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| 2. |
- Eklund, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Does Parametric fMRI Analysis with SPM Yield Valid Results? - An Empirical Study of 1484 Rest Datasets
- 2012
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In: NeuroImage. - : Elsevier. - 1053-8119 .- 1095-9572. ; 61:3, s. 565-578
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The validity of parametric functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis has only been reported for simulated data.Recent advances in computer science and data sharing make it possible to analyze large amounts of real fMRI data. In this study,1484 rest datasets have been analyzed in SPM8, to estimate true familywise error rates. For a familywise significance threshold of5%, significant activity was found in 1% - 70% of the 1484 rest datasets, depending on repetition time, paradigm and parametersettings. This means that parametric significance thresholds in SPM both can be conservative or very liberal. The main reason forthe high familywise error rates seems to be that the global AR(1) auto correlation correction in SPM fails to model the spectra ofthe residuals, especially for short repetition times. The findings that are reported in this study cannot be generalized to parametricfMRI analysis in general, other software packages may give different results. By using the computational power of the graphicsprocessing unit (GPU), the 1484 rest datasets were also analyzed with a random permutation test. Significant activity was thenfound in 1% - 19% of the datasets. These findings speak to the need for a better model of temporal correlations in fMRI timeseries.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Josephson, Camilla
(author)
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Growth and Business Cycles -Swedish Manufacturing Industry 1952-2001
- 2005
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study shows that the mechanisms behind knowledge accumulation and the sources of productivity growth differ from industry to industry depending on what is produced and what technology is used. Although it is apparent to most researchers in the field that the only way to explain long-run growth in output per capita is through technological progress and accumulation of knowledge that counteract the dampening effect of diminishing returns, we are still in the dark about how such mechanisms operate. By focusing on the importance of separating industrial sectors with different methods of production and thereby including the possibility of TFP reflecting various growth mechanisms for diverse industries, this thesis tries to rethink the history of productivity growth in the Swedish manufacturing industry. A unique dataset, for the period 1952 to 2001, makes it possible to distinguish labour-intensive, capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries. Analysing the cointegration VAR model means that the sources of long-run productivity growth and business cycles are treated as separate yet interdependent issues. We show that, by applying relevant economic theory to representative data and using advanced econometric methods, it is feasible to test a variety of theoretical assumptions about endogenous growth on appropriate data. In so doing, we establish the important role of opportunity costs in allocating investments among various ways of accumulating knowledge. Since resources are scarce, investment in one form of knowledge accumulation takes place at the expense of another, which in turn has important implications for business cycles. We obtained the following results: the highest rate of knowledge accumulation was attained in industries using technologically advanced production processes and/or manufacturing technologically advanced goods. Business cycles reflect the sum of simultaneous productivity increases and productivity losses as altering opportunity costs allocated investments among knowledge-accumulating and/or growth-generating mechanisms. The productivity slowdown in 1975 was not as severe in all sectors; nor was the catch-up in the 1990s as strong in all industries. The concept of past-dependent knowledge accumulation giving rise to locked-in expertise, and rapidly falling rates of learning on aged techniques and old products, is put forward as the main explanations for why the severest productivity slowdown and failure to adjust to new economic conditions took place in capital-intensive industry. Rapidly increasing knowledge accumulation and monopoly profits explains why the '1975-crisis' hit knowledge- intensive industry the least, and why this industry showed the greatest catch-up between 1992 and 2001.
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| 5. |
- Josephson, Camilla Maria Kyllikki, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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Aggregate Growth 1870-1914
- 2010. - 1
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In: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe. - : Cambridge University Press. - 9780521882033 ; , s. 30-58
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Unlike most existing textbooks on the economic history of modern Europe, which offer a country-by-country approach, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe rethinks Europe's economic history since 1700 as unified and pan-European, with the material organized by topic rather than by country. This second volume tracks Europe's economic history through three major phases since 1870. The first phase was an age of globalization and of European economic and political dominance that lasted until the First World War. The second, from 1914 to 1945, was one of war, deglobalization, and depression and the third was one of growing integration not only within Europe but also between Europe and the global economy. Leading authors offer comprehensive and accessible introductions to these patterns of globalization and deglobalization as well as to key themes in modern economic history such as economic growth, business cycles, sectoral developments, and population and living standards.
