| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Locke, Adam E, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 518:7538, s. 197-401
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10(-8)), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.
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| 3. |
- Parks, Darcy, 1986-
(författare)
-
The Sustainable City Becomes Climate-Smart : How Smart City Ideas Reshape Urban Environmental Governance
- 2018
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The idea of smart cities has become enormously popular during the past decade. Environmental governance is one issue in which smart city ideas seem to hold potential. However, there is an incredible variety in what it means for a city to be ‘smart’. For some, it involves the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to solve problems; for others, it has more to do with economic growth and city branding. Many social science researchers have criticised the idea of smart cities. They worry that it might allow multinational corporations to take control of municipal governance and lead to an undue focus on technological solutions to societal issues. However, only a few previous studies have examined the influence on urban environmental governance in practice. This thesis investigates the influence of smart city ideas on urban environmental governance through a study of Hyllie, a climate-smart city district in Malmö, Sweden. It applies a theoretical perspective based on science and technology studies and the concept of assemblage. It combines participant-observation of inter-organisational meetings, interviews with professionals and document analysis. This thesis contributes a more comprehensive picture of which actors influence the direction of the climate-smart city—beyond the usual suspects of municipal governments and multinational companies. Still, it shows how ICT-based smart city solutions have taken precedence in urban environmental governance at the expense of energy efficiency and renewable energy.
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| 4. |
- Åsberg, Cecilia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Möt den posthumanistiska utmaningen
- 2012. - 1
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Ingår i: Posthumanistiska nyckeltexter. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9144057474 - 9789144057477 ; , s. 29-45
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här boken introducerar några viktiga författare på samtidsaktuella teoriområden. Donna Haraway, Karen Barad, Rosi Braidotti, Michel Callon, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Michel Serres och Annemarie Mol presenteras i boken, som också innehåller översatta texter av dessa namn. Boken ger en bakgrund till och en överblick över ett område i intensiv teoriutveckling. Här presenteras den så kallade materiella, posthumana eller ontologiska vändningen. Här kartläggs grunderna för olika posthumanistiska förhållningssätt till de både mänskliga och icke-mänskliga (djur, miljö, teknik) krafterna i vår värld så som de begreppsliggjorts inom filosofi, feministisk teori, kulturstudier och samhällsvetenskapliga studier av naturvetenskap, medicin och teknik. Genom lästips och en omfattande litteraturlista öppnar boken för fortsatta studier och vidare diskussioner. Avslutningsvis finns också en omfattande ordlista med viktiga nyckelbegrepp som i sig ger en introduktion till ett heterogent forskningsfält. Boken riktar sig till studenter, doktorander och andra nyfikna forskare inom olika tvärvetenskapliga eller disciplinära former av humaniora och samhällsvetenskap.
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| 5. |
- Åsberg, Cecilia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Posthumanistisk Ordlista
- 2012. - 1
-
Ingår i: Posthumanistiska nyckeltexter. - Lund, Sverige : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144057477 ; , s. 201-217
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Den här boken introducerar några viktiga författare på samtidsaktuella teoriområden. Donna Haraway, Karen Barad, Rosi Braidotti, Michel Callon, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Michel Serres och Annemarie Mol presenteras i boken, som också innehåller översatta texter av dessa namn. Boken ger en bakgrund till och en överblick över ett område i intensiv teoriutveckling. Här presenteras den så kallade materiella, posthumana eller ontologiska vändningen. Här kartläggs grunderna för olika posthumanistiska förhållningssätt till de både mänskliga och icke-mänskliga (djur, miljö, teknik) krafterna i vår värld så som de begreppsliggjorts inom filosofi, feministisk teori, kulturstudier och samhällsvetenskapliga studier av naturvetenskap, medicin och teknik. Genom lästips och en omfattande litteraturlista öppnar boken för fortsatta studier och vidare diskussioner. Avslutningsvis finns också en omfattande ordlista med viktiga nyckelbegrepp som i sig ger en introduktion till ett heterogent forskningsfält. Boken riktar sig till studenter, doktorander och andra nyfikna forskare inom olika tvärvetenskapliga eller disciplinära former av humaniora och samhällsvetenskap.
