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| 14. |
- Antoniadou-Plytaria, Kyriaki, 1989, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Short-term and High-resolution Load Forecasting Errors on Microgrid Operation Costs
- 2022
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In: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe. - 9781665480321 ; 2022-October
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the load forecasting errors to the operation costs of a grid-connected microgrid. To this end, a microgrid energy scheduling optimization model was tested with deterministic and stochastic formulations under two solution approaches i.e., day-ahead and rolling horizon optimization. In total, twelve simulation test cases were designed receiving as input the forecasts provided by one of the three implemented machine learning models: linear regression, artificial neural network with backpropagation, and long short-term memory. Simulation results of the weekly operation of a real residential building (HSB Living Lab) showed no significant differences among the costs of the test cases for a daily mean absolute percentage forecast error of about 12%. These results suggest that operators of similar microgrid systems could use simplifying approaches, such as day-ahead deterministic optimization, and forecasts of similar, non-negligible accuracy without substantially affecting the microgrid's total cost as compared to the ideal case of perfect forecast. Improving the accuracy would mainly reduce the microgrid's peak power cost as shown by its 20.2% increase in comparison to the ideal case.
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| 17. |
- Burmeister, Jason J., et al.
(author)
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In vivo electrochemical studies of optogenetic control of glutamate signaling measured using enzyme-based ceramic microelectrode arrays
- 2018
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In: Neuromethods. - New York, NY : Springer New York. - 1940-6045 .- 0893-2336. ; 130, s. 327-351
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Direct electrochemical measurements of glutamate release in vivo were combined with optogenetics in order to examine light-induced control of glutamate neurotransmission in the rodent brain. Self-referenced recordings of glutamate using ceramic-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in hippocampus and frontal cortex demonstrated precise optical control of light-induced glutamate release through channelrhodopsin (ChR2) expression in both rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Although the virus was only injected unilaterally, bilateral and rostro-caudal expression was observed in slice imaging, indicating diffusion and active transport of the viral particles. Methodology for the optogenetic control of glutamate signaling in the rat brain is thoroughly explained with special attention paid to MEA enzyme coating and cleaning for the benefit of other investigators. These data support that optogenetic control of glutamate signaling is robust with certain advantages as compared to other methods to modulate the in vivo control of glutamate signaling.
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| 18. |
- Cardell, L O, et al.
(author)
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Genes regulating molecular and cellular functions in noninfectious nonallergic rhinitis.
- 2009
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In: Allergy. - : Wiley. - 1398-9995 .- 0105-4538. ; 64:9, s. 1301-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chronic noninfectious, nonallergic rhinitis (NINAR) is a complex syndrome with a principally unknown pathophysiology. New technology has made it possible to examine differentially expressed genes and according to network theory, genes connected by their function that might have key roles in the disease.
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| 19. |
- Decressac, Mickael, et al.
(author)
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TFEB-mediated autophagy rescues midbrain dopamine neurons from α-synuclein toxicity.
- 2013
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 110:19, s. 1817-1826
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aggregation of α-synuclein plays a major role in Parkinson disease (PD) pathogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that defects in the autophagy-mediated clearance of α-synuclein contribute to the progressive loss of nigral dopamine neurons. Using an in vivo model of α-synuclein toxicity, we show that the PD-like neurodegenerative changes induced by excess cellular levels of α-synuclein in nigral dopamine neurons are closely linked to a progressive decline in markers of lysosome function, accompanied by cytoplasmic retention of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a major transcriptional regulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. The changes in lysosomal function, observed in the rat model as well as in human PD midbrain, were reversed by overexpression of TFEB, which afforded robust neuroprotection via the clearance of α-synuclein oligomers, and were aggravated by microRNA-128-mediated repression of TFEB in both A9 and A10 dopamine neurons. Delayed activation of TFEB function through inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin blocked α-synuclein induced neurodegeneration and further disease progression. The results provide a mechanistic link between α-synuclein toxicity and impaired TFEB function, and highlight TFEB as a key player in the induction of α-synuclein-induced toxicity and PD pathogenesis, thus identifying TFEB as a promising target for therapies aimed at neuroprotection and disease modification in PD.
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| 20. |
- Gil-Lespinard, Mercedes, et al.
