| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Lindqvist, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Bio-based production systems : Why environmental assessment needs to include supporting systems
- 2019
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In: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The transition to a bio-based economy is expected to deliver substantial environmental and economic benefits. However, bio-based production systems still come with significant environmental challenges, and there is a need for assessment methods that are adapted for the specific characteristics of these systems. In this review, we investigated how the environmental aspects of bio-based production systems differ from those of non-renewable systems, what requirements these differences impose when assessing their sustainability, and to what extent mainstream assessment methods fulfil these requirements. One unique characteristic of bio-based production is the need to maintain the regenerative capacity of the system. The necessary conditions for maintaining regenerative capacity are often provided through direct or indirect interactions between the production system and surrounding "supporting" systems. Thus, in the environmental assessment, impact categories affected in both the primary production system and the supporting systems need to be included, and impact models tailored to the specific context of the study should be used. Development in this direction requires efforts to broaden the system boundaries of conventional environmental assessments, to increase the level of spatial and temporal differentiation, and to improve our understanding of how local uniqueness and temporal dynamics affect the performance of the investigated system.
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| 3. |
- Lindqvist, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Human-Water Dynamics and their Role for Seasonal Water Scarcity – a Case Study
- 2021
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In: Water resources management. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 0920-4741 .- 1573-1650. ; 35:10, s. 3043-3061
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ensuring sustainable management and an adequate supply of freshwater resources is a growing challenge around the world. Even in historically water abundant regions climate change together with population growth and economic development are processes that are expected to contribute to an increase in permanent and seasonal water scarcity in the coming decades. Previous studies have shown how policies to address water scarcity often fail to deliver lasting improvements because they do not account for how these processes influence, and are influenced by, human-water interactions shaping water supply and demand. Despite significant progress in recent years, place-specific understanding of the mechanisms behind human-water feedbacks remain limited, particularly in historically water abundant regions. To this end, we here present a Swedish case study where we, by use of a qualitative system dynamics approach, explore how human-water interactions have contributed to seasonal water scarcity at the local-to-regional scale. Our results suggest that the current approach to address water scarcity by inter-basin water transports contributes to increasing demand by creating a gap between the perceived and actual state of water resources among consumers. This has resulted in escalating water use and put the region in a state of systemic lock-in where demand-regulating policies are mitigated by increases in water use enabled by water transports. We discuss a combination of information and economic policy instruments to combat water scarcity, and we propose the use of quantitative simulation methods to further assess these strategies in future studies. © 2021, The Author(s).
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Nicolaidis Lindqvist, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Dynamic marginal cost curves to support water resources management
- 2024
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In: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Academic Press. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 368
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Marginal cost curves (MCCs) are popular decision-support tools for assessing and ranking the cost-effectiveness of different options in environmental policy and management. However, conventional MCC approaches have been criticized for lack of transparency and disregard for complexity; not accounting for interaction effects between measures; ignoring ancillary benefits and costs; and not considering intertemporal dynamics. In this paper, we present an approach to address these challenges using a system dynamics (SD)-based model for producing dynamic MCCs. We describe the approach by applying it to evaluate efforts to address water scarcity in a hypothetical, but representative, Swedish city. Our results show that the approach effectively addresses all four documented limitations of conventional MCC methods. They also show that combining MCCs with behavior-over-time graphs and causal-loop diagrams can lead to new policy insights and support a more inclusive decision-making process.
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| 6. |
- Abels, Mia, et al.
(author)
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CART is overexpressed in human type 2 diabetic islets and inhibits glucagon secretion and increases insulin secretion
- 2016
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In: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 59:9, s. 1928-1937
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims/hypothesis Insufficient insulin release and hyperglucagonaemia are culprits in type 2 diabetes. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART, encoded by Cartpt) affects islet hormone secretion and beta cell survival in vitro in rats, and Cart(-/-) mice have diminished insulin secretion. We aimed to test if CART is differentially regulated in human type 2 diabetic islets and if CART affects insulin and glucagon secretion in vitro in humans and in vivo in mice. Methods CART expression was assessed in human type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic control pancreases and rodent models of diabetes. Insulin and glucagon secretion was examined in isolated islets and in vivo in mice. Ca2+ oscillation patterns and exocytosis were studied in mouse islets. Results We report an important role of CART in human islet function and glucose homeostasis in mice. CART was found to be expressed in human alpha and beta cells and in a subpopulation of mouse beta cells. Notably, CART expression was several fold higher in islets of type 2 diabetic humans and rodents. CART increased insulin secretion in vivo in mice and in human and mouse islets. Furthermore, CART increased beta cell exocytosis, altered the glucose-induced Ca2+ signalling pattern in mouse islets from fast to slow oscillations and improved synchronisation of the oscillations between different islet regions. Finally, CART reduced glucagon secretion in human and mouse islets, as well as in vivo in mice via diminished alpha cell exocytosis. Conclusions/interpretation We conclude that CART is a regulator of glucose homeostasis and could play an important role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Based on the ability of CART to increase insulin secretion and reduce glucagon secretion, CART-based agents could be a therapeutic modality in type 2 diabetes.
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| 7. |
- Abels, Mia, et al.
(author)
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Overexpressed beta cell CART increases insulin secretion in mouse models of insulin resistance and diabetes
- 2022
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In: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-9781. ; 151
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Impaired beta cell function and beta cell death are key features of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is necessary for normal islet function in mice. CART increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo in mice and in vitro in human islets and CART protects beta cells against glucotoxicity-induced cell death in vitro in rats. Furthermore, beta cell CART is upregulated in T2D patients and in diabetic rodent models as a consequence of hyperglycaemia. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of upregulated beta cell CART on islet hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis in a transgenic mouse model. To this end, mice with beta cell-specific overexpression of CART (CARTtg mice) were generated. CARTtg mice challenged by aging, high fat diet feeding or streptozotocin treatment were phenotyped with respect to in vivo and in vitro insulin and glucagon secretion, glucose homeostasis, and beta cell mass. In addition, the impact of adenoviral overexpression of CART on insulin secretion was studied in INS-1 832/13 cells. CARTtg mice had a normal metabolic phenotype under basal conditions. On the other hand, with age CARTtg mice displayed increased insulin secretion and improved glucose elimination, compared with age-matched WT mice. Furthermore, compared with WT controls, CARTtg mice had increased insulin secretion after feeding a high fat diet, as well as lower glucose levels and higher insulin secretion after streptozotocin treatment. Viral overexpression of CART in INS-1 832/13 cells resulted in increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Together, these results imply that beta cell CART acts to increase insulin secretion when beta cell function is challenged. We propose that the increase in beta cell CART is part of a compensatory mechanisms trying to counteract the hyperglycaemia in T2D.
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| 8. |
- Akiyama, Kazunori, et al.
(author)
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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring
- 2019
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In: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 875:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has mapped the central compact radio source of the elliptical galaxy M87 at 1.3 mm with unprecedented angular resolution. Here we consider the physical implications of the asymmetric ring seen in the 2017 EHT data. To this end, we construct a large library of models based on general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations and synthetic images produced by general relativistic ray tracing. We compare the observed visibilities with this library and confirm that the asymmetric ring is consistent with earlier predictions of strong gravitational lensing of synchrotron emission from a hot plasma orbiting near the black hole event horizon. The ring radius and ring asymmetry depend on black hole mass and spin, respectively, and both are therefore expected to be stable when observed in future EHT campaigns. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. If the black hole spin and M87's large scale jet are aligned, then the black hole spin vector is pointed away from Earth. Models in our library of non-spinning black holes are inconsistent with the observations as they do not produce sufficiently powerful jets. At the same time, in those models that produce a sufficiently powerful jet, the latter is powered by extraction of black hole spin energy through mechanisms akin to the Blandford-Znajek process. We briefly consider alternatives to a black hole for the central compact object. Analysis of existing EHT polarization data and data taken simultaneously at other wavelengths will soon enable new tests of the GRMHD models, as will future EHT campaigns at 230 and 345 GHz.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Alsanius, Beatrix, et al.
