| 1. |
- Agbetsoamedo, Yvonne, et al.
(author)
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Temperature terms in the Ghanaian languages in a typological perspective
- 2015
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This talk deals with the conceptualisation of temperature in some of the Ghanaian languages as reflected in their systems of central temperature terms, such as hot, cold, to freeze, etc. We will discuss these systems in the light of a large-scale cross-linguistic collaborative project, involving 35 researchers (including the present authors) and covering more than 50 genetically, areally and typologically diverse languages (Koptjevskaja-Tamm ed. 2015). The key questions addressed here are how the different languages carve up the temperature domain by means of their linguistic expressions, and how the temperature expressions are used outside of the temperature domain. Languages cut up the temperature domain among their expressions according to three main dimensions: TEMPERATURE VALUES (e.g., warming vs. cooling temperatures, or excessive heat vs. pleasant warmth), FRAMES OF TEMPERATURE EVALUATION (TACTILE, The stones are cold; AMBIENT, It is cold here; and PERSONAL-FEELING, I am cold), and ENTITIES whose “temperature” is evaluated. Although the temperature systems are often internally heterogeneous, we may still talk about the main temperature value distinctions for the whole system. The Ghanaian languages favour the cross-linguistically preferred two-value systems, with water often described by a more elaborated system. An interesting issue concerns conventionalisation and frequency of expressions with a primary meaning outside of the temperature domain, for temperature uses. For instance, the conventionalised expressions for talking about ‘warm/hot’ in Ewe involve sources of heat (‘fire’) and bodily exuviae (‘sweat’). The Ghanaian languages often manifest numerous extended uses of their temperature terms. However, strikingly, none of them conforms to one of the most widely quoted conceptual metaphors, “affection is warmth” (Lakoff & Johnson 1999:50), which is also true for many other languages in (West) Africa and otherwise.
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| 2. |
- Buchanan, E. M., et al.
(author)
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The Psychological Science Accelerator's COVID-19 rapid-response dataset
- 2023
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In: Scientific Data. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2052-4463. ; 10:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gast, Volker, et al.
(author)
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Patterns of persistence and diffusibility in the European lexicon
- 2022
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In: Linguistic typology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1430-0532 .- 1613-415X. ; 26:2, s. 403-438
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article investigates to what extent the semantics and the phonological forms of lexical items are genealogically inherited or acquired through language contact. We focus on patterns of colexification (the encoding of two concepts with the same word) as an aspect of lexical-semantic organization. We test two pairs of hypotheses. The first pair concerns the genealogical stability (persistence) and susceptibility to contact-induced change (diffusibility) of colexification patterns and phonological matter in the 40 most genealogically stable elements of the 100-items Swadesh list, which we call “nuclear vocabulary”. We hypothesize that colexification patterns are (a) less persistent, and (b) more diffusible, than the phonological form of nuclear vocabulary. The second pair of hypotheses concerns degrees of diffusibility in two different sections of the lexicon – “core vocabulary” (all 100 elements of the Swadesh list) and its complement (“non-core/peripheral vocabulary”). We hypothesize that the colexification patterns associated with core vocabulary are (a) more persistent, and (b) less diffusible, than colexification patterns associated with peripheral vocabulary. The four hypotheses are tested using the lexical-semantic data from the CLICS database and independently determined phonological dissimilarity measures. The hypothesis that colexification patterns are less persistent than the phonological matter of nuclear vocabulary receives clear support. The hypothesis that colexification patterns are more diffusible than phonological matter receives some support, but a significant difference can only be observed for unrelated languages. The hypothesis that colexification patterns involving core vocabulary are more genealogically stable than colexification patterns at the periphery of the lexicon cannot be confirmed, but the data seem to indicate a higher degree of diffusibility for colexification patterns at the periphery of the lexicon. While we regard the results of our study as valid, we emphasize the tentativeness of our conclusions and point out some limitations as well as desiderata for future research to enable a better understanding of the genealogical versus areal distribution of linguistic features.
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| 5. |
- Gast, Volker, et al.