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| 6. |
- Berndt, Sonja I., et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 45:5, s. 501-U69
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Approaches exploiting trait distribution extremes may be used to identify loci associated with common traits, but it is unknown whether these loci are generalizable to the broader population. In a genome-wide search for loci associated with the upper versus the lower 5th percentiles of body mass index, height and waist-to-hip ratio, as well as clinical classes of obesity, including up to 263,407 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 4 new loci (IGFBP4, H6PD, RSRC1 and PPP2R2A) influencing height detected in the distribution tails and 7 new loci (HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, MRPS33P4, ADCY9, HS6ST3 and ZZZ3) for clinical classes of obesity. Further, we find a large overlap in genetic structure and the distribution of variants between traits based on extremes and the general population and little etiological heterogeneity between obesity subgroups.
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| 7. |
- Doganova, Liliana, et al.
(författare)
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Valuation Studies and the Critique of Valuation
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Valuation Studies. - : Linkoping University Electronic Press. - 2001-5992. ; 2:2, s. 87-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Dussauge, Isabelle, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
On the Omnipresence, Diversity, and Elusiveness of Values in the Life Sciences
- 2013
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomedicine – health care and the life sciences – are saturated with values. Valuations of life itself are intermingled with values such as scientific reputation, profitability, fairness, competition, and accessibility of care. Reciprocally, the practices of biomedicine produce values, for instance: public health, the preservation of endangered species, profitability of tamed animals for farming, usability of clinical data, or bodily autonomy.What sets this book apart from many of the dominant theoretical approaches to values (in economics, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, history) is that we take an interest not primarily in values as given entities, but rather as how they are enacted in practices. This leads us down an analytical route where values are seen as the outcome of work, where they are the result of a wide range of activities. Fairness, to take an example that often has currency in the provision of health care services, is thus seen as a value that is inseparable from the work evoking it. In an effort to chart a “value practices” approach to the concerns raised above, we aim to focus on how values are enacted: in actions, in technical practices, and in practices of valuation. Here we will provide some first parts of an outline for such an approach to the study of values as they are enacted in biomedicine. The exercise is rooted in an ambition to consider “values” as something to be explained and explored rather than as a given entity with explanatory power. In this we will try to account both how peoples’ actions draw on values, and how agents’ actions and reactions come to enact values.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Dussauge, Isabelle, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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"Value Practices in the Life Sciences" : Working Towards an Sts Agenda
- 2012
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Our aim is to propose and elaborate a vantage point that focuses on how different values in the life sciences are enacted in actions, in technical practices, and in practices of valuation. Looking at how such ’value practices’ enact values provides a route to investigate the entwinement and conflict of diverse values, be they economic, moral, legal, etc. This overall theoretical starting point represents a pragmatist understanding of values which distinguishes it from the main strands of research in the area, centring around the notions of “moral economy” and “biocapital”. Our theoretical agenda entails articulating a framework for examining ‘values in practice’ that draws on work from science and technology studies more widely. Methodologically and theoretically, we (and all authors in this volume) address value practices, i.e. practices of producing, negotiating, settling values of different kinds in the life sciences.
