| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Aronsson, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Differences between hypothetical and experience-based value sets for EQ-5D used in Sweden: Implications for decision makers
- 2015
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 43:8, s. 848-854
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: A number of value sets are available today for converting EQ-5D questionnaire responses to quality-adjusted life year-weights used in health economic evaluations. The aim of this study is to analyse the differences between the commonly used hypothetical UK value set and the newly introduced Swedish experience-based value set and to evaluate health economic implications of such differences on policy decisions. Methods: Differences between the two value sets were studied using two methods: a comparison of health states and improvements as well as an empirical comparison. In the comparison of health states and improvements, the valuations of all EQ-5D states and all pure improvements were compared. In the empirical study, a database of 23,925 individuals was used to identify patient groups that could be affected by the implementation of the Swedish experience-based value set. Results: The comparison of health states and possible improvements showed that only three health states were assigned a lower quality-adjusted life year-weight and most improvements were given smaller absolute values if the experience-based value set was used. The empirical comparison showed that severe conditions were assigned higher values when using the experience-based value set. Conclusions: The Swedish experience-based value set seems to render a higher estimated level of health-related quality of life in virtually all health conditions compared to the hypothetical UK value set. In extension, health-related quality of life enhancing interventions are likely to be given higher priority in decision-making situations where hypothetical values are used to construct quality-adjusted life year-weights. In situations where experience-based quality-adjusted life year-weights are used, life-prolonging interventions would be prioritised.
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| 3. |
- Brodtkorb, Thor-Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Metoder för värdering av QALYS
- 2012
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In: QALY som effektmått inom vården. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. ; , s. 30-53
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 4. |
- Hallert, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Changes in sociodemographic characteristics at baseline in two Swedish cohorts of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed 1996-98 and 2006-09
- 2015
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0300-9742 .- 1502-7732. ; 44:2, s. 100-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To compare baseline sociodemographic characteristics in two rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohorts enrolled 10 years apart, and to examine differences with respect to the general population. Method: Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected in 320 early RA patients during 1996-98 (TIRA-1) and 467 patients in 2006-09 (TIRA-2). Multivariate logistic regression tests were performed and intercohort comparisons were related to general population data, obtained from official databases. Results: TIRA-2 patients were older than TIRA-1 (58 vs. 56 years). Women (both cohorts, 67%) were younger than men in TIRA-1 (55 vs. 59 years) and in TIRA-2 (57 vs. 61 years). Disease activity was similar but TIRA-2 women scored worse pain and worse on the HAQ. Approximately 73% were cohabiting, in both cohorts and in the general population. Education was higher in TIRA-2 than in TIRA-2 but still lower than in the general population. Women had consistently higher education than men. Education was associated with age, younger patients having higher education. In both cohorts, lower education was associated with increased disability pension and increased sick leave. Sick leave was lower in TIRA-2 than in TIRA-1 (37% vs. 50%) but disability pension was higher (16% vs. 10%). In TIRA-1, 9% of women had disability pension compared with 17% in TIRA-2. A similar decrease in sick leave and an increase in disability pension were also seen in the general population. Older age and a higher HAQ score were associated with increased sick leave and being in the TIRA-2 cohort was associated with decreased sick leave. Conclusions: TIRA-2 patients were slightly older, better educated, had lower sick leave and higher disability pension than those in TIRA-1. Similar changes were seen simultaneously in the general population. Belonging to the TIRA-2 cohort was associated with decreased sick leave, indicating that societal changes are of importance.