(author)
-
The areal factor in lexical typology : Some evidence from lexical databases
- 2018
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In: Aspects of linguistic variation. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 9783110607956 - 9783110607963 ; , s. 43-82
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our study aims to explore how much information about areal patterns of colexification we can gain from lexical databases, such as CLICS and ASJP. We adopt a bottom-up (rather than hypothesis-driven) approach, identifying areal patterns in three steps: (i) determine spatial autocorrelations in the data, (ii) identify clusters as candidates for convergence areas and (iii) test the clusters resulting from the second step controlling for genealogical relatedness. Moreover, we identify a (genealogical) diversity index for each cluster. This approach yields promising results, which we regard as a proof of concept, but we also point out some drawbacks of the use of major lexical databases.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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A cross-linguistic study of lexical and derived antonymy
- 2024
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In: Linguistics. - 0024-3949 .- 1613-396X.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Antonymy is the lexical relation of opposition. The nature of the oppositeness may differ - e.g., contradictory ('true'-'false') or gradable ('tall'-'short') - and there may be variation as to the relationship in their formal encoding, whether the antonyms are expressed as distinct lexical forms (e.g., true vs. false) or if one form is derived from the other (e.g., true vs. untrue). We investigate the relationship between the two members of 37 antonym pairs across 55 spoken languages in order to see whether there are patterns in how antonymy is expressed and which of the two antonym members is more likely to be derived from the other. We find great variation in the extent to which languages use derivation (labeled neg-constructed forms) as an antonym-formation strategy. However, when we do find a derived form, this tends to target the member of the pair that is either lower in valence (positive vs. negative) or magnitude (more vs. less), in line with our hypotheses. We also find that antonyms that belong to a core set of property concepts are more likely to encode antonyms as distinct lexical forms, whereas peripheral property concepts are relatively more likely to encode the antonyms with derived forms.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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A Mozart sonata and the Palme funeral : The structure and uses of proper-name compounds in Swedish
- 2013
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In: Morphosyntactic Categories and the Expression of Possession. - Amsterdam/Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027255822 - 9789027273000 ; , s. 253-290
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper focuses on Swedish nominal compounds with a personal proper name as their first component (PropN-compounds), e.g. en Mozart+sonat ‘a Mozart sonata’ or Palme+mord-et ‘the Palme murder’ (‘Palme+murder-the’). Although these expressions have so far hardly appeared in the scientific discourse on possession, they do in fact constitute an important resource for expressing possession in the broadest sense in Swedish and, further, in Germanic. For instance, many PropN-compounds are more or less synonymous with nominals modified by preposed s-genitives and/or by postposed prepositional phrases, i.e. by the two constructions that make up the core of adnominal possession in Swedish. In the present paper I will be mostly interested in the structure and meanings/uses of PropN-compounds, in particular, as compared to the other “possessive” constructions in Swedish.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Action nominal constructions
- 2005
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In: The world atlas of language structures. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 0199255911 - 9783199255918 ; , s. 254-257
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 14. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Action nouns
- 2015
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In: Word formation. - Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter. - 9783110246278 ; , s. 1195-2009
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Action nominals consitute a cross-linguistically robustly attested phenomenon. The present article provides an overview of the central problems related to their status as mixed category, situated in-between prototypical verbs and prototypical nouns, such as the verbal and nominal properties of action nominals and internal syntax of action nominal constructions, the status of action nominals as inflected, derived or transposed words and the different theoretical approaches to their formation. It combines a large-scale typological perspective on action nominals in the languages of Europe with a closer look at some particular phenomena in particular languages.
