| 1. |
- Fridahl, Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(author)
-
Aktörspreferenser i design av ett stödsystem för bio-CCS
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Avskiljning och geologisk lagring av biogen koldioxid, bio-CCS, har succesivt fått en mer framskriven funktion i svensk klimatpolitik. Möjligheten att skapa kolsänkor genom bio-CCS gör att tekniken kan bidra till det svenska målet om noll nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till 2045. Regeringen har gett Energimyndigheten i uppdrag att sjösätta ett stödsystem för bio-CCS med start 2022. Kunskapen om hur nyckelaktörer vill utforma stödsystemet är dock bristfällig. Sådan kunskap är central för att möjliggöra en proaktiv systemdesign som lockar till deltagande. Denna studie undersöker därför preferenser för systemdesign bland aktörer inom näringslivet, den nationella förvaltningen och politiken. Syftet är att identifiera dilemman och potentiella målkonflikter. Energimyndighetens uppdrag är begränsat till att utreda ett stödsystem baserat på omvända auktioner eller fasta ersättningsnivåer, vilket också utgör huvudfokus i denna rapport. Baserat på intervjuer med 40 respondenter syns konvergens kring att statligt stöd bör kanaliseras genom omvända auktioner. I jämförelse med fasta ersättningsnivåer skapar ett auktionssystem bättre förutsättningar för att vara samhällsekonomiskt effektivt och för att harmonisera med EU:s statsstödsregler. Denna studie pekar dock på flera auktionsdilemman och potentiella målkonflikter. Exempelvis måste auktionsvolymerna matchas med den tekniska potentialen bland intresserade företag, vilket är lättare sagt än gjort. Denna studie presenterar också argument för att begränsa auktionerna genom budget- snarare än volymtak och pekar på att företagens egna kostnadsuppskattningar i många fall är betydligt högre än vad som påvisats i tidigare studier. Flera potentiella målkonflikter har också identifierats vilka är beroende av hur målsättningen med det statliga stödet preciseras. En trolig politisk målsättning är att stödet ska skapa minusutsläpp för att bidra till att uppfylla svenska klimatmål. En sådan målsättning skulle kunna stå i konflikt mot stödmottagande företags ambition att engagera sig i marknader för minusutsläppskrediter. Hur stödsystemets målsättning preciseras är avgörande för möjligheterna att hitta kompletterande finansieringskällor.
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| 2. |
- Fridahl, Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(author)
-
Novel carbon dioxide removals techniques must be integrated into the European Union’s climate policies
- 2023
-
In: Communications Earth & Environment. - Stockholm : Springer Nature. - 2662-4435. ; 4:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Emissions reductions are crucial to mitigating climate change. However, in the past decade, the world community’s failure to reduce emissions at a sufficient speed to avoid dangerous climate change has become obvious4. This reality acutely necessitates the development of innovative sets of policies to spur the deployment of novel CO2 removals, an urgency that is further underlined by the long lead time for many novel removal methods. Disregarding the potential of novel removals is incommensurate with the scale of the challenge of achieving EU’s commitment to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.We argue that the current policy framework neither provides Union-wide economic incentives for novel CO2 removals, nor does it encourage EU Member States to develop national policy incentives. Our proposed solutions includes incentivizing removals through a conditional integration into the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), expanding the portfolio of removal methods in the Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation, and to manage anticipations regarding which residual emissions that need to be counterbalanced by removals.
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| 3. |
- Fridahl, Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(author)
-
Potential and goal conflicts in reverse auction design for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
- 2024
-
In: Environmental Sciences Europe. - Stockholm : Springer Nature. - 2190-4707 .- 2190-4715. ; 36:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered as a future key technology to provide baseload electricity, heat, pulp, paper, and biofuels, while also enabling atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Sweden seeks to lead the way in bringing this technology up to scale, introducing a EUR 3.6 billion reverse auction scheme to facilitate market entry of companies producing BECCS. We explore instrument design preferences among politicians, regulators, and prospective BECCS operators to identify trade-offs and explore feasible policy design.Based on 35 interviews with experts in the latent BECCS sector in Sweden, we identify under which circumstances prospective operators would be willing to place bids and discuss how actor preferences both align with and challenge auction theory. The analysis concludes that at least four dilemmas need attention. These concerns how to: (1) balance the state’s demand for BECCS to be implemented already in 2030 against the prospective BECCS operators’ fear of the winner’s curse, i.e., a fear of bidding for a contract that turns out to be too costly to implement; (2) allocate contracts at the margin of the auctioneer’s demand for BECCS without driving up costs; (3) design compliance mechanism to achieve effectiveness without undermining efficiency, and; 4) integrate the auction with the voluntary carbon market—if at all—in a manner that safeguards the environmental integrity of the auctions.