(author)
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Terroir Bjäre : en fallstudie
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vin är en relativ ny gröda i Sverige, i och med att den är beroende av en lång växtsäsong. Bjärehalvön (Båstads kommun) är känd för sin tidiga växtsäsong (t.ex. för odling av färskpotatis) och det bidrog till att idén att provodla vitvin där. Bröddarp som ligger 3 km ifrån halvöns västra kust föddes. Fyra lokaler (försöksytor, parceller) valdes och tre typer av markskötsel (öppen jord, marktäckning med folie, marktäckning med sten) testades under etableringsfasen i syfte att förbättra platsens förutsättningar. Det långsiktiga ursprungliga målet med försöksupplägget var att studera påverkan av olika markbehandlingar på druvmognaden och –kvaliteten. Fyra vitvinssorter (Ortega, Pinot gris, Siegerrebe och Solaris) provodlades. I föreliggande rapport redovisas olika definitioner för terroir. Platsens klimatiska förutsättningar (solens instrålningsvinkel, globalstrålning, lufttemperatur, graddagar, heliotermiskt och niktotermiskt index, nederbörd, marktemperatur) analyserades. Med undantag av marktemperaturen baserades de flesta klimatiska parametrar på en tioårsperiod, från 2004-2013. Utöver detta studerades dynamiken i halten organisk substans och kvävemineralisering. Vinplantornas tillväxt och utveckling samt förmåga att motstå kyla under vintern registrerades. Däremot går föreliggande observationsförsök inte in på frågor relaterade till markens vattenförhållande – detta på grund av forskningsfinansiella överväganden. En grov skattning avminimikraven för odling av vin är enligt Müller et al. (20) • Årsmedeltemperatur ≥ 9 °C • Vegetationstidens längd (period mellan sista vårfrost till första höstfrost) > 180 dagar • Medeltemperatur under vegetationsperioden (april-oktober) ≥ 13 °C • Medeltemperatur under årets varmaste månad ≥ 18 °C • Graddagar under vegetationsperioden > 1000 • Minst 1300 soltimmar med minst 200000 J cm-2 • lägsta vintertemperatur <-20 °C. Dessa hörnsten i skattningen tar inte hänsyn till samtliga biotiska och abiotiska faktorer och samspelen dem emellan. Detta är mycket viktigt att hålla i åtanke. Vår analys visar att årsmedeltemperaturen ≥ 9 °C enbart uppnåddes enbart under tre av tio år under perioden 2004-2013. Zenitvinkeln var som högst 57°. Vegetationsperiodens längd översteg nästan alltid 180 dagar med god marginal och medeltemperaturen under perioden april-oktober var 13.35 °C. Däremot uppnåddes enbart under sex av tio år en medeltemperatur ≥ 18 °C under årets varmaste månad (juli respektive augusti). Endast år 2006 klättrade antalet graddagar > 1000. Däremot låg den heliotermiska indexen vid gränsen av odlingslämplighet för vin (HI: 1502 ± 156), och den niktotermiska indexen, d.v.s. genomsnitt av lägsta nattemperatur under september månad (CI) på 11.6 ± 1.02 °C. Antal solskenstimmar under månaderna april till oktober låg i genomsnitt >1300, men vi har inget underlag vad gäller strålningsintensiteten. Därför kan detta krav inte avgöras. Relationen mellan solskenstimmar och graddagar är en viktig avkastningsbildande parameter; och antalet solskenstimmar var alltid större än antalet graddagar. Lägsta vintertemperatur under -20 °C registrerades vid inget tillfälle. Under observationsperioden var det nästan aldrig vindstilla; den dominanta vindhastigheten låg på 5-10 m s-1. Vinden blåste främst ur sydlig, sydvästlig och västlig riktning. Marktäckning påverkade inte marktemperaturen. På så sätt fastställdes inte heller några skillnader vad gäller dynamiken i organisk substans eller halten mineraliserat kväve (ammonium, nitrat), då prover togs i två markdjup (0-30 cm; 30-60 cm). Siegerrebe och Solaris visade den starkaste respektive svagaste tillväxten under första etableringsåret. Solaris acklimatiserade sig däremot bäst till kalla betingelser och visade starkaste härdighet. För Solaris noterades också den största stamdiametern efter andra odlingsåret, medan stamdiametern hos Siegerrebe var klenast. Att döma utifrån stamdiametern var vinsorternas tillväxt bäst på på yta 3.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Axelsson, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest witnessed by EMS : changes over time and factors of importance for outcome in Sweden.
- 2012
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In: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier Ireland Ltd. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 83:10, s. 1253-1258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Among patients who survive after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), a large proportion are recruited from cases witnessed by the Emergency Medical Service (EMS), since the conditions for success are most optimal in this subset. Aim To evaluate outcome after EMS-witnessed OHCA in a 20-year perspective in Sweden, with the emphasis on changes over time and factors of importance. Methods All patients included in the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Register from 1990 to 2009 were included. Results There were 48,349 patients and 13.5% of them were EMS witnessed. There was a successive increase in EMS-witnessed OHCA from 8.5% in 1992 to 16.9% in 2009 (p for trend < 0.0001). Among EMS-witnessed OHCA, the survival to one month increased from 13.9% in 1992 to 21.8% in 2009 (p for trend < 0.0001). Among EMS-witnessed OHCA, 51% were found in ventricular fibrillation, which was higher than in bystander-witnessed OHCA, despite a lower proportion with a presumed cardiac aetiology in the EMS-witnessed group. Among EMS-witnessed OHCA overall, 16.0% survived to one month, which was significantly higher than among bystander-witnessed OHCA. Independent predictors of a favourable outcome were: (1) initial rhythm ventricular fibrillation; (2) cardiac aetiology; (3) OHCA outside home and (4) decreasing age. Conclusion In Sweden, in a 20-year perspective, there was a successive increase in the proportion of EMS-witnessed OHCA. Among these patients, survival to one month increased over time. EMS-witnessed OHCA had a higher survival than bystander-witnessed OHCA. Independent predictors of an increased chance of survival were initial rhythm, aetiology, place and age.
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| 14. |
- Bacos, Karl, et al.
(author)
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Type 2 diabetes candidate genes, including PAX5, cause impaired insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets
- 2023
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In: The Journal of clinical investigation. - 0021-9738 .- 1558-8238. ; 133:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. To identify candidates contributing to T2D pathophysiology, we studied human pancreatic islets from ~300 individuals. We found 395 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in islets from individuals with T2D, including, to our knowledge, novel (OPRD1, PAX5, TET1) and previously identified (CHL1, GLRA1, IAPP) candidates. A third of the identified islet expression changes may predispose to diabetes, as they associated with HbA1c in individuals not previously diagnosed with T2D. Most DEGs were expressed in human β-cells based on single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Additionally, DEGs displayed alterations in open chromatin and associated with T2D-SNPs. Mouse knock-out strains demonstrated that T2D-associated candidates regulate glucose homeostasis and body composition in vivo. Functional validation showed that mimicking T2D-associated changes for OPRD1, PAX5, and SLC2A2 impaired insulin secretion. Impairments in Pax5-overexpressing β-cells were due to severe mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we discovered PAX5 as a potential transcriptional regulator of many T2D-associated DEGs in human islets. Overall, we identified molecular alterations in human pancreatic islets contributing to β-cell dysfunction in T2D pathophysiology.
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| 15. |
- Berger, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Phosphodiesterase 3B is localized in caveolae and smooth ER in mouse hepatocytes and is important in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.
- 2009
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In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 4:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are important regulators of signal transduction processes mediated by cAMP and cGMP. One PDE family member, PDE3B, plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of metabolic processes such as lipolysis and insulin secretion. In this study, the cellular localization and the role of PDE3B in the regulation of triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in hepatocytes were investigated. PDE3B was identified in caveolae, specific regions in the plasma membrane, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In caveolin-1 knock out mice, which lack caveolae, the amount of PDE3B protein and activity were reduced indicating a role of caveolin-1/caveolae in the stabilization of enzyme protein. Hepatocytes from PDE3B knock out mice displayed increased glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, which was associated with increased expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes/enzymes including, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. In conclusion, hepatocyte PDE3B is localized in caveolae and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and plays important roles in the regulation of glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Dysregulation of PDE3B could have a role in the development of fatty liver, a condition highly relevant in the context of type 2 diabetes.