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| 5. |
- Hallert, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Early rheumatoid arthritis 6 years after diagnosis is still associated with high direct costs and increasing loss of productivity : the Swedish TIRA project
- 2014
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0300-9742 .- 1502-7732. ; 43:3, s. 177-183
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To calculate total costs over 6 years after diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Method: In the longitudinal prospective multicentre TIRA study, 239 patients from seven units, diagnosed in 1996–98, reported regularly on health-care utilization and the number of days lost from work. Costs were obtained from official databases and calculated using unit costs (Swedish kronor, SEK) from 2001. Indirect costs were calculated using the human capital approach (HCA). Costs were inflation adjusted to Euro June 2012, using the Swedish Consumer Price Index and the exchange rate of June 2012. Statistical analyses were based on linear mixed models (LMMs) for changes over time.Results: The mean total cost per patient was EUR 14 768 in year 1, increasing to EUR 18 438 in year 6. Outpatient visits and hospitalization decreased but costs for surgery increased from EUR 92/patient in year 1 to EUR 444/patient in year 6. Drug costs increased from EUR 429/patient to EUR 2214/patient, mainly because of the introduction of biologics. In year 1, drugs made up for 10% of direct costs, and increased to 49% in year 6. Sick leave decreased during the first years but disability pensions increased, resulting in unchanged indirect costs. Over the following years, disability pensions increased further and indirect costs increased from EUR 10 284 in year 1 to EUR 13 874 in year 6. LMM analyses showed that indirect costs were unchanged whereas direct costs, after an initial fall, increased over the following years, leading to increasing total costs.Conclusions: In the 6 years after diagnosis of early RA, drug costs were partially offset by decreasing outpatient visits but indirect costs remained unchanged and total costs increased.
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| 6. |
- Hallert, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Reumatoid artrit är fortfarande en kostsam sjukdom – jämförelse mellan två kohorter
- 2016
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In: BestPractice Reumatologi. - : BestPractice. - 1903-6590. ; :27, s. 14-17
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sjukdomsaktivitet, funktionsförmåga samt direkta och indirekta kostnader har analyserats i två kohorter av patienter med nydebuterad (≤ 1 år) reumatoid artrit (RA).Den första kohorten med 320 patienter (T1) rekryterades 1996–1998 och den andra med 463 patienter (T2) rekryterades 2006–2009. Patienterna har följts regelbundet avseende kliniska och laboratoriemedicinska variabler och har fortlöpande i hälsoekonomienkäter registrerat all sjukvårdskonsumtion och antal dagar med sjukskrivning/sjukersättning samt rapporterat livskvalitet med EQ-5D och EQ-VAS.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Hallert, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Rheumatoid arthritis is still expensive in the new decade: a comparison between two early RA cohorts, diagnosed 1996-98 and 2006-09
- 2016
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0300-9742 .- 1502-7732. ; 45:5, s. 371-378
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES:To calculate total costs during the first year after diagnosis in 463 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) included during 2006-09 (T2) and compare the results with a similar cohort included in 1996-98 (T1).METHOD:Clinical and laboratory data were collected regularly in both cohorts, and patients completed biannual questionnaires reporting health care utilization and number of days lost from work.RESULTS:Disease activity was similar in both cohorts T1 and T2 at inclusion. Significant improvements were seen during the first year in both cohorts but were more pronounced in T2. Outpatient care increased and hospitalization decreased in T2 compared with T1. Almost 3% of patients had surgery in both cohorts, but in T2, only women had surgery. Drug costs were higher in T2 than in T1 (EUR 689 vs. EUR 435). In T2, 12% of drug costs were direct costs and 4% were total costs. The corresponding values for T1 were 9% and 3%. In T1, 50% were prescribed disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) at inclusion, compared to T2, where prescription was > 90%. Direct costs were EUR 5716 in T2 and EUR 4674 in T1. Costs for sick leave were lower in T2 than in T1 (EUR 5490 vs. EUR 9055) but disability pensions were higher (EUR 4152 vs. EUR 2139), resulting in unchanged total costs. In T1, direct costs comprised 29% and indirect costs 71% of the total costs. The corresponding values for T2 were 37% and 63%.CONCLUSIONS:The earlier and more aggressive treatment of RA with traditional DMARDs in T2 resulted in better outcomes compared to T1. Direct costs were higher in T2, partly offset by decreased sick leave, but total costs remained unchanged.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Kalkan, Almina, et al.
