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1.
  • Brown, Rosemary, 1990, et al. (author)
  • Surface Composition of a Highly Active Pt3Y Alloy Catalyst for Application in Low Temperature Fuel Cells
  • 2020
  • In: Fuel Cells. - : Wiley. - 1615-6846 .- 1615-6854. ; 20:4, s. 413-419
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Currently, platinum is the most widely used catalyst for low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). However, the kinetics at the cathode are slow, and the price of platinum is high. To improve oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at the cathode, platinum can be alloyed with rare earth elements, such as yttrium. We report that Pt3Y has the potential to be over 2 times more active for the ORR compared with Pt inside a real fuel cell. We present detailed photoemission analysis into the nature of the sputtered catalyst surface, using synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) to examine if surface adsorbates or impurities are present and can be removed. Pretreatment removes most of the yttrium oxide in the surface leaving behind a Pt overlayer which is only a few monolayers thick. Evidence of a substochiometric oxide peak in the Y 3d core level is presented, this oxide extends into the surface even after Ar+ sputter cleaning in-situ. This information will aid the development of new highly active nanocatalysts for employment in real fuel cell electrodes.
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2.
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3.
  • Lindahl, Niklas, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Fuel Cell Measurements with Cathode Catalysts of Sputtered Pt3Y Thin Films
  • 2018
  • In: ChemSusChem. - : Wiley. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 11:9, s. 1438-1445
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fuel cells are foreseen to have an important role in sustainable energy systems, provided that catalysts with higher activity and stability are developed. In this study, highly active sputtered thin films of platinum alloyed with yttrium (Pt 3 Y) are deposited on commercial gas diffusion layers and their performance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is measured. After acid pretreatment, the alloy is found to have up to 2.5 times higher specific activity than pure platinum. The performance of Pt 3 Y is much higher than that of pure Pt, even if all of the alloying element was leached out from parts of the thin metal film on the porous support. This indicates that an even higher performance is expected if the structure of the Pt 3 Y catalyst or the support could be further improved. The results show that platinum alloyed with rare earth metals can be used as highly active cathode catalyst materials, and significantly reduce the amount of platinum needed, in real fuel cells.
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4.
  • Marganiec, J., et al. (author)
  • Coulomb breakup of 17Ne from the viewpoint of nuclear astrophysics
  • 2012
  • In: Proceedings of Science. - Proceedings of Science : Sissa. - 1824-8039.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • By the Coulomb breakup of 17Ne, the time-reversed reaction 15O(2p,γ)17Ne has been studied. This reaction might play an important role in the rp process, as a break-out reaction of the hot CNO cycle. The secondary 17Ne ion beam with an energy of 500 MeV/nucleon has been dissociated in a Pb target. The reaction products have been detected with the LAND-R3B experimental setup at GSI. The preliminary differential and integral Coulomb dissociation cross section sCoul has been determined, which then will be converted into a photo-absorption cross section sphoto, and a two-proton radiative capture cross section σcap. Additionally, information about the structure of the 17Ne, a potential two-proton halo nucleus, will be received. The analysis is in progress. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence.
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5.
  • Abarenkov, Kessy, et al. (author)
  • The UNITE database for molecular identification and taxonomic communication of fungi and other eukaryotes: sequences, taxa and classifications reconsidered
  • 2024
  • In: Nucleic Acids Research. - 0305-1048 .- 1362-4962. ; 52:D1, s. D791-D797
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • UNITE (https://unite.ut.ee) is a web-based database and sequence management environment for molecular identification of eukaryotes. It targets the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and offers nearly 10 million such sequences for reference. These are clustered into similar to 2.4M species hypotheses (SHs), each assigned a unique digital object identifier (DOI) to promote unambiguous referencing across studies. UNITE users have contributed over 600 000 third-party sequence annotations, which are shared with a range of databases and other community resources. Recent improvements facilitate the detection of cross-kingdom biological associations and the integration of undescribed groups of organisms into everyday biological pursuits. Serving as a digital twin for eukaryotic biodiversity and communities worldwide, the latest release of UNITE offers improved avenues for biodiversity discovery, precise taxonomic communication and integration of biological knowledge across platforms. Graphical Abstract
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6.
  • Abat, E., et al. (author)
  • The ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) proportional drift tube: design and performance
  • 2008
  • In: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A straw proportional counter is the basic element of the ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT). Its detailed properties as well as the main properties of a few TRT operating gas mixtures are described. Particular attention is paid to straw tube performance in high radiation conditions and to its operational stability.
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7.
  • Abat, E., et al. (author)
  • The ATLAS TRT barrel detector
  • 2008
  • In: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The ATLAS TRT barrel is a tracking drift chamber using 52,544 individual tubular drift tubes. It is one part of the ATLAS Inner Detector, which consists of three sub-systems: the pixel detector spanning the radius range 4 to 20 cm, the semiconductor tracker (SCT) from 30 to 52 cm, and the transition radiation tracker ( TRT) from 56 to 108 cm. The TRT barrel covers the central pseudo-rapidity region |eta| < 1, while the TRT endcaps cover the forward and backward eta regions. These TRT systems provide a combination of continuous tracking with many measurements in individual drift tubes ( or straws) and of electron identification based on transition radiation from fibers or foils interleaved between the straws themselves. This paper describes the recently-completed construction of the TRT Barrel detector, including the quality control procedures used in the fabrication of the detector.
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8.
  • Abat, E., et al. (author)
  • The ATLAS TRT electronics
  • 2008
  • In: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The ATLAS inner detector consists of three sub-systems: the pixel detector spanning the radius range 4cm-20cm, the semiconductor tracker at radii from 30 to 52 cm, and the transition radiation tracker (TRT), tracking from 56 to 107 cm. The TRT provides a combination of continuous tracking with many projective measurements based on individual drift tubes (or straws) and of electron identification based on transition radiation from fibres or foils interleaved between the straws themselves. This paper describes the on and off detector electronics for the TRT as well as the TRT portion of the data acquisition (DAQ) system.
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9.
  • Abat, E., et al. (author)
  • The ATLAS TRT end-cap detectors
  • 2008
  • In: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The ATLAS TRT end-cap is a tracking drift chamber using 245,760 individual tubular drift tubes. It is a part of the TRT tracker which consist of the barrel and two end-caps. The TRT end-caps cover the forward and backward pseudo-rapidity region 1.0 < vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.0, while the TRT barrel central eta region vertical bar eta vertical bar < 1.0. The TRT system provides a combination of continuous tracking with many measurements in individual drift tubes ( or straws) and of electron identification based on transition radiation from fibers or foils interleaved between the straws themselves. Along with other two sub-systems, namely the Pixel detector and Semi Conductor Tracker (SCT), the TRT constitutes the ATLAS Inner Detector. This paper describes the recently completed and installed TRT end-cap detectors, their design, assembly, integration and the acceptance tests applied during the construction.
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10.
  • Abrego, Nerea, et al. (author)
  • Accounting for environmental variation in co-occurrence modelling reveals the importance of positive interactions in root-associated fungal communities
  • 2020
  • In: Molecular Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0962-1083 .- 1365-294X. ; 29:14, s. 2736-2746
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Understanding the role of interspecific interactions in shaping ecological communities is one of the central goals in community ecology. In fungal communities, measuring interspecific interactions directly is challenging because these communities are composed of large numbers of species, many of which are unculturable. An indirect way of assessing the role of interspecific interactions in determining community structure is to identify the species co-occurrences that are not constrained by environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated co-occurrences among root-associated fungi, asking whether fungi co-occur more or less strongly than expected based on the environmental conditions and the host plant species examined. We generated molecular data on root-associated fungi of five plant species evenly sampled along an elevational gradient at a high arctic site. We analysed the data using a joint species distribution modelling approach that allowed us to identify those co-occurrences that could be explained by the environmental conditions and the host plant species, as well as those co-occurrences that remained unexplained and thus more probably reflect interactive associations. Our results indicate that not only negative but also positive interactions play an important role in shaping microbial communities in arctic plant roots. In particular, we found that mycorrhizal fungi are especially prone to positively co-occur with other fungal species. Our results bring new understanding to the structure of arctic interaction networks by suggesting that interactions among root-associated fungi are predominantly positive.
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11.