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| 16. |
- Berggren, Johan, et al.
(author)
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GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY HAS GREATER EFFECT THAN CALORIE RESTRICTION ON INCRETIN RELEASE AND INSULIN SECRETION ALREADY ON POSTOP. DAY 1
- 2015
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In: Obesity Surgery. - 1708-0428. ; 25:Suppl 1, s. 85-85
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: Gastric bypass surgery (GBP) provokes rapid improvement of type 2 diabetes (T2D) prior to significant weight loss. Thishas been attributed to altered secretion of the two incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependentinsulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Here we studied the effects of very low calorie diet (VLCD) vs. the immediate effects of GBP onglycaemia and incretin release.Methods: Eight T2D obese women and 8 obese controls (C) underwent mixed meal tests (MMT) 4 w before (MMT-4w), 1 day before(MMT-1d), 1 day after (MMT+1d) and six weeks after (MMT+6w) gastric bypass. MMT-4w was performed before VLCD and MMT+1dconstituted the first postoperative meal. Glucose, insulin and incretins were analyzed. Gastric bypass surgery was standardized to a 50cm biliary limb and 150 cm alimentary limb and a 5 cm gastric pouch.OBES SURG (2015) 25 (Suppl 1):S1–S364 S85Results: Despite similar glucose levels, the insulin response was markedly increased at MMT+1d, compared to MMT-4w and MMT-1d(2.4- and 2.8-fold). At MMT+6w a more rapid rise was evident. GLP-1 levels were similar in all MMTs except MMT+6w where anincreased response was seen; this was stronger in T2D vs. C. The GIP-response was higher at MMT+1d, compared to MMT-4w andMMT-1d (1.6- and 1.4-fold). The increased GIP-response was attenuated in C at MMT+6w, but still evident in T2D.Conclusions: VLCD has minor impact on the parameters analyzed; rather GBP per se elicits an immediate stimulatory effect on insulinand GIP levels in response to an MMT as first meal on day 1 after surgery.
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| 17. |
- BERGGREN, JOHAN, et al.
(author)
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Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus calorie restriction: support for surgery as the direct contributor to aloncltered responses of insulin and incretins to a mixed meal
- 2017
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In: Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 1550-7289. ; 13:2, s. 234-242
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AbstractObjectiveTo study the immediate effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on glucose homeostasis, insulin, and incretin responses to mixed-meal tests compared with the effects of calorie restriction (CR).SettingUniversity-affiliated bariatric surgery clinic.BackgroundRYGB induces remission of type 2 diabetes (T2 D) long before significant weight loss occurs. The time course and underlying mechanisms of this remission remain enigmatic. A prevailing theory is that secretory patterns of incretin hormones are altered due to rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract. To what extent reduced calorie intake contributes to the remission of T2 D is unknown.MethodsNine normoglycemic patients and 10 T2 D patients were subjected to mixed-meal tests (MMT) 4 weeks before surgery before initiation of a very low calorie diet regimen (MMT-4 w), 1 day before surgery on a very low calorie diet regimen (MMT-1 d), on the morning of the first day after surgery (MMT+1 d; first postsurgical meal), and 6 weeks after surgery (MMT+6 w). Insulin, glucose, active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were measured.ResultsCR lowered insulin in T2 D patients, whereas glucose, GIP, and GLP-1 were unaffected. RYGB immediately increased plasma insulin and GIP. The GLP-1 response was delayed compared with the GIP response. T2 D patients exhibited lower insulin responses after RYGB compared with normoglycemic patients. GIP responses were similar in both groups at all occasions, whereas T2 D patients displayed markedly elevated GLP-1 responses 6 weeks after RYGB. Glucose was unaffected by CR and RYGB in both groups. Insulin sensitivity was unaffected by CR but improved with RYGB.ConclusionRYGB exerts powerful and immediate effects on insulin and incretin responses to food, independently of changes caused by CR.
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| 18. |
- Bylow, Helene, et al.
(author)
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Effectiveness of web-based education in addition to basic life support learning activities : A cluster randomised controlled trial.
- 2019
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Effective education in basic life support (BLS) may improve the early initiation of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation (CPR-AED).AIM: To compare the learning outcome in terms of practical skills and knowledge of BLS after participating in learning activities related to BLS, with and without web-based education in cardiovascular diseases (CVD).METHODS: Laymen (n = 2,623) were cluster randomised to either BLS education or to web-based education in CVD before BLS training. The participants were assessed by a questionnaire for theoretical knowledge and then by a simulated scenario for practical skills. The total score for practical skills in BLS six months after training was the primary outcome. The total score for practical skills directly after training, separate variables and self-assessed knowledge, confidence and willingness, directly and six months after training, were the secondary outcomes.RESULTS: BLS with web-based education was more effective than BLS without web-based education and obtained a statistically significant higher total score for practical skills at six months (mean 58.8, SD 5.0 vs mean 58.0, SD 5.0; p = 0.03) and directly after training (mean 59.6, SD 4.8 vs mean 58.7, SD 4.9; p = 0.004).CONCLUSION: A web-based education in CVD in addition to BLS training enhanced the learning outcome with a statistically significant higher total score for performed practical skills in BLS as compared to BLS training alone. However, in terms of the outcomes, the differences were minor, and the clinical relevance of our findings has a limited practical impact.
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| 19. |
- Bylow, Helene, et al.
(author)
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Self-learning training versus instructor-led training for basic life support : A cluster randomised trial.
- 2019
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In: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 139, s. 122-132
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM: To compare the effectiveness of two basic life support (BLS) training interventions.METHODS: This experimental trial enrolled 1301 lay people in BLS training. The participants were cluster randomised to either self-learning training or to traditional instructor-led training. Both groups used the Mini-Anne Kit (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) and standardised film instructions. After training, the participants practical skills were measured on a Resusci Anne manikin and an AED trainer with the PC SkillReporting system (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway). The primary outcome was the total score from the modified Cardiff Test of basic life support with automated external defibrillation (19-70 points), six months after training. The secondary outcomes were total score directly after training and quality of individual variables, self-assessed knowledge, confidence and willingness to act, directly and six months after training.RESULTS: For primary outcome six months after training there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.44) between the total score for the self-learning group (n = 670; median 59, IQR 55-62) compared with the instructor-led group (n = 561; median 59, IQR 55-63). The instructor-led training resulted in a statistically significant higher total score (median 61 versus 59, p < 0.0001), self-assessed knowledge and willingness to act, directly after training (secondary outcomes) compared with the self-learning training.CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference in practical skills or willingness to act when comparing self-learning training with instructor-led training six months after training in BLS. However, directly after the intervention, practical skills were better when the training was led by an instructor.
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| 20. |
- Bylow, Helene, et al.
(author)
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Supplementary dataset to self-learning training compared with instructor-led training in basic life support.
- 2019
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In: Data in Brief. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-3409. ; 25
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article, we present supplementary data to the article entitled "Self-learning training versus instructor-led training in basic life support: a cluster randomised trial" [1]. In three supplementary files, we present the informed consent of the included participants, the modified instrument to calculate the total score for practical skills called "the Cardiff Test of basic life support and automated external defibrillation" and the questionnaire to obtain background factors, theoretical knowledge, self-assessed knowledge and confidence and willingness to act, distributed directly after training and six months after training. The results of comparisons between "directly after intervention" and "six months after intervention", for each training group separately, are presented in three tables. We also present two tables showing the reasons why the participants were not prepared to perform compressions and/or ventilations in the event of a sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
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| 21. |
- Carnohan, Shane, et al.
