| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Pathways for Increased Use and Refining of Biomass in Swedish Energy-intensive Industry
- 2009
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Events in recent decades have placed climate change at the top of the political agenda. The European Union has assumed a vanguard role in global climate negotiations, pushing for ambitious international commitments. Furthermore, Sweden is positioning itself as a leader within the EU when it comes to setting the agenda for climate change. In Sweden, energy-intensive industries are responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to switch to a renewable energy source could contribute significantly to the transition to a decarbonised economy.This study analyses the role of three energy-intensive industries with regard to increased refining and use of biomass and will also take a glimpse into the future in an attempt to gain further insight into what will affect future developments in this area. The study is limited to the pulp and paper industry, the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry as well as the EU legislation that affects these industries. For each industry the operations of the following case companies, Södra, SSAB and Preem AB, are analysed specifically and for each company one or two selected plants exemplify the outcome of the implementation of different technologies. This interdisciplinary study combines a range of methods taken from engineering and social sciences.The industries studied all have different preconditions for transformations and the technological options available diverge to a large extent. There are many options for the pulp and paper industry compared to the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry. The most likely technological option for this sector is to utilise internal resources for conversion to energy or material products and export of excess energy. Options for the steel producer SSAB include the substitution of part of the coke in the blast furnace with biomass or refined biomass products such as syngas and biomethane and forming an industrial symbiotic partnership. There are several options for the oil refining industry to substitute fossil feedstocks without the need to modify the existing infrastructure. One option is hydrotreatment of bio-oil into green diesel, which will be implemented at the Preem refinery in Gothenburg. However, green production of transportation fuels and substitution of coke in the blast furnace require large amounts of biomass and since biomass is a limited resource this is likely to act as a barrier to the development of these technologies.2Furthermore, it can be concluded that the companies studied could contribute significantly to the development of technologies that are in line with their core capabilities, while the development of technological options that require a change in their core capabilities is more limited. This discovery is further supported by the finding that the EU directives relevant to this report do not push industrial operators beyond efficiency measures along established technological lines. On the one hand, these legislative instruments, which are designed in the spirit of ecological modernisation, encourage the most cost-effective technologies and processes for the abatement of greenhouse gases relevant to each industry. On the other, they do not appear to be sufficient to raise the cost of carbon emissions and this contributes to a situation where incentives to make different biomass-based technologies economic are not present on the market. Over a longer time perspective none of the case companies believes that biomass will have increased significantly in the Swedish energy system by 2050. These case companies claim that biomass is too limited a resource and can only contribute in part to the necessary substitution of fossil fuels.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ljungstedt, Hanna, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Options for Increased Use and Refining of Biomass – the Case of Energy-intensive Industry in Sweden
- 2011
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In: Conference proceedings from World Renewable Energy Congress 2011. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. ; , s. 17-24
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Events in recent decades have placed climate change at the top of the political agenda. In Sweden, energy-intensive industries are responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to switch to renewable energy sources could contribute to the transition to a decarbonised economy. This interdisciplinary study has its starting point in three energy-intensive industries’ opportunities to take part in the development towards increased refining and use of biomass. The study includes the pulp and paper industry, the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry, each exemplified by a case company. It can be concluded that there are several technological options in each industry. On the other hand, implementing one option for increased use of biomass in each case company could demand up to 34% of the estimated increase in Swedish biomass supply, in 2020. Additionally, in a longer time perspective none of the case companies believes that the amount of biomass in the Swedish industrial energy system have the possibility to increase significantly in the future.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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A process integration analysis of H2 production from gasification of biomass in the oil refining industry
- 2010
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In: 7th European Congress of Chemical Engineering 7, 19th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA 2010, conference proceedings.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The refining industry faces a future with increasing hydrogen demand, a change in fuel mixture that increases process energy demand and at the same time a future with harder regulations on CO2 emissions. In this paper the CO2 effect of integrating different biomass gasification concepts to meet an increasing demand of hydrogen in an oil refinery are examined and presented in comparison with a conventional steam reformer. The result shows that if biomass is considered as an unlimited resource (i.e. CO2 neutral), biomass gasification concepts have a potential to reduce CO2 emissions. However, if biomass is considered as a limited resource, which is a likely future scenario, all studied concepts show an increase of CO2 emissions.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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An Analysis for identifying Energy Saving Opportunities for a Petrochemical Cluster in Times of Climate Change
- 2009
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In: Chemical Engineering Transactions. - 2283-9216. - 9788895608044 ; 18:Part 1, s. 469-474
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Industrial process clusters have good opportunities to collectively reduce energy usage and CO2 emissions. It is however essential to start an energy efficiency analysis with the process plant that is central for the cluster’s energy and material conversion. This paper illustrates this strategy for a petrochemical cracker plant located at the heart of a petrochemical cluster. A number of measures are identified that could reduce the cracker plant’s CO2 emissions by 13% and decrease the use of refrigeration by 20 MW. A number of options are discussed for harnessing the energy surplus created.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of strategies for CO2 abatement in the European petroleum refining industry
- 2012
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In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 42:1, s. 375-386
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Petroleum oil refineries account for almost 8% of the total CO2 emissions from industry in the European Union (EU). In this paper, the European petroleum refining industry is investigated and the prospects for future CO2 abatement in relation to associated infrastructure are assessed. A more efficient use of the adjacent infrastructure, e.g., district heating networks, natural gas grids, neighbouring industries, and CO2 transport and storage systems, could provide opportunities for additional CO2 emissions reduction. It is shown that access to infrastructures that can facilitate CO2 abatement varies significantly across countries and between individual refineries. The assessment shows that short-term mitigation options, i.e., fuel substitution and energy efficiency measures, could reduce CO2 emissions by 9-40 MtCO2/year (6-26% of the total refinery emissions). It is further shown that carbon capture and storage offers the greatest potential for more significant emission reductions in the longer term. However, the potential for CO2 capture varies significantly depending on the choice of technology, CO2 source, and scope of implementation (5-80% of the total refinery emissions).