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| 12. |
- Dussauge, Isabelle, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Valuography : Studying the making of values
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Value Practices in the Life Sciences and Medicine. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780199689583 ; , s. 267-285
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Galis, Vasilis, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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A Sociology of Treason : The Construction of Weakness
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Science, Technology and Human Values. - : SAGE Publications. - 0162-2439 .- 1552-8251. ; 39:1, s. 154-179
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process of translation has both an excluding and including character. The analysis of actor networks, the process of mobilizing alliances, and constructing networks is a common and worthwhile focus. However, the simultaneous betrayals, dissidences, and controversies are often only implied in network construction stories. We aim to nuance the construction aspect of actor-network theory (ANT) by shining the analytical searchlight elsewhere, where the theoretical tools of ANT have not yet systematically ventured. We argue that we need to understand every process of translation in relation to its simultaneous process of treason, and to add antonyms for Callon's problematization, intressement, enrollment, and mobilization. This enables us to describe powerlessness not as a state but as a process. Our case focuses on the network building around measures for disabled people in the construction of the Athens Metro, during the period 1991-1993. The discussion highlights the efforts of disability organizations to intervene in the initial construction works of the metro project and the simultaneous actions of the Greek government to exclude disability organizations from the design process and to disrupt the accessibility-metro actor network.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Gyberg, Per, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
The construction of facts : preconditions for meaning in teaching energy in Swedish classrooms
- 2010
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Science Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0950-0693 .- 1464-5289. ; 32:9, s. 1173-1189
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates the mechanisms that govern the processes of inclusion and exclusion of knowledges. It draws on three cases from Swedish classrooms about how energy is created as an area of knowledge. We are interested in how knowledge is made valid and legitimate in a school context, and in defining and finding tools to identify structures that govern potential meanings in a certain situation. To do this we develop a theoretical model that explains the preconditions for meaning. The purpose is to understand why certain knowledges are legitimated in the classroom and to explain how this happens. The analysis is based on participatory observations in classrooms, audio recordings of students engaged in group projects, educational materials, and the students' own work. The apparatuses of the school offer a wide range of possible meanings concerning energy. At the same time there are forces evolved in the school practice that effectively sift out what counts as values from what counts as facts and valid knowledge. These forces create a certain order and certain effects for what counts as truth. The article investigates the nature of the correlations between the different preconditions identified that makes one discourse more likely and “true” than another.
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| 17. |
- Heid, Iris M, et al.
(författare)
-
Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 42:11, s. 949-960
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waist-hip ratio (WHR) is a measure of body fat distribution and a predictor of metabolic consequences independent of overall adiposity. WHR is heritable, but few genetic variants influencing this trait have been identified. We conducted a meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies for WHR adjusted for body mass index (comprising up to 77,167 participants), following up 16 loci in an additional 29 studies (comprising up to 113,636 subjects). We identified 13 new loci in or near RSPO3, VEGFA, TBX15-WARS2, NFE2L3, GRB14, DNM3-PIGC, ITPR2-SSPN, LY86, HOXC13, ADAMTS9, ZNRF3-KREMEN1, NISCH-STAB1 and CPEB4 (P = 1.9 × 10⁻⁹ to P = 1.8 × 10⁻⁴⁰) and the known signal at LYPLAL1. Seven of these loci exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, all with a stronger effect on WHR in women than men (P for sex difference = 1.9 × 10⁻³ to P = 1.2 × 10⁻¹³). These findings provide evidence for multiple loci that modulate body fat distribution independent of overall adiposity and reveal strong gene-by-sex interactions.