(author)
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Plasma concentration of 36 (poly)phenols and prospective body weight change in participants from the EPIC cohort
- 2024
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In: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. - : S. Karger. - 0250-6807 .- 1421-9697. ; 80:2, s. 87-100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Dietary intake of (poly)phenols has been linked to reduced adiposity and body weight (BW) in several epidemiological studies. However, epidemiological evidence on (poly)phenol biomarkers, particularly plasma concentrations, is scarce. We aimed to investigate the associations between plasma (poly)phenols and prospective BW change in participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.Methods: This study included 761 participants with data on BW at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up. Plasma concentrations of 36 (poly)phenols were measured at baseline using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations were assessed through general linear mixed models and multinomial logistic regression models, using change in BW as a continuous or as a categorical variable (BW loss, maintenance, gain), respectively. Plasma (poly)phenols were assessed as log2-transformed continuous variables. The false discovery rate (FDR) was used to control for multiple comparisons.Results: Doubling plasma (poly)phenol concentrations showed a borderline trend towards a positive association with BW loss. Plasma vanillic acid showed the strongest association (−0.53 kg/5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.99, −0.07). Similar results were observed for plasma naringenin comparing BW loss versus BW maintenance (odds ratio: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.2). These results did not remain significant after FDR correction.Conclusion: Higher concentrations of plasma (poly)phenols suggested a tendency towards 5-year BW maintenance or loss. While certain associations seemed promising, they did not withstand FDR correction, indicating the need for caution in interpreting these results. Further studies using (poly) phenol biomarkers are needed to confirm these suggestive protective trends.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Haubro Andersen, Pia, et al.
(author)
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Towards Machine Recognition of Facial Expressions of Pain in Horses
- 2021
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In: Animals. - : MDPI. - 2076-2615. ; 11:6
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Simple Summary Facial activity can convey valid information about the experience of pain in a horse. However, scoring of pain in horses based on facial activity is still in its infancy and accurate scoring can only be performed by trained assessors. Pain in humans can now be recognized reliably from video footage of faces, using computer vision and machine learning. We examine the hurdles in applying these technologies to horses and suggest two general approaches to automatic horse pain recognition. The first approach involves automatically detecting objectively defined facial expression aspects that do not involve any human judgment of what the expression "means". Automated classification of pain expressions can then be done according to a rule-based system since the facial expression aspects are defined with this information in mind. The other involves training very flexible machine learning methods with raw videos of horses with known true pain status. The upside of this approach is that the system has access to all the information in the video without engineered intermediate methods that have filtered out most of the variation. However, a large challenge is that large datasets with reliable pain annotation are required. We have obtained promising results from both approaches. Automated recognition of human facial expressions of pain and emotions is to a certain degree a solved problem, using approaches based on computer vision and machine learning. However, the application of such methods to horses has proven difficult. Major barriers are the lack of sufficiently large, annotated databases for horses and difficulties in obtaining correct classifications of pain because horses are non-verbal. This review describes our work to overcome these barriers, using two different approaches. One involves the use of a manual, but relatively objective, classification system for facial activity (Facial Action Coding System), where data are analyzed for pain expressions after coding using machine learning principles. We have devised tools that can aid manual labeling by identifying the faces and facial keypoints of horses. This approach provides promising results in the automated recognition of facial action units from images. The second approach, recurrent neural network end-to-end learning, requires less extraction of features and representations from the video but instead depends on large volumes of video data with ground truth. Our preliminary results suggest clearly that dynamics are important for pain recognition and show that combinations of recurrent neural networks can classify experimental pain in a small number of horses better than human raters.
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| 23. |
- Hounkpatin, Ozias, et al.
(author)
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Predicting the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stock in Swedish forests using a group of covariates and site-specific data
- 2021
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In: Soil. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 2199-3971 .- 2199-398X. ; 7, s. 377-398
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The status of the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock at any position in the landscape is subject to a complex interplay of soil state factors operating at different scales and regulating multiple processes resulting either in soils acting as a net sink or net source of carbon. Forest landscapes are characterized by high spatial variability, and key drivers of SOC stock might be specific for sub-areas compared to those influencing the whole landscape. Consequently, separately calibrating models for sub-areas (local models) that collectively cover a target area can result in different prediction accuracy and SOC stock drivers compared to a single model (global model) that covers the whole area. The goal of this study was therefore to (1) assess how global and local models differ in predicting the humus layer, mineral soil, and total SOC stock in Swedish forests and (2) identify the key factors for SOC stock prediction and their scale of influence.We used the Swedish National Forest Soil Inventory (NFSI) database and a digital soil mapping approach to evaluate the prediction performance using random forest models calibrated locally for the northern, central, and southern Sweden (local models) and for the whole of Sweden (global model). Models were built by considering (1) only site characteristics which are recorded on the plot during the NFSI, (2) the group of covariates (remote sensing, historical land use data, etc.) and (3) both site characteristics and group of covariates consisting mostly of remote sensing data.Local models were generally more effective for predicting SOC stock after testing on independent validation data. Using the group of covariates together with NFSI data indicated that such covariates have limited predictive strength but that site-specific covariates from the NFSI showed better explanatory strength for SOC stocks. The most important covariates that influence the humus layer, mineral soil (0-50 cm), and total SOC stock were related to the site-characteristic covariates and include the soil moisture class, vegetation type, soil type, and soil texture. This study showed that local calibration has the potential to improve prediction accuracy, which will vary depending on the type of available covariates.
