| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Bastos Lima, Mairon G., et al.
(author)
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Large-scale collective action to avoid an Amazon tipping point - key actors and interventions
- 2021
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In: Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-0490. ; 3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The destruction of the Amazon is a major global environmental issue, not only because of greenhouse gas emissions or direct impacts on biodiversity and livelihoods, but also due to the forest's role as a tipping element in the Earth System. With nearly a fifth of the Amazon already lost, there are already signs of an imminent forest dieback process that risks transforming much of the rainforest into a drier ecosystem, with climatic implications across the globe. There is a large body of literature on the underlying drivers of Amazon deforestation. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the behavioral and institutional microfoundations of change. Fundamental issues concerning cooperation, as well as the mechanisms facilitating or hampering such actions, can play a much more central role in attempts to unravel and address Amazon deforestation. We thus present the issue of preventing the Amazon biome from crossing a biophysical tipping point as a large-scale collective action problem. Drawing from collective action theory, we apply a novel analytical framework on Amazon conservation, identifying six variables that synthesize relevant collective action stressors and facilitators: information, accountability, harmony of interests, horizontal trust, knowledge about consequences, and sense of responsibility. Drawing upon literature and data, we assess Amazon deforestation and conservation through our heuristic lens, showing that while growing transparency has made information availability a collective action facilitator, lack of accountability, distrust among actors, and little sense of responsibility for halting deforestation remain key stressors. We finalize by discussing interventions that can help break the gridlock.
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| 3. |
- Christiernsson, Anna, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Rättsliga förutsättningar att reglera fiske i Sveriges territorialhav för att främja miljön och det småskaliga kustfisket : Del 1. Om utflyttning av trålgräns
- 2024
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In: Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift. - : Stockholm Law Faculty's Trust Fund for Publications. - 0015-8585. ; :2, s. 163-182
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Under senare tid har mycket kritik riktats mot det storskaliga strömmingsfisket i Östersjön. Det anses medföra risker både för miljön och för det småskaliga kustfisket. Av denna anledning har en omfördelning av fiskemöjligheter samt en utflyttning av trålgränsen föreslagits. I två artiklar, del 1 och 2, analyserar vi rättsliga förutsättningar för att genomföra dessa två åtgärder i Sveriges territorialhav. I den första delen behandlar vi frågan om utflyttning av trålgräns och särskilt medlemsstaters handlingsutrymme enligt EU-rätten, givet EU:s exklusiva kompetens, att införa förbud som också träffar andra staters fiske. I den andra delen behandlar vi frågan om omfördelningar av fiskemöjligheter och särskilt medlemsstaters handlingsutrymme enligt EU-rätten att anta en nationell metod för fördelning av fiskemöjligheter som innebär en ojämlik behandling av nationella fiskefartyg. Sammanfattningsvis visar analyserna i den första delen att det föreligger ett relativt stort utrymme för Sverige att anta nationella fiskeregler av miljöskäl i territorialhavet, även i områden där andra stater har tillträde, samt att åtgärder inte förutsätter fullständig vetenskaplig säkerhet om åtgärdernas effekt eller att åtgärderna ensamt säkerställer målen. En annan slutsats är att åtgärder som antas av stater i enlighet med bemyndigande i EU-rätten gäller före de bilaterala fiskeavtalen mellan medlemsstater vid eventuella konflikter.
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| 4. |
- Havenhand, Jonathan N., 1959, et al.
(author)
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Ecological and functional consequences of coastal ocean acidification : Perspectives from the Baltic-Skagerrak System
- 2019
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In: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:8, s. 831-854
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ocean temperatures are rising; species are shifting poleward, and pH is falling (ocean acidification, OA). We summarise current understanding of OA in the brackish Baltic-Skagerrak System, focussing on the direct, indirect and interactive effects of OA with other anthropogenic drivers on marine biogeochemistry, organisms and ecosystems. Substantial recent advances reveal a pattern of stronger responses (positive or negative) of species than ecosystems, more positive responses at lower trophic levels and strong indirect interactions in food-webs. Common emergent themes were as follows: OA drives planktonic systems toward the microbial loop, reducing energy transfer to zooplankton and fish; and nutrient/food availability ameliorates negative impacts of OA. We identify several key areas for further research, notably the need for OA-relevant biogeochemical and ecosystem models, and understanding the ecological and evolutionary capacity of Baltic-Skagerrak ecosystems to respond to OA and other anthropogenic drivers.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Jagers, Sverker C., 1967, et al.