(author)
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Minskad belastning på dricksvattenresursen genom industriell-urban vattensymbios
- 2023
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vattenbrist är en akut global, och i många områden växande, utmaning. Pågående klimatförändringar och växande behov i stora delar av världen förändrar både tillgången och efterfrågan på rent vatten. Europa står inför flera akuta vattenrelaterade utmaningar med betydande säkerhets- och miljömässiga konsekvenser. Perioder av återkommande vattenbrist är en av de främsta utmaningarna som redan har drabbat flertalet europeiska länder, särskilt utsatt är området kring medelhavet. Men, även i Sverige är vattenbrist en utmaning som äventyrar försörjning av både dricksvatten och vatten till industri och jordbruk i flera regioner i de södra och sydöstra delarna av landet. I både Vimmerby och Visby, Kalmar och Gotlands län, ses vattenbrist i dag som den främsta utmaningen för att säkra dricksvattenförsörjningen. Risken för vattenbrist förväntas öka i framtiden för båda dessa städer då pågående klimatförändringar bidrar till ökade säsongsvariationer i både nederbörd och temperatur. Utöver vattenbrist brottas båda städerna dessutom med att upprätthålla en god vattenkvalitet. Avrinning från jordbruket (bekämpningsmedel, gödselmedel, etc.) och föroreningar från urbana hårdgjorda ytor som letar sig ned i grund- och ytvattenkällor utgör en ständig risk för vattenkvaliteten i den samhällsviktiga dricksvattenförsörjningen. För att adressera dessa utmaningar och säkra tillgången till dricksvatten i tillräcklig mängd och av god kvalitet även i framtiden behövs ett övergripande tillvägagångssätt, som omfattar hållbara metoder för hantering av grundvatten, förbättrad övervakning av vattenkvalitet och utveckling av robusta strategier som möjliggör anpassning till att klara av ett föränderligt klimat. I detta projekt har konceptet industriell-urban vattensymbios utforskats som en möjlig lösning för att bidra till säkrad vattentillgång och minskad belastning på lokala dricksvattenresurser, med städerna Visby och Vimmerby som fallstudieobjekt. Vattensymbios är ett systematiskt samarbete där olika aktörer i samhället (industri, kommunala verksamheter, jordbruk, m.fl.) agerar tillsammans för att optimera vattenanvändningen och minska avfallet genom lösningar som faciliterar utbyte och återanvändning av vatten, biprodukter och resurser på ett ömsesidigt fördelaktigt sätt. Till exempel kan renat industriavloppsvatten återanvändas för jordbruksbevattning eller som kylvatten i närliggande industrier, vilket minskar efterfrågan på dricksvatten. Detta tillvägagångssätt främjar ett effektivt resursutnyttjande som minimerar vattenslöseri och minskar systemets totala miljöpåverkan. Projektets övergripande syfte har varit att utreda hur en industriell-urban vattensymbios skulle kunna utformas i Visby och Vimmerby för att minska belastningen på lokala vattenresurser genom nyttjandet av mjölkkondensat från Arla Foods AB’s som en möjlig vattenkälla. Utöver detta har projektet syftat till att utveckla och tillämpa en arbetsprocess för uppbyggnaden av lokala vattensymbiosinitiativ genom strukturerade intressentinvolverande metoder. I ett samarbete mellan lokala VA-bolag, kommunala och privata verksamheter och vattenanvändare, och forskare från RISE har en nulägesbedömning av vattentillgång, vattenbehov, vattenbalansmodellering och en kartläggning av vattenflöden tillgängliga för en framtida symbios genomförts. Tekniska möjligheter att effektivisera vattenanvändningen genom recirkulering och utbyte av vattenströmmar av varierande kvalitet har undersökts och utvärderats genom en kombination av teknoekonomisk analys och kvalitativ utvärdering tillsammans med medverkande vattenproducenter och verksamheter. Även hinder för implementering av vattensymbioser har undersökts (juridiska, tekniska och affärsmässiga) och förslag på åtgärder för att överbrygga dessa har tagits fram. Resultaten från projektet pekar på tydliga likheter och skillnader mellan de två fallstudieområdena. Bland verksamheter i både Visby och Vimmerby anses intern effektivisering och återanvändning av vatten vara en mer genomförbar lösning än vattensymbios i samverkan med andra verksamheter. Samtidigt ansågs symbioslösningar ha en större besparingspotential och kunna bidra med riskminimerande diversifiering bort från enbart en vattenkälla. För att symbioslösningar skall vara gångbara krävs dock att dessa sker inom ett relativt avgränsat geografiskt område för att minimera kostnader kopplade till transport av vatten mellan aktörer. För att utveckla symbiossamarbeten som fungera långsiktigt är tillit en avgörande aspekt. Även omfattande tillit mellan verksamheter lyftes som en avgörande faktor för ett få till symbioslösningar. Den tekno-ekonomiska bedömningen i projektet genomfördes utifrån perspektivet av ett generellt företag med kommunal dricksvattenförsörjning. För ett sådant företag kommer den ekonomiska bärkraften för vattenbesparande åtgärder att bero på den relativa kostnaden för vattenrening lokalt jämfört med kostnaden för att köpa dricksvatten från kommunen. Effekterna av detta framgår tydligt när man jämför fallen Visby och Vimmerby. I Visby visar resultaten att både intern återanvändning och industriell symbios kan vara ekonomiskt lönsamma lösningar utifrån industrins perspektiv. Rening och recirkulering med hjälp av RO membran och efterföljande polering bedömdes som mest lönsamt (med en återbetalningstid på cirka 3,5 år) av de fem möjliga åtgärder som studerades. Lösningen uppskattades kunna spara motsvarande vattenbehovet hos 500 typhushåll. I Vimmerby verkar ingen av åtgärderna medföra ekonomisk lönsamhet, då kostnaderna för samtliga fall är högre än dagens kostnader för kommunaltdricksvatten. Anledningen till skillnaden i lönsamhet mellan Visby och Vimmerby förklaras huvudsakligen av skillnaden i prissättningsmodell som används i av respektive VA-bolag i de två kommunerna. Utöver prissättningsmodellens roll som möjliggörare eller hinder för vattensymbios så identifierades utveckling av ett system för klassificering av vattenflöden enligt olika kvalitetsklasser, ökad kunskap om olika vattenklassers hållbarhet, och utveckling av lagar & regler för recirkulering och användning av vatten som viktiga områden för att facilitera effektivare vattenanvändning genom symbios. Detta projekt är ett av de första i Sverige med uttalat fokus på industriell-urban vattensymbios. Lärdomar från projektet kommer vara värdefulla för att vidare utreda möjligheten för symbioslösningar i Visby och Vimmerby, men även i andra kommuner runt om i Sverige. Flera frågeställningar kvarstår att undersöka. Till exempel har detta projekt inte studerat hur variationer i vattentillgång och vattenbehov över säsongen, eller dygnet, påverkar de studerade symbioslösningarna. Dessutom behövs mer detaljerade analyser av de hydrologiska förutsättningarna i respektive fall för att säga något om hur de studerade lösningarna kan påverka den lokala vattenbalansen under olika framtidsscenarier. Vidare bör den teknoekonomiska bedömningen som genomförts förstärkas genom att inkludera mer exakta kostnadsuppgifter (till exempel leverantörspriser på utrustning), inverkan av marknadsfluktuationer, och andra osäkerheter.
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| 22. |
- Claesson, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Characteristics of lifesaving from drowning as reported by the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services 1996-2010.