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| 24. |
- Kumlien, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Urinary excretion of a glucose-containing tetrasaccharide. A parameter for increased degradation of glycogen
- 1988
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In: Clinica Chimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-8981. ; 176:1, s. 39-48
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The urinary excretion of a glucose-containing oligosaccharide, Glc alpha[1-6Glc alpha[1-4Glc alpha[1-4Glc, (Glc4) has been measured in various physiological and pathological conditions. The Glc4 content of 24 h samples from the same individual was relatively constant, whereas 2 h samples showed up to 4-fold variations in Glc4 concentration. This variation is associated mainly with increased excretion of Glc4 after meals. A carbohydrate-rich diet, starvation or a protein-rich diet, and intense physical activity all affected the urinary excretion of Glc4. Both oral and intravenous administration of glycogen in a Rhesus monkey resulted in increased excretion of Glc4. When Glc4 itself was injected intravenously in small amounts renal clearance was rapid and complete. In contrast, injection of a larger amount resulted in incomplete (approximately 10%) renal clearance, probably due to uptake and metabolism of the oligosaccharide. In patients with glycogen storage diseases, certain malignancies, and pancreatitis, 24 h urinary Glc4 excretion exceeded the normal range. The diagnostic implications of these observations deserve evaluation. The results presented suggest a need for standardization of nutritional status and physical activity when monitoring urinary Glc4 excretion for diagnostic purposes.
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| 25. |
- Leclercq, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Perceived sidedness and correlation to vertical movement asymmetries in young warmblood horses
- 2023
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In: PLoS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 18
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The prevalence of vertical asymmetries is high in "owner-sound" warmblood riding horses, however the origin of these asymmetries is unknown. This study investigated correlations between vertical asymmetries and motor laterality. Young warmblood riding horses (N = 65), perceived as free from lameness were evaluated on three visits, each comprising objective gait analysis (inertial measurement units system) and a rider questionnaire on perceived sidedness of the horse. A subgroup (N = 40) of horses were also subjected to a forelimb protraction preference test intended as an assessment of motor laterality. We hypothesized associations between vertical asymmetry and motor laterality as well as rider-perceived sidedness. Vertical asymmetry was quantified as trial means of the stride-by-stride difference between the vertical displacement minima and maxima of the head (HDmin, HDmax) and pelvis (PDmin, PDmax). Laterality indexes, based on counts of which limb was protracted, and binomial tests were used to draw conclusions from the preference tests. In the three visits, 60-70% of horses exhibited vertical asymmetries exceeding clinically used thresholds for & GE;1 parameter, and 22% of horses exhibited a side preference in the preference test as judged by binomial tests. Linear mixed models identified a weak but statistically significant correlation between perceived hindlimb weakness and higher PDmin values attributable to either of the hindlimbs (p = 0.023). No other statistically significant correlations to vertical asymmetry were seen for any of the questionnaire answers tested. Tests of correlation between the absolute values of laterality index and asymmetry parameters (HDmin, HDmax, PDmin, PDmax) identified a weak correlation (p = 0.049) with PDmax, but when accounting for the direction of asymmetry and motor laterality, no correlations were seen for either of the asymmetry parameters. No convincing evidence of associations between vertical asymmetries and motor laterality were seen and further studies investigating motor laterality and the origin of vertical asymmetries are needed.
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| 26. |
- Lundblad, Anders Olof, et al.
(author)
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Vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter– en jämförande studie (H2Timmer) : Exekutiv sammanfattning
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Detta förstudieprojekt har undersökt vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter. Hela värdekedjan, inklusive produktion, komprimering, lagring, och användning inkluderas i analysen som beaktar kostnader, energieffektivitet och växthusgasutsläpp ur ett ”well-to wheel”-perspektiv. Projektet har genomförts av RISE tillsammans med följande företag och organisationer: Sveaskog, SmurfitKappa, Metsä Group, Holmen, StoraEnso, BillerudKorsnäs, AB Volvo, Volvo Penta, Volvo CE, Nilsson Energy, Euromekanik, Energiforsk, Skogsindustrierna.