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| 15. |
- Koptjevskaja Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Antonyms and derivational negation : a pilot study of cross-linguistic variation
- 2015
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In: ALT 2015. - Albuquerque : University of New Mexico. ; , s. 85-86
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Typological research on negation has mainly focused on clausal negation and on indefinite pronouns in the scope of negation (see Miestamo 2007 for an overview). Derivational affixes expressing negation (e.g., un- in unhappy or -less in powerless), have so far not figured in systematic typological studies. Zimmer's (1964) seminal study of affixal negation with adjectives is mainly restricted to a few well-known Indo-European languages; other families are given less attention. Semantically, derivational negation is closely connected to antonymy, which can be expressed by unrelated lexemes (lexical antonyms: small vs. big) or by means of overt derivational negation (morphological antonyms: happy vs. unhappy). Lexical and morphological antonymy do not necessarily exclude each other. E.g., Russian has regular triads of the kind bol’šoj ‘big’ – malen’kij ‘little’ – nebol’šoj ‘NEG.big’, and even tetrads, such as dobryj ‘kind’ – zloj ‘mean’ – nedobryj ‘NEG.kind’ – nezloj ‘NEG.mean’. Antonymy has been a popular topic in semantic theories and in logic (see Horn 2001). A central distinction is the one between contradictory vs. contrary opposites; the former are either–or (dead vs. alive), whereas the latter show a middle ground between the two poles (small vs. big). It has been suggested that languages have “canonical antonyms”, i.e. “a limited core of highly opposable couplings” (speed: slow/fast, luminosity: dark/light, strength: weak/strong, size small/large, width: narrow/wide, merit bad/good and thickness thin/thick) (Paradis & al. 2009). However, systematic typological studies of antonymy are lacking. This talk presents a cross-linguistic pilot study of antonymy and its expression by both lexical and overt morphological means. Our pilot sample includes 20 languages from different families and geographical areas. The data come from dictionaries and grammars as well as from a questionnaire sent to language experts. We focus on antonymy in property words (adjectives), more specifically in such forms that can be used as adnominal modifiers, with the goal to find correlations between semantic and formal properties of antonyms. From the formal point of view, we will pay attention to the type of marking (e.g., prefix vs. suffix), to the number of different derivational negators in a language, whether these markers can be used on other word classes than property words and how they are related to other negative markers in the language, primarily to clausal negation. Taking in semantics, we will observe what types of opposition (contrary vs. contradictory, scalar vs. non-scalar etc.) and which domains (evaluation, size, dimension, temperature etc.) are expressed by lexical antonyms vs. each attested type of overt morphological marking. Specific hypotheses to be tested against the cross-linguistic data include the following. Evaluatively positive members of an antonym pair are more likely to accept morphological negation (unclever vs. *unstupid). The existence of a lexical antonym may block the possibility of morphological marking and if triads (or tetrads) exist, there will be cross-linguistically recurring ways in which the meanings of the lexical vs. morphological antonyms are related to each other. Morphological antonyms built with elements similar to clausal negators in the language will tend to involve contradictory rather than contrary opposites.
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| 16. |
- Koptjevskaja Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
Antonyms and word-level negation
- 2015
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In: Abstracts. ; , s. 74-74
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Typological research on negation has focused most prominently on standard negation, i.e. the basic negation strategies in declarative clauses, and some work has also been done on other aspects of clausal negation as well as on indefinite pronouns in the scope of negation. Negation at the level of words, i.e., derivational affixes expressing negation as well as case markers with negative semantics, has so far not figured in systematic typological studies, but it has received some attention in theoretical literature on semantics and morphology. Zimmer (1964) discusses “affixal” negation primarily in English and a couple of other Indo-European languages, but also comments on a few non-Indo‐European languages and even suggests some cross‐linguistic generalizations. Subsequent work (e.g., Horn 1989) is similarly restricted in its cross‐linguistic scope. From the semantic point of view, the issue of word‐level negation is closely connected to antonymy. Antonymy and types of opposition have been a popular topic in semantic theories (see Horn 1989), where the central distinction is between contrary and contradictory opposites. The two types differ as to whether they allow a third possibility in-between: contradictory opposites are either–or (dead vs. alive), whereas in contrary opposites there is a middle ground between the two poles (small vs. big). Linguistically, antonyms can be expressed by unrelated lexemes (lexical antonyms) like the examples cited above, or by means of overt negation (happy vs. unhappy, possible vs. impossible). Lexical and morphological antonymy do not necessarily exclude each other. E.g., Russian has regular triads of the kind bol’šoj ‘big’ – malen’kij ‘little’ – nebol’šoj ‘NEG‐big’, and even tetrads, such as dobryj ‘kind’ – zloj ‘mean’ – nedobryj ‘NEG-kind’ – nezloj ‘NEG-mean’. Despite all the attention that antonymy has received from semanticists, work in a broader cross‐linguistic comparative perspective is lacking. This talk presents a pilot study of antonymy and its expression by both lexical and overt morphological means. We will focus on antonymy in property words (adjectives), more specifically in such forms that can be used as adnominal modifiers. Our main interest will be in finding correlations between semantic and formal properties of antonyms. From the formal point of view, we will pay attention to the type of marking (e.g., prefix vs. suffix), to the number of different word-‐level negators in a language, whether these markers can be used on other word classes than property words and how they are related to other negative markers in the language. Taking in semantics, we will observe what types of opposition (contrary vs. contradictory, scalar vs. non-‐scalar etc.)and which domains of property scales (evaluation, size, dimension, temperature etc.) are expressed by lexical antonyms vs. each attested type of overt morphological marking, i.e. whether the linguistic evidence allows us to classify antonyms into cross‐linguistically relevant types. Does the existence of a lexical antonym exclude the possibility of morphological marking? Do the markers exclude one another on the same lexical item? Are there semantic principles governing such blocking effects? Can triads and/or tetrads be found in addition to pairs? Our pilot sample includes 15 languages from different families and geographical areas. The data comes from dictionaries and grammars and, most importantly, from a questionnaire sent to language experts. As this is a pilot study of a domain previously unexplored in language typology, our main goal is to sketch different ways of approaching this intriguing domain from a broader cross-linguistic perspective.