  • Abrego, Nerea, et al. (author)
  • Higher host plant specialization of root-associated endophytes than mycorrhizal fungi along an arctic elevational gradient
  • 2020
  • In: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 10:16, s. 8989-9002
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • How community-level specialization differs among groups of organisms, and changes along environmental gradients, is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms influencing ecological communities. In this paper, we investigate the specialization of root-associated fungi for plant species, asking whether the level of specialization varies with elevation. For this, we applied DNA barcoding based on the ITS region to root samples of five plant species equivalently sampled along an elevational gradient at a high arctic site. To assess whether the level of specialization changed with elevation and whether the observed patterns varied between mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi, we applied a joint species distribution modeling approach. Our results show that host plant specialization is not environmentally constrained in arctic root-associated fungal communities, since there was no evidence for changing specialization with elevation, even if the composition of root-associated fungal communities changed substantially. However, the level of specialization for particular plant species differed among fungal groups, root-associated endophytic fungal communities being highly specialized on particular host species, and mycorrhizal fungi showing almost no signs of specialization. Our results suggest that plant identity affects associated mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi differently, highlighting the need of considering both endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi when studying specialization in root-associated fungal communities.
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12.
  • Agewall, S, et al. (author)
  • Insulin sensitivity and hemostatic factors in clinically healthy 58-year-old men.
  • 2000
  • In: Thrombosis and haemostasis. - 0340-6245. ; 84:4, s. 571-5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between factors of the coagulation- and fibrinolysis systems and insulin sensitivity in 104 clinically healthy, 58-years-old men. Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) adjusted for lean body mass, the metabolic syndrome according to a suggested definition, and different factors in the coagulation- and fibrinolysis system were determined. Subjects with the metabolic syndrome were characterised by increases in PAI-1 activity, tPA antigen, protein C and protein S and low concentrations of tPA activity. Insulin sensitivity was independently and reversibly associated with PAI-1 (p = 0.014) and directly with tPA activity (p = 0.001). Insulin sensitivity was also significantly negatively associated with protein S and protein C and several components in the metabolic syndrome, however not remaining significant in multivariate analyses. Protein C and protein S were significantly associated with PAI-1 activity, tPA activity (negatively), tPA antigen and antithrombin III. In conclusion, the data indicated that insulin resistance and several of the clustering components in the metabolic syndrome are accompanied by increased plasma concentrations of the anticoagulatory proteins C and S which may represent a mechanism which counteracts the concomitantly occurring hypofibrinolysis.
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13.
  • Aksyutina, Yu, et al. (author)
  • Lithium isotopes beyond the drip line
  • 2008
  • In: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 666:5, s. 430-434
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The unbound isotopes 10Li, 12Li and 13Li have been observed after nucleon-knockout reactions at relativistic energies with 11Li and 14Be beams impinging on a liquid hydrogen target. The channels , and were analysed in the ALADIN-LAND setup at GSI. The 10Li data confirm earlier findings, while the 12Li and 13Li nuclei were observed for the first time. The relative-energy spectrum shows that the ground state of 12Li can be described as a virtual s-state with a scattering length of -13.7(1.6) fm. A broad energy spectrum was found for the channel. Based on the assumption that the relative-energy spectrum is dominated by a correlated background presumably stemming from initial correlations in the 14Be ground-state, evidence for a 13Li resonance at 1.47(31) MeV above the threshold with a width around 2 MeV has been found.
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14.
  • Aksyutina, Yuliya, 1983, et al. (author)
  • Properties of the 7He ground state from 8He neutron knockout
  • 2009
  • In: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 679:3, s. 191-196
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The unbound nucleus 7He, produced in neutron-knockout reactions with a 240 MeV/u 8He beam in a liquid-hydrogen target, has been studied in an experiment at the ALADIN-LAND setup at GSI. From an R-matrix analysis the resonance parameters for 7He as well as the spectroscopic factor for the 6He(0+) + n configuration in its ground-state have been obtained. The spectroscopic factor is 0.61 confirming that 7He is not a pure single-particle state. An analysis of 5He data from neutron-knockout reactions of 6He in a carbon target reveals the presence of an s-wave component at low energies in the α+n relative energy spectrum. A possible low-lying exited state in 7He observed in neutron knockout data from 8He in a carbon target and tentatively interpreted as a Iπ=1/2− state, could not be observed in the present experiment. Possible explanations of the shape difference between the 7He resonance obtained in the two knockout reactions are discussed in terms of target-dependence or different reaction mechanisms at relativistic energies.
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15.
  • Alfredsson, Joakim, 1962-, et al. (author)
  • Randomized comparison of early supplemental oxygen versus ambient air in patients with confirmed myocardial infarction : Sex-related outcomes from DETO2X-AMI
  • 2021
  • In: American Heart Journal. - : Mosby Inc.. - 0002-8703 .- 1097-6744. ; 237, s. 13-24
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of oxygen therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in relation to sex in patients with confirmed myocardial infarction (MI).Methods: The DETermination of the role of Oxygen in suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction trial randomized 6,629 patients to oxygen at 6 L/min for 6-12 hours or ambient air. In the present subgroup analysis including 5,010 patients (1,388 women and 3,622 men) with confirmed MI, we report the effect of supplemental oxygen on the composite of all-cause death, rehospitalization with MI, or heart failure at long-term follow-up, stratified according to sex.Results: Event rate for the composite endpoint was 18.1% in women allocated to oxygen, compared to 21.4% in women allocated to ambient air (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-1.05). In men, the incidence was 13.6% in patients allocated to oxygen compared to 13.3% in patients allocated to ambient air (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.86-1.23). No significant interaction in relation to sex was found (P=.16). Irrespective of allocated treatment, the composite endpoint occurred more often in women compared to men (19.7 vs 13.4%, HR 1.51; 95% CI, 1.30-1.75). After adjustment for age alone, there was no difference between the sexes (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.91-1.24), which remained consistent after multivariate adjustment.Conclusion: Oxygen therapy in normoxemic MI patients did not significantly affect all-cause mortality or rehospitalization for MI or heart failure in women or men. The observed worse outcome in women was explained by differences in baseline characteristics, especially age
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16.
  • Bálint, Miklós, et al. (author)
  • Millions of reads, thousands of taxa : microbial community structure and associations analyzed via marker genes
  • 2016
  • In: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 40:5, s. 686-700
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • With high-throughput sequencing (HTS), we are able to explore the hidden world of microscopic organisms to an unpre-cedented level. The fast development of molecular technology and statistical methods means that microbial ecologists must keep their toolkits updated. Here, we review and evaluate some of the more widely adopted and emerging techniques for analysis of diversity and community composition, and the inference of species interactions from co-occurrence data generated by HTS of marker genes. We emphasize the importance of observational biases and statistical properties of the data and methods. The aim of the review is to critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of established and emerging statistical methods, and to contribute to the integration of HTS-based marker gene data into community ecology.
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17.
  • Barbi, Florian, et al. (author)
  • Fungal ecological strategies reflected in gene transcription - a case study of two litter decomposers
  • 2020
  • In: Environmental Microbiology. - : Wiley. - 1462-2912 .- 1462-2920. ; 22, s. 1089-1103
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Microbial communities interplay with their environment through their functional traits that can be a response or an effect on the environment. Here, we explore how a functional trait-the decomposition of organic matter, can be addressed based on genetic markers and how the expression of these markers reflect ecological strategies of two fungal litter decomposer Gymnopus androsaceus and Chalara longipes. We sequenced the genomes of these two fungi, as well as their transcriptomes at different steps of Pinus sylvestris needles decomposition in microcosms. Our results highlighted that if the gene content of the two species could indicate similar potential decomposition abilities, the expression levels of specific gene families belonging to the glycoside hydrolase category reflected contrasting ecological strategies. Actually, C. longipes, the weaker decomposer in this experiment, turned out to have a high content of genes involved in cell wall polysaccharides decomposition but low expression levels, reflecting a versatile ecology compare to the more competitive G. androsaceus with high expression levels of keystone functional genes. Thus, we established that sequential expression of genes coding for different components of the decomposer machinery indicated adaptation to chemical changes in the substrate as decomposition progressed.
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18.