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| 27. |
- Lundblad, Anders Olof, et al.
(author)
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Vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter– en jämförande studie (H2Timmer)
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Detta förstudieprojekt har visat att vätgasdrift för timmerlastbilar ger något högre men ändå liknande kilometerkostnad som ren batteridrift, men snabbare tankning och längre körsträcka, vilket ger större flexibilitet för åkaren. Även biodrivmedel kan vara ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ. Skogsindustrin är en av Sveriges största transportanvändare. För timmertransporter är lastbil det klart viktigaste transportslaget och skogsindustrins transporter motsvarar ca 17 % av Sveriges transporterade gods på väg. Ett alternativ för omställning av skogsindustrins transporter till fossilfrihet är förnybar vätgas, som kan produceras genom elektrolys med förnybar el. Precis som el ger vätgas inte upphov till några lokala emissioner vid användningen. Produktion av vätgas kan potentiellt ha synergier för skogsindustrins massabruk, som behov av syrgas och tillgång till överskottsel. Projektet har undersökt vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter. Hela värdekedjan, inklusive produktion, komprimering, lagring, och användning inkluderas i analysen som beaktar kostnader, energieffektivitet och växthusgasutsläpp ur ett ”well-to wheel”-perspektiv. Studien inkluderar jämförelser med andra möjliga alternativ för att ställa om transporterna till fossilfrihet så som elektrifiering och biodrivmedel. Projektet har gett resultat som kommer att ligga till grund för en mer detaljerad projekteringsstudie inför ett framtida demonstrations- och pilotprojekt. Studien som finansierats av Trafikverket genom TripleF har genomförts av RISE tillsammans med 6 skogsindustribolag, tre företag från fordonsbranschen och två systemintegratörer med fokus på vätgas. Medverkande företag och organisationer: Sveaskog, SmurfitKappa, Metsä Group, Holmen, StoraEnso, BillerudKorsnäs, AB Volvo, Volvo Penta, Volvo CE, Nilsson Energy, Euromekanik, Energiforsk, Skogsindustrierna.
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| 28. |
- Lundblad, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses
- 2021
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In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Horses have the ability to generate a remarkable repertoire of facial expressions, some of which have been linked to the affective component of pain. This study describes the facial expressions in healthy horses free of pain before and during transportation and social isolation, which are putatively stressful but ordinary management procedures. Transportation was performed in 28 horses by subjecting them to short-term road transport in a horse trailer. A subgroup (n = 10) of these horses was also subjected to short-term social isolation. During all procedures, a body-mounted, remote-controlled heart rate monitor provided continuous heart rate measurements. The horses' heads were video-recorded during the interventions. An exhaustive dataset was generated from the selected video clips of all possible facial action units and action descriptors, time of emergency, duration, and frequency according to the Equine Facial Action Coding System (EquiFACS). Heart rate increased during both interventions (p<0.01), confirming that they caused disruption in sympato-vagal balance. Using the current method for ascribing certain action units (AUs) to specific emotional states in humans and a novel data-driven co-occurrence method, the following facial traits were observed during both interventions: eye white increase (p<0.001), nostril dilator (p<0.001), upper eyelid raiser (p<0.001), inner brow raiser (p = 0.042), tongue show (p<0.001). Increases in 'ear flicker' (p<0.001) and blink frequency (p<0.001) were also seen. These facial actions were used to train a machine-learning classifier to discriminate between the high-arousal interventions and calm horses, which achieved at most 79% accuracy. Most facial features identified correspond well with previous findings on behaviors of stressed horses, for example flared nostrils, repetitive mouth behaviors, increased eye white, tongue show, and ear movements. Several features identified in this study of pain-free horses, such as dilated nostrils, eye white increase, and inner brow raiser, are used as indicators of pain in some face-based pain assessment tools. In order to increase performance parameters in pain assessment tools, the relations between facial expressions of stress and pain should be studied further.
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| 29. |
- Lundblad, Jonas, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Musikens teologi och det gåtfulla folkets identitet
- 2013
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In: Svensk kyrkotidning. - : Svensk kyrkotidning AB. - 0346-2153. ; 21, s. 420-423
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Granskning och kritisk diskussion av musikdelen i Förslag till Kyrkohandbok för Svenska kyrkan (2012).