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| 17. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Approaching lexical typology
- 2013
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In: Classics in linguistic typology. - Bejing : Commercial press.
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 18. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
Aquamotion verbs in Slavic and Germanic : A case study in lexical typology
- 2010
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In: New Approaches to Slavic Verbs of Motion. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027288639 ; , s. 315-341
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The paper contrasts the verbs plyt’/plavat’ in Russian and płynąć/pływać in Polish with their correspondences in Dutch, English and Swedish against a broader typological background. The three Germanic languages use several verbs for what is covered by a pair of derivationally related verbs in each of the two Slavic languages. The Germanic languages lexicalize the activity/passivity of motion, but vary considerably as to how they carve up the conceptual space. Russian and Polish, on the other hand, use plavat’/plyt’ independently of the activity/passivity of motion and focus on the uni- or non-unidirectionality of the motion. Nonetheless, it appears that the different lexicalizations in the Swedish-English-Dutch systems of aquamotion verbs are reflected in constructional differences in the Russian-Polish systems.
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| 19. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Central Europe: Circum-baltic area
- 2010
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In: Handbuch der Eurolinguistik. - Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag. - 9783447059282 ; , s. 503-518
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 20. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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From Aleksandr Evgen'evič's garden
- 2013
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In: Linguistic typology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1430-0532 .- 1613-415X. ; 17:3, s. 518-518
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Koptjevskaja Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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How our biology predisposes us to an "AFFECTION IS WARMTH" "metaphor", and how our environment changes its anchor
- 2015
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In: 48th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europea. ; , s. 83-84
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- "AFFECTION IS WARMTH" is one of the most widely quoted "universal" conceptual metaphors. Cognitive linguists suggest these to be conceptual, based on frequently used English expressions as “warm words, feelings”. In this talk, we will reflect on their cross-disciplinary collaboration, using both the findings of a large-scale cross-linguistic study of the meanings and uses of the temperature terms in the world’s languages and the insights from (social) psychology. Our first question –inspired by Geeraerts and Grondelaers (1995) –was to explore whether these reflect universal patterns or whether they are based on specific cultural traditions. Their presence across languages indeed varies considerably: while some languages demonstrate elaborated systems of such uses, quite a few lack them altogether, and yet others vary as to which temperature term has predominantly positive associations in its extended uses (e.g. ‘cold’rather than ‘warm’). This disconfirms the idea that this conceptual metaphor is universal, and further confirms suspicions from social psychology, which has falsified another basic assumption from conceptual metaphor theory –unidirectionality (IJzerman & Semin 2010). In the remainder, we first explore these patterns, and then provide first explorations for why they are likely to differ across languages. Perhaps surprisingly, the edited volume by Koptjevskaja-Tamm (2015) clearly reveals a significant variance in using temperature metaphors. Australian languages, Hup (Nadahup), Mapudungun (Araucanian), and Ojibwe (Algonquian) basically lack any extended use of temperature terms, while the 84SLE 2015 Book of AbstractsOceanic languages in Vanuatu and Nganasan (Uralic) have very few. This is in contrast both to some European and other Asian languages, but also to the African languages Ewe, Gbaya, Gurenɛ, Likpe, Sɛlɛɛ, Abui and Kamang (Timor-Alor-Pantar), and Yucatec Maya. These latter reveal a rich inventory of extended uses pertaining to their temperature terms, ranging from the more common ones, to the idiosyncratic ones. The actual cross-linguistic variation is both striking, thought-provoking, and calling for more research. Insights from (social) psychology may provide us with further answers for why such cross-cultural variation exists among languages. The most important reason is likely that temperature metaphors reflect how people deal with the metabolic demands of the environment. Thermoregulation is one of the most metabolically expensive activities across the animal kingdom. Other animals (and thus also humans) help regulate the temperature environment when this gets too cold, making a comfortable warm touch seem to answer basic biological necessities in mammalian sociality (Harlow & Suomi 1970; IJzerman et al. 2015). The second part of this talk will discuss the biological mechanisms behind social thermoregulation, and point to how others keeping us warm can help us answer to basic metabolic needs (cf. Beckes & Coan 2011; Beckes et al. 2014). From that, humans have developed so-called "cultural complements" to deal with the demands of the environment, and we will speculate that different linguistic metaphors are reflective of different metabolic needs across cultures, which are implemented according to different cultural practices (e.g., differences in touch) and rely on different needsdepending on the environment (e.g., different climates). Together, we discuss how language can facilitate culturally coordinated metabolism regulation, and thus point to the role of different attention-driving functions of linguistic –not conceptual –metaphors in cultural coordination.