(author)
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On the preconditions for large-scale collective action
- 2020
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In: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 49:7, s. 1282-1296
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phenomenon of collective action and the origin of collective action problems have been extensively and systematically studied in the social sciences. Yet, while we have substantial knowledge about the factors promoting collective action at the local level, we know far less about how these insights travel to large-scale collective action problems. Such problems, however, are at the heart of humanity's most pressing challenges, including climate change, large-scale natural resource depletion, biodiversity loss, nuclear proliferation, antibiotic resistance due to overconsumption of antibiotics, and pollution. In this paper, we suggest an analytical framework that captures the theoretical understanding of preconditions for large-scale collective action. This analytical framework aims at supporting future empirical analyses of how to cope with and overcome larger-scale collective action problems. More specifically, we (i) define and describe the main characteristics of a large-scale collective action problem and (ii) explain why voluntary and, in particular, spontaneous large-scale collective action among individual actors becomes more improbable as the collective action problem becomes larger, thus demanding interventions by an external authority (a third party) for such action to be generated. Based on this, we (iii) outline an analytical framework that illustrates the connection between third-party interventions and large-scale collective action. We conclude by suggesting avenues for future research.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Ansvar för förorenad mark på båtuppläggningsplatser med fokus på ideella föreningar : [Liability for Contaminated Land at Leisure Boatyards with a Focus on Non-Profit Associations]
- 2014
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Tidigare sammanställningar av utförda markundersökningar på 34 båtuppläggningsplatser i svenska kustkommuner har visat att sådana områden oftast är mycket förorenade av ett flertal kända farliga ämnen och föreningar såsom olika metaller (koppar, zink, bly, kvicksilver, kadmium) och organiska föreningar (tennorganiska föreningar (ex TBT), polyaromatiska kolväten (PAH:er) och polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB:er)). TBT, PAH, bly-, kadmium- och kvicksilverföreningar tillhör de prioriterade substanserna som enligt EU:s ramvattendirektiv och dess dotterdirektiv ska fasas ut då de anses innebära en betydande risk för vattenmiljön. Det är även dessa ämnen som är mest angelägna att få bort från mark.En grov uppskattning ger vid handen att det finns omkring 2500 platser i landet som kan ha förorenats till följd av uppläggning och underhållsarbete med fritidsbåtar. I den här rapporten analyseras vem eller vilka som bär det rättsliga ansvar som aktualiseras av sådana föroreningar. Tyngdpunkten ligger på det offentligrättsliga ansvaret för eventuell sanering och tillhörande undersökningar (”avhjälpandeåtgärder”) som kan krävas enligt miljöbalkens 10 kapitel men även de rättsliga konsekvenser som föroreningar kan få i relationen mellan markägare och arrendator uppmärksammas.Länsstyrelserna driver merparten av det s.k. efterbehandlingsarbetet utifrån en särskild prioriteringsordning baserad på riskklassning. Båtuppläggningsplatser hamnar vanligen i riskklass två av fyra. När det gäller båtuppläggningsplatser är det emellertid kommunerna som har rollen av tillsynsmyndighet och därmed mandat att bl. a. ålägga den som är ansvarig enligt miljöbalkens regler att vidta avhjälpandeåtgärder.Grundregeln avseende ansvar för förorenade mark- och vattenområden är att den som bedriver eller har bedrivit den verksamhet som gav upphov till föroreningen (kallad ”verksamhetsutövaren”) ansvarar för att avhjälpa den i den omfattning det kan anses skäligt. Den skälighetsbedömning som följer av detta omfattar både miljörelaterade faktorer, inklusive planerad framtida markanvändning, och faktorer som har att göra med den ansvarige, bland annat hur lång tid som har förflutit sedan föroreningen ägde rum och vilken kunskap som då fanns om verksamhetens risker. Ansvaret för verksamhetsutövare är solidariskt vilket innebär att vem som helst av de verksamhetsutövare som bidragit till föroreningen kan åläggas att svara för avhjälpandet. Men om en verksamhetsutövare visar att hens bidrag till miljöskadan är så obetydligt att det inte ensamt motiverar något avhjälpande så ansvarar hen endast för den del som motsvarar det egna bidraget till skadan.I situationer där ingen verksamhetsutövare kan fås att utföra eller bekosta ett avhjälpande blir fastighetsägaren ansvarig för avhjälpandet även om hen inte haft något med den förorenande verksamheten att göra. Det gäller dock bara om fastighetsägaren förvärvat fastigheten efter den 31 december 1998 och då kände till eller borde ha upptäckt föroreningen.Om båtklubbar ska hållas ansvariga för markföroreningar beror på om de är att betrakta som utövare av den förorenande verksamheten vilket i sin tur är avhängigt av om de anses ha faktiska och rättsliga möjligheter att vidta åtgärder mot störningar och olägenheter. I rättspraxis finns tydligt stöd för att båtklubbar ska betraktas som utövare av den verksamhet som bedrivs av respektive förenings medlemmar och därmed ansvariga för eventuella föroreningar. Det utesluter emellertid inte att enskilda medlemmar också kan vara att anse som verksamhetsutövare. I de flesta situationer är dock enskilda medlemmars ansvar av mindre betydelse eftersom det ovan beskrivna undantaget från principen om solidariskt ansvar gör det praktiskt mycket svårt att ställa krav mot dem. Däremot bör en person som förorenat sin egen tomt genom båtuppläggning enklare kunna hållas ansvarig om den berörda kommunen skulle prioritera ett sådant fall.För båtklubbar som arrenderar marken där verksamheten bedrivs kan fastighetsägaren ha möjlighet att ställa krav på att marken återställs till det skick den hade innan arrendet påbörjades även om något sådant villkor inte finns uttryckligen i arrendeavtalet. Fastighetsägaren kan också ha möjlighet att kräva ersättning av arrendatorn på skadeståndsrättslig grund om till exempel värdet på marken minskar till följd av arrendatorns förorenande verksamhet.Viktigt är att det utöver ansvar för sanering också finns ett ansvar att förebygga skador från en pågående verksamhet. Kravet medför en skyldighet att vidta alla relevanta skyddsåtgärder som inte är orimliga med hänsyn till nyttan av åtgärderna jämfört med kostnaderna. Det gäller för såväl båtklubbar som för enskilda båtägare och kan vid behov preciseras genom förelägganden från tillsynsmyndigheten. För båtklubbarnas del är det viktigt att ha tydliga regler för medlemmarna och även kontrollera att dessa efterlevs.Arrendeavtal kan också vara ett viktigt instrument för att reglera hur marken får användas, inklusive ämnen som är otillåtna och åtgärder som ska vidtas för att förhindra spridning av redan använd giftig färg eller andra förorenande ämnen.Från politiskt håll finns anledning att överväga om båtuppläggningsplaster bör göras tillståndspliktiga för att därigenom förtydliga ansvarsförhållandena och sända en signal om verksamhetens potentiellt allvarliga konsekvenser.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Mathias, et al.
