| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Amin, Vikesh, et al.
(author)
-
The intergenerational transmission of schooling : Are mothers really less important than fathers?
- 2015
-
In: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 47, s. 100-117
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a "puzzle" in the literature on the intergenerational transmission of schooling, where twin studies emphasize the importance of fathers' schooling, whereas IV-studies often emphasize the importance of mothers. We provide new evidence on this "puzzle" using register based Swedish data on the largest sample of twins used so far in the literature. In contrast to previous twin studies, our results confirm the importance of mothers' schooling. We also provide the first twin-based evidence of possible role model effects, where our estimates suggest that mother's schooling matters more than father's schooling for daughters schooling. One additional year of mothers' schooling raises daughter's schooling by a tenth of a year, which is similar to some of the previous IV-based estimates in the literature. Finally, we bring in new US twin data that for the first time allows a replication of previous twin-based estimates of the intergenerational transmission of schooling in the US. The results show no statistically significant effect of mothers' and fathers' schooling on children's schooling. Our results have implications for assessing the efficiency of policies that subsidize the schooling of men and women and are in contrast to most previous findings in the twin literature. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 3. |
- Amin, Vikesh, et al.
(author)
-
The intergenerational transmission of schooling : are mothers really less important than fathers?
- 2014
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- There is a “puzzle” in the literature on the intergenerational transmission of schooling, where twin studies emphasize the importance of fathers’ schooling, whereas IV-studies often emphasize the importance of mothers. We provide new evidence on this “puzzle” using register based Swedish data on the largest sample of twins used so far in the literature. In contrast to previous twin studies, our results confirm the importance of mothers’ schooling. We also provide the first twin-based evidence of role model effects, where our estimates suggest that only mother's schooling matters when allowing the effects to differ between sons and daughters. One additional year of mothers’ schooling raises daughter’s schooling by a tenth of a year, which is similar to some of the previous IV-based estimates in the literature. Finally, we bring in new US twin data that for the first time allow a replication of previous twin-based estimates of the intergenerational transmission of schooling in the US. The results show that that mothers’ and fathers’ schooling has no effect on children’s schooling in the US. Our results have implications for assessing the efficiency of policies that subsidize the schooling of men and women and are in contrast to most previous findings in the twin literature.
|
|
| 4. |
- Andersson, Elvira, et al.
(author)
-
Income receipt and mortality : Evidence from Swedish public sector employees
- 2015
-
In: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 131, s. 21-32
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we study the short-run effect of salary receipt on mortality among Swedish public sector employees. By exploiting variation in paydays across work-places, we completely control for mortality patterns related to, for example, public holidays and other special days or events coinciding with paydays and for general within-month and within-week mortality patterns. We find a dramatic increase in mortality on the day that salaries arrive. The increase is especially pronounced for younger workers and for deaths due to activity-related causes such as heart conditions and strokes. The effect is entirely driven by an increase in mortality among low income individuals, who are more likely to experience liquidity constraints. All things considered, our results suggest that an increase in general economic activity on salary receipt is an important cause of the excess mortality.
|
|
| 5. |
- Andersson, Elvira, et al.
(author)
-
Income Receipt and Mortality – Evidence from Swedish Public Sector Employees
- 2014
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper, we study the short-run effect of salary receipt on mortality among Swedish public sector employees. By using data on variation in paydays across work-places, we completely control for mortality patterns related to, for example, public holidays and other special days or events coinciding with paydays and for general within-month and within-week mortality patterns. We find a dramatic increase in mortality on the day salaries arrive. The increase is especially pronounced for younger workers and for deaths due to activity-related causes such as heart conditions and strokes. Additionally, the effect is entirely driven by an increase in mortality among low income individuals, who are more likely to experience liquidity constraints. All things considered, our results suggest that an increase in general economic activity on salary receipt is an important cause of the excess mortality.