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| 23. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Introducing "The linguistics of temperature"
- 2015
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In: The linguistics of temperature. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027206886 - 9789027269171 ; , s. 1-40
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 24. |
- Koptjevskaja Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
-
Introducing the panel : what can be meant by areal semantics?
- 2015
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the panel is to initiate a discussion on which lexico-semantic phenomena show parallells across the (West-)African languages and how these similarities may be described and accounted for – by universal tendencies, genetic relations among the languages, their contacts and/or their common extra-linguistic surrounding. Areal semantics (Ameka & Wilkins 1996, Koptjevskaja-Tamm & Liljegren forthc.), in its concern with the diffusion of semantic features across language boundaries in a geographical area, is a potentially vast field, spanning the convergence of individual lexemes, through the structuring of entire semantic domains to the organization of complete lexicons. It has a great potential for historical and areal linguistics, but is still awaiting systematic research. Lexical phenomena have a long standing record in research on language contact and linguistic areas. However, the recent developments in areal linguistics and areal typology have, with a few exceptions, mainly concerned grammatical phenomena. This is not at all surprising given the central place of this research in modern linguistics of all denominations, including typology, where the rapidly developing field of areal typology has encouraged and facilitated serious research on the relative role of universal, genetic and areal factors for many grammatical and phonetic phenomena. The two traditionally distinguished groups of contact phenomena in the lexicon are loanwords and calques, or semantic loans – the distinction paralleled by contact phenomena at other levels (‘replication of matter’ vs. ‘pattern replication’ in Matras and Sakel 2007, also Croft's 2000 distinction between ‘substance linguemes’ and ‘schematic linguemes’ and Heine and Kuteva's 2005 ‘polysemy copying’). Loanwords have been studied from a more systematic cross-linguistic perspective, where the core issue has been the varying borrowability of various words, seen as belonging to different parts of speech and/or coming from different semantic domains (cf. Haspelmath and Tadmor eds. 2009, Wohlgemuth 2009). The interesting research angles here, as elsewhere in research on contact phenomena and in (areal-)typological research (cf. Koptjevskaja-Tamm 2011) are possible outcomes of language contact in the realm of the lexicon, on the one hand, and a possibility of using lexical phenomena for reconstructing contact, on the other. But a lexical-typological contribution to areal linguistics has an even greater potential when it comes to pattern replication rather than to replication of matter. To give one example, Hayward (1991, 2000, also Treis 2010) points out many shared lexicalization patterns in the three Ethiopian languages Amharic (Semitic), Oromo (Cushitic) and Gamo (Omotic), which add to the cumulative evidence in favour of the Ethio-Erithrean linguistic area and fall into four categories: (i) shared semantic specializations, e.g. ‘die without ritual slaughter (of cattle)’; (ii) shared polysemy, e.g. ‘draw water’ – ‘copy’; (iii) shared derivational pathways, e.g. ‘need’ = causative of ‘want’: (iv) shared ideophones and idioms, e.g., ‘I caught a cold’ expressed via ‘a cold caught me’. Matisoff (2004), Vanhove (ed. 2008), Zalizniak et al. (2012) and Urban (2012) give numerous examples of cross-linguistically recurrent patterns of polysemy (e.g., ‘eat’ –> ‘suffer’), some of which are clearly areally restricted and witness of language contact, whereas others rather reflect universal tendencies.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Linguistic typology and language contact
- 2011
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In: The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780199281251 ; , s. 568-590
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 31. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Linguistics of temperature and lexical typology
- 2010
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In: Materialy 7-oj konferencii po tipologii i grammatike dlja molodyx issledovanij [Proceedings of the 7th junior researchers conference on typology and grammar]. - St:Petersburg : "Nauka". - 9785020256132 ; , s. 189-191
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 32. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Moja kamchatskaja èkspedicija [My Kamchatka expedition]
- 2017
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In: Zhizn’ kak èkspedicija: sbornik k 50-letiju shkoly polevoj lingvistiki A.E. Kibrika I S.V. Kodzasova [Life as expedition: a volume for the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of A.E. Kibrik’s and S.V. Kodzasov’s school of field linguistics]. - Moscow : Buki Vedi. - 9785446513888 ; , s. 651-672
