| 1. |
- Ekström, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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Societal resilience in theory and practise
- 2023
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In: Collection of the sceintific parers of the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. - 2304-2699 .- 2304-2745. ; 79:3, s. 66-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The article outlines the first steps towards creating the foundations for further research into the logistical aspects of warfare in the context of societal resilience. The possibility of achieving seven basic indicators of national stability, the organization and network of using the strategy of rapid response to threats to achieve efficiency, reliability and stability of the state are considered.
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| 2. |
- Jahre, Marianne, et al.
(author)
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Theory development in humanitarian logistics : A framework and three cases
- 2009
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In: Management Research News. - : Emerald. - 0140-9174 .- 1758-6135. ; 32:11, s. 1008-1023
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: There is a need for theory development within the field of humanitarian logistics to understand logistics needs in different stages of a crisis and how to meet these. This paper aims to discuss three dimensions identified in logistics and organization theories and how they relate to three different cases of humanitarian logistics operations - the regional concept of the International Federation of Red Cross Red Crescent Societies, the development and working of the United Nations Joint Logistics Centre and coordination challenges of military logistics in UN mandated peacekeeping operations. The purpose is to build a framework to be used in further studies.Design/methodology/approach: A framework for the study of humanitarian logistics along three dimensions is developed, followed by a discussion of the chosen cases in relation to these dimensions. The framework will be used as basis for the case studies to be undertaken for the purpose of understanding and identification of new questions and needs for other or revised concepts from theory.Findings: The paper shows the relevance of a wide literature to the issues pertinent to humanitarian logistics. There is considerable promise in extant literature on logistics, SCM and coordination, but this needs to be confronted with the particular issues seen in the humanitarian logistics setting to achieve further theory development.Originality/value: The major contribution of the paper lies in its breadth of theoretical perspectives presented and combined in a preliminary theoretical framework. This is applied more specifically in the three case studies described in the paper.
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| 3. |
- Kaneberg, Elvira Ruiz, et al.
(author)
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Defence organizations in emergency networks : the early response to COVID-19 in Europe
- 2023
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In: Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2042-6747 .- 2042-6755. ; 13:1, s. 91-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyse the crisis network response of European countries and the role played by defence organizations(DOs) during the early response phase of the pandemic, here set to encompass 75 days.Design/methodology/approach – Published materials – reports, news and communications – provided by authorities and DOs were used. Some ofthe authors actively participated in national pandemic response networks. An exploratory approach and qualitative content analysis were applied.The data were collected in national languages from 13 European countries, and they were coded and analysed using the actors, resources andactivities (ARA) framework.Findings – This study identified three main categories of activity structures in which the DOs interacted with civilian members of response networks,health-related services, logistics services and public support services. These networks among actors were found within formal response systems andemergent networks. The DOs engaged as actors that provided a range of services when civil authorities could not cope with the huge demand forspecific services and when resources were scarce in the initial response phase.Originality/value – This study contributes by filling an important research gap with regard to the civil-military relations associated with the use ofDO resources in the civil response to the pandemic crisis in Europe, which is described as an untraditional response. The ARA network approachprovides a framework for arranging ARA and extends the wider civil-military network to expand the formal networks of the early crisis response. Thestudy lays knowledge about the co-operation between civilian and military actors in different contexts and provides a broader understanding of theroles that DOs played in the response operations.
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| 4. |
- Listou, Tore
(author)
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How to supply a frigate
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. - 0960-0035. ; 43:2, s. 134-147
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose - When deploying a frigate to the Gulf of Aden as a part of the Operation Atalanta, the Norwegian Defence outsourced logistics to a TPL provider. The purpose of this paper is to explore the cooperation between the Defence and the TPL provider during the operation. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative design was chosen. Semi-structured interviews were combined with relevant secondary sources. A theoretical framework formed the basis for the interviews. Findings - No long-term history existed between the parties before the cooperation, and no psychological contracts between individuals at tactical levels were made beforehand. Yet the cooperation was a success. It seems that this to a large degree depended on the individuals assigned to the project. Research limitations/implications - The research highlights the need to address not only how to design physical supply structures but also how to ensure adequate levels of collaborative competence within civil-military project groups. Further research is needed to investigate how to embed key suppliers in Defence logistics structures and how supply chains for short-term, limited deployments impact on logistics arrangements for the permanent structure of the Defence. Practical implications - This research gives the Norwegian Defence valuable knowledge about how to collaborate with commercial logistics providers. Originality/value - This research highlights challenges when embedding suppliers into military supply chains. This is of importance not just when supplying deployed forces but also when considering supplier integration, e.g. through PPP and PBL.
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| 5. |
- Listou, Tore, et al.