- 2012
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In: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier Ireland Ltd. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 83:9, s. 1072-1077
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim We aimed to describe characteristics associated with rescue from drowning as reported by the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services (SFARS) and their association with survival from the Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) registry. Method This retrospective study is based on the OHCA registry and the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (SCCA) registry. All emergency calls (1996–2010) where the SFARS were dispatched were included (n = 7175). For analysis of survival, OHCAs that matched events from the SCCA registry were included (n = 250). Results Calls to lakes and ponds were predominant (35% of all calls reported). Rescues were more likely in cold water, <10 °C (45%), in open water (80%) and in April–September (68%). Median delay from a call to arrival of rescue services was 8 min, while it was 9 min for rescue diving units. Of all OHCA cases, the victim was found at the surface in 47% and underwater in 38%. In events where rescue divers were used, victims were significantly younger than in non-diving cardiac arrests and the mean diving depth was 6.3 ± 5.8 m. Overall survival to one month was 5.6% (13% in diving and 4.7% in non-diving cases; p = 0.07). Conclusion In half of more than 7000 drowning-related calls to the SFARS during 15 years of practice, water rescue was needed. In all treated OHCA cases, the majority were found at the surface. Only in a small percentage did rescue diving take place. In these cases, survival did not appear to be poorer than in non-diving cases.
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| 23. |
- Darmastuti, Zhafira, et al.
(author)
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Hierarchical methods to improve the performance of the SiC - FET as SO2 sensors in flue gas desulphurization system
- 2015
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In: Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical. - : Elsevier. - 0925-4005 .- 1873-3077. ; 206, s. 609-616
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Experiments were performed both in the laboratory and a desulfurization pilot unit in order to improve the SiC-FET sensor performance using two-step data evaluation. In both cases, a porous Pt-gate enhancement type SiC-FET was utilized in a temperature cycled operation (TCO). Liner Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was chosen as the method for multivariate data analysis. Hierarchical methods with two-step LDA worked quite well in the laboratory tests with SO2 concentrations varied from 25-200 ppm. The same data evaluation was also applied to tests in the desulfurization pilot unit, with higher gas flow and a larger SO2 concentration range (up to 5000 ppm). The results from the SO2 quantification showed a significantly improved fit to corresponding reference instrument (FTIR) values.
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| 24. |
- de la Cour, Charlotta, et al.
(author)
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Ghrelin treatment reverses the reduction in weight gain and body fat in gastrectomised mice.
- 2005
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In: Gut. - : BMJ. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 54:7, s. 907-13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The gastric hormone ghrelin has been reported to stimulate food intake, increase weight gain, and cause obesity but its precise physiological role remains unclear. We investigated the long term effects of gastrectomy evoked ghrelin deficiency and of daily ghrelin injections on daily food intake, body weight, fat mass, lean body mass, and bone mass in mice. METHODS: Ghrelin was given by subcutaneous injections (12 nmol/mouse once daily) for eight weeks to young female mice subjected to gastrectomy or sham operation one week previously. RESULTS: Gastrectomy reduced plasma concentrations of total ghrelin (octanoylated and des-octanoylated) and active (octanoylated) ghrelin by approximately 80%. Immediately after injection of ghrelin, the plasma concentration was supraphysiological and was still elevated 16 hours later. Daily food intake was not affected by either gastrectomy or ghrelin treatment. The effect of ghrelin on meal initiation was not studied. At the end point of the study, mean body weight was 15% lower in gastrectomised mice than in sham operated mice (p<0.001); daily ghrelin injections for eight weeks partially prevented this weight loss. In sham operated mice, ghrelin had no effect on body weight. The weight of fat was reduced in gastrectomised mice (-30%; p<0.01). This effect was reversed by ghrelin, enhancing the weight of fat in sham operated mice also (+20%; p<0.05). Gastrectomy reduced lean body mass (-10%; p<0.01) and bone mass (-20%; p<0.001) compared with sham operated mice. Ghrelin replacement prevented the gastrectomy induced decrease in lean body mass but did not affect bone. In sham operated mice, ghrelin affected neither of these two parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin replacement partially reversed the gastrectomy induced reduction in body weight, lean body mass, and body fat but not in bone mass. In sham operated mice, ghrelin only increased fat mass. Our results suggest that ghrelin is mainly concerned with the control of fat metabolism and that ghrelin replacement therapy may alleviate the weight loss associated with gastrectomy.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Edfeldt, Chatarina, 1963-, et al.
(author)
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Northern Crossings : Translation, Circulation and the Literary Semi-periphery
- 2022
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Book (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This open access book uses Swedish literature and the Swedish publishing field as recurring examples to describe and analyse the role of the literary semi-peripheral position in world literature from various perspectives and on meso, micro and macro levels, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. This includes the role of translation in the semi-periphery and the conditions under which literature travels to and from that position. The focus is not on Sweden, as such, but rather on the semi-peripheral transitional space as exemplified by the Swedish case.Consisting of three co-written chapters, this study sheds light on what might be called the semi-peripheral condition or the semi-periphery as an area of transition. As part of the Cosmopolitan and Vernacular Dynamics in World Literatures series, it makes continuous use of the concepts of 'cosmopolitan' and 'vernacular' – or rather, the processual terms, cosmopolitanization and vernacularization – which provide an overall structure to the analysis of literature and literary phenomena. In this way, the authors show that the semi-periphery is an ideal point of departure to further the understanding of world literature, because it is a place where the cosmopolitan (the literary universal) and the vernacular (the rootedness in a particular culture or place) interact in ways that have not yet been thoroughly explored.
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| 27. |
- Edlund, Anna, et al.
(author)
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CFTR is involved in the regulation of glucagon secretion in human and rodent alpha cells
- 2017
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In: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7:1, s. 90-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Glucagon is the main counterregulatory hormone in the body. Still, the mechanism involved in the regulation of glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells remains elusive. Dysregulated glucagon secretion is common in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) that develop CF related diabetes (CFRD). CF is caused by a mutation in the Cl− channel Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), but whether CFTR is present in human alpha cells and regulate glucagon secretion has not been investigated in detail. Here, both human and mouse alpha cells showed CFTR protein expression, whereas CFTR was absent in somatostatin secreting delta cells. CFTR-current activity induced by cAMP was measured in single alpha cells. Glucagon secretion at different glucose levels and in the presence of forskolin was increased by CFTR-inhibition in human islets, whereas depolarization-induced glucagon secretion was unaffected. CFTR is suggested to mainly regulate the membrane potential through an intrinsic alpha cell effect, as supported by a mathematical model of alpha cell electrophysiology. In conclusion, CFTR channels are present in alpha cells and act as important negative regulators of cAMP-enhanced glucagon secretion through effects on alpha cell membrane potential. Our data support that loss-of-function mutations in CFTR contributes to dysregulated glucagon secretion in CFRD.
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| 28. |
- Egecioglu, Emil, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Hypothalamic gene expression following ghrelin therapy to gastrectomized rodents.
- 2008
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In: Regulatory peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-0115 .- 1873-1686. ; 146:1-3, s. 176-82
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated whether ghrelin depletion (by gastrectomy surgery) and/or treatment/replacement with the gastric hormone ghrelin alters the expression of key hypothalamic genes involved in energy balance, in a manner consistent with ghrelin's pro-obesity effects. At 2 weeks after surgery mice were treated with ghrelin (12 nmol/mouse/day, sc) or vehicle for 8 weeks. Gastrectomy had little effect on the expression of these genes, with the exception of NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus that was increased. Ghrelin treatment (to gastrectomized and sham mice) increased the mRNA expression of orexigenic peptides NPY and AgRP while decreasing mRNA expression of the anorexigenic peptide POMC. Two weeks gavage treatment with the ghrelin mimetic, MK-0677, to rats increased NPY and POMC mRNA in the arcuate nucleus and MCH mRNA in the lateral hypothalamus. Thus, while predicted pro-obesity ghrelin signalling pathways were activated by ghrelin and ghrelin mimetics, these were largely unaffected by gastrectomy.
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| 29. |
- Erlanson-Albertsson, Charlotte, et al.
(author)
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Fructose affects enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of hypothalamic endocannabinoids.