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| 4. |
- Gabauer, Angelika, et al.
(author)
-
Geographies of Aging: Hidden Dimensions of Care in Stockholm, Vienna, and Zurich
- 2021
-
In: Care and the City. - New York : Routledge. ; , s. 171-182
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With a growing share of older people in cities, “aging in place“ has turned into a central element in cities’ planning and health policy on ageing. Researchers agree that beyond the private home, the urban environment plays a crucial role in self-determined living. This focus has been further promoted since the WHO launched the Global Age-Friendly Cities project. While the provision of care infrastructures such as nearby medical centres and care-services to enhance age-friendly cities are widely acknowledged as urban planning approaches, there is a lack of knowledge on the importance of neighborhood networks and informal settings of encounter in late life as everyday dimensions of care with and among older people. This dimension and the implementation in city planning are especially important when taking Agenda 2030 into account. The chapters reflect on a broader concept of care as a complex process that visualizes the interrelations of public and private life and involves affective and active agencies of practical and material consequence. For this, we ask what are the hidden dimensions of care at the intersection of public and private life that go beyond the formalized care services and facilities for older people. The aim of the article is to promote a novel approach to seeing relationships among the built environment, nature, and humans to illustrate the heterogeneous, multiple everyday care practices of older people in order to advance our understanding of what age-friendly cities require. The chapter reflects on a broader concept of care as a complex process that connects the interrelations of public and private life and involves affective and active agencies of practical and material consequences. For this, we ask what the “hidden” dimensions of care with its informal settings at the intersection of public and private life that goes beyond the formalized urban facilities for older people are. The aim of the article is to promote a novel approach to seeing relationships among built environment, nature, and humans to illustrate the multiple everyday care practices of older people in order to draw a critical concept of age-friendly cities.
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| 5. |
- Göransson, Lisa, 1982, et al.
(author)
-
Intermittent renewables, thermal power and hydropower - complements or competitors?
- 2014
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In: Systems Perspectives on Renewable Power 2014. - 9789198097405 ; , s. 119-127
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Around 80% of the electricity demand in the world is still supplied by fossil fuelledpower or nuclear, i.e. thermal generation. Wind and solar power is integrated intothe electricity generation systems to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide emissionsassociated with the generation of electricity as well as to enhance security ofsupply. Wind and solar power plants differ from thermal generation in two importantways: they have very low running costs (and high capital costs) and a generationlevel that depends on external elements. Due to the low running costs thereare strong economic incentives for the employment of wind and solar power tosupply the electricity demand once the capacity has been put in place. However,the share of the load that can be supplied by wind and solar power in a certainhour or second varies irregularly since it depends on prevailing wind speeds, solarirradiation and cloudiness.Thermal units are most efficiently run continuously at rated power. However, in amixed renewable-thermal system they may have to compensate for fluctuations in wind and solar generation. Thus, depending on the characteristics of the renewable-thermal system, part of the decrease in fuel costs and emissions realised bywind and solar power may be offset by a reduced efficiency in the operation of thethermal plants. This chapter discusses the interaction between intermittent renewablepower and thermal power, and investigates briefly the impact of including amore controllable renewable source such as hydropower in these mixed systems.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- James, Natasha, et al.