|
|
| 6. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Perception of own death risk : An analysis of road-traffic and overall mortality risks
- 2006
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Individuals' perception of their own road-traffic and overall mortality risks are examined in this paper. Perceived risk is compared with the objective risk of the respondents' peers, i.e. their own gender and age group, and the results suggest that individuals' risk perception of their own risk is biased. For road-traffic risk we obtain similar results to what have been found previously in the literature, overassessment and underassessment among low- and high-risk groups, respectively. For overall risk we find that all risk groups underestimate their risk. The results also indicate that men's risk bias is larger than women's.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Avdic, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Does Health-Care Consolidation Harm Patients? : Evidence from Maternity Ward Closures
- 2024
-
In: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7731 .- 1945-774X. ; 16:1, s. 160-189
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study how closures of maternity wards affect maternal and neonatal health. Using data on all hospital births in Sweden between 1990 and 2004, we compare changes in birth -related outcomes across hospital catchment areas that were differently exposed to ward closures. Our findings show that the closures increased maternal obstetric trauma but also decreased fetal stress and infant trauma among newborns. Adverse maternal outcomes are mainly driven by ward overcrowding, whereas increases in travel distance have no distinguishable effects. Positive effects on infant health reflect a shift of births from smaller to larger wards of higher quality.
|
|
| 9. |
- Avdic, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Does Health-Care Consolidation Harm Patients? Evidence from Maternity Ward Closures
- 2024
-
In: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. - 1945-7731. ; 16:1, s. 160-189
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study how closures of maternity wards affect maternal and neonatal health. Using data on all hospital births in Sweden between 1990 and 2004, we compare changes in birth-related outcomes across hospital catchment areas that were differently exposed to ward closures. Our findings show that the closures increased maternal obstetric trauma but also decreased fetal stress and infant trauma among newborns. Adverse maternal outcomes are mainly driven by ward overcrowding, whereas increases in travel distance have no distinguishable effects. Positive effects on infant health reflect a shift of births from smaller to larger wards of higher quality.
|
|
| 10. |
- Avdic, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Estimating returns to hospital volume : Evidence from advanced cancer surgery
- 2019
-
In: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 63, s. 81-99
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-volume hospitals typically perform better than low-volume hospitals. In this paper, we study whether such patterns reflect a causal effect of case volume on patient outcomes. To this end, we exploit closures and openings of entire cancer clinics in Swedish hospitals which provides sharp and arguably exogenous variation in case volumes. Using detailed register data on more than 100,000 treatment episodes of advanced cancer surgery, our results suggest substantial positive effects of operation volume on survival. Complementary analyses point to learning-by-doing as an important explanation. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 11. |
- Bharadwaj, Prashant, et al.
(author)
-
Birth weight and vulnerability to a macroeconomic crisis
- 2019
-
In: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 66, s. 136-144
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper shows that early-life health is an important determinant of labor market vulnerability during macroeconomic downturns. Using data on twins during Sweden's crisis of the early 1990s, we show that individuals with higher birth weight are differentially less likely to receive unemployment insurance benefits after the crisis as compared to before it, and that this effect is concentrated among workers in the private sector. While differences in early-life health thus lead to increased inequality in employment outcomes, we also find that there is no differential effect of birth weight on total income after the crisis. This suggests that in the context of Sweden, the social safety net is able to mitigate the effects of early-life health on labor market outcomes during economic downturns.
|
|
| 12. |
- Bharadwaj, Prashant, et al.
(author)
-
Birth Weight in the Long Run
- 2018
-
In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 53:1, s. 189-231
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the effect of birth weight on long-run outcomes using data on Swedish twins born between 1926 and 1958 linked to administrative records spanning entire life-time labor market histories. We find that birth weight positively affects permanent income and income across large parts of the lifecycle. The timing of the birth weight–income relationship is in line with the role of birth weight in determining takeup of sickness benefits and morbidity. The effect of birth weight on labor market outcomes even for cohorts born 30 years apart are similar; for short run health outcomes, birth weight plays a decreasing role over time.
|
|
| 13. |
- Bingley, Paul, et al.