- 2010
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In: Regulatory Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1686 .- 0167-0115. ; 161, s. 87-91
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Endocannabinoids have been implicated in the regulation of consumption of palatable food, sugar in particular. In this study, we investigated how palatable solutions would affect the hypothalamic mRNA expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the two main endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol. Rats were offered sugar solutions to drink for one week, during which daily food and drink intake, and body weight gain was monitored. Rats offered sugar solutions to drink consumed less solid food but drank more of their respective sugar solution than did water-drinking control rats, resulting in increased total calorie intake. However, this increase in caloric intake did not result in increased body weight or adiposity in the rats. The mRNA expression of fatty acid amid hydrolase was up-regulated by sucrose and fructose. N-acyl phospatidyl ethanolamine phospholipase D mRNA was up-regulated by sucrose, whereas phospholipase C was down-regulated by all forms of sugar tested. The mRNA expression of monoglyceride lipase was down-regulated by all three forms of sugar. Also, the mRNA expression of diacylglycerol lipase 1alpha was down-regulated by sucrose and fructose, whereas the mRNA expression of diacylglycerol lipase 1beta was up-regulated by fructose. In this study, we show that sugars in liquid form affect enzymes involved in the degradation and synthesis of endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus and that this effect predates obesity.
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| 30. |
- Erlanson-Albertsson, Charlotte, et al.
(author)
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Vagotomy and accompanying pyloroplasty down-regulates ghrelin mRNA but does not affect ghrelin secretion.
- 2008
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In: Regulatory Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1686 .- 0167-0115. ; 151, s. 14-18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, we have examined how the lack of vagus activity affects the long-term secretion of total and active ghrelin. We subjected mice to sham-operation, pyloroplasty or vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The study lasted for 2 weeks, during which body weight development and daily food intake was monitored. At the end of the study, the mice were sacrificed, and serum and fundus were collected. Measurements of total and active serum ghrelin revealed no difference between the surgical groups and sham-operated mice, despite the fact that fundic ghrelin mRNA was down-regulated. The results presented here suggest that the vagus activity is not required for the long-term secretion of neither total nor active ghrelin in mice. They also suggest that fundic ghrelin mRNA expression is affected by pyloroplasty and vagotomy but that this effect does not translate into changes in ghrelin levels in the circulation.
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| 31. |
- Gallo, Valentina, et al.
(author)
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Parkinson's Disease Case Ascertainment in the EPIC Cohort : The NeuroEPIC4PD Study
- 2015
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In: Neurodegenerative Diseases. - : S. Karger. - 1660-2854 .- 1660-2862. ; 15:6, s. 331-338
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background/Aims: Large epidemiological prospective studies represent an important opportunity for investigating risk factors for rare diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we describe the procedures we used for ascertaining PD cases in the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study. Methods: The following three-phase procedure was used: (1) elaboration of a NeuroEPIC4PD template for clinical data collection, (2) identification of all potential PD cases via record linkage and (3) validation of the diagnosis through clinical record revision, in a population of 220,494 subjects recruited in 7 European countries. All cases were labelled with the NeuroEPIC4PD diagnoses of 'definite', 'very likely', 'probable', or 'possible' PD. Results: A total of 881 PD cases were identified, with over 2,741,780 person-years of follow-up (199 definite, 275 very likely, 146 probable, and 261 possible). Of these, 734 were incident cases. The mean age at diagnosis was 67.9 years (SD 9.2) and 458 patients (52.0%) were men. Bradykinesia was the most frequent presenting motor sign (76.5%). Tremor-dominant and akinetic rigid forms of PD were the most common types of PD. A total of 289 patients (32.8%) were dead at the time of the last follow-up. Conclusions: This exercise proved that it is feasible to ascertain PD in large population-based cohort studies and offers a potential framework to be replicated in similar studies.
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| 32. |
- Gao, Xiang, et al.
(author)
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Effects of GIP on regional blood flow during normoglycemia and hyperglycemia in anesthetized rats
- 2018
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In: Physiological Reports. - : Wiley. - 2051-817X. ; 6:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and affects -cell turnover. This study aimed at evaluating if some of the beneficial effects of GIP on glucose homeostasis can be explained by modulation of islet blood flow. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were infused intravenously with different doses of GIP (10, 20, or 60ng/kg*min) for 30min. Subsequent organ blood flow measurements were performed with microspheres. In separate animals, islets were perfused exvivo with GIP (10(-6)-10(-12)mol/L) during normo- and hyperglycemia and arteriolar responsiveness was recorded. The highest dose of GIP potentiated insulin secretion during hyperglycemia, but had no effect in normoglycemic rats. The highest GIP concentration decreased blood perfusion of whole pancreas, pancreatic islets, duodenum, colon, liver and kidneys. The decrease in blood flow was unaffected by ganglion blockade or adenosine receptor inhibition. In contrast to this, in single perfused islets GIP induced a dose-dependent arteriolar dilation. Thus, high doses of GIP exert a direct dilatory effect on islet arterioles in isolated islets, but induce a generalized vasoconstriction in splanchnic organs, including the whole pancreas and islets, invivo. The latter effect is unlikely to be mediated by adenosine, the autonomic nervous system, or endothelial mediators.
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| 33. |
- Gingell, Imogen, et al.
(author)
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MMS Observations and Hybrid Simulations of Surface Ripples at a Marginally Quasi-Parallel Shock
- 2017
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 122:11, s. 11003-11017
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Simulations and observations of collisionless shocks have shown that deviations of the nominal local shock normal orientation, that is, surface waves or ripples, are expected to propagate in the ramp and overshoot of quasi-perpendicular shocks. Here we identify signatures of a surface ripple propagating during a crossing of Earth's marginally quasi-parallel (theta(Bn) similar to 45 degrees) or quasi-parallel bow shock on 27 November 2015 06: 01: 44 UTC by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission and determine the ripple's properties using multispacecraft methods. Using two-dimensional hybrid simulations, we confirm that surface ripples are a feature of marginally quasi-parallel and quasi-parallel shocks under the observed solar wind conditions. In addition, since these marginally quasi-parallel and quasi-parallel shocks are expected to undergo a cyclic reformation of the shock front, we discuss the impact of multiple sources of nonstationarity on shock structure. Importantly, ripples are shown to be transient phenomena, developing faster than an ion gyroperiod and only during the period of the reformation cycle when a newly developed shock ramp is unaffected by turbulence in the foot. We conclude that the change in properties of the ripple observed by MMS is consistent with the reformation of the shock front over a time scale of an ion gyroperiod.
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| 34. |
- Goodrich, Katherine A., et al.
(author)
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MMS Observations of Electrostatic Waves in an Oblique Shock Crossing
- 2018
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 123:11, s. 9430-9442
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-resolution particle and wave measurements taken during an oblique bow shock crossing by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission are analyzed. Two regions of differing magnetic behavior are identified within the shock, one with active magnetic fluctuations and one with laminar interplanetary magnetic field topology. A prominent reflected ion population is observed in both regions. The active magnetic region is characterized by large-amplitude (>100 mV/m) electrostatic solitary waves, electron Bernstein waves, and ion acoustic waves, along with intermittent current activity and localized electron heating. In the region of laminar magnetic field, ion acoustic waves are prominently observed. Solar wind ion deceleration is observed in both regions of active and laminar magnetic field. All observations suggest that solar wind deceleration can occur as a result of multiple independent processes, in this case current and ion-ion instabilities.
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| 35. |
- Hasselqvist-Ax, Ingela, et al.
(author)
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Dispatch of Firefighters and Police Officers in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest : A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Trial Using Propensity Score Analysis.
- 2017
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In: Journal of the American Heart Association. - 2047-9980. ; 6:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Dispatch of basic life support-trained first responders equipped with automated external defibrillators in addition to advanced life support-trained emergency medical services personnel in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has, in some minor cohort studies, been associated with improved survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between basic life support plus advanced life support response and survival in OHCA at a national level.METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014. People who experienced OHCA in 9 Swedish counties covered by basic life support plus advanced life support response were compared with a propensity-matched contemporary control group of people who experienced OHCA in 12 counties where only emergency medical services was dispatched, providing advanced life support. Primary outcome was survival to 30 days. The analytic sample consisted of 2786 pairs (n=5572) derived from the total cohort of 7308 complete cases. The median time from emergency call to arrival of emergency medical services or first responder was 9 minutes in the intervention group versus 10 minutes in the controls (P<0.001). The proportion of patients admitted alive to the hospital after resuscitation was 31.4% (875/2786) in the intervention group versus 24.9% (694/2786) in the controls (conditional odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-1.57). Thirty-day survival was 9.5% (266/2786) in the intervention group versus 7.7% (214/2786) in the controls (conditional odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.54).CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide interventional trial, using propensity score matching, dispatch of first responders in addition to emergency medical services in OHCA was associated with a moderate, but significant, increase in 30-day survival.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02184468.