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| 18. |
- Helgesson, Claes-Fredrik, Professor, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
-
Five years! Have we not had enough of valuation studies by now?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Valuation Studies. - : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 2001-5992. ; 5:2, s. 83-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The disparate and heterogeneous body of work that falls under the rubric of “valuation studies” has really taken off in recent years. There are a number of exciting edited volumes and special issues that have been published in the past couple of years (e.g. Berthoin Antal et al. 2015; Cefai et al. 2015; Dussauge et al. 2015; Kornberger et al. 2015). This journal, recently just an idea, is now completing Volume 5 with its tenth issue. Sometimes we hear mumbled irritations about how valuation studies are about everything—and are actually everywhere. “Victory!” we could then answer in triumph, not without noticing how the valuation of valuation studies (and, indeed, of Valuation Studies) goes hand-in-hand with a sense of academic terrain, and the occupation thereof.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Helgesson, Claes-Fredrik, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
-
Valuations of experimental designs in proteomic biomarker experiments and traditional randomised controlled trials
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cultural Economy. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1753-0350 .- 1753-0369. ; 9:2, s. 157-172
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the shifting conditions for biomedical knowledge production by studying trends in the design of biomedical experiments. The basic premise of the study is that the very act of establishing a research design entails a process involving a series of valuations where different values are evoked, ordered, and displaced. In focus is the articulation and ordering of what counts as central values in research design for two kinds of biomedical treatment trials, namely the traditional randomised controlled trial (RCT) and the emerging new form of biomarker trials used to assess biomarker/treatment combinations (BTTs). The empirical material consists of textbooks (RCTs) and journal articles (BTTs). We ask how these materials articulate the various scientific, medical, and economic values at play. Among the differences uncovered are a difference in relation to what counts as ethical in relation to prior knowledge, differences in the flexibility in design as well as the valuation of the risk for false positives and false negatives. More broadly, the study shows how textual accounts of different ways of producing knowledge are linked to partly different valuations of ethics, flexibility, and risk as part of establishing the research design of biomedical experiments.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Lango Allen, Hana, et al.
(författare)
-
Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 467:7317, s. 832-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most common human traits and diseases have a polygenic pattern of inheritance: DNA sequence variants at many genetic loci influence the phenotype. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified more than 600 variants associated with human traits, but these typically explain small fractions of phenotypic variation, raising questions about the use of further studies. Here, using 183,727 individuals, we show that hundreds of genetic variants, in at least 180 loci, influence adult height, a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait. The large number of loci reveals patterns with important implications for genetic studies of common human diseases and traits. First, the 180 loci are not random, but instead are enriched for genes that are connected in biological pathways (P = 0.016) and that underlie skeletal growth defects (P<0.001). Second, the likely causal gene is often located near the most strongly associated variant: in 13 of 21 loci containing a known skeletal growth gene, that gene was closest to the associated variant. Third, at least 19 loci have multiple independently associated variants, suggesting that allelic heterogeneity is a frequent feature of polygenic traits, that comprehensive explorations of already-discovered loci should discover additional variants and that an appreciable fraction of associated loci may have been identified. Fourth, associated variants are enriched for likely functional effects on genes, being over-represented among variants that alter amino-acid structure of proteins and expression levels of nearby genes. Our data explain approximately 10% of the phenotypic variation in height, and we estimate that unidentified common variants of similar effect sizes would increase this figure to approximately 16% of phenotypic variation (approximately 20% of heritable variation). Although additional approaches are needed to dissect the genetic architecture of polygenic human traits fully, our findings indicate that GWA studies can identify large numbers of loci that implicate biologically relevant genes and pathways.
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| 23. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
A Sociology Of Betrayal
- 2007
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
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Adaptiva lärsystem : massindividualiseringens teknologier
- 2010. - 1
-
Ingår i: Kunskapens nya världar. - Uppsala : Uppsala Learning Lab, Uppsala universitet. - 9789150621891 ; , s. 271-281
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper discusses educational technology, knowledge, and education based on the concept of mass-individualization. It shows how two partially contradictory trends - massification and individualisation - are combined to create specific ways to orchestrate training, knowledge and subjectivities. The paper shows how this mass-individualized way of organizing education and learning is often associated with an enactment of knowledge as an object rather than as a relational effect generated in practice. One consequence of performing the knowledge object is that it is enacted as possible to transfer, acquire, represent, chop, re-use, possess, and sell. The making of knowledge as object is linked in other practices related to economies of scale, measurement, individualization, and industrialization. The mass-individualized way of organizing education thus performs education, knowledge, and students in certain specific ways that permits the exclusion of certain educational realities.