  • Baskaran, Preetisri, et al. (author)
  • Modelling the influence of ectomycorrhizal decomposition on plant nutrition and soil carbon sequestration in boreal forest ecosystems
  • 2017
  • In: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 213:3, s. 1452-1465
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Tree growth in boreal forests is limited by nitrogen (N) availability. Most boreal forest trees form symbiotic associations with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, which improve the uptake of inorganic N and also have the capacity to decompose soil organic matter (SOM) and to mobilize organic N (ECM decomposition'). To study the effects of ECM decomposition' on ecosystem carbon (C) and N balances, we performed a sensitivity analysis on a model of C and N flows between plants, SOM, saprotrophs, ECM fungi, and inorganic N stores. The analysis indicates that C and N balances were sensitive to model parameters regulating ECM biomass and decomposition. Under low N availability, the optimal C allocation to ECM fungi, above which the symbiosis switches from mutualism to parasitism, increases with increasing relative involvement of ECM fungi in SOM decomposition. Under low N conditions, increased ECM organic N mining promotes tree growth but decreases soil C storage, leading to a negative correlation between C stores above- and below-ground. The interplay between plant production and soil C storage is sensitive to the partitioning of decomposition between ECM fungi and saprotrophs. Better understanding of interactions between functional guilds of soil fungi may significantly improve predictions of ecosystem responses to environmental change.
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19.
  • Baskaran, Preetisri, et al. (author)
  • Nitrogen dynamics of decomposing Scots pine needle litter depends on colonizing fungal species
  • 2019
  • In: FEMS Microbiology Ecology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0168-6496 .- 1574-6941. ; 95:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In boreal ecosystems plant production is often limited by low availability of nitrogen. Nitrogen retention in below-ground organic pools plays an important role in restricting recirculation to plants and thereby hampers forest production. Saprotrophic fungi are commonly assigned to different decomposer strategies, but how these relate to nitrogen cycling remains to be understood. Decomposition of Scots pine needle litter was studied in axenic microcosms with the ligninolytic litter decomposing basidiomycete Gymnopus androsaceus or the stress tolerant ascomycete Chalara longipes. Changes in chemical composition were followed by 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and nitrogen dynamics was assessed by the addition of a 15N tracer. Decomposition by C. longipes resulted in nitrogen retention in non-hydrolysable organic matter, enriched in aromatic and alkylic compounds, whereas the ligninolytic G. androsaceus was able to access this pool, counteracting nitrogen retention. Our observations suggest that differences in decomposing strategies between fungal species play an important role in regulating nitrogen retention and release during litter decomposition, implying that fungal community composition may impact nitrogen cycling at the ecosystem level.
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20.
  • Berggård, Karin, et al. (author)
  • Bordetella pertussis binds to human C4b-binding protein (C4BP) at a site similar to that used by the natural ligand C4b
  • 2001
  • In: European Journal of Immunology. - 1521-4141. ; 31:9, s. 2771-2780
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Human complement regulators are important targets for pathogenic microorganisms. In one such interaction, Bordetella pertussis binds human C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a high-molecular-weight plasma protein that acts as inhibitor of the classical pathway of complement activation. At least two different B. pertussis surface components, one of which is the virulence factor filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), contribute to the binding. We used a set of C4BP mutants and monoclonal antibodies to characterize the region in C4BP that binds B. pertussis and analyzed the salt sensitivity of the interaction. These studies indicated that positively charged residues at the interface between complement control protein modules 1-2 in the C4BP alpha-chain are important for binding, and that the site in C4BP that binds B. pertussis is very similar, but not identical, to the C4b-binding site. Bacteria-bound C4BP retained its complement regulatory function and B. pertussis selectively bound C4BP in human plasma, indicating that binding occurs also in vivo. Together, these findings indicate that B. pertussis exploits a site in C4BP, resembling that used by the natural ligand C4b.
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21.
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22.
  • Blom, Anna M., et al. (author)
  • A novel interaction between type IV pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the human complement regulator C4B-binding protein
  • 2001
  • In: Journal of Immunology. - : The American Association of Immunologists. - 1550-6606 .- 0022-1767. ; 166:11, s. 6764-6770
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is an important plasma inhibitor of the classical pathway of complement activation. Several bacterial pathogens bind C4BP, which may contribute to their virulence. In the present report we demonstrate that isolated type IV pili from Neisseria gonorrhoeae bind human C4BP in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. C4BP consists of seven identical alpha-chains and one beta-chain linked together with disulfide bridges. We found that pili bind to the alpha-chain of C4BP, which is composed of eight homologous complement control protein (CCP) domains. From the results of an inhibition assay with C4b and a competition assay in which we tested mutants of C4BP lacking individual CCPs, we concluded that the binding area for pili is localized to CCP1 and CCP2 of the alpha-chain. The binding between pili and C4BP was abolished at 0.25 M NaCl, implying that it is based mostly on ionic interactions, similarly to what have been observed for C4b-C4BP binding. Furthermore, the N-terminal part of PilC, a structural component of pili, appeared to be responsible for binding of C4BP. Membrane cofactor protein, previously shown to be a receptor for pathogenic N. gonorrhoeae on the surface of epithelial cells, competed with C4BP for binding to pili only at high concentrations, suggesting that different parts of pili are involved in these two interactions. Accordingly, high concentrations of C4BP were required to inhibit binding of N. gonorrhoeae to Chang conjunctiva cells, and no inhibition of binding was observed with cervical epithelial cells.
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23.
  • Boberg, Johanna, et al. (author)
  • Decomposing capacity of fungi commonly detected in Pinus sylvestris needle litter
  • 2011
  • In: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 4, s. 110-114
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A major part of the fungal community in coniferous litter consists of fungi whose taxonomic position and ecology are unknown. Here, nine isolates from within commonly occurring phylogenetic groups were tested for their ability to decompose Pinus sylvestris needles. In a 1-yr long incubation study, needle mass loss as well as changes in cellulose and lignin content were determined and compared to those caused by two litter basidiomycetes (Marasmius androsaceus and Mycena epipterygia) with recognized ability to decompose needles. A basidiomycetous Clavulina/Sistotrema strain appeared to be cellulolytic but not ligninolytic. Chalara longipes and three other strains within Helotiales also decomposed cellulose but not lignin, whereas Mollisia cinerea (also Helotiales) and two Dothideomycetes - Sydowia polyspora and a Mytilinidion sp., seemed unable to cause significant mass loss of cellulose. Lophodermium pinastri (Rhytismatales) readily decomposed cellulose, and also caused considerable loss of lignin. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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24.
  • Boberg, Johanna, et al. (author)
  • Fungal C translocation restricts N-mineralization in heterogeneous environments
  • 2010
  • In: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0269-8463 .- 1365-2435. ; 24, s. 454-459
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • P>1. In forest soils, fungi generally dominate the decomposer community, but their specific, filamentous physiology is often not recognized in nitrogen (N) cycling models. Many litter degrading fungi form large mycelia and have a well-developed capacity to translocate resources within their mycelia. Fungi may thus connect substrates that differ with respect to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability and, thereby, overcome local resource limitation through translocation.2. Here we test whether the ability of fungi to translocate carbohydrates within their mycelia prevents local C limitation in a low C:N ratio substrate, thereby reducing N mineralization. The capacity of fungi to translocate N to a high C:N ratio substrate in order to increase the decomposition, was also assessed. Two litter decomposing fungi, Marasmius androsaceus and Mycena epipterygia were grown in axenic laboratory microcosms containing spatially separated substrates: pine needles (C:N = 135) and glycine (C:N = 2).3. In the absence of needles both fungi mineralized the glycine N. When connecting the two substrates, both fungi were able to overcome local C-deficiency on the glycine medium by translocating carbohydrates from the needles. In the presence of needles, N mineralization from glycine was negligible, although the glycine was utilized. Only trace amounts of N were translocated from glycine to the needles.4. A basic assumption of N cycling models is that substrates of different qualities decompose in an independent manner. Our observations imply that this assumption may be violated in heterogenic environments dominated by fungi.
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25.