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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CO2 capture at five industries at five industries in the Skagerrak area - Technical background report to: Carbon Capture and Storage in the Skagerrak/Kattegat region, Final report
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- CO2 capture is an alternative to decrease CO2 emissions from industries. A large part of the cost for carbon capture is related to the heat supply to the capture plant. In this study four alternatives to supply the heat demand in the capture plant at five industries in the Skagerrak area are evaluated. These industries are Preem Göteborg, Preem Lysekil, Esso Slagentangen, Borealis Stenungsund and Yara Porsgrunn. The heat supply alternatives are; Natural Gas Combined Cycle, Natural Gas Boiler, Biomass Boiler and Excess heat from the process alone or in combination with a Heat Pump.The lowest specific capture costs are found when excess heat is utilized. In those plants where the available amount of excess heat is not large enough to cover the whole heat demand in the capture plant, via direct heat exchange, the lowest specific capture cost is found when a heat pump also is used. Specific capture costs of 45 to 60 €/ton can be reached in such systems. The specific avoidance costs are the same for these systems since no fossil fuel is used. Higher specific costs are found if the heat from the heat pump is not large enough to cover the heat demand in the capture plant and supplementary heat via a heat supply plant (e.g. a boiler) is needed.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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CO2 capture in oil refineries-an evaluation of different heat integration possibilities for heat supply to the post-combustion process
- 2011
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In: Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings, No.57. World Renweable Energy Congress 2011, May 8-13, Linköping, Sweden.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper estimates the costs of CO2 post-combustion capture for two refineries by comparing different alternatives for supplying the heat needed for the regeneration of the absorbent. The cost of capture ranges from 30 to 472 €/ tCO2 avoided, depending on technology choice for heat supply and energy penalty for the CO2 separation. In this study, it is concluded that process integration leads to a reduction in avoidance costs. However, the avoidance cost depends greatly on which system perspective is considered, i.e. whether CO2 emission changes outside the refinery are included or not.
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| 11. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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CO2 capture in oil refineries: Assessment of the capture avoidance costs associated with different heat supply options in a future energy market
- 2013
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In: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904. ; 66, s. 127-142
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The application of post-combustion CO2 capture represents an alternative strategy to reduce significantly CO2 emissions from the oil refining industry. Previous studies have shown that the highest costs are related to the provision and use of energy and that these costs could be reduced by utilising excess heat. In the present study, we investigated whether this principle could be applied to the oil refining industry. Four heat supply alternatives were evaluated: Natural Gas Combined Cycle; Natural Gas Boiler; Biomass Boiler; and Excess Heat. These alternatives were evaluated using future energy market scenarios and two levels of heat demand. The Natural Gas Combined Cycle alternative generated high levels of electricity (with CO2 capture), thereby producing the greatest reduction in global CO2 emissions. However, the avoided CO2 emissions from onsite the refinery were highest when excess heat or a biomass boiler was used. In the present study, the capture avoidance cost ranged from 40 to 263 (sic)/tCO(2) avoided (excluding transportation and storage costs), depending on the heat supply alternative used and the heat demand. Moreover, with a high cost for CO2, CO2 capture using excess heat could be a cost-effective alternative to reduce CO2 emissions for oil refineries.