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Lundblad, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Förslag på uppföljning av åtgärder för ökad kolinlagring och minskade utsläpp i LULUCF-sektorn - Beskogning av tidigare jordbruksmark
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Genom att aktiviteter inom markanvändning och skogsbruk (LULUCF-sektorn) fått större betydelse i klimatarbetet, såväl internationellt (EU/2018/841) som nationellt (SOU 2020:4) har behovet av förbättrad uppföljning av dessa aktiviteter aktualiserats. Det finns även ett behov av att förbättra bedömningen av potentialen, dvs. effekten på växthusgasbalansen av att åtgärderna införs. I denna rapport analyseras hur kolinlagringen kan öka genom beskogning av jordbruksmark och hur åtgärden kan följas upp. I uppdraget ingår att (i) föreslå hur förändrade utsläpp och upptag kan kvantifieras på objektsnivå i samband med utförd åtgärd, (ii) identifiera tillgängliga datakällor för att följa upp åtgärderna, (iii) föreslå eventuellt ytterligare behov av data för uppföljning av åtgärderna. Eftersom omfattande inventering krävs för mäta effekten av beskogning på plats har vi tagit fram en uppsättning typbestånd för olika trädslag (gran, tall, björk, asp, contortatall, ek, lärk, bok), bördighet (låg, medel, hög), tidigare markanvändning (vallbruk, odling av ettåriga grödor respektive grönträda) för tre regioner (Götaland, Svealand, Norrland), dvs. 216 olika alternativ. Dessutom har vi också tagit fram motsvarande uppsättning för fall där föryngringen är något mindre lyckad. De olika typbestånden simulerades med Heureka Planwise med komplettering av markkolsdata för tidigare markanvändning som simulerades med ICBM-modellen. För att också visa effekten av att välja snabbväxande trädslag som poppel och hybridasp gjordes en litteraturgenomgång som jämfördes med de simulerade bestånden. Det är stor skillnad i utfallet för de olika simulerade beskogningsalternativen. Gran binder i genomsnitt 2,3 ton C ha-1 år-1 över en omloppstid, medan björk binder 0,9 ton C ha-1 år-1 över en omloppstid. Generellt sker ett större kolupptag vid lyckade föryngringar med i snitt 1,4 ton C ha-1 år-1 nettoupptag över en omloppstid vid 2000 stammar vid en återväxtinventering jämfört med 1,1 ton C ha-1 år-1 vid 1000 stammar. Högre bonitet ger i snitt 1,7 ton C ha-1 år-1 jämfört med 0,9 ton C ha-1 år-1 vid lägre bonitet i genomsnitt över samtliga simulerade bestånd. En intressant observation är att det tar ett antal år innan bestånden bidrar som nettosänka (men med stor variation givet variationerna ovan). Detta beror på att nedbrytningen av det gamla kolet i marken inledningsvis är högre än tillförseln av nytt kol. Även om man ska tolka dessa simulerade resultat med viss försiktighet visar det att tidigare markanvändning bör tas i beaktande för var beskogning bör ske och med vilka trädslag. Det finns annars en risk att nyttan med beskogningen begränsas både i total effekt och tidsmässigt för att bidraget ska bli signifikant relativt befintliga klimatmål. Underlagen från de simulerade typbestånden kan användas i kombination med aktivitetsdata, dvs. arealer för aktiv plantering för att beräknas totaleffekt av beskogning. Genomsnitt kan t.ex. tas fram som kan komplettera de utsläpps- och upptagsfaktorer som används i klimatrapporteringen idag i kombination med data från SLU Riksskogstaxeringen (RT), exempel ges i rapporten på regionvisa faktorer. Det är också möjligt att använda typvärden på den aggregeringsnivå som är lämplig givet de aktivitetsdata som finns tillgängliga. Andra källor för aktivitetsdata kan vara den anmälan som görs till Länsstyrelsen när jordbruksmark tas ur bruk eller uppgifter om att jordbruksmarken inte längre ingår i ansökan om stöd inom landsbygdsprogrammet. Om en bra uppföljning ska kunna göras i framtiden behöver ett system som sammanställer den anmälan som görs idag och de ansökningar om stöd som kan bli verklighet om