(author)
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Management Measures to Reduce Continuous Underwater Noise from Shipping
- 2023
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Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Underwater radiated noise (URN) from commercial ships is a significant source of elevated noise levels in the oceans and can have a negative impact on marine wildlife. Noise from commercial shipping places additional stress on the oceans, but is one of the least studied environmental pollutants, and there is an urgent need to reduce the aggregate stress levels. Until recently, reduction of underwater noise has not been prioritised by ship designers, shipowners, or crews. Even within the field of marine management, noise has received limited interest. However, the International Maritime organization (IMO) has adopted global guidelines on URN reduction, which are currently being updated. Within the EU, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD 2008/56/EC) Descriptor 11 criteria 11.2, now provides a framework for marine administrators to manage noise by establishing threshold values. Marine management focuses on the total noise load on the marine environment. Management entails several considerations before recommendations can be made. As a first step, interdisciplinary teams need to assess the aggregated noise levels and determine acceptable thresholds based on the local ecosystem, then assess which existing mandates and management tools can be used, and finally assess how effective these mandates have been in improving the environment. These activities must also be managed in a way that is acceptable to various relevant stakeholders, who would need to follow the decisions. The URN from a ship can be affected by the vessel’s design, either during its construction or during upgrades, and balances a trade-off against fuel efficiency. However, the URN can also depend on how the ship is operated. Regulating ship speed is one potential management tool, and its effectiveness needs to be assessed. Other management measures include how shipping lanes are drawn, areas to avoid, financial support, information, etc. This report focuses on possible policy measures that the Swedish authorities could adopt to lower URN by regulating the speed of ships. The report presents an interdisciplinary analysis, using a case study of an area in the southern Kattegat that covered several maritime zones, different national jurisdictions, intensive traffic, and high natural values. An important part of the work was to assess whether existing source models for ship noise could be used for the type of ships that are common in waters around Sweden. In this study, the JOMOPANS-ECHO (J-E) model was used.The J-E model was validated by comparing measurement data from a hydrophone station at Vinga on the Swedish coast that collected data from ships (254 passages) that used the port of Gothenburg. The analysis showed some deviation between the J-E model and measurement data, which could be due to differences in the length and speed of ships in waters around Sweden compared to the ships used in the development of the J-E model. However, this was likely to have negligible impact on the outcome of the case study.Analyses of ship traffic in 2021 showed that 4,511 unique vessels visited the study area at least once. Most ships followed the main routes, but no part of the study area was completely free from ship traffic. About 68% of the ships visited the study area for 1-4 days, while about 32% visited the area more regularly. The most common ship types were General Cargo Ships, Dry Bulk Ships, and Tankers. The ships that on average travelled at highest speeds were RoPax Ships, RoRo Ships, Vehicle Carriers, and Container Ships. The ships were registered in 64 countries. About two percent of the ships were registered in Sweden and about four percent in Denmark.Legal analysis showed that Sweden has the right and the responsibility to take measures to reduce underwater noise from ships to the extent that the noise can be deemed to pollute the marine environment. However, this mainly applies to Sweden’s territorial seas, which cover roughly half the area being studied for this report. In the portion that constitutes Danish territorial sea, Denmark has comparable opportunities for managing URN. In areas that are Swedish or Danish exclusive economic zones (EEZs), the ability to introduce mandatory speed limits is significantly limited. There, the most realistic option would be to request the IMO to establish speed limits, or alternatively to issue a recommendation to navigate at lower speeds, although such guidance could not be enforced on ships that do not voluntarily reduce their speed.It was estimated that lowering the ships' speeds to a hypothetical limit of 11 kn would reduce the average URN levels by 4.4 ± 2 dB, as registered by local receivers in the study area. This speed limit would affect approximately 44% of the ships in the area. A maximum speed of 13 kn would instead reduce the level by 1.9 ± 0.5 dB and would affect 11% of the ships on average. The reduction in noise levels may temporarily be much higher in the immediate vicinity of individual fast ships, and there might be a high degree of variation between different ships.The study and report make it clear that it is a complex task to assess the feasibility and benefit of introducing a specific marine management tool, in this case an enforceable local speed limit. But it is also clear that there are reliable methods to make the preliminary assessments, and that it requires interdisciplinary analyses and competence.
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| 10. |
- Arguello, Gabriela, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Introduction to Regulation of Risk
- 2023
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In: in Basu Bal, et al., Regulation of Risk: Transport, Trade and Environment in Perspective. - Leiden : Brill. - 9789004518667 ; , s. 1-27
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 11. |
- Arguello, Gabriela, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Regulation of ships at anchor: Safety and environmental implications
- 2022
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In: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 140
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ships waiting at anchor are associated with considerable environmental pressures and impacts. Growing and congested anchoring areas are receiving increasing scholarly attention to understand the environmental effects caused by large sea-going ships anchoring in coastal waters. While there is a lack of studies addressing the entire spectrum of environmental pressures and impacts from ships at anchor, ranging from scouring of the seafloor, operational emissions and discharges and waste from maintenance carried out while at anchor, it is well established that anchoring is associated with such pressures. This article takes a problem-oriented approach since there are potential cumulative environmental impacts of ships waiting at anchor. From both a public and private law perspective, we examine the legal structures and challenges associated with the regulation of ships waiting at anchor. We also analyze the public and private law factors that may limit the ability to prevent harmful anchoring practices. Our examination shows that while coastal states have significant jurisdictional powers to regulate anchoring in coastal waters, the current international regulatory framework addresses anchoring incidentally and lacks mechanisms for considering the cumulative impacts of anchoring. Furthermore, the incentives for ships to spend a considerable amount of time at anchor appear to differ substantially across different types of charterparties. Improved regulation requires better scientific knowledge, substantial mapping of legal structures, and a stakeholder survey providing a basis for the exploration of potential contractual practices that may reduce market incentives for anchoring.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(author)