(author)
-
The Implications of Learning on Bidding Behavior in a Repeated First Price Conservation Auction with Targeting
- 2021
-
In: Strategic Behavior and the Environment. - : Now Publishers. - 1944-012X .- 1944-0138. ; 9:1-2, s. 69-101
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conservation auctions have been advocated as a way to increase the cost-effectiveness of payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs by reducing the informational rents captured by participating landowners. Most PES programs have continual or periodic (rather than one-time) enrollment. In repeated auctions, it is possible for participants to learn the winning bids from previous auctions and use this information to strategically set their bids, thereby capturing more informational rents. We develop an agent-based model, using data from Costa Rica’s Pago de Servicios Ambientales
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| 8. |
- Jonson, Emma, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
Exploring the competition between variable renewable electricity and a carbon-neutral baseload technology
- 2020
-
In: Energy Systems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1868-3975 .- 1868-3967. ; 11:1, s. 21-44
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we explore the competition between variable renewable energy sources (VRE) and a carbon-neutral baseload technology in the transition to a low-carbon power system. We study a stylized system subject to a gradually increasing carbon tax using an agent-based model where agents are power companies investing in new capacity. The agents make predictions of the profitability of different investment options. Five electricity generating technologies are available in the model: coal, gas, wind, solar PV and a more expensive carbon-neutral baseload technology. We compare the output from our model with a corresponding optimization model. We present two main findings: (1) installed capacity of VRE initially increases with a carbon tax. However, once the carbon tax has reached a certain level the installed capacity of VRE starts to decline due to competition with the stylized carbon-neutral baseload technology. (2) With limited foresight we find that the model underinvests (first 25 years) in wind and then overinvests in wind compared to the optimal solution. The reasons for these dynamic phenomena are explained and an extensive sensitivity analysis is carried out.
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| 9. |
- Jonson, Emma, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
Impacts on Stability of Interdependencies Between Markets in a Cobweb Model
- 2015
-
In: Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2196-9957 .- 0075-8442. ; 676, s. 195-205
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a cobweb model of interdependent markets on both the sup- ply and demand sides and apply it to a food and bioenergy framework. The supply side is represented by an agent based model of global land use while the consumer side consists of interlinked demand functions. We find that the two kinds of inter- dependencies have opposing effects. Linking markets on the supply side transfers instabilities within the system and may cause price fluctuations in previously sta- ble markets. Market interdependency on the demand side, on the other hand, has a stabilizing effect.
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| 10. |
- Lindgren, Kristian, 1960, et al.
(author)
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Projection of a Heterogenous Agent-Based Production Economy Model to a Closed Dynamics of Aggregate Variables
- 2015
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In: Advances in Complex Systems. - 0219-5259. ; 18:5-6, s. 1550012-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A model framework that describes a simple production economy is presented, in which the micro-dynamics can be projected to a closed dynamics of aggregate variables. The construction is based on an agent-based model with heterogeneity both regarding pro- duction characteristics and the strategies agents use to predict future prices as a basis for choosing what to produce. The world is divided into a number of regional markets that collect the locally produced goods and via inter-market trade supply regional demands with goods. We discuss the model features that make it possible to project the agent- based micro-dynamics to a closed form dynamics on the level of regionally aggregate quantities. One advantage of such a projection from a high dimensional agent-based dynamics to a low dimensional dynamical system is that the stability characteristics can be analytically approached, and this is illustrated by a derived condition for when a mix of naive and rational agents can stabilize the system. Some illustrations of the general framework in a model of global agricultural land-use are also given.
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| 11. |
- Lundberg, Liv, 1987, et al.
(author)
-
A cobweb model of land-use competition between food and bioenergy crops
- 2015
-
In: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1889. ; 53, s. 1-14
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a model of interacting cobweb markets and apply it to land-use competition between food and bioenergy crops. In our model the markets are interlinked on the supply side by the limited availability of land. Therefore, instabilities are transferred between the markets and we find that bioenergy demand affects food price volatility. The agents in the model have heterogeneous production capacities, representing variation in global land quality. When we allow agents to choose price predictor, we find that a more sophisticated (but costly) predictor is concentrated to some key parcels of land, which enables the system to reduce instability significantly. The system can also be brought closer to a stable state by introducing costs for changing production type, but it may then be shifted away from the optimum situation predicted by the corresponding equilibrium model.