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 33. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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New directions in lexical typology
- 2012
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In: Linguistics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0024-3949 .- 1613-396X. ; 50:3, s. 373-394
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 34. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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On lexical typology
- 2010
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In: Teoretičeskaja i prikladnaja lingvistika: puti razvitija [Theoretical and applied linguistics: paths of development]. - Moscow : Moscow University Press. - 9785211058132 ; , s. 26-26
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Prototype semantics and cross-linguistic research on categorization
- 2021
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In: The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 9781118786765 - 9781118786093
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Linguistic expressions are instrumental in categorizing the world. Prototype semantics holds that categorization is centered on best exemplars, or prototypes, with other potential members of the categories evaluated in accordance with their similarity to it. Prototype effects have been documented in language acquisition and learning, reaction times, priming effects, saliency in listing tasks, etc. The debated issues include what the prototype really is and whether it changes with context. An important extension of categorization research concerns cross-linguistic comparison: what is universal and what is language specific in linguistic categorization and to what extent the emerging categories can be accounted for by reference to prototypes.
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| 37. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Recent advances in lexical typology
- 2014
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In: Il lessico nella teoria e nella storia linguistica. Atti del XXXVII Convegno della Società Italiana di Glottologia.. - Roma : Il Calamo. - 9788898640041 ; , s. 71-92
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Semantic typology
- 2015
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In: Handbook of cognitive linguistics. - Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter. - 9783110291841 - 9783110292022 ; , s. 453-472
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Koptjevskaja Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Swedish proper-name compounds in blogs : creativity, productivity and frequency
- 2015
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In: Abstracts. ; , s. 9-10
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate creativity, productivity and frequency of Swedish proper-name compounds following in the steps of Dahl (2003, 2008) and Kajanus (2005). These studies described several examples of Swedish compounding patterns based on a particular proper name that have manifested a gradual diachronic rise in the frequency of both types (by spreading to further stems) and tokens, i.e. have been gradually entrenched. Dahl’s most striking example is the explosive development of Swedish PropN-compounding with Palme as the first component, following on the important and highly salient event in the modern Swedish history, the murder of the Swedish prime-minister in 1986. In fact, many Palme-compounds are related to the “murder script”, with Palme often metonymic for the Palme murder and also for further compounds derived from it (by means of metonymical chains), cf. Palme+kulorna — ’the Palme bullets, i.e. the bullets found at some distance from the place of the Palme murder’, Palme+misstänkta — ‘Palme suspects, i.e. persons suspected of having committed the Palme murder’, Palme+utredningen ’the Palme investigation, i.e. the investigation of the Palme murder’, etc. In all these previous studies the data come from the Swedish press and novel corpus (86 mln words). Our research uses the Swedish Blog Sentences corpus containing 6 mlrd tokens from 46 mln blog posts in the period of 2010-2014 (Östling and Wirén. We focus on creativity, productivity and frequency of compounds based on several proper names that have been particularly salient in the discourse during the relevant period . We consider how the fluctuations in the type and token frequencies of the proper-name compouns correlate with the rises and falls in the frequency of the relevant proper names. Interestingly, there are very few highly frequent compounds – in fact, 1-2 for each of the proper names considered (e.g., Putinregimen ‘the Putin regime’, Zlatanboken ‘the Zlatan book’, Obamaadministrationen ‘the Obama administration’). On the other hand, each of the proper names ”generates” a high number of unique compounds, i.e. compounds that have only one occurrence in the whole corpus. Finally, there are also proper name compounds that are in-between the unique and the highly frequent ones, but this group is quite restricted.