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Svenskt yrkesfiske och EU 1995–2020 : Sieps 2020:6
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Den övergripande frågeställning som behandlas i den här rapporten är hur svensk fiskeriförvaltning har påverkats av EU:s gemensamma fiskeripolitik, GFP, under 25 års medlemskap, 1995–2020. Rapporten belyser också den gemensamma fiskeripolitikens utveckling under denna period och diskuterar i vilken mån den varit i linje med officiella svenska önskemål. Det svenska fisket och fiskeförvaltningen i en EU-kontext Den gemensamma fiskeripolitiken karakteriseras av en hög grad av harmonisering och medlemsstaterna har som utgångspunkt överlämnat all kompetens att reglera marint fiske till EU. En del beslut, särskilt avseende det kustnära fisket, har emellertid delegerats tillbaka till de enskilda medlemsstaterna. Dessa har också ansvaret för politikens faktiska genomförande i många avseenden och därmed över olika beslut kopplade till detta. Svenskt fiske omfattar i första ledet knappt 1 500 personer som årligen landar fisk till ett värde av omkring en miljard kronor. Värde- och sysselsättningsmässigt är det alltså en mycket liten del av svensk ekonomi. Samtidigt instämmer vi i den beskrivning som några år efter Sveriges inträde i EU gavs i SOU (1998): Även om fisket i ekonomiska och andra avseenden är ett litet politikområde i Sverige, är det ett stort område i EU med betydande politisk sprängkraft. Besluten inom den gemensamma fiskeripolitiken och Sveriges agerande inom detta politikområde har på grund av sin speciella karaktär av fullt utvecklad gemenskapspolitik även stor betydelse för Sveriges roll som aktivt medlemsland i sin helhet och för vårt totala inflytande i EU-samarbetet. Fiskeriförvaltning har fortfarande idag en politisk dignitet både i Sverige och inom EU som går utöver vad som motiveras av fiskets rent ekonomiska betydelse. EU:s fiskeripolitiska historia och svenska ambitioner EU:s gemensamma fiskeripolitik har utsatts för omfattande kritik, bland annat för att vara dyr, ofta ineffektiv och styrd av kortsiktiga hänsyn och intressegrupper. Genomförandet har varierat mellan och inom medlemsstaterna och efterlevnadskontrollen har brustit. Samtidigt kan i stort sett samma sak sägas om den svenska fiskeriförvaltningen vid tiden för Sveriges inträde i EU. När Sverige gick med i EU dominerades den svenska fiskeripolitiken av näringspolitiska mål vilka hade närmast merkantila inslag. Målen har numera ändrats i riktning mot hållbar utveckling med fokus främst på de miljömässiga aspekterna medan social hållbarhet, såsom att främja sysselsättning i det småskaliga kustfisket, emellanåt har lägre prioritet. Den ekonomiska hållbarheten har gynnats av den omorientering mot rättighetsbaserad förvaltning och individuella fångstandelar som skett för allt svenskt fiske av ekonomisk betydelse. Sverige har ofta haft högre ambitioner än många andra europeiska länder vad gäller skydd av den marina miljön och hållbar förvaltning av fiskbestånd. Erfarenheten visar samtidigt att fiskerikontrollen i Sverige i viktiga avseenden var svagare än vad EU krävde ännu efter flera års medlemskap. Den svenska fiskeriförvaltningen har också varit dyr jämfört med många andra länder och Sverige har inte framstått som särskilt ambitiöst vad gäller att låta fisket bära sina egna kostnader. EU:s fiskeripolitik har utvecklats betydligt sedan 1995. Regleringen har förenklats, även om den fortfarande är långt ifrån enkel. Möjligheterna till deltagande och regional förankring har stärkts. Subventioner som förstärker överfiske har minskats avsevärt, men tenderar att återkomma i nya varianter. Kontrollsystemet har moderniserats men genomförandet haltar fortfarande på många håll. Ekosystemansatsen har blivit en utgångspunkt för fiskeripolitiken, men vad den innebär konkret är fortfarande inte särskilt klart. Maximal hållbar avkastning har blivit det övergripande målet för beståndsförvaltningen, men det kan ifrågasättas om målsättningen fångar de ekologiska och andra värden som fiskeripolitiken vill skydda och främja. Sedan 1990-talet har betydande steg mot mer hållbara fisken tagits. Samtidigt har kritiken om kortsiktighet kvar mycket av sin relevans. Beslutade fiskekvoter är långt ifrån alltid i linje med de vetenskapliga råden och den katastrofala situationen för Östersjötorsken visar att de förväntningar som fanns på att fiskeriförvaltningen i Östersjön skulle förbättras av att bli en närmast intern fråga för EU har kommit på skam. Trots försök av kommissionen har EU av politiska skäl inte kunnat hantera problemet med frånvaro av tydliga äganderätter i fisket, vilket skapar incitamentet att fånga så mycket som möjligt så snabbt som möjligt. Där har istället Sverige kunnat agera självt genom en övergång till individuella fångstandelar men har gjort det senare än en del jämförbara länder. Mycket av den positiva utveckling som alltså har skett inom fiskeripolitiken, men som ännu bara delvis levererat de önskade resultaten, har legat i linje med Sveriges position i de återkommande revideringarna. Att fastslå exakt hur stor roll Sverige haft i detta ligger bortom den här analysen, men klart är att de idéer kring fiskeripolitik som Sverige, ibland på papper men delvis också i praktisk handling, omhuldat har fått allt större genomslag i den gemensamma politiken. Effekter av EU-medlemskapet på svenskt fiske och fiskeriförvaltning När det gäller frågan om Sverige har vunnit på medlemskapet kan det diskuteras ur olika perspektiv. Det framstår som sannolikt att svenska fiskare, även om de blivit avsevärt färre, i viss mån har vunnit ekonomiskt på medlemskapet och tillgången till den gemensamma marknaden. Detta har också inneburit en internationalisering där svenska fiskare numera fiskar under dansk, tysk och finsk flagg och där det finns ett stort svenskt ägande i Litauens fiskeflotta. Svenskt fiske har även kunnat nyttja unionens delvis generösa stödinsatser. Vad gäller miljöaspekterna är det möjligt att Sverige hade kunnat föra en mer miljömässigt radikal fiskeripolitik utanför EU. Men den faktiska skillnad en enskild, liten fiskenation kan göra är begränsad. Den möjlighet Sverige haft att föra en egen bevarandepolitik utanför EU har också i viss mån funnits kvar efter medlemskapet genom att EU ger enskilda medlemsstater en betydande kontroll över det fiske som bedrivs inom tolv sjömil1 från kusten. Man måste också komma ihåg att även före EU-medlemskapet var fiskeripolitik