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| 12. |
- Lundberg, Liv, 1987
(author)
-
Agents, auctions and interactions: Modelling markets for ecosystem services and renewable energy
- 2018
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- If we are to mitigate climate change and tackle other pressing environmental issues such as biodiversity loss, environmental policies will be crucial. The papers in this thesis all focus on how individual behaviour and lack of information affects the outcome of environmental policy, using agent-based models where individual actors and their behaviour are explicitly modelled. In paper I-III the focus is to compare an agent-based modelling approach with a partial equilibrium model in a framework of land-use competition between bioenergy and food crops. The agent-based model, where landowners are uncertain about price levels at the time of harvest, exhibits unstable dynamics that provides insights beyond the partial equilibrium model. This type of dynamics is typical of cobweb models, and paper I-III extends the cobweb literature by introducing markets that are interlinked through land use competition, showing how instabilities can be transferred from one market to another. The system can be stabilised, for example, by allowing a share of the actors to have perfect information of the upcoming prices. Paper IV focus on payment for ecosystem services programs, where landowners are given monetary compensation to let their land provide an ecosystem service. The paper uses an agent-based model to explore the performance of different program designs, such as fixed payments, a uniform auction and a discriminatory auction, in differing circumstances. The main finding of the paper is that the context in which the program is implemented has a determining impact on what the best policy design is. Paper V is centred around the allocation of subsidies for onshore wind power through auctions in Germany 2017. In these auctions a special design was used where some winners were awarded their submitted bid, while others were awarded the highest winning bid. In the paper, the specific choice of design and how it may incentivise aggressive bidding is discussed along with an analysis of the outcomes of the German auctions.
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| 13. |
- Lundberg, Liv, 1987
(author)
-
Auctions for all? Reviewing the German wind power auctions in 2017
- 2019
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 128, s. 449-458
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2017, Germany introduced auctions to determine the support level for onshore wind power. To protect small-scale actors, citizens’ energy cooperatives were allowed longer realization periods and did not need to have an approval pursuant to the Federal Immission Control Act to submit a bid. Winning cooperatives were given the highest accepted bid, while other participants were paid-as-bid. The aim of this paper is to examine how this auction design affected actor diversity and the risk of winning projects not being realized. Unexpectedly, the outcome of the auctions was that over 90% of the winners were cooperatives, and the average project size of their bids was twice the size of other winning bids. There was also a significant decrease in the highest accepted bid, from 5.78€ct/kWh in the first auction, to 3.82€ct/kWh in the third auction. However, the pricing rule combined with uncertain technology costs and strong competition, may have encouraged overly aggressive bidding. This, as well as cooperatives being exempt from having an approval pursuant to the Federal Immission Control Act, could increase the risk of winning projects not being realized. A conclusion is that special rules for small-scale actors, should be used with caution, especially if they give significant competitive advantages and may affect realization rates.
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| 14. |
- Lundberg, Liv, et al.
(author)
-
Biodrivmedel och styrmedel i EU
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Inblandning av biodrivmedel är en viktig faktor för att Sverige ska klara målet om 70 % utsläppsminskningar i transportsektorn till 2030. Sverige är redan idag en av de största konsumenterna av biodrivmedel för transporter i EU, och 85% av de biodrivmedel som används kommer från import. Sverige påverkas direkt av EU-lagstiftning för biodrivmedel, men eftersom biodrivmedel handlas internationellt påverkas vår möjlighet att importera och exportera biodrivmedel även av tillgång och efterfrågan i andra länder. För att kunna utforma effektiva svenska styrmedel är det därför viktigt att förstå hur produktion, konsumtion och styrmedel för biodrivmedel ser ut i andra länder i EU. Precis som i Sverige så drivs konsumtion av biodrivmedel i andra EU-länder framför allt av styrmedel som påverkar konsumtion. Det vanligaste styrmedlet är inblandningskvoter liknande den svenska reduktionsplikten. I det nya förnybartdirektivet från EU (RED II) som kom 2018 läggs ett större fokus på avancerade biodrivmedel och målet är att de ska utgöra minst 0,2 % 2022, 1 % 2025 och 3,5 % 2030. 2020 hade 20 EU-länder (inklusive Storbritannien) egna nationella kvoter med krav på inblandning av avancerade biodrivmedel. Sverige har än så länge inte en speciell kvot för avancerade biodrivmedel. Det finns dock ett flertal planerade anläggningar i Sverige som kan komma att bli stora producenter av avancerade biodrivmedel.