(author)
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Costs of rheumatoid arthritis during the period 1990–2010 : a register-based cost-of-illness study in Sweden
- 2014
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In: Rheumatology. - : Oxford University Press. - 1462-0324 .- 1462-0332. ; 53:1, s. 153-160
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives. The objectives of this study were to analyse the total socio-economic impact of RA in Sweden during the period 1990–2010 and to analyse possible changes in costs during this period. The period was deliberately chosen to cover 10 years before and 10 years after the introduction of biologic drugs.Methods. A prevalence-based cost-of-illness study was conducted based on data from national and regional registries.Results. There was a decrease in the utilization of RA-related inpatient care as well as sick leave and disability pension during 1990–2010 in Sweden. Total costs for RA are presented in current prices as well as inflation-adjusted with the consumer price index (CPI) and a healthcare price index. The total fixed cost of RA was €454 million in 1990, adjusted to the price level of 2010 with the CPI. This cost increased to €600 million in 2010 and the increase was mainly due to the substantially increasing costs for pharmaceuticals. Of the total costs, drug costs increased from 3% to 33% between 1990 and 2010. Consequently the portion of total costs accounting for indirect costs for RA is lowered from 75% in 1990 to 58% in 2010.Conclusion. By inflation adjusting with the CPI, which is reasonable from a societal perspective, there was a 32% increase in the total fixed cost of RA between 1990 and 2010. This suggests that decreased hospitalization and indirect costs have not fallen enough to offset the increasing cost of drug treatment.
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| 12. |
- Kalkan, Almina, 1985-
(author)
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Diffusion, implementation and consequences of new health technology : The cases of biological drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and the Swedish national guidelines
- 2015
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Improvements in health technology raise hopes for better patient outcomes and a more efficient delivery of health care. However, the processes of diffusion and implementation of new health technology have been shown to be complicated and to pose a number of challenges for the healthcare sector. Many at tempts have been made to influence and manage the introduction and diffusion of health technology. One prominent example is the Swedish nat ional guidelines that aim at influencing both clinical and political decision - making in the health sector.The overall aim of this thesis is to describe and analyze the factors influencing the diffusion and economic consequences of the introduction of a new technology with large variations in use, and to explore the process of implementation of nationally produced guidelines as an instrument for improv ing effectiveness and equity. The empirical focus is kept on the biological drugs (bDMARDs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), since they implied a substantial treatment change when they were first int roduced and they are relatively costly; and on the national guidelines for cardiac care, since they were the first nat ional guidelines, hence allowing a long-term perspect ive in the exploration of their implementat ion.Paper I presents a register study that uses data from national and regional registries on healt hcare use and work disability of patients with RA and shows that there was a 32 percent increase in the total fixed cost of RA during 1990-2010, mainly after the introduct ion of bDMARDs. Paper II shows that choosing to initiate treatment with bDMARDs varied substantially among 26 rheumatologists presented with hypothetical patient cases, and that there were also disparities between rheumatologists practicing in the same clinic. Paper III presents data from the Swedish Rheumatology Quality Register covering 4010 patients with RA, and shows that when using multivariate logistic regression to adjust for patient characterist ics, disease activity and t he physician’s local context, physician preference was an import ant predict or for prescription of bDMARDs. Paper IV is a qualitative study about prescribing decisions, showing that a constellat ion of various factors and their interact ion influenced the prescribing decisions according to the 26 interviewed rheumatologists. The factors included the individual rheumatologist ’s experiences and perceptions of t he evidence, the structure of the department including responsibility for costs, peer pressure, political and administrative influences, and participat ion in clinical trials. The patient as an actor emerged as an important factor. Paper V is a longitudinal qualitat ive study exploring the responses among four Swedish county councils to the national guidelines for cardiac care through 155 interviews with politicians, administ rators and clinical managers. The results show that unilateral responses to the national guidelines within the county councils have been rare, but there have been at tempts to compromise and to at tain a balance between multiple constituents. There are examples of local information meetings, the use of the national guidelines in local healthcare programs, and performing audits with the national guidelines as a base. However, performing explicit prioritizat ion as advised in the NGCC is rarely found. Over t ime, however, a more systematic use of the national guidelines has been noted.In conclusion, the diffusion of new health technology is influenced by a wide array of factors both at individual and organizational levels, as well as their interact ion. The diffusion resulted in large economic consequences and unequal access due to variations also at clinical level. Moreover, given that healthcare decision-making is influenced by many different factors, the simple influx of evidence-based guidelines will unlikely result in automat ic implementat ion. At tempts to influence healthcare decisions need to have a systems perspect ive and to account for the interact ion of factors between different actors.
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| 13. |
- Kalkan, Almina, et al.