  • Boberg, Johanna, et al. (author)
  • Nitrogen and Carbon Reallocation in Fungal Mycelia during Decomposition of Boreal Forest Litter
  • 2014
  • In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 9:3, s. e92897-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Boreal forests are characterized by spatially heterogeneous soils with low N availability. The decomposition of coniferous litter in these systems is primarily performed by basidiomycete fungi, which often form large mycelia with a well-developed capacity to reallocate resources spatially-an advantageous trait in heterogeneous environments. In axenic microcosm systems we tested whether fungi increase their biomass production by reallocating N between Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) needles at different stages of decomposition. We estimated fungal biomass production by analysing the accumulation of the fungal cell wall compound chitin. Monospecific systems were compared with systems with interspecific interactions. We found that the fungi reallocated assimilated N and mycelial growth away from well-degraded litter towards fresh litter components. This redistribution was accompanied by reduced decomposition of older litter. Interconnection of substrates increased over-all fungal C use efficiency (i.e. the allocation of assimilated C to biomass rather than respiration), presumably by enabling fungal translocation of growth-limiting N to litter with higher C quality. Fungal connection between different substrates also restricted N-mineralization and production of dissolved organic N, suggesting that litter saprotrophs in boreal forest ecosystems primarily act to redistribute rather than release N. This spatial integration of different resource qualities was hindered by interspecific interactions, in which litters of contrasting quality were colonised by two different basidiomycete species. The experiments provide a detailed picture of how resource reallocation in two decomposer fungi leads to a more efficient utilisation of spatially separated resources under N-limitation. From an ecosystem point of view, such economic fungal behaviour could potentially contribute to organic matter accumulation in the litter layers of boreal forests.
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26.
  • Boberg, Johanna, et al. (author)
  • Nitrogen availability affects saprotrophic basidiomycetes decomposing pine needles in a long term laboratory study
  • 2011
  • In: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 4, s. 408-416
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fungi, especially basidiomycetous litter decomposers, are pivotal to the turnover of soil organic matter in forest soils. Many litter decomposing fungi have a well-developed capacity to translocate resources in their mycelia, a feature that may significantly affect carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in decomposing litter. In an eight-month long laboratory study we investigated how the external availability of N affected the decomposition of Scots pine needles, fungal biomass production, N retention and N-mineralization by two litter decomposing fungi - Marasmius androsaceus and Mycena epipterygia. Glycine additions had a general, positive effect on fungal biomass production and increased accumulated needle mass loss after 8 months, suggesting that low N availability may limit fungal growth and activity in decomposing pine litter. Changes in the needle N pool reflected the dynamics of the fungal mycelium. During late decomposition stages, redistribution of mycelium and N out from the decomposed needles was observed for M. epipterygia, suggesting autophagous self degradation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
  •  
27.
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28.
  • Brandén, Gunnar (author)
  • Understanding Intergenerational Mobility : Inequality, Student Aid and Nature-Nurture Interactions
  • 2018
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Essay I: A body of evidence has emerged in the literature on intergenerational mobility documenting that unequal countries experience less social mobility: a relationship known as the Great Gatsby Curve. In this paper I estimate the Great Gatsby Curve within Sweden across 125 commuting zones and 20 cohorts, exploiting both cross-sectional and longitudinal variation. I find that children who were exposed to higher levels of inequality during childhood experienced less social mobility as adults, thereby confirming the existence of a Great Gatsby Curve in Sweden. I also present new evidence on the underlying mechanisms of the Great Gatsby Curve. By decomposing intergenerational mobility into separate transmission channels, I find that the Great Gatsby Curve is exclusively driven by the mediating effect that children's educational attainment and development of cognitive and non-cognitive skills has on the persistence of income across generations. Hence, the results suggest that adverse effects of inequality on mobility can be alleviated by policies that target children's educational attainment and development of cognitive and non-cognitive skills.
  •  
29.
  • Brown, Rosemary, 1990, et al. (author)
  • Unraveling the Surface Chemistry and Structure in Highly Active Sputtered Pt3Y Catalyst Films for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
  • 2020
  • In: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8252 .- 1944-8244. ; 12:4, s. 4454-4462
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Platinum is the most widely used and best performing sole element for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in low-temperature fuel cells. Although recyclable, there is a need to reduce the amount used in current fuel cells for their extensive uptake in society. Alloying platinum with rare-earth elements such as yttrium can provide an increase in activity of more than seven times, reducing the amount of platinum and the total amount of catalyst material required for the ORR. As yttrium is easily oxidized, exposure of the Pt-Y catalyst layer to air causes the formation of an oxide layer that can be removed during acid treatment, leaving behind a highly active pure platinum overlayer. This paper presents an investigation of the overlayer composition and quality of Pt3Y films sputtered from an alloy target. The Pt3Y catalyst surface is investigated using synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after acid treatment. A new substoichiometric oxide component is identified. The oxide layer extends into the alloy surface, and although it is not completely removed with acid treatment, the catalyst still achieves the expected high ORR activity. Other surface-sensitive techniques show that the sputtered films are smooth and bulk X-ray diffraction reveals many defects and high microstrain. Nevertheless, sputtered Pt3Y exhibits a very high activity regardless of the film's oxide content and imperfections, highlighting Pt3Y as a promising catalyst. The obtained results will help to support its integration into fuel cell systems.
  •  
30.
  • Bödeker, Inga, et al. (author)
  • ClassII peroxidase-encoding genes are present in a phylogenetically wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi
  • 2009
  • In: ISME Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-7362 .- 1751-7370. ; 3, s. 1387-1395
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fungal peroxidases (ClassII) have a key role in degrading recalcitrant polyphenolic compounds in boreal forest wood, litter and humus. To date, their occurrence and activity have mainly been studied in a small number of white-rot wood decomposers. However, peroxidase activity is commonly measured in boreal forest humus and mineral soils, in which ectomycorrhizal fungi predominate. Here, we used degenerate PCR primers to investigate whether peroxidase-encoding genes are present in the genomes of a wide phylogenetic range of ectomycorrhizal taxa. Cloning and sequencing of PCR products showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi from several different genera possess peroxidase genes. The new sequences represent four major homobasidiomycete lineages, but the majority is derived from Cortinarius, Russula and Lactarius. These genera are ecologically important, but consist mainly of non-culturable species from which little ecophysiological information is available. The amplified sequences contain conserved active sites, both for folding and substrate oxidation. In some Cortinarius spp., there is evidence for gene duplications during the evolution of the genus. ClassII peroxidases seem to be an ancient and a common feature of most homobasidiomycetes, including ectomycorrhizal fungi. Production of extracellular peroxidases may provide ectomycorrhizal fungi with access to nitrogen sequestered in complex polyphenolic sources. The ISME Journal (2009) 3, 1387-1395; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.77; published online 2 July 2009
  •  
31.
  • Bödeker, Inga, et al. (author)
  • Ectomycorrhizal Cortinarius species participate in enzymatic oxidation of humus in northern forest ecosystems
  • 2014
  • In: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 203, s. 245-256
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In northern forests, belowground sequestration of nitrogen (N) in complex organic pools restricts nutrient availability to plants. Oxidative extracellular enzymes produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi may aid plant N acquisition by providing access to N in macromolecular complexes. We test the hypotheses that ectomycorrhizal Cortinarius species produce Mn-dependent peroxidases, and that the activity of these enzymes declines at elevated concentrations of inorganic N.In a boreal pine forest and a sub-arctic birch forest, Cortinarius DNA was assessed by 454-sequencing of ITS amplicons and related to Mn-peroxidase activity in humus samples with- and without previous N amendment. Transcription of Cortinarius Mn-peroxidase genes was investigated in field samples. Phylogenetic analyses of Cortinarius peroxidase amplicons and genome sequences were performed.We found a significant co-localization of high peroxidase activity and DNA from Cortinarius species. Peroxidase activity was reduced by high ammonium concentrations. Amplification of mRNA sequences indicated transcription of Cortinarius Mn-peroxidase genes under field conditions. The Cortinarius glaucopus genome encodes 11 peroxidases - a number comparable to many white-rot wood decomposers.These results support the hypothesis that some ectomycorrhizal fungi - Cortinarius species in particular - may play an important role in decomposition of complex organic matter, linked to their mobilization of organically bound N.
  •  
32.
