| 1. |
- Ciacci, Carolina, et al.
(author)
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The gluten-free diet and its current application in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis
- 2015
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In: United European Gastroenterology journal. - : Sage Publications. - 2050-6406 .- 2050-6414. ; 3:2, s. 121-135
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: A gluten-free diet (GFD) is currently the only available therapy for coeliac disease (CD). Objectives: We aim to review the literature on the GFD, the gluten content in naturally gluten-free (GF) and commercially available GF food, standards and legislation concerning the gluten content of foods, and the vitamins and mineral content of a GFD. Methods: We carried out a PubMed search for the following terms: Gluten, GFD and food, education, vitamins, minerals, calcium, Codex wheat starch and oats. Relevant papers were reviewed and for each topic a consensus among the authors was obtained. Conclusion: Patients with CD should avoid gluten and maintain a balanced diet to ensure an adequate intake of nutrients, vitamins, fibre and calcium. A GFD improves symptoms in most patients with CD. The practicalities of this however, are difficult, as (i) many processed foods are contaminated with gluten, (ii) staple GF foods are not widely available, and (iii) the GF substitutes are often expensive. Furthermore, (iv) the restrictions of the diet may adversely affect social interactions and quality of life. The inclusion of oats and wheat starch in the diet remains controversial.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Einarsdottir, Elisabet, et al.
(author)
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IL23R in the Swedish, Finnish, Hungarian and Italian populations : association with IBD and psoriasis, and linkage to celiac disease
- 2009
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In: BMC Medical Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2350. ; 10:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Association of the interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been confirmed in several populations. IL23R also associates with psoriasis, suggesting that the gene may be an important candidate for many chronic inflammatory diseases.METHODS: We studied association of single-nucleotide variants in IL23R with IBD in Swedish patients, in both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) subsets. The same genetic variants were also studied in Finnish patients with psoriasis or celiac disease, and in Hungarian and Italian patients with celiac disease.RESULTS: Association of IL23R with IBD was replicated in our Swedish patients, and linkage and association of the IL23R region with psoriasis was found in the Finnish population. The IL23R region was also linked to celiac disease in Finnish families, but no association of IL23R variants with celiac disease was found in the Finnish, Hungarian or Italian samples.CONCLUSION: Our study is the first to demonstrate association of IL23R with CD and UC in Swedish patients with IBD. It is also the first study to report linkage and association of the IL23R region with psoriasis in the Finnish population. Importantly, this is the first report of linkage of the IL23R region to celiac disease, a chronic inflammatory condition in which IL23R has not been previously implicated.
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| 4. |
- Laitinen, Anna U., et al.
(author)
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Coeliac patients detected during type 1 diabetes surveillance had similar issues to those diagnosed on a clinical basis
- 2017
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In: Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253. ; 106:4, s. 639-646
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: Screening children with type 1 diabetes for coeliac disease is controversial, because they often appear asymptomatic. Our aim was to establish whether active screening should be recommended. Methods: This study focused on 22 children whose coeliac disease was detected by serological screening during diabetes surveillance and 498 children diagnosed because of a clinical suspicion. We compared the clinical and histological data at diagnosis and the children's adherence and responses to a gluten-free diet. Results: The serological screening group suffered less from decreased growth (p = 0.016) and clinical symptoms (p < 0.001) at diagnosis than the clinical group. The groups did not differ in terms of age at diagnosis (p = 0.903), gender (p = 0.353), anaemia (p = 0.886), endomysial antibody titres (p = 0.789) and the severity of small-bowel mucosal atrophy (p = 0.104). They also showed equal adherence (p = 0.086) and clinical responses (p = 0.542) to a gluten-free diet after a median follow-up of 13 months. Conclusion: Coeliac patients detected during diabetes surveillance had signs of malabsorption and advanced mucosal damage that was similar to those diagnosed on a clinical basis. They often suffered from unrecognised gluten-dependent symptoms and showed excellent adherence and responses to a gluten-free diet. Our findings support active screening for coeliac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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| 5. |
- Ludvigsson, Jonas F., 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease : guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology
- 2014
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In: Gut. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 63:8, s. 1210-1228
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A multidisciplinary panel of 18 physicians and 3 non-physicians from eight countries (Sweden, UK, Argentina, Australia, Italy, Finland, Norway and the USA) reviewed the literature on diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease (CD). This paper presents the recommendations of the British Society of Gastroenterology. Areas of controversies were explored through phone meetings and web surveys. Nine working groups examined the following areas of CD diagnosis and management: classification of CD; genetics and immunology; diagnostics; serology and endoscopy; follow-up; gluten-free diet; refractory CD and malignancies; quality of life; novel treatments; patient support; and screening for CD.