(author)
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Performance Based Logistics : Lessons from the Nordic countries
- 2019
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In: The 31st Annual NOFOMA Conference. - Oslo : BI Norwegian Business School; Norwegian Defence University College. ; , s. 32-
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- PurposePBL is thought of as a novel way of designing defence supply chains, advocating long-term relations in which a 1st tier supplier assumes responsibility for the upstream supply chain, and is awarded or punished based on pre-set performance standards. Activities and resources could be lifted out of the defence hierarchy. PBL should lead to adjusted inter-organisational relations and intra-organisational activity structures. The purpose of this research is to explore a) what barriers and enablers to PBL are perceived as the most important in a Nordic perspective, b) how relations between the Defence and PBL suppliers are handled, and c) whether PBL leads to organisational change within the defence.Design/methodology/approachBecause few PBL contracts exist within the Nordic countries a qualitative approach was chosen, based on document studies and semi-structured interviews. Primary data were collected from four units of analysis, each chosen to shed light to all one or more of the research questions.FindingsOur study supports some of, but not all barriers and enablers found in previous research. Lack of supply chain orientation is the main barrier. Relationships seem to depend on trust developed over time, also prior to the PBL contract. Although PBL alters interorganisational activity structures, this only to a minor degree results in organisational change.Research limitations/implicationsQualitative study of a few Nordic PBL contracts. Findings validated in a Nordic context, not necessarily for other small nations.Practical implicationsOur findings have implications when planning and implementing PBL contracts.Original/valueThis is the first reported study of PBL contracts in the Nordic countries.
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| 6. |
- Listou, Tore, et al.
(author)
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Performance Based Logistics : A Norwegian-Swedish Perspective
- 2020
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In: Necesse. - 2464-353X .- 2535-2903. ; 5:3, s. 118-135
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Performance Based Logistics (PBL) as a support strategy for defence systems has been coined as a paradigmatic change within defence acquisition and maintenance. Originating from the defence industry, the concept has been adopted in many defence organisations. Although studies of its applicability has identified both enablers and barriers for implementation, these studies predominantly are performed in a few large nations. How the concept corresponds with a small state perspective needs to be addressed. Further on, perceived outputs of PBL practices would differ between the acquisition organisation, the supplier of PBL services, and the users of the services. Understanding these differences in perceptions would give valuable knowledge about how to design PBL contracts. Thirdly; assuming that PBL contracts indeed result in improved effectiveness, adapting the involved organisations to a new way of managing logistics should be accompanied by related organisational change processes. The purpose with this study is to contextualise the concept and define barriers and enablers for PBL in a small state perspective (represented by Norway and Sweden), identify different stakeholders’ expectations for output, and explore whether implementing such a concept is perceived as a significantly new way of organising defence supply chains with an accompanying organisational change strategy.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Listou, Tore
(author)
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Supply Chain Designs for Preparedness
- 2015
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Purpose of this research The ability to quickly respond presupposes logistics systems designed to be responsive; supply chains must prepare to act if specific circumstances occur. By investigating ‘preparedness’ in a defence logistics context, the overall research objectives are to define ‘preparedness’ and to advance defence logistics as an academic research area. Design/methodology/approach We started with an explorative phase to understand the subject matter. This we combined with literature studies of defence logistics, of preparedness, and of supply chain design to articulate two research questions; RQ1: In what ways do supply chain designs differ between non-preparedness structures and preparedness structures? RQ2: How does interorganisational interaction in the preparedness phase influence logistics efficiency in the response phase? We applied an embedded case study design collecting data from two units of analysis. Research rigour was assessed as dependability, confirmability, transferability, and credibility. Findings Each of the four papers shed lights to the overarching research objectives. Building on the explorative phase (Papers I and II), Study 1 (Paper III) answers RQ1. We could not conclude that supply chains differed between preparedness and non-preparedness, but concluded that efficiency rather than responsiveness was emphasised. Study 2 (Paper IV) relates to RQ2, and confirmed that suppliers are not involved in preparedness planning. Although inter-organisational coordination takes place prior to deployment, inter-organisational interaction is not emphasised. Research limitations We focussed on interfaces between the Defence and upstream supply chain actors related to EU missions. We have no indications whether supply chain designs differ between NATO, UN, and EU operations. We studied relatively standardised supplies / services. Our findings might not apply to other types of defence supply chains. And our conclusions might not apply for larger nations, or for nations outside NATO / PfP. Research implications By relating preparedness to a context characterised by increased outsourcing, we emphasise the importance a true (defence) supply chain orientation. We propose to study other supply chains of standardised supplies and services, of complex deliveries, and for units designated for national defence, to broaden our knowledge about defence supply chain designs. Practical implications Preparedness presupposes appropriate organisational measures throughout the supply chain. Preparedness organisations need to critically examine how to ensure reliable responsiveness when major parts of the logistics lie outside hierarchical control. Defence organisations need to include suppliers in preparedness planning, in operations planning, and in exercises in order to ensure appropriate interaction. Originality / value The term ‘preparedness’ is rarely operationalised in logistics and SCM literature. This research contributes to enhance our understanding of preparedness as a supply chain construct. We also contribute to advancing defence logistics as a field of knowledge based on scientific inquiries.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Skoglund, Per, et al.