en i viktiga avseenden internationell fråga vars ramar definierades genom förhandlingar med grannländer. Sveriges EU-medlemskap sammanföll i stor utsträckning med ett ökat fokus på haven och deras tillstånd både internationellt och i Sverige. Det här är en utveckling som tillsammans med EU-medlemskapet bland annat har gjort att fiskefrågor periodvis hamnat högre på den politiska agendan och att miljöorganisationer blivit en viktig faktor i politikens utformande. Sammantaget är det alltså en komplex bild som analysen av Sveriges 25 år inom EU ger. Att förvalta fisken är inte enkelt. I många fall finns inga alternativ till att göra det gemensamt. EU har mycket kvar att bevisa men det är lite som tyder på att Sverige skulle kunna göra ett bättre jobb, annat än för enskilda fisken, på egen hand. Svensk fiskeripolitik är inte heller någon modell av konsekvens och effektivitet för EU att ta efter, även om det finns områden där Sverige absolut är en positiv kraft och till och med kan tjäna som förebild. Sveriges framtida ambitioner i fiskeripolitiken Sverige bör fortsätta att driva på för en förenklad gemensam fiskeripolitik, som utgår från långsiktiga mål och planer och är tydlig med hur avvägningar sker mellan olika intressen. En utökning av rättighetsbaserat fiske inom unionen är önskvärt, liksom en bättre samordning mellan EU:s fiske- och miljöpolitik. För att stärka politikens trovärdighet och främja tillit mellan länder och fiskare är en fortsatt förstärkning och samordning av fiskerikontrollen viktig. Det är också viktigt att fortsätta utvecklingen i riktning mot integrerad flerartsförvaltning som också beaktar vidare ekosystemperspektiv, utan att glömma fiskets sociala dimension.
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| 14. |
-
Fakta och tankar om nationell havsförvaltning : En antologi om ekosystembaserad förvaltning
- 2024
-
Editorial collection (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Denna antologi har tagits fram av Havsförvaltningsakademin. Tänkta läsare är de som arbetar med och är intresserade av att förbättra havsmiljön, däribland politiker, praktiker, tjänstemän på myndigheter, forskningsfnansiärer och andra beslutsfattare. Inte minst riktar antologin sig till dem som inte arbetar direkt med havsmiljön, men som ändå har inverkan på den.
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| 15. |
- Fischer, Carolyn, et al.
(author)
-
The Legal and Economic Case for an Auction Reserve Price in the EU Emissions Trading System
- 2020
-
In: The Columbia journal of European law. - 1076-6715. ; 26:2, s. 1-28
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When it first launched in 2005, the European Union emissions trading system (EU ETS) expected to see carbon dioxide prices of around €30/ton and be a cornerstone of the EU's climate policy. The reality was a cascade of falling prices, a ballooning privately held emissions bank, and a decade of muted incentives for investment in the technology and innovation necessary to achieve long-term climate goals. The European Commission responded with various administrative measures, including postponing the introduction of allowances (“backloading”) and using a quantity-based criterion for regulating future allowance sales (“the market stability reserve”). While prices have now begun to recover, it is far from clear whether these measures are sufficient to adequately support the price of carbon dioxide into the future. In the meantime, governments outside the EU ETS have begun turning away from carbon pricing and adopting overlapping regulatory measures that reinforce low prices. Unfortunately, however, this further undermines confidence in market-based mechanisms for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Other carbon markets have responded to such by introducing an auction reserve price that sets a minimum price in allowance auctions, thus avoiding the unexpectedly low price outcomes experienced in the EU ETS. Opponents of instituting such an auction reserve price in the EU ETS express two main concerns. First, they fear that a minimum auction price would interfere with the quantity-based nature of the market. Second, they argue that a reserve price would be tantamount to a tax, thus triggering a burdensome decision rule requiring unanimity among EU Member States that would be difficult to overcome. This Article reviews the economic and legal arguments for and against an auction reserve price. Our economic analysis concludes that an auction reserve price is necessary to accommodate overlapping policies and for the allowance market to operate efficiently. Our legal analysis concludes that, inasmuch as an auction reserve price is not a “provision primarily of a fiscal nature,” nor would it “significantly affect a Member State's choice between different energy sources,” no legal barriers stand in the way of the introduction of an auction reserve price into the EU ETS. We then describe two ways by which a reserve price could be introduced into this system.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Jagers, Sverker, et al.
(author)
-
Societal causes of, and responses to, ocean acidification
- 2019
-
In: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:8, s. 816-830
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Major climate and ecological changes affect the world's oceans leading to a number of responses including increasing water temperatures, changing weather patterns, shrinking ice-sheets, temperature-driven shifts in marine species ranges, biodiversity loss and bleaching of coral reefs. In addition, ocean pH is falling, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). The root cause of OA lies in human policies and behaviours driving society's dependence on fossil fuels, resulting in elevated CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. In this review, we detail the state of knowledge of the causes of, and potential responses to, OA with particular focus on Swedish coastal seas. We also discuss present knowledge gaps and implementation needs.
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| 18. |
- Johansson, Markus, 1985, et al.
(author)
-
A risk framework for optimising policies for deep decarbonisation technologies
- 2021
-
In: Energy Research and Social Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 82
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Massive resource infusion and coordination between state and market actors are needed to develop and diffuse deep decarbonisation technologies. This makes wise policy design imperative. Policy-makers are confronted with a plethora of diverging views on which policies are preferable for a low carbon transition, and which interventions, such as R&D funding, information, environmental taxes, or bans, should be employed to achieve necessary and sufficient technological transformation. Focusing on market and technological investment risks, we offer a conceptual framework that explains why no silver bullet policy or single theoretical approach exists in regard to decarbonisation. Our framework highlights that policies need to be designed with these risks in mind and aids in the key task of matching problems and policies, thereby also facilitating judicious use of resources to optimise climate benefits from resources spent.
