0667 .- 1720-8319. ; 34:10, s. 2483-2491 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with degenerative conditions in aging.Aims We aimed to evaluate the associations of RDW and anemia with lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling older adults. Methods This population-based cross-sectional study included 5093 rural residents (age >= 60 years, 57.3% women) who participated in the MIND-China Study in Shandong. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory tests. RDW was categorized according to quartiles and the lower-extremity physical function was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB),Results Multiple linear regression analyses suggested that the fourth quartile of RDW (vs. first quartile) was associated with lower SPPB summary score (beta-coefficient - 0.38; 95% CI - 0.58 to - 0.18) and lower scores in balance test (- 0.09; - 0.17 to - 0.01), chair stand test (- 0.17; - 0.27 to - 0.07), and walking speed test (- 0.12; - 0.19 to - 0.05). Anemia was associated with a multiple-adjusted beta-coefficient of - 0.34 (- 0.52 to - 0.16) for SPPB summary score. Stratified analysis by anemia showed that there was a linear association between RDW and SPPB in individuals without anemia but a J-shaped association in individuals with anemia.Discussion This large-scale population-based study revealed the associations of high RDW and anemia with poor lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling Chinese older adults. These findings suggest that an elevated RDW might be a biochemical marker for poor lower-extremity physical function among older adults.Conclusions Anemia and an elevated RDW are associated with poor performance in lower-extremity physical function among rural-dwelling Chinese older adults.
20.	Li, X., et al. (author) Reliability of Carbon Nanotube Bumps for Chip on Film Application 2013 In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. - 1944-9399 .- 1944-9380. - 9781479906758 ; , s. 845-848 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an ideal candidate for electrical interconnects due to their extraordinary thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. In this work, as-densified CNT bumps were applied as chip on film (COF) interconnection material. A silicon chip with patterned CNT bumps was bonded onto a flexible substrate using anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA) with bonding pressure, at 127.4 MPa, 170 °C and for 8 seconds. The electrical properties of this structure were evaluated by measuring the contact resistance of each bump using the four-point probe method. Thermal cycling (-40∼85°C, 1000 cycles) and damp heat tests (85°C/85% RH, 1000 hours) were conducted to evaluate the reliabilities of the CNT-COF structure bonded with ACA. The average contact resistances of two samples used for the reliability tests were 226 mΩ and 260mΩ. No electrical failure was observed after the damp heat test and only two were observed after the thermal cycling test. The average contact resistance was increased only 15.7% and 13.8%, respectively, after the thermal cycling and the damp heat tests. © 2013 IEEE.
21.	Liu, Johan, 1960, et al. (author) Carbon Nanotubes for Electronics Manufacturing and Packaging: From Growth to Integration 2013 In: Advances in Manufacturing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2095-3127 .- 2195-3597. ; 1:1, s. 13-27 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. They are light in weight yet stronger than most of the other materials. They can be made both highly conductive and semi-conductive. They can be made from nano-sized small catalyst particles and extend to tens of millimeters long. Since CNTs emerged as a hot topic in the early 1990s, numerous research efforts have been spent on the study of the various properties of this new material. CNTs have been proposed as alternative materials of potential excellence in a lot of applications such as electronics, chemical sensors, mechanical sensors/actuators and composite materials, etc. This paper reviews the use of CNTs particularly in electronics manufacturing and packaging field. The progresses of three most important applications, including CNT-based thermal interface materials, CNT-based interconnections and CNT-based cooling devices are reviewed. The growth and post-growth processing of CNTs for specific applications are introduced and the tailoring of CNTs properties, i.e., electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and strength, etc., is discussed with regard to specific application requirement. As the semiconductor industry is still driven by the need of getting smaller and faster, CNTs and the related composite systems as emerging new materials are likely to provide the solution to the future challenges as we make more and more complex electronics devices and systems.
22.	Liu, Johan, 1960, et al. (author) CHEMICALLY VAPOR DEPOSITED CARBON NANOTUBES FOR VERTICAL ELECTRONICS INTERCONNECT IN PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 2014 In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Solid States and Integrated Circuits, ICSICT2014. - 9781479932962 ; , s. 47-50 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. They are mechanically strong at nanoscale yet also flexible if made micro- or milli-meter long. They are synthesized from nano-sized catalyst particles and can be made up to millimeters. A lot of research studies have been spent on various properties of the CNTs. They are regarded as an alternative material in a lot of applications such as ICs, MEMS, sensors, biomedical and other composite materials, etc. Among them, the thermally grown CNTs using chemical vapor deposition method is of particular interested in electronics applications as an interconnect material. This paper reviews the use of CNTs as an interconnect material for packaging applications. The growth and post-growth processing of CNTs are covered and the tailoring of CNTs properties, i.e. electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and strength, etc., is discussed. To make the electronics systems smaller, faster and more power efficient, CNTs as a potential new material are likely to provide the solution to the future challenges as the electronics systems are getting more and more functional and complex nowadays.