(author)
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Host Nation Support : an evolving concept for military and humanitarian logistics
- 2017
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In: NOFOMA 2017 - The 29th NOFOMA Conference. - Lund : Lund Univeristy. - 9789177533375 ; , s. 815-816
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PurposeToday Host Nation Support (HNS) is applied in most multinational military exercises and in multinational operations such as the Iraqi Wars, in Afghanistan and Mali. Processes and activities are tailored and adjusted according to the knowledge and capacity of the different Host Nations, although often at an ad-hoc basis (Tilson, 1997). On the civilian side, the concept became known at the turn of the century, when for example Croatia used HNS principles in the IDASSA exercise in 2007 (DUZS, 2007). HNS as an idea has evolved both in the military and the civilian sector. Academic research on HNS is limited, except from doctrines and principles developed by NATO, EU, and individual nations, few academic studies can be found. There exist a few papers discussing national capabilities (Rzadkowska & Ziółkowski, 2016; Škvařil, 2013). To our best knowledge, there are no previous studies concerning the needs of the Sending Organisations and the effects HNS will have on the logistics footprint of those organisations. Based on an open systems perspective, the purpose of this paper is therefor to explore and describe general principles of HNS, and to apply a theoretical framework for analysing logistics implications for the sending organisations receiving support.Design/methodology/approachBased on existing available strategy documents and research literature, an understanding for the basic concepts of HNS is developed, followed by a discussion on HNS as a preparedness strategy. Then a theoretical framework is developed to analyse the perspectives: permanent or temporary, central or de-central dimension, and vertical and horizontal coordination. The plan is to analyse the theoretical findings on two cases, one military and one humanitarian. Important aspects to look for is if HNS really makes responses more rapid or if HNS is one way to create binding commitments between sending organisation and receiving nation, when a need for rapid response exists.FindingsBased on theory we conclude that HNS deals with employing resources available in a Host Nation in such a manner that a Sending Organisation can perform its tasks without having to bring own resources along. Such resources would encompass both infrastructure, means of transportation, subsistence, maintenance capacities, access to, and knowledge of local markets, and the ability to coordinate and deconflict needs of all relevant actors. HNS will be activated when a Host Nation requests assistance from other nations or from foreign based organisations. In this respect, it seems that the focus of HNS today has evolved from being mainly a question of minimising costs for deployed forces to also include the ability to add agility or responsiveness to Sending Organisations’ supply chains. Hence, HNS could be regarded a preparedness strategy serving both a Host Nation and Sending Organisations. The Host Nation controls resources and actors that the Sending Organisations, which could be classified as preparedness and emergency response organisations, depends on in order to perform their tasks efficiently.Research limitations/implicationsWe delimit our study to HNS as a preparedness measure. That is, not the old fashioned, stable efficiency aim, instead primarily being able to conduct a rapid response or possibly the creation of commitment between sending organisations and Host Nations when a response is required.The study will have limitations since the concept only rarely has been used, except for military exercises. This limits the practical experiences and empirical data to validate conclusions from strategy documents, but even with limited amount of data where the concept is used, it is evident that there exists a political commitment to the concept in many nations.Practical implicationsThe Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection has developed guideline (DSB, 2014). Belgium state that they have developed a HNS system, according to the EU guidelines, if a need emergency assistance occurs (UNISDR, 2015). Today the HNS concept also has reached the Classrooms, e.g. UNDP held a training course in Beirut in 2015 (UNDP, 2015).This means that there is a growing awareness both in civil and military organisations, that HNS is an important concept both for receiving nations and sending organisations to give a rapid response to an emergency.Social implications HNS can develop dormant relationships between organisations and nations. This means that the capability to react rapidly can be improved and developed during crises, which will reduce time to assist vulnerable populations.Original/valueIn this paper is the concept of HNS is analysed. The paper shows in what way HNS plays an important role to create preparedness for disaster relief or military assistance. The study discusses several aspects of HNS which creates the fundaments to theoretically understandand practically use the concept.
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| 11. |
- Skoglund, Per, et al.
(author)
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Russian Logistics in the Ukrainian War : Can Operational Failures be Attributed to logistics?
- 2022
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies. - : Scandinavian Military Studies. - 2596-3856. ; 5:1, s. 99-110
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lacking Russian progress in war in Ukraine is often attributed to failing logistics, yet the logistics and its eventually failure is not explained. The purpose with this paper is to present some logistics principles that can be used to describe the Russian way of logistics planning, and to infer whether failing logistics slowed down the military operations or if failing operational conduct led to revised operational plans that could not be sustained logistically. The initial Russian Course of Action (COA) to take Kyiv was probably well supported logistically. When the COA failed, contingency plans most likely did not take into consideration the logistical challenges of supporting another type of operation, partly because of the logistics vacuum resulting from the preceding exercises. In the southeast the logistical concept seems to build on the echelon principle, which fits poorly with the lack of operational success. Adding to this is successful Ukrainian tactics of targeting Russian logistics resources which significantly reduces the Russian fighting power. This assessment is based on openly accessible information about the Russian campaign. Reporting from an ongoing war poses challenges of verifying data. Both warring parties and other stakeholders pursue their own interest through strategic communication. Yet, by combining different sources we believe that our findings are quite robust. For future research, archival studies both in Ukraine and Russia, combined with interviews with logistics personnel at both sides would add new dimensions to the research. We realise though that such data sources will not be accessible for quite some time.
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