aktiviteten beskogning kommer ges stöd i någon form (antingen genom ett nytt system eller genom att det implementeras i befintliga stödsystem). Uppföljning kan göras genom stickprovsinventering i lämpliga tidsintervall men också genom att markägaren informerar ansvarig myndighet löpande om beståndets utveckling, i.e. i vilken utsträckning beskogningen varit lyckad (kanske vart femte år). Uppgiftslämnarbördan ska dock hållas så låg som möjligt för att inte minska intresset för åtgärden. När det gäller potentialen av beskogning relativt klimatmål till 2030 och 2045 är det uppenbart att bidraget inte hinner bli så stort till 2030 givet att det tar tid innan tillväxten får fart och effekten av att nedbrytningen av markkol är högre än tillförseln av nytt kol initialt. Vi har beräknat ett antal scenarier med stöd av simuleringar av typbestånd. Utgångspunkten har varit dagens beskogningsintensitet och trädslagsfördelning. Den additionella effekten jämfört med det bidrag som aktiviteten beskogning ger idag, hamnar på i storleksordningen 50 kton CO2 år--1 10 år efter att scenarierna startar, men efter 25 år, dvs. runt 2045 kan bidraget bli mer än 1 000 kton CO2 år-1 vid beskogning på 10 kha år-1 i 20 år, dvs. totalt 200 kha. Det är dock stor variation beroende på vilken beskogningsstrategi som väljs. Ett alternativ där andelen löv ökar samtidigt som vi antar att bättre lokaler väljs ger bara ett extra bidrag på drygt 100 kton CO2 år-1 efter 25 år. Kortsiktigt verkar det effektivt att satsa på att plantera snabbväxande trädslag som poppel eller hybridasp, åtminstone på en del av den aktuella arealen. Beskogningen bidrar inte bara med inlagring av koldioxid utan också till produktion av träråvara. Efter 60 år kan bidraget från beskogad mark, dvs. den mark som beskogas i scenarierna bidra med mellan ca 0,4 miljoner m3 sk år-1 (scenario löv) och ca 1,4 miljoner m3 sk år-1 (scenario BAUx2) i gallring. Om utvecklingen följer alternativ Hög kan det handla om uppemot 2 miljoner m3 sk år-1för scenario BAUx2 (som innebär att upp till 400 kha mark tas i anspråk för beskogning). Jämfört med dagens avverkningsnivåer motsvarar detta ca 1-2% av det årliga virkesuttaget. Därtill tillkommer förstås virkesleveranser när bestånden slutavverkas men den kolmängden är inkluderad i nettoupptaget. Potentiellt skulle beskogning och produktion av skogsråvara på nedlagd jordbruksmark kunna frigöra produktiv skogsmark för andra ändamål, t.ex. för ökat bevarande av biologisk mångfald. Hur våra marker utnyttjas i framtiden är dock en svår balansgång, samtidigt som jordbruksmark läggs ner, pekar mycket på dessa arealer kan behövas för livsmedelsproduktion i framtiden. Det är därför rimligt att inte inteckna alltför stor areal för beskogning. Vår bedömning är att de 200 kha som vi använt i denna studie inte i alltför stor utsträckning inkräktar på framtida livsmedelsproduktion eftersom marken i huvudsak redan tagits ur jordbruksproduktion.
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| 32. |
- Lundblad, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Sveriges klimatrapportering - markanvändning och skogsbruk
- 2022
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In: Fakta. Skog. - 1400-7789.
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Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- SLU sammanställer Sveriges rapportering av utsläpp och upptag av växthusgaserfrån markanvändning och skogsbruk.Om man undantar markanvändning och skogsbruk var Sveriges utsläpp avväxthusgaser under 2020 46 miljoner ton CO2-ekvivalenter.Markanvändning och skogsbruk bidrog samma år till ett nettoupptag på40 miljoner ton CO2-ekvivalenter, varav skogsmark stod för 96 %.Det största nettoupptaget av kol i levande biomassa sker i produktionsskog,men upptaget per arealenhet är något större i skog som skogsägarnafrivilligt undantagit från skogsbruk
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| 33. |
- Ortiz, Carina, et al.