(author)
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Factors influencing rheumatologists prescription of biological treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: an interview study
- 2014
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In: Implementation Science. - : BioMed Central. - 1748-5908. ; 9:153
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The introduction of biological drugs involved a fundamental change in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The extent to which biological drugs are prescribed to RA patients in different regions in Sweden varies greatly. Previous research has indicated that differences in health care practice at the regional level might obscure differences at the individual level. The objective of this study is to explore what influences individual rheumatologists decisions when prescribing biological drugs. Method: Semi-structured interviews, utilizing closed-and open-ended questions, were conducted with senior rheumatologists, selected through a mix of random and purposive sampling. The interview questions consisted of two parts, with a "parallel mixed method" approach. In the first and main part, open-ended exploratory questions were posed about factors influencing prescription. In the second part, the rheumatologists were asked to rate predefined factors that might influence their prescription decisions. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used as a conceptual framework for data collection and analysis. Results: Twenty-six rheumatologists were interviewed. A constellation of various factors and their interaction influenced rheumatologists prescribing decisions, including the individual rheumatologists experiences and perceptions of the evidence, the structure of the department including responsibility for costs, peer pressure, political and administrative influences, and participation in clinical trials. The patient as an actor emerged as an important factor. Hence, factors both at organizational and individual levels influenced the prescribing of biological drugs. The factors should not be seen as individual influences but were described as influencing prescription in an interactive, nonlinear way. Conclusions: Potential factors explaining differences in prescription practice are experience and perception of the evidence on the individual level and the structure of the department and participation in clinical trials on the organizational level. The influence of patient attitudes and preferences and interpretation of scientific evidence seemed to be somewhat contradictory in the qualitative responses as compared to the quantitative rating, and this needs further exploration. An implication of the present study is that in addition to scientific knowledge, attempts to influence prescription behavior need to be multifactorial and account for interactions of factors between different actors.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Kalkan, Almina, et al.
(author)
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Increased healthcare utilization costs following initiation of insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes : A long-term follow-up in clinical practice
- 2017
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In: Primary Care Diabetes. - : Elsevier. - 1751-9918 .- 1878-0210. ; 11:2, s. 184-192
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: To compare long-term changes in healthcare utilization and costs for type 2 diabetes patients before and after insulin initiation, as well as healthcare costs after insulin versus non-insulin anti-diabetic (NIAD) initiation. Methods: Patients newly initiated on insulin (n = 2823) were identified in primary health care records from 84 Swedish primary care centers, between 1999 to 2009. First, healthcare costs per patient were evaluated for primary care, hospitalizations and secondary outpatient care, before and up to seven years after insulin initiation. Second, patients prescribed insulin in second line were matched to patients prescribed NIAD in second line, and the healthcare costs of the matched groups were compared. Results: The total mean annual healthcare cost increased from 1656 per patient 2 years before insulin initiation to 3814 seven years after insulin initiation. The total cumulative mean healthcare cost per patient at year 5 after second-line treatment was 13,823 in the insulin group compared to 9989 in the NIAD group. Conclusions: Initiation of insulin in type 2 diabetes patients was followed by increased healthcare costs. The increases in costs were larger than those seen in a matched patient population initiated on NIAD treatment in second-line. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Primary Care Diabetes Europe. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
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| 16. |
- Kalkan, Almina, et al.
(author)
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Individual variations in treatment decisions by Swedish rheumatologists regarding biological drugs for rheumatoid arthritis
- 2015
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0300-9742 .- 1502-7732. ; 44:4, s. 265-270
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: In Sweden, reports indicate surprisingly large regional variation in prescription of biological drugs, despite a growing number of clinical studies describing their beneficial effects and guidelines by professional organizations and agencies. Our objective was to ascertain whether there is also variation between individual rheumatologists in prescribing biologics to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate reasons for treatment choices.Methods: Ten hypothetical patient cases were constructed and presented to 26 rheumatologists in five regions in Sweden. The cases were based on actual cases and were thoroughly elaborated by a senior rheumatologist and pre-tested in a pilot study. The respondents were asked whether they would treat the patients with a biological agent (YES/NO) and to explain their decisions.Results: The response rate was 26/105; 25%. Treatment choices varied considerably between the rheumatologists, some prescribing biologics to 9/10 patients and others to 2/10. In five of the ten hypothetical cases, approximately half of the respondents would prescribe biologics. No regions with particularly high or low prescription were identified. Both the decision to prescribe biologics, as well as not to prescribe, were mainly motivated by medical reasons. Some rheumatologists also referred to lifestyle-related factors or social function of the patient.Conclusion: The choice of initiation of biologics varied substantially among rheumatologists presented with hypothetical patient cases, and there were also disparities between rheumatologists practising at the same clinic. Treatment choices were primarily motivated by medical reasons. This situation raises concerns about a lack of consensus in RA treatment strategies.