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| 42. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
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Talking temperature with close relatives : Semantic systems across Slavic languages
- 2022
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In: The Typology of Physical Qualities. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027257918 - 9789027210920 ; , s. 215-268
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The chapter compares the temperature adjectives ('hot', 'cold' etc.) across Slavic against a broader typological background. The comparison targets both the systems as a whole and the forms involved in them. The main questions are how (dis)similar the temperature systems of closely related languages can be, and what is stable vs. changeable in the temperature terms of closely related languages. Slavic languages show substantial cross-linguistic variation in their systems (ranging from two to four main temperature values), while on the whole confirming several earlier tentative generalizations in Koptjevskaja-Tamm (2015). The temperature terms themselves differ in stability, both in meaning and in form (with 'warm' being the most stable term on both counts), even though most of them are traceable to proto-Slavic and even to proto-Indo-European.
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| 43. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Temperature in the Word Space : Sense exploration of temperature expressions using word-space modeling.
- 2014
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In: Linguistic variation in text and speech, within and across languages. - Berlin/Boston : Walter de Gruyter. - 9783110317398 - 9783110317558 ; , s. 231-267
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter deals with a statistical technique for sense exploration based on distributional semantics known as word space modelling. Word space models rely on feature aggregation, in this case aggregation of co-occurrence events, to build an aggregated view on the distributional behaviour of words. Such models calculate meaning similarity among words on the basis of the contexts in which they occur and represent it as proximity in high-dimensional vector spaces. The main purpose of this study is to test to what extent word-space modelling is in principle suitable for lexical-typological work by taking a first little step in this direction and applying the method for the exploration of the seven central English temperature adjectives in three corpora representing different genres. In order to better capture and account for the potentially different senses of one and the same word we have suggested and applied a new variant of this general method, “syntagmatically labelled partitioning”.
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| 44. |
- Koptjevskaja Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
-
Temperature terms across languages : derivation, lexical stability and lexical universals
- 2015
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In: Abstracts. ; , s. 28-28
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this talk I will focus on the cross-linguistic regularities in the origin and development of temperature terms, such as ‘warm’ or ‘cold’, based on the data from about 40 languages in Koptjevskaja-Tamm (ed. 2015). The first question concerns motivational patterns typical for temperature terms, i.e., to what extent and by which word-formation strategies temperature terms are derived from expressions with other meanings. To give a few examples, some of the most frequent sources for ‘hot’ include, not surprisingly, such concepts as ‘burn’, ‘fire’, ‘boil’, ‘cook’, ‘sweat’, while those for ‘cold’ include ‘ice’, ‘shade’, ‘winter’, ‘brr’, ‘to become stiff’. In fact, the close relation between the conventionalised expressions for ‘warm/hot’ and those for ‘fire’ or ‘sweat’ in some languages raises the issue of whether the former do indeed belong to the basic or central temperature terms. In addition, there are many other sources for temperature terms. A fascinating group of questions related to the origin and development of temperature terms concerns their stability. For instance, do genetically related languages share temperature cognates? If they do, do the cognates have the same or similar meanings? What is the role of language contact in shaping the temperature term systems? It has been suggested in earlier research that central temperature terms are unusually stable, i.e. that they are typically «passed on essentially unchanged and with essentially no vocabulary turn-over across hundreds of generations of grammar&lexicon acquirers for thousands of years» (Plank 2010). However, the answers to the above listed questions differ for different languages, or for groups of languages. For instance, some of the central temperature terms across Indo-European turn out to be extremely stable, but these languages also testify to numerous instances of lexical replacement or addition of new temperature terms. The temperature terms in the two closely related Timor-Alor-Pantar languages Abui and Kamang and across the Nyulnyulan family are, on the contrary, strikingly dissimilar. Significantly, in all these cases, the meanings of cognates and their place in the overall temperature system of a language may be subject to significant variation.