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| 19. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(author)
-
CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegat-region - Assessment of an intraregional CCS infrastructure and legal framework
- 2011
-
In: Energy Procedia, 10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies; Amsterdam; 19-23 September 2010, 4, 2793-2800. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper provides some initial results from the project "CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegat-region" which is an intraregional CCS project partly funded by the EU. The project assesses the prospects for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) from industry and power plants located in the Skagerrak region which comprises northern Denmark, south-east coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden. The project is a joint cooperation between universities, research institutes and industries in the region. The methodology used in one of the project work packages is presented together with some initial results on legal aspects. CCS in the Skagerrak region may potentially account for a third of combined emission reduction commitments by 2020 in the three countries involved in the project. Yet, much of the emissions in the region occur from industry (in addition to power plants) and it is still not clear how these industries will be treated under the ETS. Based on current knowledge, a good storage option would be in the Hanstholm aquifer on Denmark's northwest coast. The phasing-in of capture plants over time is central to the development of a cost efficient CCS infrastructure. However, many of the sources in the region are located at a port facilitating use of boat transport through the build-up period. The initial legal analysis show that significant regulatory uncertainties exist in the region with regard to CCS and it is not obvious that the implementation of the EU CCS directive into national law by June 2011 will alleviate these uncertainties. Finally, the project may provide a significant test case for what type of political and regulatory cooperation that will be required if CCS is to be deployed in a transboundary context under conditions of sufficient public acceptance and well-designed regulation. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Krabbe, Niels, et al.
(author)
-
Changing Human Uses of Marine Resources and International Law : Looking Ahead
- 2024
-
In: Marine Bioprospecting, Biodiversity and Novel Uses of Ocean Resources. - Oxford; New York; Dublin : Hart Publishing Ltd. - 9781509968275 - 9781509968282 - 9781509968299 - 9781509968305 ; , s. 227-236
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This concluding chapter explores how the various contributions to this volume can help us understand the challenges as well as the opportunities that technological and scientific developments entail for the management of marine resources and how the preconditions for such management have changed through the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement, as well as the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework of 2022. It also identifies issues that have not received sufficient consideration, even in these recent agreements, such as the contribution of the oceans and marine ecosystems to carbon sequestration and climate change abatement, and how this vital ecosystem function may be protected or enhanced by further policy reform.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Krabbe, Niels, et al.
(author)
-
Novel Uses of Ocean Resources – An Introduction
- 2024
-
In: Marine Bioprospecting, Biodiversity and Novel Uses of Ocean Resources: New Approaches in International Law. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Hart / Bloomsbury Publishing. - 9781509968275
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 24. |
- Krabbe, Niels, et al.
(author)
-
Reforming International Fisheries Law Can Increase Blue Carbon Sequestration
- 2022
-
In: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745 .- 2296-7745. ; 9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The oceans are by far the largest carbon sink and are estimated to have absorbed roughly 40 percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions since the beginning of the industrial era. The climate services performed by the oceans can be described as an interaction between a physical and a biological carbon pump. Whereas the role of the physical carbon pump is well established, the full scale of the climate services provided by the biological carbon pump has only recently been understood. This pump is made up of services provided by different marine species, from microbes to marine mammals. Many of these species are managed under the international law of the sea and subject to the concept of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Although the MSY concept has developed since its inception, maximum generation of fish for human consumption remains the core objective according to the law of the sea. Under MSY based management, states are not required to consider the climate services represented by different marine organisms, making this regime unable to balance the interest of maximizing fish as a product against the oceans’ role in carbon sequestration. In order to make optimal use of the carbon sequestering features of marine organisms, this perspective proposes five action points. Foremost, MSY should be complemented with a new management objective: maximum carbon sequestration (MCS). Although many aspects of climate-based fisheries management remain to be explored, it appears clear that this would imply allowing stocks to recover to maintain a larger amount of biomass, increasing conservation measures for species particularly efficient in providing negative emissions, differentiation of fisheries within species as well as a new approach to ecosystem management. Climate reforming international fisheries law could make an important contribution to the operationalization of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, as well as the UN Sustainable Development Goals. As a first step, international guidelines should be developed on how to integrate the concept of maximum carbon sequestration in fisheries management.
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| 25. |
- Kyrönviita, Jonas, 1988, et al.
(author)
-
Achieving Blue Growth Post-Weser : a Study of Aquaculture Regulation in the Nordic Region
- 2021
-
In: Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law. - : Brill Nijhoff. - 1613-7272 .- 1876-0104. ; 18:3, s. 256-274
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article explores how the conflict between the interests of protecting water quality in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea from nutrient emissions on one hand, and supporting blue growth in the aquaculture sector on the other, has played out in the Nordic legal systems and industry practice. It does so by reviewing the legal and industrial developments in Sweden, Denmark, Finland and the Åland Islands with a focus on interpretation and application of the common EU regulatory framework, mainly the Water Framework Directive and the ecj Weser ruling, and the response from the aquaculture sector. The study shows that the four studied jurisdictions have taken disparate regulatory approaches in balancing ecological status of waters and blue growth. As a consequence of these legal developments, the aquaculture industry faces difficulty in attaining required permits for their operations in all four jurisdictions and significant uncertainty on how to develop the sector to meet the set growth objectives has arisen.
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| 26. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-, et al.
(author)
-
Affärsmässighet i kommunala bostadsbolag : effekter på energieffektivisering och andra hållbarhetsåtgärder
- 2012
-
In: Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift. - 0015-8585. ; 2012:3, s. 319-338
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sedan år 2011 gäller enligt en ny lag att allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag ska bedriva sin verksamhet enligt affärsmässiga principer. De undantas därmed från förbudet för kommuner att bedriva verksamhet i vinstsyfte samt från den kommunala självkostnadsprincipen. Kravet på affärsmässighet har givit upphov till frågor om bolagens möjlighet att vidta åtgärder som främjar sociala och miljömässiga ändamål. I artikeln analyseras detta med särskilt fokus på utrymmet för att vidta energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Även om kravet på affärsmässighet ger upphov till principiella svårigheter, eftersom bolagen samtidigt ska fylla ett allmännyttigt syfte, tycks det även efter lagens ikraftträdande finnas betydande handlingsutrymme för bolagen. Innehållet i bolagsordningar och andra styrdokument behöver dock ses över
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| 27. |
- Langlet, David, 1977, et al.