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| 26. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
-
Annemarie Mol : om objektens ontologiska multiplicitet
- 2012. - 1
-
Ingår i: Posthumanistiska nyckeltexter. - Lund, Sverige. - 9144057474 - 9789144057477 ; , s. 175-180
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här boken introducerar några viktiga författare på samtidsaktuella teoriområden. Donna Haraway, Karen Barad, Rosi Braidotti, Michel Callon, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Michel Serres och Annemarie Mol presenteras i boken, som också innehåller översatta texter av dessa namn. Boken ger en bakgrund till och en överblick över ett område i intensiv teoriutveckling. Här presenteras den så kallade materiella, posthumana eller ontologiska vändningen. Här kartläggs grunderna för olika posthumanistiska förhållningssätt till de både mänskliga och icke-mänskliga (djur, miljö, teknik) krafterna i vår värld så som de begreppsliggjorts inom filosofi, feministisk teori, kulturstudier och samhällsvetenskapliga studier av naturvetenskap, medicin och teknik. Genom lästips och en omfattande litteraturlista öppnar boken för fortsatta studier och vidare diskussioner. Avslutningsvis finns också en omfattande ordlista med viktiga nyckelbegrepp som i sig ger en introduktion till ett heterogent forskningsfält. Boken riktar sig till studenter, doktorander och andra nyfikna forskare inom olika tvärvetenskapliga eller disciplinära former av humaniora och samhällsvetenskap.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
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Att söka sanningen : om kunskapsstyrning och gränsarbete i systematiska litteraturöversikter
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trenden mot evidensbasering gör att vetenskapliga underlag för kunskapsstyrning av hälsooch sjukvården får alltmer genomslag. Detta gäller även frågor som inte är strikt medicinska, exempelvis hur vården ska styras och organiseras. Det gör det viktigt att diskutera hur kunskapsunderlagen inom dessa områden kommer till. Den här rapporten diskuterar hur en av de vanligaste metoderna för att definiera kunskapsläget - den systematiska litteratursökningen - tenderar att utformas på ett sätt som utesluter samhällsvetenskaplig organisationsforskning.Rapporten visar, genom en exempelrapport från SBU, hur gränser mellan relevant och ickerelevant forskning dras i praktiken, och konstaterar att uteslutning av den samhällsvetenskapliga forskningen sker på flera nivåer i systematiska litteraturöversikter. Uteslutningen sker framförallt genom: 1) ett fokus på medicinsk-vetenskapliga databaser; 2) användning av vårdcentrerade sökord istället för generiska termer; 3) begränsning till kvantitativa studier; 4) begränsning till studier publicerade i vetenskapliga tidskrifter; 5) uteslutning av studier av andra verksamheter än vården. Slutsatsen är att det sker ett starkt gränsarbete som definierar bort organisationsforskningen när det vetenskapliga underlaget för kunskapsstyrning produceras – även när det gäller uttalade organiseringsfrågor.Avslutningsvis diskuterar rapporten hur arbetet med att ta fram kunskapsöversikter skulle kunna förändras för att kunna inkludera samhällsvetenskaplig forskning om styrning och organisering. En rekommendation är att den involverade expertisen borde breddas samt att kriterierna för urval borde förändras, både när det gäller underlagen och dess bedömningskriterier. Slutligen ställs frågan om systematiska litteraturöversikter kan och bör vara den enda basen för att kunskapsstyra hälso- och sjukvårdens verksamhet?