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| 36. |
- Helgesson, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Series introduction : The cosmopolitan, the vernacular and the semi-periphery
- 2022
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In: Northern Crossings : Translation, Circulation and the Literary Semi-periphery - Translation, Circulation and the Literary Semi-periphery. - : Bloomsbury Academic. - 9781501374265 - 9781501374258 - 9781501374272 - 9781501374241 - 9781501374289
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 37. |
- Herzog, Katharina, et al.
(author)
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Metabolic Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery : Is It All About Calories?
- 2020
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In: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 69:9, s. 2027-2035
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bariatric surgery is an efficient method to induce weight loss and also, frequently, remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Unpaired studies have shown bariatric surgery and dietary interventions to differentially affect multiple hormonal and metabolic parameters, suggesting that bariatric surgery causes T2D remission at least partially via unique mechanisms. In the current study, plasma metabolite profiling was conducted in patients with (n = 10) and without T2D (n = 9) subjected to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). Mixed-meal tests were conducted at baseline, after the presurgical very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) intervention, immediately after RYGB, and after a 6-week recovery period. Thereby, we could compare fasted and postprandial metabolic consequences of RYGB and VLCD in the same patients. VLCD yielded a pronounced increase in fasting acylcarnitine levels, whereas RYGB, both immediately and after a recovery period, resulted in a smaller but opposite effect. Furthermore, we observed profound changes in lipid metabolism following VLCD but not in response to RYGB. Most changes previously associated with RYGB were found to be consequences of the presurgical dietary intervention. Overall, our results question previous findings of unique metabolic effects of RYGB and suggest that the effect of RYGB on the metabolite profile is mainly attributed to caloric restriction.
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| 38. |
- Honka, Henri, et al.
(author)
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Bariatric surgery enhances splanchnic vascular responses in patients with type 2 diabetes
- 2017
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In: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 66:4, s. 880-885
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bariatric surgery results in notable weight loss and alleviates hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to characterize the vascular effects of a mixedmeal and infusion of exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in the splanchnic region in 10 obese patients with T2D before and after bariatric surgery and in 10 lean control subjects. The experiments were carried out on two separate days. Pancreatic and intestinal blood flow (BF) were measured at baseline, 20 min, and 50 min with 15O-water by using positron emission tomography and MRI. Before surgery, pancreatic and intestinal BF responses to a mixed meal did not differ between obese and lean control subjects. Compared with presurgery, the mixed meal induced a greater increase in plasma glucose, insulin, and GIP concentrations after surgery, which was accompanied by a marked augmentation of pancreatic and intestinal BF responses. GIP infusion decreased pancreatic but increased small intestinal BF similarly in all groups both before and after surgery. Taken together, these results demonstrate that bariatric surgery leads to enhanced splanchnic vascular responses as a likely consequence of rapid glucose appearance and GIP hypersecretion.
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| 39. |
- Honka, Henri, et al.
(author)
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Liver blood dynamics after bariatric surgery : The effects of mixed-meal test and incretin infusions
- 2018
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In: Endocrine Connections. - 2049-3614. ; 7:7, s. 888-896
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims/hypothesis: The mechanisms for improved glycemic control after bariatric surgery in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not fully known. We hypothesized that dynamic hepatic blood responses to a mixed-meal are changed after bariatric surgery in parallel with an improvement in glucose tolerance. Methods: A total of ten morbidly obese subjects with T2D were recruited to receive a mixed-meal and a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) infusion before and early after (within a median of less than three months) bariatric surgery, and hepatic blood flow and volume (HBV) were measured repeatedly with combined positron emission tomography/MRI. Ten lean non-diabetic individuals served as controls. Results: Bariatric surgery leads to a significant decrease in weight, accompanied with an improved β-cell function and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, and a reduction in liver volume. Blood flow in portal vein (PV) was increased by 1.65-fold (P = 0.026) in response to a mixed-meal in subjects after surgery, while HBV decreased in all groups (P < 0.001). When the effect of GIP infusion was tested separately, no change in hepatic arterial and PV flow was observed, but HBV decreased as seen during the mixed-meal test. Conclusions/interpretation: Early after bariatric surgery, PV flow response to a mixed-meal is augmented, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. GIP influences the post-prandial reduction in HBV thereby diverting blood to the extrahepatic sites.
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| 40. |
- Johansson, Bente Berg, et al.
(author)
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Nuclear import of glucokinase in pancreatic beta-cells is mediated by a nuclear localization signal and modulated by SUMOylation
- 2017
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In: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0303-7207. ; 454, s. 146-157
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The localization of glucokinase in pancreatic beta-cell nuclei is a controversial issue. Although previous reports suggest such a localization, the mechanism for its import has so far not been identified. Using immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation and mass spectrometry, we present evidence in support of glucokinase localization in beta-cell nuclei of human and mouse pancreatic sections, as well as in human and mouse isolated islets, and murine MIN6 cells. We have identified a conserved, seven-residue nuclear localization signal (30LKKVMRR36) in the human enzyme. Substituting the residues KK31,32 and RR35,36 with AA led to a loss of its nuclear localization in transfected cells. Furthermore, our data indicates that SUMOylation of glucokinase modulates its nuclear import, while high glucose concentrations do not significantly alter the enzyme nuclear/cytosolic ratio. Thus, for the first time, we provide data in support of a nuclear import of glucokinase mediated by a redundant mechanism, involving a nuclear localization signal, and which is modulated by its SUMOylation. These findings add new knowledge to the functional role of glucokinase in the pancreatic beta-cell.
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| 41. |
- Johlander, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Rippled Quasiperpendicular Shock Observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft
- 2016
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In: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 117:16
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Collisionless shock nonstationarity arising from microscale physics influences shock structure and particle acceleration mechanisms. Nonstationarity has been difficult to quantify due to the small spatial and temporal scales. We use the closely spaced (subgyroscale), high-time-resolution measurements from one rapid crossing of Earth's quasiperpendicular bow shock by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft to compare competing nonstationarity processes. Using MMS's high-cadence kinetic plasma measurements, we show that the shock exhibits nonstationarity in the form of ripples.
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| 42. |
- Juzenas, Simonas, et al.
(author)
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Detailed transcriptional landscape of peripheral blood points to increased neutrophil activation in treatment-naïve inflammatory bowel disease
- 2022
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In: Journal of Crohn's & Colitis. - : Oxford University Press. - 1873-9946 .- 1876-4479. ; 16:7, s. 1097-1109
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, which generally manifests as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). These subtypes are heterogeneous in terms of disease location and histological features, while sharing common clinical presentation, genetic associations and thus, common immune regulatory pathways.METHODS: Using miRNA and mRNA coupled transcriptome profiling and systems biology approaches, we report a comprehensive analysis of blood transcriptomes from treatment-naïve (n=110) and treatment-exposed (n=177) IBD patients as well as symptomatic- (n=65) and healthy controls (n=95).RESULTS: Broadly, the peripheral blood transcriptomes of CD and UC patients were similar. However, there was an extensive gene deregulation in the blood of IBD patients, while only a slight deregulation in symptomatic controls, when compared with healthy controls. The deregulated mRNAs and miRNAs are mainly involved in the innate immunity and are especially enriched in neutrophil activation-related pathways. Oxidative phosphorylation and neutrophil activation-related modules were found to be differentially co-expressed among treatment-naïve IBD as compared to healthy controls. In the deregulated neutrophil activation-related co-expression module, the IL1B was identified as the central gene. The co-expression levels among IL1B and chemosensing receptor (CXCR1/2 and FPR1/2) genes were reduced in the blood of IBD patients when compared with healthy controls.CONCLUSIONS: Immune dysregulation seen in peripheral blood transcriptomes of treatment-naïve IBD patients is mainly driven by neutrophil activation.