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| 6. |
- Ludvigsson, Jonas F., 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Outcome measures in coeliac disease trials : the Tampere recommendations
- 2018
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In: Gut. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 67:8, s. 1410-1424
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: A gluten-free diet is the only treatment option of coeliac disease, but recently an increasing number of trials have begun to explore alternative treatment strategies. We aimed to review the literature on coeliac disease therapeutic trials and issue recommendations for outcome measures.Design: Based on a literature review of 10 062 references, we (17 researchers and 2 patient representatives from 10 countries) reviewed the use and suitability of both clinical and non-clinical outcome measures. We then made expert-based recommendations for use of these outcomes in coeliac disease trials and identified areas where research is needed. Results: We comment on the use of histology, serology, clinical outcome assessment (including patient-reported outcomes), quality of life and immunological tools including gluten immunogenic peptides for trials in coeliac disease.Conclusion: Careful evaluation and reporting of outcome measures will increase transparency and comparability of coeliac disease therapeutic trials, and will benefit patients, healthcare and the pharmaceutical industry.
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| 7. |
- Ludvigsson, Jonas F., et al.
(author)
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Screening for celiac disease in the general population and in high-risk groups
- 2015
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In: United European Gastroenterology journal. - : Wiley. - 2050-6406 .- 2050-6414. ; 3:2, s. 106-120
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Celiac disease (CD) occurs in approximately 1% of the Western population. It is a lifelong disorder that is associated with impaired quality of life (QOL) and an excessive risk of comorbidity and death. Objectives: To review the literature on screening for CD in relation to the current World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for mass screening. Methods: We performed a PubMed search to identify indexed papers on CD screening with a publication date from 1900 until 1 June 2014. When we deemed an abstract relevant, we read the corresponding paper in detail. Results: CD fulfills several WHO criteria for mass screening (high prevalence, available treatment and difficult clinical detection), but it has not yet been established that treatment of asymptomatic CD may reduce the excessive risk of severe complications, leading to higher QOL nor that it is cost-effective. Conclusions: Current evidence is not sufficient to support mass screening for CD, but active case-finding may be appropriate, as we recognize that most patients with CD will still be missed by this strategy. Although proof of benefit is still lacking, screening for CD may be appropriate in high-risk groups.
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| 8. |
- Ludvigsson, Jonas F., et al.
(author)
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The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms
- 2013
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In: Gut. - : BMJ. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 62:1, s. 43-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective The literature suggests a lack of consensus on the use of terms related to coeliac disease (CD) and gluten. Design A multidisciplinary task force of 16 physicians from seven countries used the electronic database PubMed to review the literature for CD-related terms up to January 2011. Teams of physicians then suggested a definition for each term, followed by feedback of these definitions through a web survey on definitions, discussions during a meeting in Oslo and phone conferences. In addition to 'CD', the following descriptors of CD were evaluated (in alphabetical order): asymptomatic, atypical, classical, latent, non-classical, overt, paediatric classical, potential, refractory, silent, subclinical, symptomatic, typical, CD serology, CD autoimmunity, genetically at risk of CD, dermatitis herpetiformis, gluten, gluten ataxia, gluten intolerance, gluten sensitivity and gliadin-specific antibodies. Results CD was defined as 'a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals'. Classical CD was defined as 'CD presenting with signs and symptoms of malabsorption. Diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, weight loss or growth failure is required.' 'Gluten-related disorders' is the suggested umbrella term for all diseases triggered by gluten and the term gluten intolerance should not to be used. Other definitions are presented in the paper. Conclusion This paper presents the Oslo definitions for CD-related terms.