(author)
-
Brothers in Arms Spillovers from a Draft Lottery
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 56:1, s. 225-268
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While family members tend to have similar labor market outcomes, measuring the contribution of behavioral spillovers is difficult. To identify spillovers between brothers, we exploit Denmark's largest random assignment of young men—to eight months of military service, where service status of brothers is correlated, but draft lottery numbers are not. We find average spillovers of elder brother service on younger brother service of 7 percent, and as high as 55 percent for closely spaced brothers without sisters. Elder brother's military service affects his own occupational choice and his younger brother's service by discouraging any refusal to serve.
|
|
| 14. |
- Bingley, Paul, et al.
(author)
-
The Opportunity Costs of Mandatory Military Service : Evidence from a Draft Lottery
- 2020
-
In: Journal of Labor Economics. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1537-5307 .- 0734-306X. ; 38:1, s. 39-66
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conscription forces young men to serve in the military, irrespective of their opportunity costs. Using random assignment in the Danish draft lottery, we find a negative average effect of peacetime military service on earnings, an effect varying by ability, with high-ability men facing a $23,000 lifetime earnings penalty but with low-ability men facing none. This gradient is robust to different measures of labor market prospects. Educational disruption is an important mechanism, while service has little effect on health or criminal activity. The opportunity costs of conscription are borne by men with the best labor market prospects.
|
|
| 15. |
- Black, Sandra E., et al.
(author)
-
Learning to Take Risks? The Effect of Education on Risk-Taking in Financial Markets
- 2015
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We investigate whether acquiring more education when young has long-term effects on risk-taking behavior in financial markets and whether the effects spill over to spouses and children. There is substantial evidence that more educated people are more likely to invest in the stock market. However, little is known about whether this is a causal effect of education or whether it arises from the correlation of education with unobserved characteristics. Using exogenous variation in education arising from a Swedish compulsory schooling reform in the 1950s and 1960s, and the wealth holdings of the population of Sweden in 2000, we estimate the effect of education on stock market participation and risky asset holdings. We find that an extra year of education increases stock market participation by about 2% for men but there is no evidence of any positive effect for women. More education also leads men to hold a greater proportion of their financial assets in stocks and other risky financial assets. We find no evidence of spillover effects from male schooling to the financial decisions of spouses or children.
|
|
| 16. |
- Black, Sandra E., et al.
(author)
-
Poor Little Rich Kids? The Determinants of the Intergenerational Transmission of Wealth
- 2015
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Wealth is highly correlated between parents and their children; however, little is known about the extent to which these relationships are genetic or determined by environmental factors. We use administrative data on the net wealth of a large sample of Swedish adoptees merged with similar information for their biological and adoptive parents. Comparing the relationship between the wealth of adopted and biological parents and that of the adopted child, we find that, even prior to any inheritance, there is a substantial role for environment and a much smaller role for pre-birth factors. We also examine the role played by bequests and find that, when they are taken into account, the role of adoptive parental wealth becomes much stronger. We find very little evidence that education or earnings of parents or children are important drivers of the intergenerational wealth relationship between children and their adoptive parents. Our findings suggest that wealth transmission is not primarily because children from wealthier families are inherently more talented or more able but that, even in relatively egalitarian Sweden, wealth begets wealth.
|
|
| 17. |
- Black, Sandra E., et al.