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| 45. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
-
Temperaturord : lexikal typologi och lexikografi
- 2015
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In: 13. Konference om Leksikografi i Norden. ; , s. 7-7
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Temperatur tillhör våra mest självklara dagliga upplevelser, som vi gärna pratar om. Tänk på alla kalla, svala, kyliga, ljumma, varma och heta dagar som vi avhandlar i samband med det ofarligaste och vanligaste nordiska samtalsämnet, vädret. Ljummet kaffe och ljummen champagne väcker negativa känslor, kalla fötter kan leda till en förkylning, medan en alltför varm panna vittnar om att man redan är sjuk. Vi använder också temperaturbeskrivningar för annat – man förväntar sig inte någon empati av en kall människa; heta kyssar är knappast avsedda för ens barn; vissa klär bättre i varma än i kalla färger. Språk varierar dock kraftigt i fråga om antal temperaturord, vad de betyder och hur de används. Vissa språk skiljer endast på ’varm’ och ’kall’; andra tycks tvärtom ha alldeles för många temperaturord där svenskan klarar sig med ett. Språk varierar också i fråga om temperaturordens grammatik. Många språk har exempelvis inte några temperaturadjektiv alls, utom använder temperaturverb, ungefär som frysa, fast för allting. Slutligen är också språk väldigt olika när det gäller varifrån temperaturorden kommer och i vilka överförda betydelser de används. ’Varm’ och ’het’ kommer ofta från ord som betyder ’eld’ eller ’att brinna’, men ’varm’ på estniska, soe, är besläktad med sauna och kommer ursprungligen från ett ord med betydelsen ’(be)skydd’. Flera afrikanska språk har samma ord för ’varm’ och ’snabb’, ’en kall plånbok’ på japanska syftar på någon som är pank, medan aboriginspråk i Australien brukar sakna överförda användningar av temperaturord.Men kan språksystem variera helt fritt i fråga om hur många temperaturuttryck de har och vad de betyder, vilket grammatiskt beteende de uppvisar, varifrån de kommer och vilka överförda betydelser de har, eller finns det begränsningar? Liknande frågeställningar utgjorde grunden för det lexikaltypologiska projektet “Varmt och kallt – universellt eller språkspecifikt?” (Vetenskapsrådet) och volymen “The linguistics of temperature” (https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/tsl.107/main), som studerat temperaturord i ca 50 språk från olika språkfamiljer och geografiska områden. I föredraget kommer jag att presentera de viktigaste resultaten av den tvärspråkliga jämförelsen och använda dem för att diskutera beröringspunkter mellan lexikografi och lexikal typologi.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
The semantics of lexical typology
- 2015
-
In: The Routledge Handbook of Semantics. - Oxford : Routledge. - 9780415661737 - 9781315685533 ; , s. 434-454
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter mainly focuses on lexical typology understood as cross-linguistic research on domain categorization. It introduces some of the critical theoretical and methodological issues inherent in it where lexical typology has to find its own way in balancing between the ambitions of theoretical semantics, lexicography and general typology. After that four different approaches are presented and discussed: componential analysis; Natural Semantic Metalanguage; denotation-based (or etic-grid) semantics, and combinatorial lexical typology. The two final sections are devoted to implicational vs. probabilistic semantic maps as representations of meanings and generalizations in lexical typology, and to future prospects in lexico-typological research.
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| 48. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, 1957-
(author)
-
Typology, theory and methods
- 2012
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In: Wörterbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (WSK) Online. - : Mouton de Gruyter.
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Levshina, Natalia, et al.
(author)
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Revered and reviled : a sentiment analysis of female and male referents in three languages
- 2024
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In: Frontiers in Communication. - 2297-900X. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our study contributes to the less explored domain of lexical typology, focusing on semantic prosody and connotation. Semantic derogation, or pejoration of nouns referring to women, whereby such words acquire connotations and further denotations of social pejoration, immorality and/or loose sexuality, has been a very prominent question in studies on gender and language (change). It has been argued that pejoration emerges due to the general derogatory attitudes toward female referents. However, the evidence for systematic differences in connotations of female- vs. male-related words is fragmentary and often fairly impressionistic; moreover, many researchers argue that expressed sentiments toward women (as well as men) often are ambivalent. One should also expect gender differences in connotations to have decreased in the recent years, thanks to the advances of feminism and social progress. We test these ideas in a study of positive and negative connotations of feminine and masculine term pairs such as woman - man, girl - boy, wife - husband, etc. Sentences containing these words were sampled from diachronic corpora of English, Chinese and Russian, and sentiment scores for every word were obtained using two systems for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis: PyABSA, and OpenAI's large language model GPT-3.5. The Generalized Linear Mixed Models of our data provide no indications of significantly more negative sentiment toward female referents in comparison with their male counterparts. However, some of the models suggest that female referents are more infrequently associated with neutral sentiment than male ones. Neither do our data support the hypothesis of the diachronic convergence between the genders. In sum, results suggest that pejoration is unlikely to be explained simply by negative attitudes to female referents in general.
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