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| 17. |
- Kalkan, Almina, et al.
(author)
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Management by Knowledge in Practice : Implementation of National Healthcare Guidelines in Sweden
- 2015
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In: Social Policy & Administration. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0144-5596 .- 1467-9515. ; 49:7, s. 911-927
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the last ten years, the concept of management by knowledge has gained growing attention inSwedish healthcare, as well as internationally. In Sweden, the most prominent example ofmanagement by knowledge is the National Guidelines, aimed at influencing both clinical andpolitical decision-making in the health sector. The objective of this article is to explore the response among four Swedish county councils to the National Guidelines for Cardiac Care (NGCC). Empirical material was collected through 155 expert interviews with the target groups of the NGCC, politicians, administrators and clinical managers. Analysis of the responses to this multifaceted policy instrument was addressed by drawing on implementation theory (Matland 1995) and institutional theory (Oliver 1991). The NGCC are primarily based on the voluntary diffusion of norms. The county councils are a long way from having adapted all the means suggested by the National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW): explicit prioritization, healthcare programmes and dialogue between the various actor groups. The high degree of ambiguity in the content of the NGCC, the inherent conflict and the multiplicity and uncertainty in the context of the county councils, have often resulted in avoidance and compromise. The strategic responses we observe can be viewed as an attempt to balance multiple constituents and achieve the various internal organizational goals. The ambiguity and conflict inherent in the policy of the NGCC influence the strategic responses made by the organization. The question remains how far management by knowledge can be applied in a political context.
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| 18. |
- Kalkan, Almina, et al.
(author)
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Physician Preferences and Variations in Prescription of Biologic Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Register-Based Study of 4,010 Patients in Sweden
- 2015
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In: Arthritis care & research. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 2151-464X .- 2151-4658. ; 67:12, s. 1679-1685
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective. The prescription of biologic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients has varied considerably across different regions. Previous studies have shown physician preferences to be an important determinant in the decision to select biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) rather than nonbiologic, synthetic DMARDs (sDMARDs) alone. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that physician preferences are an important determinant for prescribing bDMARDs for RA patients in Sweden. Methods. Using data from the Swedish Rheumatology Quality Register, we identified 4,010 RA patients who were not prescribed bDMARDs during the period 2008-2012, but who, on at least 1 occasion, had an sDMARD prescription and changed treatment for the first time to either a new sDMARD or a bDMARD. Physician preference for the use of bDMARDs was calculated using data on each physicians prescriptions during the study period. The relationship between prescription of a bDMARD and physician preference, controlling for patient characteristics, disease activity, and the physicians local context was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Results. When adjusting for patient characteristics, disease activity, and the physicians local context, physician preference was an important predictor for prescription of bDMARDs. Compared with patients of a physician in the lowest preference tertile, patients of physicians in the highest and middle tertiles had an odds ratio for receiving bDMARDs of 2.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.13-3.68) and 1.28 (95% CI 1.05-1.57), respectively. Conclusion. Physician preference is an important determinant for prescribing bDMARDs.
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| 19. |
- Mooney, Gavin, et al.
(author)
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The Need for a New Paradigm in Scandinavian Health Economics
- 2012
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In: Nordic Journal of Health Economics. - 1892-9710. ; 1:2, s. 119-132
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper argues that the discipline of health economics has lost its way due to its persistent focus on individualistic and consequential values. The paper suggests how this might be remedied in both theory and practice. It proposes a new paradigm for health economics, which focuses on communitarian values. This new paradigm is discussed in the context of the Scandinavian welfare model.
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| 20. |
- Tinghög, Gustav, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Public health and where its focus should be
- 2011
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In: Australian and New Zealand journal of public health. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1326-0200 .- 1753-6405. ; 35:4, s. 317-317
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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