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| 9. |
- Sjöberg, Veronika, 1980-
(author)
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Immune response of the small intestinal mucosa in children with celiac disease : impact of two environmental factors, resident microbiota and oats
- 2013
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy caused by permanent intolerance to dietary gliadin in wheat gluten and related prolamines in barley and rye. The pathogenesis of CD is still unknown and several different environmental factors have been associated with CD, such as dysbiosis of the microflora. In this translational study we investigated the immune status and the interplay of T-cells and Tregs in the mucosa of children with CD and controls, as well as the immune status in treated CD patients, provoked by either dietary oats, CD associated bacteria or gluten.The major findings in the studies were: First, indicators of extrathymic T-cells maturation (ETCM), i.e., the RAG1 enzyme required for recombination of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and the preTα-surrogate chain in the immature TCR, were both expressed at lower levels in CD patients compared to controls. In addition, IELs expressing RAG1 were less abundant in CD patients compared to controls. The levels of these two indicators stayed low in treated CD patients as well, suggesting that impaired capacity of ETCM is an inherent feature of CD patients. Second, IL-17A, a cytokine involved in both inflammation and anti-bacterial responses was increased in active CD. The major cellular source was CD8+IELs. Furthermore, ex vivo challenge of biopsies from treated CD patients with gluten and with CD-associated bacteria induced an IL-17A response. The CD-associated bacteria also influenced the magnitude of the IL-17A response to gluten. Third, we investigated the effect of dietary oats on local immune status in the intestinal mucosa by comparing CD patients receiving GFD with and without oats. 22 different mRNAs for immunity effector molecules and tight junction proteins were analyzed. We found that expression of two down-regulatory cytokines, two activating NK-receptors and the tight-junction protein claudin-4 normalized in patients on a standard GFD while they did not normalize in patients on a GFD with oats. Fourth, we analyzed the expression level of mRNAs for chemokines, cytotoxic effector molecules, NK-receptors and their ligands in IELs and epithelial cells. Expression levels of several of these genes follow disease activity, suggesting massive recruitment of immune cells by both cell types accompanied by increased IEL-mediated cytotoxicity in the epithelium of inflamed mucosa.In this thesis we have identified three potential risk factors for development of CD: 1) an inherent lower level of ETCM in the small intestinal mucosa than in controls. This could lead to decreased generation of regulatory T cells and less capacity to tolerate gluten and adapt to the local milieu in the mucosa. 2) Dysbiosis of the resident microbiota with increased IL-17A production that could promote local inflammation and immune cell infiltration as well as antibacterial reactions. 3) Dietary oats may provoke a local immune response in a sub-population of CD patients. These patients should probably avoid oats in their GFD but larger studies are needed.
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| 10. |
- Stenberg, Reidun, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Early developing celiac disease in children with cerebral palsy
- 2011
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In: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - JPGN. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0277-2116 .- 1536-4801. ; 53:6, s. 674-678
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: We have reported on increased levels of antibodies against gliadin and/or transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) but without having increased prevalence of celiac disease (CD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether these children have mucosal signs of early developing CD, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8, and antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides (DGP).PATIENTS AND METHODS: Stored blood samples from 16 children with CP were analyzed regarding HLA-DQ2/DQ8 and anti-DGP antibodies. HLA-DQ2/DQ8 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Anti-DGP antibodies were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Small-bowel biopsies from 15 of these children were available for immunohistochemistry regarding IgA colocalized with TG2, densities of α/β+ and γ/δ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes.RESULTS: Mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits colocalized with TG2 were found in the small-bowel biopsy from 1 patient with serum IgA-class anti-TG2 antibodies, HLA-DQ2, and gastrointestinal complaints. Another 2 children had slightly increased numbers of mucosal α/β+ and/or γ/δ+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. In total, 10 of 16 children were HLA-DQ2 and/or DQ8-positive. Anti-DGP antibodies were detected in sera from 4 of 16 children.CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, 1 child with CP had IgA colocalizing with TG2 in the small-bowel mucosa, suggesting CD at an early stage. Although the majority of children with CP and elevated levels of CD-related seromarkers are HLA-DQ2 and/or DQ8-positive, they have neither classical nor early developing CD.
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