(author)
-
Affärsmässighet i kommunala bostadsbolag: effekter på energieffektivitet och andra hållbarhetsåtgärder
- 2012
-
In: Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift. - 0015-8585. ; 2012:3, s. 319-338
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sedan år 2011 gäller enligt en ny lag att allmännyttiga kommunala bostads- aktiebolag ska bedriva sin verksamhet enligt affärsmässiga principer. De undantas därmed från förbudet för kommuner att bedriva verksamhet i vinstsyfte samt från den kommunala självkostnadsprincipen. Kravet på affärsmässighet har givit upphov till frågor om bolagens möjlighet att vidta åtgärder som främjar sociala och miljömässiga ändamål. I artikeln analyseras detta med särskilt fokus på utrymmet för att vidta energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Även om kravet på affärsmässighet ger upphov till principiella svårigheter, efte rsom bolagen samtidigt ska fylla ett all- männyttigt syfte, tycks det även efter lagens ikraftträdande finnas betydande handlingsutrymme för bolagen. Innehålle t i bolagsordningar och andra styrdoku- ment behöver dock ses över.
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| 28. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-
(author)
-
Balancing Competing Interests When Building Marine Energy Infrastructures : the Case of the Nord Stream Pipelines
- 2020
-
In: The Law of the Seabed. - Leiden; Boston : Brill Nijhoff. - 9789004391550 - 9789004391567 ; , s. 572-592
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Using the Nord Stream gas pipelines in the Baltic Sea as a case study, this chapter investigates how competing interests relating to submarine pipelines are handled by the law of the sea. Particular attention is given to the role of transit states – ie States over whose continental shelf (CS) a pipeline is laid without it entering their territorial waters – and the limits to their right to regulate the laying of pipelines and thus act as arbiters of potentially competing interests such as the right of transport, the effective protection of the marine environment, and national security considerations. Only some such interests are recognized by UNCLOS as legitimate bases for coastal State measure potentially making it tempting to use such reasons as a pretext for pursuing other objectives. It is, however, concluded that although the pertinent rules in UNCLOS are complex and partly vague, the States concerned have in most cases diligently avoided pushing the limits of coastal State jurisdiction as set out in the convention.
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| 29. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-
(author)
-
Carbon Capture and Storage: Emerging Legal and Regulatory Issues
- 2012
-
In: Carbon and Climate Law Review. - 1864-9904 .- 2190-8230. ; 6:2, s. 177-179
-
Review (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The article reviews the book "Carbon Capture and Storage: Emerging Legal and Regulatory Issues," edited by Ian Havercroft Richard Macrory and Richard B. Stewart.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-, et al.
(author)
-
CCS in the Baltic Sea region – Bastor 2 : Work Package 4 – Legal & Fiscal aspects
- 2014
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- There is currently considerable interest in the capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Swedish basic industry. The purpose of the Baltic Storage of CO2 (‘Bastor 2’) project is to increase awareness of the potential for geological storage of CO2 in the Baltic Sea and to identify barriers to CCS implementation. This report – the main outcome of work package 4 on legal and fiscal aspects of the Bastor 2 project – provides an analysis of the current and suggested legal framework that would regulate CCS activities in Sweden and the wider Baltic Sea region. The evolution of a well-functioning legal framework for regional CCS operations is expected to be time consuming for which reason the early identification of potential hurdles is critical to all stakeholders.Against this backdrop the report’s core aim is to give an accessible account of the legal framework and how it is likely to affect various actors along the CCS value chain. This includes the identification of legal obstacles and gaps as well as analyzing the incentives and disincentives that are created by the law in its current form. Although taking Sweden as a starting point the report inevitably has its main focus on the EU CCS Directive (Directive 2009/31/EC) and related pieces of EU law.The report utilizes a decision tree structure to describe the key interlinked business processes which form the CCS value chain, thereby enabling the identification of ambiguities or gaps in the regulatory system and highlighting the multiple factors that determine the effect of decisions made along the chain.In addition to providing an increased understanding of the legal framework and its defining impact on the CCS value chain the report sets out a number of recommendations, primarily intended as input to the discussions regarding the imminent revision of the CCS Directive. Among these are that a clearer definition of ‘captured CO2’ ought to be developed and that more consideration should be given to potential market failures and the role of competition authorities in the buildup of CCS infrastructure. Particularly the rules on third party access to pipelines and storage sites are found to be quite vague at the EU level and thereby create room for problematic discrepancies between the Member States. In this regard the EU Natural Gas Directive could provide a valuable point of reference. The responsibility for any transboundary CCS installations or structures is also under-regulated thereby causing significant uncertainties that ought to be addressed e.g. by means of relevant guidelines. As to the potential for storing CO2 captured in the EU outside of the union, something which may be relevant in a regional Baltic context since parts of the Baltic Sea is under Russian jurisdiction, this is found to be impossible without significant amendments to applicable EU law. It is also concluded that further efforts should be made to enable transport of captured CO2 by ship, something which currently is highly problematic due to the details of the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS), and that the inclusion of biogenic emissions under the EU ETS may also benefit the deployment of CCS in the Baltic Sea region.
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| 32. |
- Langlet, David, 1977, et al.