(author)
-
Poor Little Rich Kids? The Role of Nature versus Nurture in Wealth and Other Economic Outcomes and Behaviours
- 2020
-
In: Review of Economic Studies. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0034-6527 .- 1467-937X. ; 87:4, s. 1683-1725
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wealth is highly correlated between parents and their children; however, little is known about the extent to which these relationships are genetic or determined by environmental factors. We use administrative data on the net wealth of a large sample of Swedish adoptees merged with similar information for their biological and adoptive parents. Comparing the relationship between the wealth of adopted and biological parents and that of the adopted child, we find that, even prior to any inheritance, there is a substantial role for environment and a much smaller role for pre-birth factors and we find little evidence that nature/nurture interactions are important. When bequests are taken into account, the role of adoptive parental wealth becomes much stronger. Our findings suggest that wealth transmission is not primarily because children from wealthier families are inherently more talented or more able but that, even in relatively egalitarian Sweden, wealth begets wealth. We further build on the existing literature by providing a more comprehensive view of the role of nature and nurture on intergenerational mobility, looking at a wide range of different outcomes using a common sample and method. We find that environmental influences are relatively more important for wealth-related variables such as savings and investment decisions than for human capital. We conclude by studying consumption as an overall measure of welfare and find that, like wealth, it is more determined by environment than by biology.
|
|
| 18. |
- Bolin, Kristian, et al.
(author)
-
Informal and formal care among single-living elderly in Europe.
- 2008
-
In: Health Economics. - : Wiley. - 1099-1050 .- 1057-9230. ; 17:3, s. 393-409
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aims of this study were to analyse (1) whether informal care, provided by children or grandchildren to their elderly parents, and formal care are substitutes or complements, and (2) whether this relationship differs across Europe. The analyses Were based on cross-sectional data from the newly developed SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe) database. We found (1) that informal and formal home care are substitutes, while informal care is a complement to doctor and hospital visits, and (2) that these relationships in some cases differ according to a European north-south gradient. Instrumental variable methods were used and the results highlight the importance of accounting for the endogeneity of informal care.
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Bolin, Kristian, et al.
(author)
-
Utilisation of physician services in the 50+population: the relative importance of individual versus institutional factors in 10 European countries
- 2009
-
In: International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-6962 .- 1389-6563. ; 9:1, s. 83-112
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analysed the relative importance of individual versus institutional factors in explaining variations in the utilisation of physician services among the 50+ in ten European countries. The importance of the latter was investigated, distinguishing between organisational (explicit) and cultural (implicit) institutional factors, by analysing the influence of supply side factors, such as physician density and physician reimbursement, and demand side factors, such as co-payment and gate-keeping, while controlling for a number of individual characteristics, using cross-national individual-level data from SHARE. Individual differences in health status accounted for about 50% of the between-country variation in physician visits, while the organisational and cultural factors considered each accounted for about 15% of the variation. The organisational variables showed the expected signs, with higher physician density being associated with more visits and higher co-payment, gate-keeping, and salary reimbursement being associated with less visits. When analysing specialist visits separately, however, organisational and cultural factors played a greater role, each accounting for about 30% of the between-country variation, whereas individual health differences only accounted for 11% of the variation.
|
|
| 21. |
- Bolin, Kristian, et al.
(author)
-
Your next of kin or your own career? Caring and working among the 50+ of Europe.
- 2008
-
In: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 27:3, s. 718-738
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An increasing demand for both formal and informal care is likely to result from the ongoing demographic transition at the same time as there is a further move away from the traditional domestic division of labour. Public policy-making that aims at increasing the supply of informal care necessitates knowledge about the relative importance of various incentives for individual care providers. This paper takes as a point of departure that the willingness to supply informal care is partly explained by the extent to which it adversely affects labour-market outcomes and analyses the effect on labour-market outcomes of providing informal care to one's elderly parent(s) among the 50+ of Europe. Data from SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe) was used to examine the association between, on the one hand, hours of informal care provided and, on the other, (1) the probability of employment, (2) hours worked, and (3) wages, respectively. The results suggest that giving informal care to one's elderly parents is associated with significant costs in terms of foregone labour-market opportunities and that these adverse effects vary between countries.