(author)
-
Measurements and models –a comparison of quantificationmethods for SOC changes in forestsoils
- 2009
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Swedish UNFCCC1-reporting of the LULUCF2-sector is based on methods incompliance with the “Good practice” as described by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC). Biomass and soil inventory data from the SwedishInventory of Forests is the major source of information used to quantify changes inthe various carbon pools on forest land. Even if the reported uncertainties in soilcarbon changes are small from a statistical perspective, they are large in relation tothe total Swedish emissions of green house gases. This is due to the fact that thesoil carbon pool is so large, that even small and statistically non-significantchanges may have an impact on the Swedish CO2 balance. Sampling based methodsmay also result in considerable inter annual variations that may look conspicuousin the reporting. Because of the uncertainty and inter annual variations therehas been a discussion on the methods used and if there are possibilities to lower theuncertainty and to get more stable estimates of soil carbon changes by combiningmeasurements and models. In this study results from the two soil carbon models,Yasso07 and Q, were compared with repeated measurements of the soil inventoryduring the years 1994 to 2000. Soil carbon fluxes were simulated with the twomodels from 1926 to 2000 with Monte Carlo methodology to estimate uncertaintyranges. The results from the models agreed well with measured data. The simulationsof Yasso07 and Q resulted in a soil organic carbon stock in year 2000 of1600 Mton C and 1580 Mton C, respectively while the measured carbon pool was1670 Mton C. The annual change in soil organic carbon varies substantially betweenthe three methods mainly due to different assumptions regarding annualclimate variation. However, the five year averaged mean of annual soil organiccarbon change for the two periods 1994-1998 and 1996-2000 indicate the size anddirection of the estimated annual changes agree reasonable well. The mean annualchange for the two periods was for the Q-model 5.5 Mton C yr-1 and 5.6 Mton C yr-1with a confidence interval of 2.1-10.7 Mton C yr-1, and for the Yasso07-model 3.7Mton C yr-1 and 0.9 Mton C yr-1 respectively with a confidence interval rangingbetween -5 to 12.6 and -7 to 9.8 Mton C yr-1 respectively. The mean annual changefor the two periods estimated using NFI-data was 1.6 M ton C yr-1 and 2.5 M ton Cyr-1 with a standard error of 2 The general conclusion drawn from this study is thatboth sampling and the models Yasso07 and Q are possible tools to predict the soilorganic carbon accumulation and annual changes for Swedish forest soils. Theestimates based on measurements as well as the modelled results indicate an increasein carbon stocks in Swedish forest soils. This study does not support achange of method from inventory to model predictions. However, the agreementbetween the methods shows that the models are suitable as a complement to othersoil carbon estimation methods. They are particularly useful for projections and werecommend a further development of the modelling tools.
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| 34. |
- Ortiz, Carina, et al.
(author)
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Soil organic carbon stock changes in Swedish forest soils—A comparison of uncertainties and their sources through a national inventory and two simulation models
- 2013
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In: Ecological Modelling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3800 .- 1872-7026. ; 251, s. 221-231
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Swedish Forest Soil Inventory (SFSI) estimates of SOC stocks and SOC changes for forest on mineral soils under Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)/lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) or Norway spruce (Picea abies) were compared with estimates, including uncertainties due to parameter, input and climate variability, from two process-based models (Yasso07 and Q) for the period 1994-2000. We found that the stocks, changes, inter-annual variations and uncertainties were of the same magnitude among the different methods. The mean Swedish national stocks in 2000 were estimated to be 73 (+/- 10) (95% CL) ton ha(-1) C (SFSI); 69 (+/- 9) (95% CL) ton ha(-1) C (Yasso07); and, 67 (+10; -9) (5th and 95th percentiles) ton ha(-1) C (Q). Between 1994 and 2000, the mean estimated SOC change were 6.6 (+/- 7)Tg Cyr(-1) (SFSI), 1.7 (+/- 8.8)Tg Cyr(-1) (Yasso07), and -3.2 (+10.5; -16.9)Tg Cyr(-1) (Q). Spatial variability was the main source of uncertainty for the SOC stocks and changes estimated with the SFSI. The uncertainties in the stock estimates originated from litter input for Yasso07 and from the model parameters for the Q model. In both models, litter input uncertainty was the major source of uncertainty for the estimated SOC changes, followed by climate variability and parameters. We concluded that the level of uncertainty for both methods was similar but the sources of uncertainties varied between models and measurements. Thus, comparing uncertainty between methods is difficult and further studies on SOC change estimates with related uncertainties are warranted. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 35. |
- Ortiz, Carina, et al.
(author)
-
The effect of increased extraction of forest harvest residues on soil organic carbon accumulation in Sweden
- 2014
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In: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 70, s. 230-238
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The demand and potential for increasing the use of bioenergy from harvest residues in Sweden are large. However, harvest residue (branches and tops) and stump extraction negatively affect soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of increased harvest residue extraction on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation at national level. Further, the reduction in CO2 by substituting coal with biofuel from harvest residues and stumps was assessed. Several scenarios with increased harvest residue extraction were simulated with the forest management system HUGIN and the SOC decomposition model Q and the effects on SOC accumulation in Swedish coniferous forest soils were assessed. All scenarios resulted in decreased SOC accumulation. The decrease in SOC accumulation was largest for stump extraction, with 0.15 Mg C ha(-1) y(-1) loss on average over a 100-year simulation period. In all scenarios, the short-term effects on SOC accumulation were greater than the long-term effects. The effect of substituting coal with bioenergy was an immediate reduction of net CO2 emissions. An increase in the use of forest residues leads to CO2 mitigation in the atmosphere, even when SOC losses are accounted for. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
- Petersson, Hans, et al.