  • Bödeker, Inga, et al. (author)
  • Mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal guilds compete for the same organic substrates but affect decomposition differently
  • 2016
  • In: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0269-8463 .- 1365-2435. ; 30, s. 1967-1978
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1. Communities of litter saprotrophic and root-associated fungi are vertically separated within boreal forest soil profiles. It is unclear whether this depth partitioning is maintained exclusively by substrate-mediated niche partitioning (i.e. distinct fundamental niches), or by competition for space and resources (i.e. distinct realized niches). Improved understanding of the mechanisms driving spatial partitioning of these fungal guilds is critical, as they modulate carbon and nutrient cycling in different ways.2. Under field settings, we tested the effects of substrate quality and the local fungal species pool at various depths in determining the potential of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi to colonize and exploit organic matter. Natural substrates of three qualities-fresh or partly decomposed litter or humus -were incubated in the corresponding organic layers of a boreal forest soil profile in a fully factorial design. After one and two growing seasons, fungal community composition in the substrates was determined by 454-pyrosequencing and decomposition was analyzed.3. Fungal community development during the course of the experiment was determined to similar degrees by vertical location of the substrates (24% of explained variation) and by substrate quality (20%), indicating that interference competition is a strong additional driver of the substrate-dependent depth partitioning of fungal guilds in the system. During the first growing season, litter substrates decomposed slower when colonized by root-associated communities than when colonized by communities of litter saprotrophs, whereas humus was only slightly decomposed by both fungal guilds. During the second season, certain basidiomycetes from both guilds were particularly efficient in localizing and exploiting their native organic substrates although displaced in the vertical profile. This validates that fungal community composition, rather than microclimatic factors, were responsible for observed depth-related differences in decomposer activities during the first season.4. In conclusion, our results suggest that saprotrophic and root-associated fungal guilds have overlapping fundamental niches with respect to colonization of substrates of different qualities, and that their substrate-dependent depth partitioning in soils of ectomycorrhiza-dominated ecosystems is reinforced by interference competition. Through competitive interactions, mycorrhizal fungi can thus indirectly regulate litter decomposition rates by restraining activities of more efficient litter saprotrophs.
  •  
33.
  • Carlsson, Lena M S, 1957, et al. (author)
  • Long-term incidence of serious fall-related injuries after bariatric surgery in Swedish obese subjects.
  • 2019
  • In: International journal of obesity (2005). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5497 .- 0307-0565. ; 43:4, s. 933-937
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Obesity increases risk of falling, but the effect of bariatric surgery on fall-related injuries is unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to study the association between bariatric surgery and long-term incidence of fall-related injuries in the prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects study. At inclusion, body mass index was≥34kg/m2 in men and ≥38kg/m2 in women. The surgery per-protocol group (n=2007) underwent gastric bypass (n=266), banding (n=376), or vertical banded gastroplasty (n=1365), and controls (n=2040) received usual care. At the time of analysis (31 December 2013), median follow-up was 19 years (maximal 26 years). Fall-related injuries requiring hospital treatment were captured using data from the Swedish National Patient Register. During follow-up, there were 617 first-time fall-related injuries in the surgery group and 513 in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio 1.21, 95% CI, 1.07-1.36; P=0.002). The incidence differed between treatment groups (P<0.001, log-rank test) and was higher after gastric bypass than after usual care, banding and vertical banded gastroplasty (adjusted hazard ratio 0.50-0.52, P<0.001 for all three comparisons). In conclusion, gastric bypass surgery was associated with increased risk of serious fall-related injury requiring hospital treatment.
  •  
34.
  • Castaño, Carles, et al. (author)
  • Contrasting plant–soil–microbial feedbacks stabilize vegetation types and uncouple topsoil C and N stocks across a subarctic–alpine landscape
  • 2023
  • In: New Phytologist. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 238:6, s. 2621-2633
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Global vegetation regimes vary in belowground carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. However, disentangling large-scale climatic controls from the effects of intrinsic plant–soil–microbial feedbacks on belowground processes is challenging. In local gradients with similar pedo-climatic conditions, effects of plant–microbial feedbacks may be isolated from large-scale drivers. Across a subarctic–alpine mosaic of historic grazing fields and surrounding heath and birch forest, we evaluated whether vegetation-specific plant–microbial feedbacks involved contrasting N cycling characteristics and C and N stocks in the organic topsoil. We sequenced soil fungi, quantified functional genes within the inorganic N cycle, and measured 15N natural abundance. In grassland soils, large N stocks and low C : N ratios associated with fungal saprotrophs, archaeal ammonia oxidizers, and bacteria capable of respiratory ammonification, indicating maintained inorganic N cycling a century after abandoned reindeer grazing. Toward forest and heath, increasing abundance of mycorrhizal fungi co-occurred with transition to organic N cycling. However, ectomycorrhizal fungal decomposers correlated with small soil N and C stocks in forest, while root-associated ascomycetes associated with small N but large C stocks in heath, uncoupling C and N storage across vegetation types. We propose that contrasting, positive plant–microbial feedbacks stabilize vegetation trajectories, resulting in diverging soil C : N ratios at the landscape scale.
  •  
35.
  • Castaño Soler, Carles, et al. (author)
  • Optimized metabarcoding with Pacific biosciences enables semi-quantitative analysis of fungal communities
  • 2020
  • In: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 228, s. 1149-1158
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Recent studies have questioned the use of high-throughput sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to derive a semi-quantitative representation of fungal community composition. However, comprehensive studies that quantify biases occurring during PCR and sequencing of ITS amplicons are still lacking. We used artificially assembled communities consisting of 10 ITS-like fragments of varying lengths and guanine-cytosine (GC) contents to evaluate and quantify biases during PCR and sequencing with Illumina MiSeq, PacBio RS II and PacBio Sequel I technologies. Fragment length variation was the main source of bias in observed community composition relative to the template, with longer fragments generally being under-represented for all sequencing platforms. This bias was three times higher for Illumina MiSeq than for PacBio RS II and Sequel I. All 10 fragments in the artificial community were recovered when sequenced with PacBio technologies, whereas the three longest fragments (> 447 bases) were lost when sequenced with Illumina MiSeq. Fragment length bias also increased linearly with increasing number of PCR cycles but could be mitigated by optimization of the PCR setup. No significant biases related to GC content were observed. Despite lower sequencing output, PacBio sequencing was better able to reflect the community composition of the template than Illumina MiSeq sequencing.
  •  
36.
  • Castaño Soler, Carles, et al. (author)
  • Soil microclimate changes affect soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean pine forest
  • 2018
  • In: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 220, s. 1211-1221
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Soil microclimate is a potentially important regulator of the composition of plant-associated fungal communities in climates with significant drought periods. Here, we investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forest in relation to soil moisture and temperature. Fungal communities in 336 soil samples collected monthly over 1 year from 28 long-term experimental plots were assessed by PacBio sequencing of ITS2 amplicons. Total fungal biomass was estimated by analysing ergosterol. Community changes were analysed in the context of functional traits. Soil fungal biomass was lowest during summer and late winter and highest during autumn, concurrent with a greater relative abundance of mycorrhizal species. Intra-annual spatio-temporal changes in community composition correlated significantly with soil moisture and temperature. Mycorrhizal fungi were less affected by summer drought than free-living fungi. In particular, mycorrhizal species of the short-distance exploration type increased in relative abundance under dry conditions, whereas species of the long-distance exploration type were more abundant under wetter conditions. Our observations demonstrate a potential for compositional and functional shifts in fungal communities in response to changing climatic conditions. Free-living fungi and mycorrhizal species with extensive mycelia may be negatively affected by increasing drought periods in Mediterranean forest ecosystems.
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37.
  • Chakrawal, Arjun, 1992-, et al. (author)
  • Modelling optimal ligninolytic activity during plant litter decomposition
  • 2024
  • In: New Phytologist. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A large fraction of plant litter comprises recalcitrant aromatic compounds (lignin and other phenolics). Quantifying the fate of aromatic compounds is difficult, because oxidative degradation of aromatic carbon (C) is a costly but necessary endeavor for microorganisms, and we do not know when gains from the decomposition of aromatic C outweigh energetic costs.To evaluate these tradeoffs, we developed a litter decomposition model in which the aromatic C decomposition rate is optimized dynamically to maximize microbial growth for the given costs of maintaining ligninolytic activity. We tested model performance against > 200 litter decomposition datasets collected from published literature and assessed the effects of climate and litter chemistry on litter decomposition.The model predicted a time-varying ligninolytic oxidation rate, which was used to calculate the lag time before the decomposition of aromatic C is initiated. Warmer conditions increased decomposition rates, shortened the lag time of aromatic C oxidation, and improved microbial C-use efficiency by decreasing the costs of oxidation. Moreover, a higher initial content of aromatic C promoted an earlier start of aromatic C decomposition under any climate.With this contribution, we highlight the application of eco-evolutionary approaches based on optimized microbial life strategies as an alternative parametrization scheme for litter decomposition models.