|
|
| 22. |
- Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-
(author)
-
Essays on Discrimination in Hiring
- 2009
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained essays on discrimination in hiring. Essay I (co-authored with Dan-Olof Rooth) present evidence of ethnic discrimination in the recruitment process by sending fictitious applications to real job openings. Applications with identical skills were randomly assigned Middle Eastern or Swedish-sounding names and applications with a Swedish name receive fifty percent more callbacks for an interview. We extend previous analyses by adding register and interview information on firms/recruiters to the experimental data. We find that male recruiters and workplaces with fewer than twenty employees less often call applications with a Middle Eastern name for an interview. Essay II extends previous field experiments that study ethnic discrimination in the labour market by comparing discrimination of first and second generation immigrants from the same ethnic group. Qualitatively identical resumes, belonging to first and second generation immigrants from the Middle East, were sent to employers in Sweden that had advertised for labour. The findings suggest, somewhat unexpectedly, that first and second generation immigrants have essentially the same probability of being invited to a job interview, which in turn is significantly lower than the probability of invitation to interview for natives. Accordingly, the factor leading to discrimination in employers responses appears to be ethnicity per se and not an applicant’s country of birth, foreign mother-tongue, and foreign education. Essay III (co-authored with Dan-Olof Rooth) utilizes the extensive media coverage that occurred when the data collection of essay I and II were only halfway finished. This informed the employers that their hiring practices were being monitored by such situation testing. These unique events and the data from the situation tests are utilized to perform a difference-in-differences analysis of whether discrimination decreased after the media coverage. The results reveal no sign that employers changed their hiring practices after they became aware of the risk of being included in such a situation test. The policy implication of this relates to the fact that EU countries vary in the extent to which they allow situation test results to constitute evidence of ethnic discrimination in court. Our results suggest that the detection risk alone is not sufficient, but must be combined with some penalty to become effective, if authorities wish to use situation testing as a discrimination prevention strategy. Essay IV studies whether sex discrimination is the cause of sex segregation in the Swedish labor market. The correspondence testing (CT) method was used, which entails two qualitatively identical applications, one with a female name and one with a male name, being sent to employers advertising for labor. The results show that, on average, females have a somewhat higher callback rate to interview in female-dominated occupations, while in male-dominated occupations there is no evidence of any difference. This suggests that the bulk of the sex segregation prevailing in the Swedish labor market cannot be explained by discrimination in hiring. Instead, the explanation is likely to be found on the supply side.
|
|
| 23. |
- E. Black, Sandra, et al.
(author)
-
On The Origins of Risk-Taking in Financial Markets
- 2015
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Risk-taking in financial markets is highly correlated between parents and their children; however, little is known about the extent to which these relationships are genetic or determined by environmental factors. We use data on stock market participation of Swedish adoptees and relate this to the investment behavior of both their biological and adoptive parents. We find that stock market participation of parents increases that of children by about 34% and that both pre-birth and post-birth factors are important. However, once we condition on having positive financial wealth, we find that nurture has a much stronger influence on risk-taking by children, and the evidence of a relationship between stock-holding of biological parents and their adoptive children becomes weaker. We find similar results when we study the share of financial wealth that is invested in stocks. This suggests that a substantial proportion of the transmission of risk behavior from parents to children is environmentally determined.
|
|
| 24. |
- E. Black, Sandra, et al.
(author)
-
On the Origins of Risk-Taking in Financial Markets
- 2017
-
In: Journal of Finance. - : Wiley. - 0022-1082. ; 72:5, s. 2229-2278
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Financial investment behavior is highly correlated between parents and their children. Using Swedish data, we find that the decision of adoptees to hold equities is associated with the behavior of both biological and adoptive parents, implying a role for both genetic and environmental influences. However, we find that nurture has a stronger influence on the share of financial assets invested in equities and on portfolio volatility, suggesting that financial risk-taking is substantially environmentally determined. The parental investment variables substantially increase the explanatory power of cross-sectional regressions and so may play an important role in understanding cross-sectional heterogeneity in investment behavior.
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-G, et al.