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| 6. |
- Josephson, Camilla Maria Kyllikki, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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How Can State of the Art Econometrics Help Time Series Modeling in Neural Connectivity Mapping
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Understanding the human brain is one of the great scientific challenges of the 21st century. This project aims to contribute to a key aspect of this challenge: revealing the neural interconnection underlying decision making processes. In order to do so we will take advantage of the latest developments in econometric time series analysisNew studies have shown that, besides the formation of multiple networks, the human brain forms one integrated complex network, linking all brain regions and sub-networks together into one complex system. Exploiting new methods for examining the overall organization of this network can provide new valuable insights into how the human brain operates: How the functional connections between brain-regions are organized. What determines the brain’s capability of integrating information between different sub-systems? And how does it affect human decision-making? Decoding this amazingly complex wiring diagram of neural network, referred to as the Connectome, has the potential to uncover more about what makes us uniquely human and what makes every person different from all others.In modern Neuroscience there is a major conceptual belief that the computational properties of the brain are a direct consequence of its circuitry (Freund 2002). This insight has received unparalleled attention in the past decades as technological advances transformed the acquisition of neural connectivity data from a slow paced, tentative groping, into a high throughput process of massive multimodal data acquisition including morphological, neurochemical and functional variables. There is no further advanced, nor better established method for the detection and delineation of regions of the brain that change their level of activation in response to experimental external incentives than functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI. Based on changes in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal reflecting neuronal activation, although indirectly, fMRI produces activation maps which typically depict the average level of engagement during a specific task or in response to a specific stimulus, of different regions in the brain. Although fMRI has a temporal resolution less than the true speed of neural interactions, it provides whole-brain coverage at spatial resolutions of millimeters, and is an ideal tool for measuring intrinsic, steady-state hemodynamic fluctuations. Evidence continues to accumulate that connectivity measures by fMRI reflect meaningful aspects of cognitive processing in terms of task, load, behavior and decision making. As such, the aims within this proposal are focused on: (i) Designing innovative decision-making experiments able to capture how context- or condition-specific changes in connectivity modify underlying cognitive decision-making processes. (ii) Devising novel methodologies useful in identifying neural connectivity data elucidating decision making operations recorded in the fMRI scanner
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| 7. |
- Josephson, Camilla Maria Kyllikki, 1970-
(author)
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Productivity Variations in the Swedish Manufacturing Industry 1950-1994
- 2004. - 1
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In: Technology and human capital in historical perspective. - Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781403920676 - 1403920672 ; , s. 145-181
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- One theme of this volume is whether the complementarity between technology and human capital is a recent phenomenon, or whether it can be traced through history. Different approaches to human capital as well as technology are applied, and besides historical surveys are total factor productivity and patent data employed. The studies deal with the Iberian peninsula, Scandinavia, and Canada, countries displaying different patterns in the international development.
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| 8. |
- Josephson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa N-3-Oxo-Dodecanoyl-Homoserine Lactone Impacts Mitochondrial Networks Morphology, Energetics, and Proteome in Host Cells
- 2020
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In: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-302X. ; 11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mitochondria play crucial roles in cellular metabolism, signaling, longevity, and immune defense. Recent evidences have revealed that the host microbiota, including bacterial pathogens, impact mitochondrial behaviors and activities in the host. The pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires quorum sensing (QS) cell-cell communication allowing the bacteria to sense population density and collectively control biofilm development, virulence traits, adaptation and interactions with the host. QS molecules, like N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3O-C-12-HSL), can also modulate the behavior of host cells, e.g., epithelial barrier properties and innate immune responses. Here, in two types of cells, fibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells, we investigated whether and how P. aeruginosa 3O-C-12-HSL impacts the morphology of mitochondrial networks and their energetic characteristics, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence live-cell imaging, assay for mitochondrial bioenergetics, and quantitative mass spectrometry for mitoproteomics and bioinformatics. We found that 3O-C-12-HSL induced fragmentation of mitochondria, disruption of cristae and inner membrane ultrastructure, altered major characteristics of respiration and energetics, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and that there are distinct cell-type specific details of these effects. Moreover, this was mechanistically accompanied by differential expression of both common and cell-type specific arrays of components in the mitochondrial proteome involved in their structural organization, electron transport chain complexes and response to stress. We suggest that this effect of 3O-C-12-HSL on mitochondria may represent one of the events in the interaction between P. aeruginosa and host mitochondria and may have an impact on the pathogens strategy to hijack host cell activities to support their own survival and spreading.