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38.
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39.
  • Chari, Arpita, et al. (author)
  • Sustainability in Produktion2030 : Sustainability and circular economy actions within the project portfolio of the Produktion2030 strategic innovation programme
  • 2021
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Global manufacturing industry is undergoing tremendous transformation towards increased sustainability. This vital, industrial sector is rapidly enhancing its capability for resource efficient, circular, and climate neutral processes and business models. Industry is also rapidly recognizing sustainability and resilience measures as competitive advantages and unique selling points. Companies are being both nudged and forced into sustainable, resource-efficient businesses to comply with new demands and regulations from for example the European Commission’s Green Deal and global policy like the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Customer needs as well as government policies and regulations are enforced through e.g. economic bonus and penalty systems, accelerating transformation. This change process is complex, requiring new knowledge and innovation. Therefore, Industrial sustainability is at the core of Produktion2030, the national Swedish Strategic Innovation Programme for manufacturing industry.The vision of Produktion2030 is to enable a competitive and sustainable Swedish manufacturing industry. Produktion2030 is putting strong efforts into acceleration of the green transformation, creating crossdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder collaboration, increasing national innovation capacity and agility, and driving competence development as well as workforce upskilling. In 2020, the Produktion2030 Programme Office and Supervisory Group commissioned a study to map sustainability achievements within the programme's total product portfolio.A national group of sustainability experts from Chalmers University of Technology, Linköping University, Royal Institute of Technology, and the institute RISE were invited to analyse all past and present Produktion2030 projects, from sustainability and circular economy perspectives.This report presents the results from the study, highlighting a selection of contributions to industrial sustainability achieved by Produktion2030 during the programme’s first six years. Data for the study was gathered during the spring of 2020. Representatives from all ongoing and finalised projects within the Produktion2030 programme were invited to an online survey. The objective was to investigate specific project impacts in terms of sustainability and implementation of a circular economy.Results showed that all Produktion2030 projects had applied at least one dimension of sustainability, economic. Further, 71% of the projects also covered the environmental dimension. Several projects applied sustainability trade-offs, where an improvement within one sustainability dimension affected other dimensions negatively. The UN Sustainable Development Goals #8, #9 and #12, were considered most relevant by the projects. Implementation or inclusion of circular economy was also common (45%) among the projects. Projects adapted circular economy concepts differently, according to their self-defined project scope and system boundaries. Finally, 65 % of the projects implemented Industry 4.0 concepts and digital solutions, to increase and accelerate the sustainability impact. In conclusion, the study of sustainability efforts within the complete portfolio of Produktion2030 projects by 2020 showed that the programme is strongly contributing to the transformation of manufacturing industry in Sweden towards sustainability.Produktion2030 has a deep, strategic commitment to address the challenges of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This study shows that Produktion2030 also has an excellent transformational capability to deliver research, innovation, and education results that influences sustainability factors. The results strongly support the manufacturing community in Sweden, allowing industry, academia, and institutes to act towards a more sustainable, resilient, and circular society.
  •  
40.
  • Chari, Arpita, 1986, et al. (author)
  • Swedish manufacturing practices towards a sustainability transition in industry 4.0 : A resilience perspective
  • 2021
  • In: Proceedings of the ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC 2021. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. - 9780791885062 ; 1
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Swedish strategic innovation programme, Produktion2030, is a national long-term effort towards global industrial competitiveness addressing Swedish industry’s transition towards climate goals of the European Green Deal while simultaneously realising smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 (I4.0). This paper investigated the extent of sustainability implementation and implications of I4.0 technologies through a nation-wide quantitative survey in Produktion2030’s 113 collaborative research projects. The analysis showed that 71% of the assessed projects included environmental aspects, 60% social aspects, and 45% Circular Economy (CE) aspects. Further, 65% of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to increase overall sustainability. The survey results were compared with literature to understand how I4.0 opportunities helped derive sustainability and CE benefits. This detailed mapping of the results along with eight semi-structured interviews revealed that a majority of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to improve resource efficiency, reduce waste in operations and incorporate CE practices in business models. The results also showed that Swedish manufacturing is progressing in the right direction of sustainability transition by deriving key resilience capabilities from I4.0-based enablers. Industries should actively adopt these capabilities to address the increasingly challenging and unpredictable sustainability issues arising in the world and for a successful transition towards sustainable manufacturing in a digital future.
  •  
41.
  • Clemmensen, Karina, et al. (author)
  • Sample preparation for fungal community analysis by high-throughput sequencing of barcode amplicons
  • 2023
  • In: Microbial Environmental Genomics (MEG) ; second edition. - New York, NY : Springer US. - 9781071628706 ; :2605, s. 37-64
  • Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fungal species participate in vast numbers of processes in the landscape around us. However, their cryptic mycelial growth, inside various substrates and in highly diverse species assemblages, has been a major obstacle to thorough analysis of fungal communities, hampering exhaustive description of the fungal kingdom. Technological developments allowing rapid, high-throughput sequencing of mixed communities from many samples at once are currently having a tremendous impact in fungal community ecology. Universal DNA extraction followed by amplification and sequencing of fungal species-level barcodes such as the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region now enables identification and relative quantification of fungal community members across well-replicated experimental settings. Here, we present the sample preparation procedure presently used in our laboratory for fungal community analysis by high-throughput sequencing of amplified ITS2 markers. We focus on the procedure optimized for studies of total fungal communities in humus-rich soils, wood, and litter. However, this procedure can be applied to other sample types and markers. We focus on the laboratory-based part of sample preparation, i.e., the procedure from the point where samples enter the laboratory until amplicons are submitted for sequencing. Our procedure comprises four main parts: (1) universal DNA extraction, (2) optimization of PCR conditions, (3) production of tagged ITS amplicons, and (4) preparation of the multiplexed amplicon pool to be sequenced. The presented procedure is independent of the specific highthroughput sequencing technology used, which makes it highly versatile.
  •  
42.
  • Clemmensen, Karina, et al. (author)
  • The balance between accumulation and loss of soil organic matter in subarctic forest is related to ratios of saprotrophic, ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal fungal guilds
  • 2024
  • In: Fungal Ecology. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 71
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Free-living saprotrophic fungi and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi affect organic matter dynamics differently because of contrasting ecological adaptations. We investigated how mass-loss, C:N-ratio and stable isotope dynamics of leaf litter and humus substrates depended on presence of living tree roots and associated fungal communities in a forest-to-tundra ecotone over three years. Litter mass-loss was stimulated by tree roots, contrary to a Gadgil effect. Increases in the litter nitrogen pool and 815N suggested import of nitrogen from deeper soil by the dominating saprotrophic fungi. Over time, humus first lost, then gained, mass, and corresponding shifts in 815N and 813C suggested fluctuating pools of fine roots and fungal mycelium. Ectomycorrhizal tree roots consistently reduced longer-term humus mass-gain, counteracting positive effects of ericoid roots and associated fungi. Across all substrates, mass dynamics correlated with the balance between ectomycorrhizal and littersaprotrophic fungi, both linked to mass-loss, and ericaceous shrubs and associated fungi, linked to mass-gain.
  •  
43.
