| 1. |
- Bråtå, Hans Olav, et al.
(author)
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Users’ role in innovation processes in the sports equipment industry : experiences and lessons
- 2009
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The main objective of this project is to contribute to our knowledge about user-driven innovation and to suggest how knowledge on user-driven innovation may be included in innovation efforts and systems both for the sports equipment industry and for other industries. The study is primarily based on case studies of how firms within the Nordic sports equipment and outdoor industry involve users in their innovation efforts. Our studies concentrate on firms producing equipment for winter sport and outdoor recreation. The study builds upon a large number of interviews with firms and key persons as well as extensive analysis of available written material and research literature. The results focus on the identification of certain key user groups in the sports equipment innovation cycle: user innovators, professional and sponsored users, enthusiastic amateurs, passionate insiders and chains and retailers. We consider the extent to which these users influence or take part in innovation processes within technical design, visual design, branding and the development of product systems. The report concludes with policy recommendations for how firms may take advantage of each user group. In this respect we present some key points and examples on firms’ interaction with users in innovation processes. Other recommendations consider public policy and suggest that public policy ought to encourage firms to take advantage of knowledge held by those groups. In society a large number of user groups exist and public policy ought to stimulate use of their knowledge for a broader purpose, including societal development. Merging user groups in order to stimulate cross sector development, in addition to organising meeting places may be a theme for public policy at the regional level.
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| 2. |
- Pelkonen, Markku, et al.
(author)
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Biological nitrogen removal from landfill leachate : A pilot-scale study
- 1999
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In: Waste Management & Research. - : Wiley. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669 .- 1399-3070. ; 17:6, s. 493-497
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A pilot-scale two-stage process including an anaerobic pretreatment (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB) unit and a pre-denitrification activated sludge process was studied for treating leachates from a municipal landfill (waste aged 4 to 5 years, area 2.5 ha) and from a windrow composting area (1 ha). A single-stage pilot process was used for nitrification studies. The leachate characteristics were as follows: COD 740 to 2400 mg l-1 (chemical oxygen demand), BOD7 (biochemical oxygen demand) approximately 1000 mg l-1, N(tot) 40 to 120 mg l-1 and the temperature was between 2 and 21°C. The results show that 45 to 50 COD removal could be achieved in the UASB reactor even at temperatures below 10°C. The activated sludge process was operated with a 1.1 to 2.2 d hydraulic retention time and at between 8 and 21°C. The removal efficiencies were 80 to 90 for COD, over 98 for BOD7, over 90 for NH4-N and over 70 for N(tot). The dependence of denitrification efficiency on leachate biodegradable COD fraction and COD to N ratio was evaluated. Overall treatment efficiencies were good and applicable for design purposes. The total costs were estimated for a full scale pre-denitrification process at FIM 10 to 20 m-3 and FIM 50 to 90 (kg N removed)-1 (3.5 to 7 DM m-3 and 17 to 30 DM [kg N removed]-1) for a landfill representing circumstances in Southern Finland with an annual average flow of 50 m3 d-1.
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| 3. |
- Wang, Yu, et al.
(author)
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Treatment of high ammonium-nitrogen wastewater from composting facilities by air stripping and catalytic oxidation
- 2010
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In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 208:1-4, s. 259-273
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Composting municipal wastewater sludge may generate composting wastewater (acid washer water and tunnel wastewater) with high ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4-N) concentration; this kind of wastewater is usually generated in a rather small daily amount. A procedure of air stripping with catalytic oxidation was developed and tested with pilot-scale and full-scale units for synthetic disposal of the high NH4-N wastewaters from composting facilities. In air stripping, around 90% NH4-N removal efficiency was reliably achieved with a maximum of 98%. A model to describe the stripping process efficiency was constructed, which can be used for process optimization. After catalytic oxidation, the concentrations in the outlet gas were acceptable for NH3, NOX, NO2, and N2O, but the NH3 and N2O concentrations limited the feasible loading range. The treatment costs were estimated in detail. The results indicate that air stripping with the catalytic oxidation process can be applied for wastewater treatment in composting facilities
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