23.	Mazzotti, Willem, 1991-, et al. (author) Design of a Laboratory BoreholeStorage model 2018 In: Research Conference Proceedings. ; , s. 400-410 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents the design process of a 4x4 Laboratory Borehole Storage (LABS) model through analytical and numerical analyses. This LABS isintended to generate reference Thermal Response Functions (TRFs) as well as to be a validation tool for borehole heat transfer models. The objective of thisdesign process is to determine suitable geometrical and physical parameters for the LABS. An analytical scaling analysis is first performed and importantscaling constraints are derived. In particular, it is shown that the downscaling process leads to significantly higher values for Neumann and convectiveboundary conditions whereas the Fourier number is invariant. A numerical model is then used to verify the scaling laws, determine the size of the LABS,as well as to evaluate the influence of top surface convection and borehole radius on generated TRFs. An adequate shape for the LABS is found to be aquarter cylinder of radius and height 1.0 m, weighing around 1.2 tonnes. Natural convection on the top boundary proves to have a significant effect on thegenerated TRF with deviations of at least 15%. This convection effect is proposed as an explanation for the difference observed between experimental andanalytical results in Cimmino and Bernier (2015). A numerical reproduction of their test leads to a relative difference of 1.1% at the last reported time.As small borehole radii are challenging to reproduce in a LABS, the effect of the borehole radius on TRFs is investigated. It is found that Eskilson’sradius correction (1987) is not fully satisfactory and a new correction method must be undertaken.
24.	Mu, Wei, 1985, et al. (author) Tape-Assisted Transfer of Carbon Nanotube Bundles for Through-Silicon-Via Applications 2015 In: Journal of Electronic Materials. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1543-186X .- 0361-5235. ; 44:8, s. 2898-2907 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Robust methods for transferring vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles into through-silicon vias (TSVs) are needed since CNT growth is not compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology due to the temperature needed for growing high-quality CNTs (∼700°C). Previous methods are either too complicated or not robust enough, thereby offering too low yields. Here, a facile transfer method using tape at room temperature is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Three different kinds of tape, viz. thermal release tape, Teflon tape, and Scotch tape, were applied as the medium for CNT transfer. The CNT bundle was adhered to the tape through a flip-chip bonder, and the influence of the bonding process on the transfer results was investigated. Two-inch wafer-scale transfer of CNT bundles was realized with yields up to 97% demonstrated. After transfer, the use of several different polymers was explored for filling the gap between the transferred CNT bundle and the sidewalls of the TSV openings to improve the filling performance. The current–voltage characteristic of the CNT TSVs indicated good electrical performance, and by measuring the via resistance as a function of via thickness, contact resistances could be eliminated and an intrinsic CNT resistivity of 1.80 mΩ cm found.
25.	Song, Lin, et al. (author) KIBRA controls exosome secretion via inhibiting the proteasomal degradation of Rab27a 2019 In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 10 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles released from cells after fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane (PM) and play important roles in intercellular communication and numerous biological processes. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating exosome secretion remain poorly understood. Here we identify KIBRA as an adaptor-like protein that stabilizes Rab27a, which in turn controls exosome secretion both in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown or overexpression of KIBRA in neuronal and podocyte cell lines leads to a decrease or increase of exosome secretion, respectively, and KIBRA depletion increases MVB size and number. Comparing protein profiles between KIBRA knockout and wild-type mouse brain showed significantly decreased Rab27a, a small GTPase that regulates MVB-PM docking. Rab27a is stabilized by interacting with KIBRA, which prevents ubiquitination and degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In conclusion, we show that KIBRA controls exosome secretion via inhibiting the proteasomal degradation of Rab27a.