  • Djupström, Line, et al. (author)
  • Nyttan av naturhänsyn för marksvampar : resultat fem år efter avverkning
  • 2022
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Vardagshänsyn är ett viktigt verktyg inom skogsbruket som kan hjälpa många arter att överleva hyggesfasen. Det gäller inte minst den artrika gruppen mykorrhizasvampar med omkring 2000 arter i Sverige, som för sin energiförsörjning är beroende av att leva i symbios med levande träd. Trakthygge resulterar oundvikligen i att merparten av mykorrhizasvamparna dör ut lokalt och behöver återetableras när ny skog växer upp. Knappt 200 av Sveriges mykorrhizasvampar är rödlistade på grund av att de huvudsakligen förekommer i äldre skog eller är ovanliga på grund av speciella miljökrav. Många mykorrhizabildande svamparter, inklusive de rödlistade, har svårt att återetablera sig och missgynnas av trakthyggesbruk. Samtidigt är mykorrhizasvamparnas mycel långlivade och kan leva vidare under många decennier och förmodligen betydligt längre, om det kontinuerligt finns träd på platsen. Enstaka, eller grupper av, hänsynsträd är ett sätt att möjliggöra för rödlistade- och andra mykorrhizasvampar att överleva hyggesfasen och finnas med i det uppväxande beståndet. Senare tids forskning pekar också på att hyggesfasens markeutrofiering selekterar för andra mykorrhizasvampar än de som normalt dominerar i äldre skog. Till exempel verkar vissa skinnsvampar, med sämre förmåga att mobilisera näring från markens organiska material, gynnas på bekostnad av främst spindelskivlingar, som är särskilt effektiva på att frigöra organiskt bundna näringsämnen under fattiga förhållanden.Syftet med studien var att undersöka betydelsen av att lämna olika många hänsynsträd vid avverkning i äldre tallskog för överlevnaden av mykorrhizasvampar, med eller utan kompletterande naturvårdsbränning. Det är en naturvårdsfråga av stor praktisk betydelse, och det är viktigt att kvantifiera vilken effekt olika nivåer och utförande av naturhänsyn kan ha för mängden och artsammansättningen av mykorrhizasvampar på kort och lång sikt, särskilt för naturvårdsintressanta arter.Studien utfördes på Effaråsen, ett storskaligt långtidsexperiment som finns tre mil väster om Mora. Här finns hela skogsbestånd som bränts och/eller avverkats, där den totala nivån av naturhänsyn varierar i en gradient av skötselmetoder som sträcker sig från en allmänt praktiserad nivå till en hög nivå av naturhänsyn. Designen för hänsynen omfattar både lämnade levande träd och skapad död ved, men endast de levande träden, det vill säga intakta träd och katade träd, är av intresse för denna studie.I undersökningen har vi samlat in markprover från varje provyta längs transekter. Den första provtagningen ägde rum 2012 innan avverkning med olika nivåer av naturhänsyn och naturvårdsbränningar genomfördes. Fem år senare, 2017, gjordes en uppföljande undersökning. Markprovernas innehåll av specifika DNA-markörer sekvenserades, identifierades och analyserades med fokus på mykorrhizasvampar. Vi undersökte artsammansättningen, andelen mykorrhizasvamp i det totala svampsamhället samt artantalet i förhållande till avståndet till närmaste träd. Vi lät också utföra en kompletterande studie av fruktkroppsförekomster under hösten 2021, för att bättre kunna undersöka tesen att mycel av rödlistade mykorrhizasvampar och signalarter kan överleva i närheten av hänsynsträd precis som vanligare mykorrhizasvamparter.I markprovsundersökningen identifierades 141 olika arter av mykorrhizasvampar varav fyra rödlistade. Resultaten visar ett starkt samband mellan förekomst av mykorrhiza och närhet till träd. Parallellt med att genomsnittsavståndet till träden på ytorna ökade från i genomsnitt tre meter på kontrollytor utan avverkning till 14 meter vid tre procent naturhänsyn minskade successivt andelen mykorrhizasvamp i förhållande till det totala svampsamhället i marken från 11 procent till 2–4 procent och artantalet av mykorrhizasvampar halverades. Samtidigt förändrades artsammansättningen; förekomster av spindelskivlingar och sandsopp minskade successivt med avtagande hänsyn, medan en speciell skinnsvampsart (Piloderma sphaerosporum, saknar svenskt namn), som sedan tidigare är känd för att dominera svampsamhällen i ungskogar som genomgått en hyggesfas, var mindre påverkad.Överlevnad och förekomst av mykorrhizasvampar efter avverkning är direkt kopplad till mängden rötter i marken och den rumsliga fördelningen av levande rotsystem. Fler kvarlämnade hänsynsträd ledde till högre överlevnad. Naturvårdsbränning i kombination med avverkning gav den största förändringen, det vill säga hade störst påverkan på mykorrhizasvamparnas förekomst, artrikedom och artsammansättning. Den främsta anledningen var hög dödlighet hos kvarlämnade träd på grund av den relativt intensiva bränningen. Inventeringen av fruktkroppar kunde påvisa förekomster av ytterligare fem rödlistade svampar och en signalart vid hänsynsträd och längs kanterna till angränsande trädbärande bestånd eller lämnad kantzon mot vatten.Mykorrhizasamhället med den största naturhänsynen (NS-behandlingen), som motsvarade 50 procent lämnade levande hänsynsträd (inklusive katade träd), skilje sig inte tydligt åt från det på kontrollytor utan avverkning. Här var förekomsten av de dominerande mykorrhizasvamparna mer eller mindre intakt. Det är dessa dominerande arter som svarar för merparten av mykorrhizasvamparnas funktionalitet och driver processer i marken. Vid lägre täthet av kvarlämnade hänsynträd minskar de flesta arternas förekomst successivt med tydligast negativ inverkan på sandsopp och spindelskivlingar, som tros spela en viktig roll för trädens näringsupptag från organiska förråd i måren. En mindre tydlig effekt sågs på skinnsvampar, som tros ha lägre förmåga att mobilisera organiskt bunden näring.Det är oklart vilken betydelse denna förskjutning i dominerande arter kan ha över tid för mykorrhizasvamparnas funktion. Det är också oklart i vilken omfattning återetablering av olika arter sker i brukad skog och om artsammansättningen hinner närma sig den som kännetecknar äldre skogar under en omloppstid. Tidigare undersökningar har visat att tydliga förändringar i svampdiversitet kvarstår minst 50 år efter avverkning av tallskog. Högre nivåer av hänsynsträd är ett sätt att minska effekterna av avverkning på diversiteten av mykorrhizasvampar och troligen också snabba på återgången till ett artrikare samhälle med bevarad funktionalitet.Förmodligen kan de allra flesta rödlistade arter och signalarter av mykorrhizasvampar överleva en avverkning med hjälp av hänsynsträd. Utmaningen är att placera hänsynsträden där naturvårdsintressanta svampar växer. Deras förekomster är oftast inte kända när en skog avverkas och om dom finns i beståndet är deras utbredning väldigt lokal, som regel bara med någon eller några få kvadratmeter stora mycel.Vi bedömer att nyttan blir större för både naturvårdsintressanta och funktionellt mer betydelsefulla arter om hänsynsträd sprids över hygget snarare än att de aggregeras på något sätt eller ställs i grupper. På så sätt bör sannolikheten att hänsynsträdens rotsystem överlappar med mycel från ovanligare arter öka samtidigt som funktionellt viktiga arter, som spindelskivlingar, effektivare kan fortleva och spridas i det uppväxande beståndet.Fler hänsynsträd resulterar otvetydigt i att en större del av det gamla beståndets mykorrhizasvampar kommer att överleva en avverkning och fortleva in i det uppväxande beståndet. Undersökningens fortsättning syftar till att kvantifiera effekterna av olika nivåer av hänsyn som underlag för att bättre kunna göra välgrundade avvägningar mellan produktionsintressen och olika naturvårdsintressen.
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44.
  • Edin, Eva, et al. (author)
  • Spatiotemporal variation in the fungal community associated with wheat leaves showing symptoms similar to stagonospora nodorum blotch
  • 2010
  • In: European Journal of Plant Pathology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0929-1873 .- 1573-8469. ; 126, s. 373-386
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The fungal communities on wheat leaves showing symptoms similar to stagonospora nodorum blotch were analysed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Collection of diseased leaves was carried out in eleven winter wheat fields located in three regions of Sweden during mid-July in 2003-2005. Fourteen different fungal species were found on the leaves out of which thirteen were identified to the species level and one to the genus level. The majority of the samples had between one and four species present of which at least one was a pathogen. Among the analysed leaves three major leaf pathogens were found: Phaeosphaeria nodorum was common during 2003 and 2004, Mycosphaerella graminicola dominated during 2005. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was present in all fields, but sometimes in just a few samples. Phaeosphaeria nodorum and P. tritici-repentis often co-occurred on the same leaf. In addition, seven species of yeast and three saprophytes frequently occurred on the leaves every year. The variation in fungal community was largest between the different years while the region of Uppland diverged from the other two regions in species composition. No significant differences in fungal communities were found within a single field, indicating a uniform community at the lowest spatial level.
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45.