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| 15. |
- Lundberg, Liv, 1987, et al.
(author)
-
Context Matters: Exploring the Cost-effectiveness of Fixed Payments and Procurement Auctions for PES
- 2018
-
In: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 146, s. 347-358
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Successfully implemented payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs can provide both conservation of nature and financial support to rural communities. In this paper, we explore how PES programs can be designed so as to maximize the amount of additional ecosystem services provided for a given budget. We also provide a brief summary of the use of auction mechanisms in real world PES programs. To explore the potential additionality of different PES program designs we use a conceptual agent based simulation model where payments are either fixed, or set through a uniform or discriminatory auction. The program can also be designed to target payments to land-owners based on their provision of ecosystem services. Theoretically, auctions should be the most effective design, especially if payments are differentiated and targeted by ecosystem service provision. However, what we find is that the context in which the PES program is implemented—baseline compliance with program standards among the participants, correlation between opportunity costs and ecosystem services in the landscape, heterogeneity in costs and budget size—has a determining impact on the relative effectiveness of the different payment designs, with fixed payments schemes being much more effective than auctions in certain settings. Our findings suggest that context should be taken into serious consideration when a PES program design is chosen.
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| 16. |
- Lundberg, Liv, et al.
(author)
-
The impact of blending mandates on biofuel consumption, production, emission reductions and fuel prices
- 2023
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 183
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The transport sector accounts for about 20% of EU’s GHG-emissions. Progress in emission reductions has been slow and primarily driven by biofuels promoted through national blending mandates. The mandates differ in whether they are measured in volume, energy, or emission reduction and in how gasoline and diesel are targeted. Due to this, national mandates and their effects have not previously been quantitatively compared on an EU level. In this article we convert the mandates for all EU member states between 2009 and 2020 to a common unit and study their impact on biofuel consumption, production, emission reductions and fuel prices. We find that mandates are driving biofuel consumption in the EU and correlates with emission reductions. Increased mandates have however often been fulfilled by blending biofuels eligible for double counting. We also find that reduction mandates have been effective in encouraging high-performance biofuels. For historical fuel prices, we do not see a clear correlation between countries’ shares of biofuel and consumer fuel prices while the global oil price has a considerable impact. For biofuel production, increased demand drive investments in the EU, but when it comes to localisation of new plants factors such as local infrastructure are more important than national mandates.
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| 17. |
- Lundberg, Liv, et al.
(author)
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The missing piece in policy for carbon dioxide removal : Reverse auctions as an interim solution
- 2022
-
In: Discover Energy. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer Nature. - 2730-7719. ; 2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The expectation that carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will play a crucial role in the climate transition is starting to gain traction in policy. An increasing number of countries are expanding their CDR policies, from specification of objectives (via elimination of regulatory obstacles) to market development. Among the many CDR options, sustainably sourced bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is often cited as having the greatest theoretical potential. Unlocking this potential will necessitate new and robust economic incentives. However, at present, there is a serious gap between actual policy and the required incentive structures, and developing these policies in a responsible way will likely take many years. To get BECCS started sooner than it otherwise might, we argue that an interim policy for allowing BECCS to mature would help identify potential trade-offs or pitfalls, and would help test how firms react to incentives for CDR before rolling our large scale international incentive structures. In this Perspectives article, we provide an insight into the current status of BECCS and CDR policy based on interviews with key policy makers and experts. We also provide a special insight into Sweden’s development of interim policy that takes the form of a reverse auction.
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| 18. |
- Mattsson, Moa, et al.