(author)
-
Energy efficient transition in Sweden: triggers and barriers for retrofitting processes in municipality owned housing companies
- 2014
-
In: ENHR Edinburgh July 1-4, 2014. Book of abstracts.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Globally and in Europe, the housing sector is responsible for a large share of the energy use, and large efforts have therefore been directed towards reduced energy use in the housing sector. In Sweden 39 percent of the energy use relate to “housing and business locations”, there is an ambition to reduce the energy use with 20 percent until year 2020, following the EU directive of energy efficiency. However, the national government has up to present responded quite hesitantly to the energy efficiency debate, possibly as the National Institute of Economic Research (NIER) claims that relevant transition measures will be met regardless of any specific measures directed to the sector of housing. Yet, the project group Collaborative learning for urban energy efficiency (the ClueE-project) has studied a number of examples where energy efficient retrofitting takes place in sub-urban areas. A central question for the overall project was: What are the major triggers and barriers in retrofitting processes, with special regards to the social sciences? From a financial point of view, the costs of energy efficient retrofitting are demanding, as most of the heating in these areas to 90 percent are sustainable district-heating. But seen from the perspective of the ‘third generation of energy policies’, there is an increasing potential today for local energy production solutions, zero-houses, or even houses that generates a surplus of energy, energy-plus-houses. The judicial tools used in these processes does not relate to minimum quality levels, rather, a more conscious use of the public procurement act is activated, as wise use of partnering contracting. The ClueE study also found that it is not specifically environmentally interested tenants that have been attracted by the energy efficient apartments, rather that has been the opportunity at hand. The lower ecological footprints of these tenants are supported as these groups are among the poorest segments of the population. To conclude, the core triggers found were: the necessity of broad political anchoring across majority and opposition, inclusive and transparent tenant-dialogues, comparable indicators in relation to evaluations and benchmarking. A more general conclusion is that more attention needs to be directed towards business locations, as the private homes’ market.
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| 33. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-, et al.
(author)
-
EU:s miljörätt
- 2011. - 3
-
Book (other academic/artistic)
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Langlet, David, 1977
(author)
-
Europeisk reglering av koldioxidlagring: analys utifrån miljörättsliga aspekter
- 2009
-
In: Nordisk Miljörättslig Tidskrift. - 2000-4273. ; 1, s. 79-103
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Artikeln presenterar det EG-rättsliga regelverket för avskiljning och geologisk lagring av koldioxid (CCS) med särskilt fokus lagringsfasen samt regelverkets implementering i Skandinavien. Frågan ställs huruvida tillämpning av CCS enligt existerande regelverk är förenligt med principen om hållbar utveckling? För att göra denna frågeställning mer hanterbar testas regleringen av CCS mot grundläggande miljörättsliga principer vilka kan betraktas som rättsliga förutsättningar för en hållbar utveckling.
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| 36. |
- Langlet, David, 1977
(author)
-
Exporting CO2 for Sub-Seabed Storage: The Non-Effective Amendment to the London Dumping Protocol and its Implications
- 2015
-
In: International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law. - : Brill. - 0927-3522 .- 1571-8085. ; 30:3, s. 395-417
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The vast amounts of fossil fuels available and the forecasts regarding their future utili- sation can make carbon capture and storage/sequestration (CCS) an attractive option, despite the various challenges associated with the technology. In order to be viable, many CCS projects will have to be transboundary, in the sense that CO2 will be stored in a country other than from where it was captured. The most attractive, or even the only available, storage option is often offshore. However, export of CO2 for sub-seabed storage is prohibited as dumping by the 1996 London Protocol. An amendment to the Protocol that enables export was adopted in 2009, but is unlikely to enter into force. The article analyses the implications of this situation and explores possible options for States that see export of CO2 for sub-seabed storage as an important policy option.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-
(author)
-
Legal Preconditions for an Environmentally Sustainable European Union
- 2022
-
In: Routes to a Resilient European Union. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783030931643 - 9783030931650 ; , s. 63-88
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Resilience is increasingly described as a prerequisite for a sustainable EU. Against this backdrop, Langlet looks at the potential of EU environmental law, widely construed, to create and maintain conditions for environmental resilience, and thereby support the realization of a sustainable society. He does this by assessing to what extent EU law has some of the characteristics widely considered key to the successful management of social-ecological systems. Among these are the ability to generate knowledge on the state of the environment, formulate relevant management objectives, pursue management at relevant scales, as well as ability to adapt in light of changing conditions and new knowledge. Langlet finds that although EU law has gradually developed the desired characteristics, much remains to be done for example in terms of integrating environmental considerations into other policy areas. The EU also remains highly dependent on the resources and capabilities of individual member states for both know-how and policy measures.
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| 44. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-
(author)
-
Legitimacy and EU Marine Governance
- 2023
-
In: The Environmental Rule of Law for Oceans. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781009253741 ; , s. 193-206
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Measures taken as part of marine governance can have significant implications for the social, economic and cultural interests and identities of individuals and groups of people. This makes it important to inquire about the legitimacy of key laws and policies in this field. The EU has developed a comprehensive set of rules for protection of the marine environment, promotion of sustainable ’blue growth’ and efficient use of marine space. The Chapter assesses and compares the extent to which and how legitimacy is considered in the three main legal instruments making up this regulatory framework, i.e., the Water Framework Directive, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive. Although considerable differences exist between the directives, social and legitimacy aspects generally receive quite limited attention and tend to be addressed mostly by means of public participation, a practice that in itself is associated with considerable legitimacy challenges.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-
(author)
-
Nord Stream, the Environment and the Law : Disentangling a Multijurisdictional Energy Project
- 2014
-
In: Scandinavian Studies in Law. - 0085-5944. ; 59, s. 79-108
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Nord Stream gas pipeline is one of the largest and doubtless most controversial energy infrastructure projects in Europe. In addition to technical and political challenges the project has navigated a web of substantive and procedural legal issues spanning five national jurisdictions in addition to EU- and international law. The present article takes a closer look at the legal and policy context in which the idea of a submarine gas pipeline from Russia to Germany materialized and the national permit processes preceding its construction.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Langlet, David, 1977, et al.
(author)
-
Ocean Governance Podcast Episode 1 - Taking Words Seriously
- 2018
-
In: Ocean Governance Podcast.
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this first episode of the Ocean Governance Pod, we discuss two articles which both may be said to address the importance of language, the terminology that is used for communication and the way in which principles and objectives are defined and understood.
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