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| 30. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Caring for the monstrous algorithm: attending to wrinkly worlds and relationalities in an algorithmic society
- 2023
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This text proposes that we, social analysts of algorithms, need to develop a split vision for the algorithm-as-technological-object and the algorithm-as-assemblage in order to effectively attend to, analyze, and critique algorithms in society. The point of departure is that we need to distance ourselves from a simplified and reductive understanding of algorithms-as-objects, and care for them as part of a relational algorithmic assemblage. A simplified notion of algorithms is problematic for two reasons: First, as it produces a reductive notion of the world where decision makers point to algorithms-as-objects to make simplified decisions about the world. Second, by taking a simplified and delineated object called “algorithm” as the point of departure for analysis and critique in an algorithmic society, we risk producing technologically deterministic understandings of complex and composite problems. We illustrate this argument through two example drawn from the handling of Covid-19 pandemic, where we attend to a universalist mathematical epidemiology and the particularities of field epidemiology to problematize how we should care for, understand, and analyze algorithms in society.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
-
Detecting the unknown in a sea of knowns : Health surveillance, knowledge infrastructures, and the quest for classification egress
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Science in Context. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0269-8897 .- 1474-0664. ; , s. 1-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sociological study of knowledge infrastructures and classification has traditionally focused on the politics and practices of classifying things or people. However, actors’ work to escape dominant infrastructures and pre-established classification systems has received little attention. In response to this, this article argues that it is crucial to analyze, not only the practices and politics of classification, but also actors’ work to escape dominant classification systems. The article has two aims: First, to make a theoretical contribution to the study of classification by proposing to pay analytical attention to practices of escaping classification, what the article dubs classification egress. This concept directs our attention not only to the practices and politics of classifying things, but also to how actors work to escape or resist classification systems in practice. Second, the article aims to increase our understanding of the history of quantified and statistical health surveillance. In this, the article investigates how actors in health surveillance assembled a knowledge infrastructure for surveilling, quantifying, and detecting unknown patterns of congenital malformations in the wake of the thalidomide disaster in the early 1960s. The empirical account centers on the actors’ work to detect congenital malformations and escape the dominant nosological classification of diseases, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), by replacing it with a procedural standard for reporting of symptoms. Thus, the article investigates how actors deal with the tension between the-already-known-and-classified and the unknown-unclassified- phenomenon in health surveillance practice.
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| 36. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974
(författare)
-
Detecting the unknown in a sea of knowns: Health surveillance, knowledge infrastructures, and the quest for classification egress
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Science in Context. - 1474-0664 .- 0269-8897. ; 35:2, s. 153-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sociological study of knowledge infrastructures and classification has traditionally focused on the politics and practices of classifying things or people. However, actors' work to escape dominant infrastructures and pre-established classification systems has received little attention. In response to this, this article argues that it is crucial to analyze, not only the practices and politics of classification, but also actors' work to escape dominant classification systems. The article has two aims: First, to make a theoretical contribution to the study of classification by proposing to pay analytical attention to practices of escaping classification, what the article dubs classification egress. This concept directs our attention not only to the practices and politics of classifying things, but also to how actors work to escape or resist classification systems in practice. Second, the article aims to increase our understanding of the history of quantified and statistical health surveillance. In this, the article investigates how actors in health surveillance assembled a knowledge infrastructure for surveilling, quantifying, and detecting unknown patterns of congenital malformations in the wake of the thalidomide disaster in the early 1960s. The empirical account centers on the actors' work to detect congenital malformations and escape the dominant nosological classification of diseases, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), by replacing it with a procedural standard for reporting of symptoms. Thus, the article investigates how actors deal with the tension between the-already-known-and-classified and the unknown-unclassified-phenomenon in health surveillance practice.
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- Lee, Francis, 1974
(författare)
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Enacting the Pandemic: Analyzing Agency, Opacity, and Power in Algorithmic Assemblages
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science and Technology Studies. - : Science and Technology Studies. - 2243-4690. ; 34:1, s. 65-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article has two objectives: First, the article seeks to make a methodological intervention in the social study of algorithms. Second, the article traces ethnographically how an algorithm was used to enact a pandemic, and how the power to construct this disease outbreak was moved around through an algorithmic assemblage. The article argues that there is a worrying trend to analytically reduce algorithms to coherent and stable objects whose computational logic can be audited for biases to create fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAccT). To counter this reductionist and determinist tendency, the article proposes three methodological rules that allows an analysis of algorithmic power in practice. Empirically, the article traces the assembling of a recent epidemic at the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention-the Zika outbreak starting in 2015-and shows how an epidemic was put together using an array of computational resources, with very different spaces for intervening. A key argument is that we, as analysts of algorithms, need to attend to how multiple spaces for agency, opacity, and power open and close in different parts of algorithmic assemblages. The crux of the matter is that actors experience different degrees of agency and opacity in different parts of any algorithmic assemblage. Consequently, rather than auditing algorithms for biased logic, the article shows the usefulness of examining algorithmic power as enacted and situated in practice.