(author)
-
An Exploratory Study on Swedish Stakeholders’ Experiences with Positive Energy Districts
- 2023
-
In: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 16:12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Positive energy district (PED) is a novel idea aimed to have an annual surplus of renewable energy and net zero greenhouse gas emissions within an area. However, it is still an ambiguous concept, which might be due to the complexity of city district projects with interconnected infrastructures and numerous stakeholders involved. This study discusses various aspects of PED implementation and presents practitioners’ experiences with the PED concept, challenges, and facilitators they have faced with real projects. The study is based on interviews with ten Swedish professionals. The major challenges reported for PED implementation were local energy production and energy flexibility, sub-optimization, legislation, suitable system boundaries, and involvement of stakeholders. Most of the interviewees mentioned improved collaboration, integrated innovative technology, political support, and climate change mitigation goals as important facilitators. The interviewees highlighted the importance of a local perspective and considered each city’s preconditions when developing a PED project. The study emphasizes that to facilitate PED implementation and replication in cities, more knowledge and clarity is required about PED such as on the definition and system boundaries. © 2023 by the authors.
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| 19. |
- Mattsson, Moa, et al.
(author)
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Challenges and drivers for Positive Energy Districts in a Swedish context
- 2022
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In: Eceee 2022 Summer Study on energy efficiency. - Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE). ; , s. 633-639
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Positive Energy District (PED) is an inclusive, energy efficient district with optimized energy flows and a local production of renewable energy, with an annual surplus of energy that can be exported to other areas. Most of the municipalities in Sweden have ambitious climate neutrality goals and implementing PEDs in cities could be one way to contribute to the achievement of those climate goals. However, PED is an innovative concept which is still ambiguous for many stakeholders, and many uncertainties remain. To understand the perspectives of Swedish stakeholders towards PEDs, a three hour long online workshop was organized in December 2020. Representatives from city officials, universities, energy utilities and real estate companies participated in the discussion groups. The groups discussed three topics related to PED, namely; 1) Definition of PED, 2) Challenges and drivers for PEDs and 3) Replication of PEDs.Most of the discussion groups agreed to the importance of viewing PEDs as a part of the larger energy system and to find holistic solutions and promoting collaboration between actors. Most groups considered leadership and stakeholder engagement as important drivers for PEDs. Further, participants discussed that the slow decision processes in municipalities could be a challenge for PEDs. Even though there was consensus on most challenges and drivers, one aspect where participants had conflicting opinions was the PED definition. Some groups thought that the PED definition needs to be clearer and more narrow, while others saw it as a potential barrier if it becomes too technology focused. During discussions on replication, most groups stressed the importance of knowledge sharing and the results highlight that different stakeholders can play different roles in facilitating replication for PEDs. The study highlights the importance of a regional perspective when developing the PED definition, since the Swedish stakeholders had different viewpoints on PED that could be used to adapt the definition.
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| 20. |
- Nyblom, Åsa, et al.
(author)
-
Att göra detaljhandeln hållbarare genom användning av LCA : Vägar från data till förändring av sortiment och miljöprestanda inom handeln
- 2022