26.	Wang, Nan, 1988, et al. (author) Flexible Multifunctionalized Carbon Nanotubes-Based Hybrid Nanowires 2015 In: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley. - 1616-3028 .- 1616-301X. ; 25:26, s. 4135-4143 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this work, flexible multifunctionalized carbon nanotube (CNT)-based hybrid nanowires are synthesized through surface modification processes. The good dispersability of the hybrid nanowire in polar solvents facilitates directly making fine patterns with a minimum width of 40 μm for applications of flexible and stretchable circuits (FSCs). The hybrid nanowire possesses a flexible and highly conductive structure which demonstrates stable electro-mechanical properties on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates under large structural deformation. FSCs fabricated from the hybrid nanowires show a constant resistance of 0.096 Ω □-1 (equivalent of a resistivity 0.96 Ω μm) under repeated bending cycles. The FSCs also have a low and stable sheet resistance of 0.4 Ω □-1 for strains up to 30%, which is almost four orders of magnitude lower than that of pure CNT samples (1316 Ω □-1). Further improved stretchability and electro-mechanical properties (0.1 Ω □-1, at the strain of 100%) are achieved with a prestrain PDMS substrate. Repeated deformation tests demonstrate the high reliability of FSCs. The observed stable and reliable electro-mechanical performance of FSCs suggests the potential use of the material in wearable and portable electronics. Multifunctionalized hybrid nanowires based on carbon nanotubes are prepared through different surface modification processes. These hybrid nanowires exhibit both the high electrical conductivity of metal and excellent mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes together with good dispersability. Flexible and stretchable electrodes based on the hybrid nanowires demonstrate stable electro-mechanical properties under large structural deformations.
27.	Xu, Liang, et al. (author) Controlling the Density of CNTs by Different UnderlayerMaterials in PECVD Growth 2013 In: Proceedings of the 19th INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems, September 25-27 2013, Berlin, Germany, IEEE / Therminic 2013. ; , s. 248-252 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
28.	Xu, Liang, et al. (author) Effect of substrates and underlayer on CNT synthesis by plasma enhanced CVD 2013 In: Advances in Manufacturing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2095-3127 .- 2195-3597. ; 1:3, s. 236-240 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Due to their unique thermal, electronic and mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have aroused various attentions of many researchers. Among all the techniques to fabricate CNTs, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been extensively developed as one growth technique to produce vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs). Though CNTs show a trend to be integrated into nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS), CNT growth still remains a mysterious technology. This paper attempts to reveal the effects of substrates and underlayers to CNT synthesis. We tried five different substrates by substituting intrinsic Si with high resistivity ones and by increasing the thickness of SiO2 insulativity layer. And also, we demonstrated an innovative way of adjusting CNT density by changing the thickness of Cu underlayer. © 2013 Shanghai University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
29.	Zhang, Qinghua, et al. (author) Quantitative assessments of retinal macular structure among rural-dwelling older adults in China : a population-based, cross-sectional, optical coherence tomography study 2024 In: BMJ Open. - 2044-6055. ; 14:2 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract ObjectivesTo quantitatively assess and compare retinal macular structures of rural-dwelling older adults in China using two different optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanners and to examine their associations with demographic, lifestyle, clinical and ocular factors.Design, setting and participants This population-based, cross-sectional study included 971 participants (age ≥60 years) derived from the Multimodal Interventions to Delay Dementia and Disability in Rural China study. We collected data on demographics, lifestyle factors, clinical conditions (eg, cardiovascular disease (CVD)) and ocular factors (eg, visual acuity and spherical equivalent). We used two models of spectral-domain OCT to measure macular parameters in nine Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study subﬁelds. Data were analysed using the multiple general linear models.Results Spectralis OCT demonstrated higher macular thickness but a lower macular volume than Primus 200 OCT (p<0.05). Nasal quadrant of the inner and outer subfields was the thickest, followed by superior quadrant. Adjusting for multiple potential confounding variables, older age was significantly correlated with lower average inner and outer macular thicknesses and overall macular volume. Men had higher macular parameters than women. The presence of CVD was correlated with lower central macular thickness (β=−6.83; 95% CI: −13.08 to −0.58; p=0.032). Middle school or above was associated with higher average inner macular thickness (β=7.85; 95% CI: 1.14 to 14.55; p=0.022) and higher spherical equivalent was correlated with lower average inner macular thickness (β=−1.78; 95% CI: −3.50 to −0.07; p=0.042).Conclusions Macular thickness and volume assessed by Spectralis and Primus 200 OCT scanners differ. Older age and female sex are associated with lower macular thickness and volume. Macular parameters are associated with education, CVD and spherical equivalent.Trial registeration number MIND-China study (ChiCTR1800017758).
30.	Zhang, Yan, 1976, et al. (author) Experimental study of Electrical properties and stability of CNT bumps in high density interconnects 2013 In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology. - 1944-9399 .- 1944-9380. - 9781479906758 ; , s. 1085-1088 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract With the minimization development of electronic devices and products, nanotechnology and nanomaterials are widely applied in different fields of electronic packaging. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is an ideal material due to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. In the present paper, the application of CNT bundles as chip bumps was experimentally investigated. The electrical resistances of the CNT interconnects were measured, and the thermal and humidity test were conducted. In addition, the CNT forests on fine pitch copper lines under various environmental test conditions were observed to evaluate the stability. © 2013 IEEE.

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