(author)
-
On the role of forests and the forest sector for climate change mitigation in Sweden
- 2022
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In: GCB Bioenergy. - : Wiley. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 14:7, s. 793-813
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyse the short- and long-term consequences for atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations of forest management strategies and forest product uses in Sweden by comparing the modelled consequences of forest resource use vs. increased conservation at different levels of GHG savings from carbon sequestration and product substitution with bioenergy and other forest products. Increased forest set-asides for conservation resulted in larger GHG reductions only in the short term and only when substitution effects were low. In all other cases, forest use was more beneficial. In all scenarios, annual carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration rates declined in conservation forests as they mature, eventually approaching a steady state. Forest set-asides are thus associated with increasing opportunity costs corresponding to foregone wood production and associated mitigation losses. Substitution and sequestration rates under all other forest management strategies rise, providing support for sustained harvest and cumulative mitigation gains. The impact of increased fertilization was everywhere beneficial to the climate and surpassed the mitigation potential of the other scenarios. Climate change can have large—positive or negative—influence on outcomes. Despite uncertainties, the results indicate potentially large benefits from forest use for wood production. These benefits, however, are not clearly linked with forestry in UNFCCC reporting, and the European Union's Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry carbon accounting, framework may even prevent their full realization. These reporting and accounting frameworks may further have the consequence of encouraging land set-asides and reduced forest use at the expense of future biomass production. Further, carbon leakage and resulting biodiversity impacts due to increased use of more GHG-intensive products, including imported products associated with deforestation and land degradation, are inadequately assessed. Considerable opportunity to better mobilize the climate change mitigation potential of Swedish forests therefore remains.
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| 37. |
- Wasling, Helena Backlund, 1972, et al.
(author)
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Cortical processing of lateral skin stretch stimulation in humans.
- 2008
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In: Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1106. ; 190:2, s. 117-24
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Direction discrimination of a moving tactile stimulus requires intact dorsal columns and provides a sensitive clinical test of somatosensory dysfunction. Cortical mechanisms are poorly understood. We have applied tangential skin pulls to the right lower leg during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Healthy subjects judged the direction of the skin pulls (task experiment, n = 7) or received skin pulls passively (no task experiment, n = 8). Second somatosensory cortex (S2) was activated in the task as well as no task experiment, and there was no significant difference in cortical activation between the two experiments. Within S2 nearly all subjects had prominent activations in the caudal and superficial part, i.e., in the opercular parietal (OP) area 1. S1 was activated in only one of the subjects. Thus, S2 and especially OP 1 seems to be important for processing of lateral skin stretch stimulation. The finding suggests that a lesion of this area might cause a disturbance in tactile direction discrimination which should be relevant for clinical testing.
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| 38. |
- Zetterberg, Ebba, et al.
(author)
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Prevalence of vertical movement asymmetries at trot in Standardbred and Swedish Warmblood foals
- 2023
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In: PLoS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 18
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many horses, just before and during their athletic career, show vertical movement asymmetries, to the same degree as clinically lame horses. It is unknown whether these asymmetries are caused by pain or have alternative explanations, such as inherent biological variation. In the latter case, movement asymmetries would be expected to be present at a very young age. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of movement asymmetries in foals. Motion analysis, using an inertial measurement unit-based system (Equinosis), was performed on 54 foals (31 Swedish Warmbloods, 23 Standardbreds) during straight-line trot. The foals were between 4–13 weeks old and considered sound by their owners. Differences between the vertical minimum and maximum values recorded for the head (HDmin, HDmax) and pelvis (PDmin, PDmax) between left and right stance were calculated for each stride and an average was computed for each trial. Thresholds for asymmetry were defined as absolute trial mean >6 mm for HDmin and HDmax, and >3 mm for PDmin and PDmax. These thresholds were exceeded for one or several parameters by 83% of Standardbred foals and 45% of Swedish Warmblood foals, demonstrating surprisingly high prevalence of asymmetries in young foals, although the risk of repetitive strain injuries and cumulative risk of trauma injuries was expected to be low in this age group. Standardbred foals showed similar prevalence of asymmetries to that reported previously for yearling Standardbred trotters, so relatively higher prevalence of movement asymmetries may be expected among trotters as a breed. In general, vertical head and pelvic movement asymmetries can be anticipated among foals considered sound by their owners. A better understanding of the aetiology of asymmetries is needed for correct interpretation of objective symmetry measurements in different populations of horses.
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