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Syftet med studien var att utforska hur livscykelanalysers transformativa potential kan utnyttjas på bästa sätt inom detaljhandeln. Denna bransch har en nyckelroll för nödvändig omställning av produktion och konsumtionsmönster, men behöver stöd och ny kunskap för att komma vidare med hållbarhetsarbetet. Mer specifikt ville vi studera: • Hur kan detaljhandeln använda LCA som underlag för att förbättra miljöprestandan längs produkters värdekedjor? • Hur kan LCA-kunskap effektivt implementeras för att driva inköp, leverantörer, kunder och arbetsprocesser att tillsammans bidra till uppfyllandet av miljömål? Studien utfördes som en fallstudie på produktkategorin hudkräm tillsammans med Apotek Hjärtat, Perrigo och IDUN Minerals – alla aktörer i produktkedjan för hudvård och skönhetsprodukter. Studien genomförde en LCA-screening på tre hudkrämer (en per aktör) och frågeställningarna ovan undersöktes genom en samskapad och workshop-baserad process. Studien visade att LCA-data har en viktig roll att spela på olika ställen i beslutsprocessen, men att det är allra viktigast att LCA-data kommer in så tidigt som möjligt för att kunna påverka viktiga beslut med bäring på miljöprestanda. LCA-screeningen visade att produktion av formula och tub har i stort sett lika stor klimatpåverkan och att vad som händer med tuben – om den källsorteras eller inte, har stor betydelse för resultatet. Studien bekräftade att det finns ett stort gemensamt behov av miljö- och hållbarhetsdata för arbetet med hållbar produktutveckling, och att detta arbete med fördel samordnas, och i viss mån kräver samarbete genom hela värdekedjan. För att förändring av produkters hållbarhetsprestanda ska kunna genomföras krävs också kommunikation. Dels genom värdekedjan så att producenter känner till och kan anpassa sig till ökade hållbarhetskrav från detaljhandeln, dels med kunder så att deras förväntningar och betalningsvilja kan följa med de förändringar som branschen gör. Det största hindret mot att implementera LCA-data i produktutvecklings- och inköpsprocesser ligger enligt studien i de konflikter med affärsmässighet och ekonomiska mål som kan uppkomma i processen.Kostnader för framtagandet och användning av LCA-data (och eventuellt högre pris för hållbara ingredienser, förpackningar och tillverkning) måste integreras i affärsmål och produktkalkyler för att kunna få genomslag i företagens egna arbetsprocesser utan att målkonflikter uppstår. Resultaten från projektet visade på det hela taget att det finns mycket att vinna på att involvera hela värdekedjor i denna typ av process – och att det går att skapa förtroendefulla dialoger där nyckelpersoner kan dela erfarenheter för att tillsammans söka lösningar på problem som är svåra att lösa för det individuella företaget.
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| 21. |
- Sköldberg, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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BIO-CCS I FJÄRRVÄRMESEKTORN – SYNTES
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Den svenska fjärrvärmesektorn har stor potential att bidra med negativa koldioxidutsläpp genom bio-CCS, minst 10 Mton per år. Den största osäkerheten beträffande möjligheterna för bio-CCS gäller marknads förutsättningarna. Uppvärmningsbranschen har en vision om att år 2045 utgöra en kolsänka. Ett sätt att åstadkomma detta är genom att avskilja och lagra koldioxidutsläpp med biogent ursprung. Ett antal fjärrvärmeföretag har redan olika långt gångna planer på att satsa på bio-CCS. De har sett ett värde i att samarbeta kring hur detta kan åstadkommas. Ett led i detta är projektet Bio-CCS i fjärrvärmesektorn som består av ett gediget underlag baserat på forskning kring olika aspekter av frågan samt en strategi baserad på det underlaget. I denna rapport redovisas en syntes av detta forskningsarbete. Projektet visar att fjärrvärmesektorn har stor teoretisk potential att bidra med negativa koldioxidutsläpp, minst 10 Mton per år. I huvudsak är avskiljning, transport och lagring av koldioxid beprövad teknik även om tillämpningen i detta fall är ny. Även om bio-CCS är förknippad med energianvändning så bidrar tekniken sett ur ett systemperspektiv med stor nytta för att minska koldioxid[1]utsläppen. Bio-CCS är en relativt dyr teknik och det är angeläget att utnyttja samverkan och kluster för att exempelvis skapa ökad kostnadseffektivitet i transport och mellanlagring. Tillgång till lagringsplatser är en förutsättning för framgång och flera alternativ bedöms bli tillgängliga. Det kan dock uppstå konkurrens om tillgången till lagringsplatserna. De regelmässiga förutsättningarna för bio-CCS i Sverige har förbättrats avsevärt de senaste dryga decenniet. Flera regelmässiga hinder kvarstår dock. En del utgör mindre barriärer, andra är av mer betydande karaktär. Den största osäkerheten beträffande möjligheterna för bio-CCS gäller ekonomin. Flera potentiella finansieringsmetoder har studerats, både stöd, regleringar och frivilligmarknader. Det finns fortfarande oklarheter kring syftet med planerade stöd och det framtida ägandet av de negativa utsläppen. Det genomförda projektet har skapat ett forum för kunskapsuppbyggnad, erfarenhetsutbyte och nätverkande, vilket de deltagande företagen bedömt vara mycket värdefullt.
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