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| 12. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Comparative study of Fischer-Tropsch production and post-combustion CO2 capture at an oil refinery: Economic evaluation and GHG (greenhouse gas emissions) balances
- 2013
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In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 59, s. 387-401
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The impact on CO2 emissions of integrating new technologies (a biomass-to-Fischer-Tropsch fuel plant and a post-combustion CO2 capture plant) with a complex refinery has previously been investigated separately by the authors. In the present study these designs are integrated with a refinery and evaluated from the point-of-view of economics and GHG (greenhouse gas emissions) emissions and are compared to a reference refinery. Stand-alone Fischer-Tropsch fuel production is included for comparison. To account for uncertainties in the future energy market, the assessment has been conducted for different future energy market conditions. For the post-combustion CO2 capture process to be profitable, the present study stresses the importance of a high charge for CO2 emission. A policy support for biofuels is essential for the biomass-to-Fischer-Tropsch fuel production to be profitable. The level of the support, however, differs depending on scenario. In general, a high charge for CO2 economically favours Fischer-Tropsch fuel production, while a low charge for CO2 economically favours Fischer-Tropsch fuel production. Integrated Fischer-Tropsch fuel production is most profitable in scenarios with a low wood fuel price. The stand-alone alternative shows no profitability in any of the studied scenarios. Moreover, the high investment costs make all the studied cases sensitive to variations in capital costs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Heat supply alternatives for CO2 capture in the process industry
- 2012
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In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 8, s. 217-232
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An economic analysis for post-combustion CO2 capture in a petrochemical industry has been performed. Previous studies have shown that the largest costs are related to the costs for energy supply. In this study we therefore focus on how heat can by supplied to the capture process in the most cost-efficient way. Five different heat supply options have been evaluated by using an energy market scenario tool together with a variation of the specific heat demand (reboiler duty). Three stand-alone options (natural gas combined cycle, natural gas boiler and biomass boiler) and two excess heat options (use of current excess heat and optimal use of excess heat) were analysed. For the stand-alone alternatives, the fuel consumption and co-generation of electricity are important. The best alternatives were the ones using excess heat. Considering that the process integration potential in the process industry generally is high and expecting high future CO2 charges, these options may become profitable. A quantification of the capture costs per CO2 avoided using excess heat shows costs in the range of 37-70(sic)/t CO2, which are comparable to costs reported for oxy-fuel combustion in petrochemical industries as well as for post-combustion in the power sector.
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| 14. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Hydrogen production from biomass gasification in the oil refining industry - A system analysis
- 2012
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In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 2012:38, s. 212-227
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, the global CO2 effect of integrating different biomass gasification concepts to meet anincreasing demand of hydrogen in an oil refinery is examined and presented in comparison with a conventional steam reformer. The studied refinery is a hydro skimming refinery with a future hydrogen deficit of 16,000 Nm3/h. Three gasification concepts are considered: Entrained Flow (EF), Circulated Fluidised Bed (CFB) and Double Bed (DB). The system analysis is made with respect to global CO2 emissions and primary energy use. The results show that if biomass is considered as an unlimited resource (i.e. sufficient biomass is considered to be available to substitute for all fossil fuels in society), biomass gasification concepts have a potential to reduce CO2 emissions. The EF case shows the largest reduction potential. However, if biomass is considered as a limited resource (i.e. increased use of biomass at the refinery will lead to increased use of fossil fuel elsewhere in society), all concepts show an increase of CO2 emissions. Here, the CFB gasifier shows lowest increase of CO2 emission. The CO2 effect of the different alternatives shows sensitivity to assumptions regarding alternative biomass user.
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| 15. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Integration of Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Production with a Complex Oil Refinery
- 2012
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In: In Proceedings of SDEWES – the 7th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 1-7 July 2012. ; , s. paper 082-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The oil refining industry is facing harder regulations on renewable content in its products. One way to meet this is to produce diesel and gasoline from gasification of biomass via a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In this paper, integrating a biomass-to-FT syncrude process with a refinery is compared to a stand-alone biomass-to-FT syncrude process, in terms of the consequences for CO2 emissions and energy balances. The upgrading of the FT syncrude is in both cases accomplished at the refinery, in the existing units or in new units. The studied system includes a circulating fluidized-bed biomass gasifier with a biomass input of 500 MW (50% moisture content) and a complex refinery with a crude oil capacity of 11.4 Mt/y. The integrated FT-syncrude production shows, regardless of assumptions of marginal electricity generation, the largest CO2 emission reduction. Moreover, if the almost clean CO2 stream from the biomass-to-FT-syncrude production is captured, the reduction potential can be significantly increased.