  • Eggers, Kai M., et al. (author)
  • High-sensitive cardiac troponin T and its relations to cardiovascular risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly men
  • 2013
  • In: American Heart Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-8703 .- 1097-6744. ; 166:3, s. 541-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background Cardiac troponin is emerging as risk indicator in community-dwelling populations. In this study, we investigated the associations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) to cardiovascular (CV) disease and outcome in elderly men. Methods Cardiac troponin T was measured using a high-sensitive assay in 940 men aged 71 years participating in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men. We assessed both the cross-sectional associations of cTnT to CV risk factors and morbidities including cancer and the longitudinal associations to outcomes over 10 years of follow-up. Results Cardiac troponin T levels were measurable in 872 subjects (92.8%). In the cross-sectional analyses, cTnT was associated to CV risk factors (diabetes, smoking, and obesity), renal dysfunction, CV disease including atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease, and biomarkers of inflammation and left ventricular dysfunction. In the longitudinal analyses, cTnT independently predicted total mortality and CV events including stroke. The standardized adjusted hazard ratio regarding the composite CV end point was 1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.8), P < .001, for men with prevalent CV disease and 1.2 (95% CI 1.0-1.4), P = .02, for men without. Cardiac troponin T improved discrimination metrics for all outcomes in the total population. This was mainly driven by the prognostic value of cTnT in subjects with prevalent CV disease. Conclusions In community-dwelling men, cTnT levels are associated to CV risk factors and morbidities and predict both fatal and nonfatal CV events. The relations to outcome are mainly seen in men with prevalent CV disease indicating that the prognostic value of cTnT in subjects free from CV disease is limited.
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46.
  • Einberg, Afrodite Psaros, et al. (author)
  • Prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among childhood cancer survivors in Stockholm, Sweden
  • 2019
  • In: Acta Oncologica. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 58:7, s. 997-1002
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Childhood cancer survivors treated before 1992, when blood donor screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was introduced, are at risk of transfusion-transmitted HCV infection. A national HCV screening campaign targeting blood transfusion recipients was launched in Sweden in 2007-2010. The aims of this study were to, among adult childhood cancer survivors in Stockholm County, investigate the prevalence of HCV infection, the natural course of infection, treatment outcome and anti-HCV testing frequency before, during and after the screening campaign and finally to actively screen the untested ones.Material and Methods: This was a combined retrospective register based and prospective screening study of adult childhood cancer survivors (n=686) treated for malignancy in Stockholm before 1992. In the first part, we investigated the prevalence of HCV infection and previous anti-HCV testing, and in the second part, we actively traced and HCV-screened the remaining untested cohort living in Stockholm. Analysis of previous documented anti-HCV tests in medical records, laboratory records, and the national communicable disease registry was performed. In the second part, 231 presumably untested individuals were contacted by mail and offered an anti-HCV test. The natural course of HCV infection and treatment outcome was analyzed for those found to be chronically infected.Results: In total, 235 patients were tested and 11 were HCV-RNA positive. The overall prevalence of chronic HCV infection among the tested childhood cancer survivors was thus 4.7% (95% CI = 2.6-8.2%), which is almost 10 times higher than the national prevalence of 0.5%. Only 12% of the Stockholm cohort were tested during the screening campaign in 2007-2010, while the test uptake using active tracing screening within this study was 40% (p<.001).Conclusion: With today's effective treatment options, active tracing and HCV screening of childhood cancer survivors are recommended.
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47.
  • Engelbrecht Clemmensen, Karina, et al. (author)
  • A tipping point in carbon storage when forest expands into tundra is related to mycorrhizal recycling of nitrogen
  • 2021
  • In: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 24, s. 1193-1204
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Tundra ecosystems are global belowground sinks for atmospheric CO2. Ongoing warming-induced encroachment by shrubs and trees risks turning this sink into a CO2 source, resulting in a positive feedback on climate warming. To advance mechanistic understanding of how shifts in mycorrhizal types affect long-term carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, we studied small-scale soil depth profiles of fungal communities and C-N dynamics across a subarctic-alpine forest-heath vegetation gradient. Belowground organic stocks decreased abruptly at the transition from heath to forest, linked to the presence of certain tree-associated ectomycorrhizal fungi that contribute to decomposition when mining N from organic matter. In contrast, ericoid mycorrhizal plants and fungi were associated with organic matter accumulation and slow decomposition. If climatic controls on arctic-alpine forest lines are relaxed, increased decomposition will likely outbalance increased plant productivity, decreasing the overall C sink capacity of displaced tundra.
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48.
  • Engelbrecht Clemmensen, Karina, et al. (author)
  • Carbon sequestration is related to mycorrhizal fungal community shifts during long-term succession in boreal forests
  • 2015
  • In: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 205, s. 1525-1536
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Boreal forest soils store a major proportion of the global terrestrial carbon (C) and below-ground inputs contribute as much as above-ground plant litter to the total C stored in the soil. A better understanding of the dynamics and drivers of root-associated fungal communities is essential to predict long-term soil C storage and climate feedbacks in northern ecosystems. We used 454-pyrosequencing to identify fungal communities across fine-scaled soil profiles in a 5000yr fire-driven boreal forest chronosequence, with the aim of pinpointing shifts in fungal community composition that may underlie variation in below-ground C sequestration. In early successional-stage forests, higher abundance of cord-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi (such as Cortinarius and Suillus species) was linked to rapid turnover of mycelial biomass and necromass, efficient nitrogen (N) mobilization and low C sequestration. In late successional-stage forests, cord formers declined, while ericoid mycorrhizal ascomycetes continued to dominate, potentially facilitating long-term humus build-up through production of melanized hyphae that resist decomposition. Our results suggest that cord-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi play opposing roles in below-ground C storage. We postulate that, by affecting turnover and decomposition of fungal tissues, mycorrhizal fungal identity and growth form are critical determinants of C and N sequestration in boreal forests.See also the Commentary by Christopher W. Fernandez and Peter G. Kennedy
  •  
49.
  • Engelbrecht Clemmensen, Karina, et al. (author)
  • Resistance of subarctic soil fungal and invertebrate communities to disruption of below-ground carbon supply
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 110, s. 2883-2897
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The supply of recent photosynthate from plants to soils is thought to be a critical mechanism regulating the activity and diversity of soil biota. In the Arctic, large-scale vegetation transitions are underway in response to warming, and there is an urgent need to understand how these changes affect soil biodiversity and function. We investigated how abundance and diversity of soil fungi and invertebrates responded to a reduction in fresh below-ground photosynthate supply in treeline birch and willow, achieved using stem girdling. We hypothesised that birch forest would support greater abundance of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species and fauna than willow shrubs, and that girdling would result in a rapid switch from ECM fungi to saprotrophs as canopy supply of C was cut, with a concomitant decline in soil fauna. Birch forest had greater fungal and faunal abundance with a large contribution of root-associated ascomycetes (ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and root endophytes) compared to willow shrub plots, which had a higher proportion of saprotrophs and, contrary to our expectations, ECM fungi. Broad-scale soil fungal and faunal functional group composition was not significantly changed by girdling, even in the third year of treatment. Within the ECM community, there were some changes, with genera that are believed to be particularly C-demanding declining in girdled plots. However, it was notable how most ECM fungi remained present after 3 years of isolation of the below-ground compartment from contemporary photosynthate supply. Synthesis. In a treeline/tundra ecosystem, distinct soil communities existed in contrasting vegetation patches within the landscape, but the structure of these communities was resistant to canopy disturbance and concomitant reduction of autotrophic C inputs.
  •  
50.
  • Engelbrecht Clemmensen, Karina, et al. (author)
  • Roots and associated fungi drive long-term carbon sequestration in boreal forest
  • 2013
  • In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 339:6127, s. 1615-1618
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Boreal forest soils function as a terrestrial net sink in the global carbon cycle. The prevailing dogma has focused on aboveground plant litter as a principal source of soil organic matter. Using C-14 bomb-carbon modeling, we show that 50 to 70% of stored carbon in a chronosequence of boreal forested islands derives from roots and root-associated microorganisms. Fungal biomarkers indicate impaired degradation and preservation of fungal residues in late successional forests. Furthermore, 454 pyrosequencing of molecular barcodes, in conjunction with stable isotope analyses, highlights root-associated fungi as important regulators of ecosystem carbon dynamics. Our results suggest an alternative mechanism for the accumulation of organic matter in boreal forests during succession in the long-term absence of disturbance.
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