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| 9. |
- Posadzy, Kinga, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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How Does Dishonesty Affect Winning and the Willingness to Compete? Evidence from a Stiff Competition Environment
- 2017
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We experimentally investigate how the possibility of behaving dishonestly affects the willingness to compete and who the winner is when there is stiff competition. Our results show that although only some subjects are dishonest when competing, dishonest behaviour creates significant inefficiencies due to best performing subjects not winning. Willingness to compete, on the other hand, was unaffected.
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| 10. |
- Su, Jie, et al.
(author)
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Pain-like behavior in the collagen antibody-induced arthritis model is regulated by lysophosphatidic acid and activation of satellite glia cells.
- 2022
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In: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 101, s. 214-230
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Inflammatory and neuropathic-like components underlie rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated pain and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is linked to both joint inflammation in RA patients and to neuropathic pain. Thus, we investigated a role for LPA signalling using the collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model. Pain-like behavior during the inflammatory phase and the late, neuropathic-like phase of CAIA was reversed by a neutralizing antibody generated against LPA and by an LPA1/3 receptor inhibitor, but joint inflammation was not affected. Autotaxin, an LPA synthesizing enzyme was upregulated in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons during both CAIA phases, but not in joints or spinal cord. Late-phase pronociceptive neurochemical changes in the DRG were blocked in Lpar1 receptor deficient mice and reversed by LPA neutralization. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that LPA regulates pain-like behavior via the LPA1 receptor on satellite glia cells (SGCs), which is expressed by both human and mouse SGCs in the DRG. Furthermore, CAIA-induced SGC activity is reversed by phospholipid neutralization and blocked in Lpar1 deficient mice. Our findings suggest that the regulation of CAIA-induced pain-like behavior by LPA signalling is a peripheral event, associated with the DRGs and involving increased pronociceptive activity of SGCs, which in turn act on sensory neurons.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Tinghög, Gustav, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Intuition and cooperation reconsidered
- 2013
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In: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 498:7452, s. E1-E2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rand et al.1 reported increased cooperation in social dilemmas after forcing individuals to decide quickly1. Time pressure was used to induce intuitive decisions, and they concluded that intuition promotes cooperation. We test the robustness of this finding in a series of five experiments involving about 2,500 subjects in three countries. None of the experiments confirms the Rand et al.1 finding, indicating that their result was an artefact of excluding the about 50% of subjects who failed to respond on time.
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| 13. |
- Zetterberg, Camilla, 1970-
(author)
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The impact of visually demanding near work on neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity : Laboratory studies
- 2016
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Introduction: Musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck and shoulders is common among workers performing visually demanding near work, e.g., on a computer screen, and sustained low-level muscle activity during such work can lead to work-related pain. The relationships between visual demands and muscle activity and discomfort in the neck/shoulder region are at present unclear. Aim: The aims of this thesis were to determine whether neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increases during visually demanding experimental near work, and to investigate whether eye-lens accommodation is a mediating mechanism behind increased trapezius muscle activity. Methods: The four papers included are based on two experiments with different visually demanding near work tasks (duration 5 and 7 min). Trial lenses of different diopters were used to manipulate the visual demands (i.e., induce more or less accommodation) and thereby create different viewing conditions. Monocular viewing, which does not require active convergence, was used to examine the isolated effect of accommodation. Eye-lens accommodation and trapezius muscle activity were measured continuously during the visual tasks, and in one experiment the participants rated their eye and neck/shoulder discomfort at baseline and after each visual task. Results: Neck/shoulder discomfort and trapezius muscle activity increased during the visually demanding near work and participants experiencing a greater increase in eye discomfort (compared with baseline) also developed more neck/shoulder discomfort with time. There were no significant differences in muscle activity among the viewing conditions, and no effect of isolated accommodation response within the monocular viewing conditions. Conclusion: These findings indicate that accommodation per se is unlikely to mediate trapezius muscle activity. Instead, the increase in trapezius muscle activity observed here may be due to a combination of high visual attention and enhanced requirement for eye-neck (head) stabilisation. Since these results suggest that neck/shoulder discomfort may aggravate with time when the visual demands are high, it is important to provide good visual conditions in connection with visually demanding occupations.
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