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| 16. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Integration of Fischer-Tropsch fuel production with a complex oil refinery
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development. - 1474-6778 .- 1478-7466. ; 13:1, s. 50-73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The oil refining industry is facing harder policies on renewable content in its products. One way to meet this is to produce diesel and gasoline from gasification of biomass via a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. In this paper, heat integrating a biomass-to-FT syncrude process with a refinery is compared to a stand-alone biomass-to-FT syncrude process, in terms of the consequences for GHG emissions and energy balances. The upgrading of the FT syncrude is in both cases accomplished at the refinery, in the existing units or in new units. The studied system includes a circulating fluidised-bed biomass gasifier with a biomass input of 500 MW (50% moisture content) and a complex refinery with a crude oil capacity of 11.4 Mt/y. The integrated FT syncrude production shows the greatest potential for reductions in GHG emissions. Still, the GHG emission mitigation potential of using biomass for FT fuel production is smaller than co-firing biomass with coal in coal power plants.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983
(author)
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System studies of different CO2 mitigation options in the oil refining industry: Post-combustion CO2 capture and biomass gasification
- 2013
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- To reach the objective endorsed by the EU Council for reducing EU greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80-90% compared to 1990 levels by 2050, extensive cuts are necessary in all sectors. The oil refining sector is a major energy user and thus a major GHG emitter. The overall aim of the work presented in this thesis is to analyse the potential for reductions in GHG emissions in the oil refining industry. The focus is on the implementation of three development routes at case refineries: Large-scale biomass gasification, to hydrogen or Fischer-Tropsch fuel, as well as post-combustion CO2 capture and storage (CCS). The analysis has been conducted both at the aggregated level; investigating the potential for on-site CO2 mitigation for the EU refining sector, and at the case study level; focusing on three development routes and including global reduction in GHG emission as well as economic performance.The findings indicate that the potential for reduction in CO2 by the available short-term mitigation options in the oil refining industry are relatively limited. The potential for CO2 capture varies depending on the targeted CO2 emission point source, the CO2 capture technology considered and whether CCS is assumed to be limited to areas with large point sources of CO2 emissions or not. Further, implementing a post-combustion CO2 capture process at a refinery could be profitable for future conditions characterized by a high charge for CO2 emissions. The cost for post-combustion CO2 capture at a refinery is significantly reduced if excess heat from the refining process is used with or without the aid of a heat pump. From a global perspective heat supply by a natural gas combined cycle can also be an interesting option. The potential for global GHG mitigation for the implementation of large-scale biomass gasification for production of hydrogen or Fischer-Tropsch fuel at a refinery is significantly increased with the possibility to capture the clean CO2 stream generated in the biomass gasification process. Fischer-Tropsch fuel production could be an economically interesting option for a refinery, presupposing economic support for renewable fuel production. Finally, it is important to consider uncertainties in the future energy market. In a comparison between Fischer-Tropsch and post-combustion CO2 capture, the most profitable option depends on the assumptions on the future energy market. All the studied development routes lead to reductions in GHG emissions. However, as biomass should be considered a limited resource it is reasonable to assume that the biomass will be used in applications with highest efficiency. In this thesis it is shown that, in most cases, large-scale biomass gasification at a refinery results in lower potential for GHG emission reduction compared to using biomass in coal condensing power plants.
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| 20. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(author)
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CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegat-region - Assessment of an intraregional CCS infrastructure and legal framework
- 2011
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In: Energy Procedia, 10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies; Amsterdam; 19-23 September 2010, 4, 2793-2800. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper provides some initial results from the project "CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegat-region" which is an intraregional CCS project partly funded by the EU. The project assesses the prospects for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) from industry and power plants located in the Skagerrak region which comprises northern Denmark, south-east coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden. The project is a joint cooperation between universities, research institutes and industries in the region. The methodology used in one of the project work packages is presented together with some initial results on legal aspects. CCS in the Skagerrak region may potentially account for a third of combined emission reduction commitments by 2020 in the three countries involved in the project. Yet, much of the emissions in the region occur from industry (in addition to power plants) and it is still not clear how these industries will be treated under the ETS. Based on current knowledge, a good storage option would be in the Hanstholm aquifer on Denmark's northwest coast. The phasing-in of capture plants over time is central to the development of a cost efficient CCS infrastructure. However, many of the sources in the region are located at a port facilitating use of boat transport through the build-up period. The initial legal analysis show that significant regulatory uncertainties exist in the region with regard to CCS and it is not obvious that the implementation of the EU CCS directive into national law by June 2011 will alleviate these uncertainties. Finally, the project may provide a significant test case for what type of political and regulatory cooperation that will be required if CCS is to be deployed in a transboundary context under conditions of sufficient public acceptance and well-designed regulation. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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