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| 43. |
- Khotyaintsev, Yuri V., et al.
(author)
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Electron jet of asymmetric reconnection
- 2016
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In: Geophysical Research Letters. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 43:11, s. 5571-5580
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of an electron-scale current sheet and electron outflow jet for asymmetric reconnection with guide field at the subsolar magnetopause. The electron jet observed within the reconnection region has an electron Mach number of 0.35 and is associated with electron agyrotropy. The jet is unstable to an electrostatic instability which generates intense waves with E-vertical bar amplitudes reaching up to 300mVm(-1) and potentials up to 20% of the electron thermal energy. We see evidence of interaction between the waves and the electron beam, leading to quick thermalization of the beam and stabilization of the instability. The wave phase speed is comparable to the ion thermal speed, suggesting that the instability is of Buneman type, and therefore introduces electron-ion drag and leads to braking of the electron flow. Our observations demonstrate that electrostatic turbulence plays an important role in the electron-scale physics of asymmetric reconnection.
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| 44. |
- Koffert, Jukka, et al.
(author)
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Effects of meal and incretins in the regulation of splanchnic blood flow
- 2017
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In: Endocrine Connections. - 2049-3614. ; 6:3, s. 179-187
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Meal ingestion is followed by a redistribution of blood flow (BF) within the splanchnic region contributing to nutrient absorption, insulin secretion and glucose disposal, but factors regulating this phenomenon in humans are poorly known. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the organ-specific changes in BF during a mixed-meal and incretin infusions. Design: A non-randomized intervention study of 10 healthy adults to study splanchnic BF regulation was performed. Methods: Effects of glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) infusions and mixed-meal were tested in 10 healthy, glucose tolerant subjects using PET-MRI multimodal imaging technology. Intestinal and pancreatic BF and blood volume (BV) were measured with 15O-water and 15O-carbon monoxide, respectively. Results: Ingestion of a mixed-meal led to an increase in pancreatic and jejunal BF, whereas duodenal BF was unchanged. Infusion of GIP and GLP-1 reduced BF in the pancreas. However, GIP infusion doubled blood flow in the jejunum with no effect of GLP-1. Conclusion: Together, our data suggest that meal ingestion leads to increases in pancreatic BF accompanied by a GIP-mediated increase in jejunal but not duodenal blood flow.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Köhnke, Rickard, et al.
(author)
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Thylakoids promote release of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin while reducing insulin in healthy humans.
- 2009
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7708 .- 0036-5521. ; 44:6, s. 712-719
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective. The effects of a promising new appetite suppressor named "thylakoids" (membrane proteins derived from spinach leaves) were examined in a single meal in man. Thylakoids inhibit the lipase/colipase hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in vitro and suppress food intake, decrease body-weight gain and raise the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) in rats, but their effects in man remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether thylakoids, when added to a test meal, affect appetite regulation and blood parameters in healthy individuals. Material and methods. In an intervention crossover study, healthy individuals of normal weight (n=11) were offered a high-fat meal with and without the addition of thylakoids. Blood samples were taken 0 (prior to meal), 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after the start of the meal. Blood samples were analysed for satiety and hunger hormones (CCK, leptin and ghrelin), insulin and blood metabolites (glucose and free fatty acids). Results. The CCK level increased, in particular between the 120 min time-point and onwards, the ghrelin level was reduced at 120 min and leptin level increased at 360 min after intake of the thylakoid-enriched meal. The insulin level was reduced, whereas glucose concentrations were unchanged. Free fatty acids were reduced between time-point 120 min and onwards after the thylakoid meal. Conclusions. The addition of thylakoids to energy-dense food promotes satiety signals and reduces insulin response during a single meal in man.
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| 47. |
- Köhnke, Rickard, et al.
(author)
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Thylakoids suppress appetite by increasing cholecystokinin resulting in lower food intake and body weight in high-fat fed mice.
- 2009
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In: Phytotherapy Research. - : Wiley. - 1099-1573 .- 0951-418X. ; 23, s. 1778-1783
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thylakoids are membranes isolated from plant chloroplasts which have previously been shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase/colipase catalysed hydrolysis of fat in vitro and induce short-term satiety in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to examine if dietary supplementation of thylakoids could affect food intake and body weight during long-term feeding in mice. Female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet containing 41% of fat by energy with and without thylakoids for 100 days. Mice fed the thylakoid-enriched diet had suppressed food intake, body weight gain and body fat compared with the high-fat fed control mice. Reduced serum glucose, serum triglyceride and serum free fatty acid levels were found in the thylakoid-treated animals. The satiety hormone cholecystokinin was elevated, suggesting this hormone mediates satiety. Leptin levels were reduced, reflecting a decreased fat mass. There was no sign of desensitization in the animals treated with thylakoids. The results suggest that thylakoids are useful to suppress appetite and body weight gain when supplemented to a high-fat food during long-term feeding. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Lindqvist, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Decreased UCP2 mRNA expression in rat stomach following vagotomy: novel role for UCP2 as free radical scavenger in the stomach?
- 2004
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In: Nutritional Neuroscience. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1476-8305 .- 1028-415X. ; 7:4, s. 217-222
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a protein, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which dissipates the proton gradient of this membrane and uncouples respiration from oxidative phosphorylation. We found, by in situ hybridisation, UCP2 mRNA to be located in the proliferating zone of the mucous neck cells in the fundus part of the rat stomach. We also found that UCP2 expression in fundus was significantly decreased after seven days of vagotomy. Furthermore, we found manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD2), in fundus, to be down-regulated in a way similar to UCP2. The amount of ATP was significantly decreased following vagotomy. It is concluded that UCP2 in the gastro-intestinal tract is regulated through vagal innervation and suggested to act as a free radical scavenger.
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| 50. |
- Lindqvist, Andreas
(author)
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Effects of palatable diets on appetite regulation, appetite peptides and neurogenesis.
- 2006
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Obesity is increasing throughout the world at an epidemic rate, partly due to increased consumption of diets rich in fat and/or sugar. Ghrelin and leptin are hormones, originating from the periphery, involved in the regulation of food intake and of maintaining energy homeostasis. Circulating ghrelin levels increase in times of energy deficiency, such as fasting, signalling hunger whereas circulating leptin levels increase during food intake, signaling termination of feeding. In rats offered a diet rich in sucrose, the pre- and postprandial difference in circulating leptin and ghrelin was abolished. This difference in leptin was also abolished in rats offered a high fat diet. Circulating concentrations of leptin was increased whereas ghrelin concentrations were decreased in the fasted state of rats offered a diet rich in both fat and sucrose. This suggests that the animals are trying to defend themselves against, or ameliorate the effects of, the energy-dense diets. This attempt to protect themselves is, however, not efficient enough to prevent the rats from overconsumption of the diets and gaining weight. Interestingly, fructose, a form of sugar very commonly used as a sweetener in soft drinks and other sweetened beverages, was found to increase fasting levels of ghrelin, thus promoting increased caloric consumption. The removal of the stomach (gastrectomy) in mice resulted in an 80% reduction in circulating ghrelin (hypoghrelinemia), in decreased amount of adipose tissue and decreased thermogenesis and ghrelin, when given daily over a period of eight weeks, normalised the amount of adipose tissue and thermogenesis in gastrectomised mice. A high fat diet was offered to rats in order to study the effect of such a diet on hippocampal neurogenesis. The high fat diet was found to impair neurogenesis in male rats, as indicated by a 40% reduction in newborn neurons. This effect was not observed in female rats. The high fat diet was also found to stimulate corticosterone in male rats (but not female rats), suggesting corticosterone to be responsible for the impairment in hippocampal neurogenesis.
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