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- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
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Joe Moran : Interdisciplinarity
- 2006
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Ingår i: Utbildning och Demokrati. - 1102-6472 .- 2001-7316. ; 15:3, s. 123-125
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
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Learning in Nowhere : Individualism in Correspondence Education in 1938 and 1950
- 2009
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Ingår i: History of education review. - : Emerald. - 0819-8691. ; 38:1, s. 29-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article seeks to investigate the individualistic ideas, practices, and student identities that developed in correspondence education in the mid twentieth century. In doing so a number of questions about the individualistic pedagogy and identities in correspondence education are posed. How was individualism to be achieved? What pedagogic practices were used? Who could students learn from? What was the desired identity of the students? How were the student’s material circumstances understood? In attempting to answer these questions the article aims to increase understanding of the individual pedagogy and the construction of the ‘independent learner’ at work in correspondence education during its golden age.
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| 48. |
- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
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Learning Object Standards in Education : Translating Economy into Epistemic Atomism
- 2011
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Ingår i: Science as Culture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0950-5431 .- 1470-1189. ; 20:4, s. 513-533
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the early 2000s a technological standard for modular learning material, so-called Learning Objects (LOs), was developed by a group of organizations and individuals. The vision behind developing this technical standard was to create online courses as a jigsaw of independent ‘off the shelf’ pieces that could be found in a database and assembled as you please. Using a computer program, it would be possible to choose the desired materials and join them into a course. In this standardization process, the chief problem of online education was argued to be high production costs, so LOs were performed as a means to lower these costs by achieving economies of scale. Furthermore a technical method, modularization of LOs, was proposed as a means to achieve this aim. It was argued that modularization would be more efficient if course content was broken into ‘packages’ with small ‘granularity’. The economic purpose was, as Actor–Network Theory would put it, translated into technological design. Additional translations put into play links between modularity/ granularity and the treatment of LOs as ‘atomic’. Atomic LOs were to be self- contained, non-sequential, and contextless digital objects. Lastly, in an extreme argument by one of the key proponents, LOs were performed as being the road to a new atomic science of education. By enacting Learning Objects in this manner, a specific materiality of learning was geared toward what I call ‘epistemic atomism’: the performance of knowledge as discrete and basic entities—as stable reference points which exist ‘out there’, beyond any social contextuality.
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- Lee, Francis, 1974-
(författare)
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Letters & Bytes : Sociotechnical Studies of Distance Education
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation studies the social aspects of technology in distance education trough the lens of history – in the form of correspondence education – and a possible future – in the form of a project of technical standardization, Learning Objects. The studied cases form a reflexive tool that allows the present of distance education to be seen in perspective.In the case of correspondence education, the dissertation shows how the mundane technologies of correspondence letters, grading-forms, answer-templates and self-tests create a specific mode of organizing distance education that bridges the rift between the two major trends in educational modernity: massification and individualization. This attempt brought with it specific consequences for the organization of correspondence education: educators tried to devise methods for individual instruction, but at the same time they tried to industrialize the production through the mass-production of instructional letters. Hence, particular identities and modes of organizing education and arose. The correspondence education cases are studied through conference proceedings and archive material.The contemporary cases study the heterogeneous construction of technical standards for the exchange of distance education material between computer systems, so-called Learning Objects. Through these cases, the dissertation shows that Learning Objects are closely tied to a dream of economies of scale and a market for distance education material with particular epistemic and technical consequences. Furthermore, the cases show how the attempt to create economies of scale results in an object oriented and modular way of reusing educational material; and how this modularization leads to an objectified mode of handling knowledge with emphasis on atomization of knowledge, as well as the protection of intellectual property rights through DRM-Technology. The contemporary cases are studied through technical standards and text-analysis.
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