(author)
-
Do Socioeconomic Factors Really Explain Income-Related Inequalities in Health? : Applying a Twin Design to Standard Decomposition Analysis
- 2012
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The concentration index and decomposition analysis are commonly used in economics to measure and explain socioeconomic inequalities in health. Such analysis builds on the strong assumption that a health production function can be estimated without substantial bias implying that health is caused by socioeconomic outcomes, which is hard to prove. This article contributes to the decomposition literature by applying a twin design to standard decomposition analysis of socioeconomic health inequalities in Sweden. The twin-based decomposition estimates, which control for unobserved endowments at the twin-pair level, are much lower in magnitude than estimates obtained via typical OLS on the same sample. This demonstrates that OLS-based decompositions are severely upward biased due to underlying confounders, exaggerating the contribution of income and education to health inequality, which in turn limits the usefulness of such decompositions for policy purposes.
|
|
| 28. |
- Kristensson, Jimmie, et al.
(author)
-
Healthcare costs for people aged 65+ two years prior to their receiving long-term municipal care.
- 2008
-
In: Aging clinical and experimental research. - 1720-8319. ; 20:6, s. 547-555
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: More knowledge is needed about patterns of healthcare consumption at different times during old age, particularly with regard to the relationship between various agents in the healthcare and social services system. One aim was to investigate healthcare costs in the public medical healthcare system in men and women (65+) and, with regard to age, in the two years prior to the start of long-term municipal care and services. Another aim was to investigate patterns and determinants of costs. METHODS: The study comprised 362 people who received decisions about municipal care and/or services during 2002-2003, and data were derived from the Swedish National Study of Aging and Care (SNAC) and county councils registers about healthcare consumption. SNAC provided data concerning demographics, functional dependency and informal care at the time of the decision, which were merged with data from the Skåne County Council patient administrative system regarding costs in the two years prior to decision. RESULTS: Cluster analysis revealed 13% overall higher healthcare costs. Those involved were more often younger, men, married, and diagnosed with circulatory diseases, cancer, or injuries. Most (58% for women, 54% for men) of the costs for acute inpatient care occurred within five months prior to municipal care. Men had significantly higher costs compared with women for visits to outpatient physicians (EUR 700 vs 400) and inpatient care (EUR 4700 vs 700) 12-0 months prior to municipal care. CONCLUSIONS: A share of 13% had higher healthcare costs throughout the two years. Those involved were more often younger, men, married, and diagnosed with circulatory diseases, cancer, or injuries. Those older people at risk of high healthcare costs should benefit from systematic clinical assessments and more proactive and integrated care, to prevent escalating costs in the period preceding long-term municipal care and services.
|
|
| 29. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Adolescent health and adult labor market outcomes
- 2014
-
In: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 37, s. 25-40
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Whereas a large literature has shown the importance of early life health for adult socioeconomic outcomes, there is little evidence on the importance of adolescent health. We contribute to the literature by studying the impact of adolescent health status on adult labor market outcomes using a unique and large-scale dataset covering almost the entire population of Swedish males. We show that most types of major conditions have long-run effects on future outcomes, and that the strongest effects result from mental conditions. Including sibling fixed effects or twin pair fixed effects reduces the magnitudes of the estimates, but they remain substantial. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 30. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Body Size, Skills, and Income : Evidence From 150,000 Teenage Siblings
- 2014
-
In: Demography. - : Duke University Press. - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 51:5, s. 1573-1596
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We provide new evidence on the long-run labor market penalty of teenage overweight and obesity using unique and large-scale data on 150,000 male siblings from the Swedish military enlistment. Our empirical analysis provides four important results. First, we provide the first evidence of a large adult male labor market penalty for being overweight or obese as a teenager. Second, we replicate this result using data from the United States and the United Kingdom. Third, we note a strikingly strong within-family relationship between body size and cognitive skills/noncognitive skills. Fourth, a large part of the estimated body-size penalty reflects lower skill acquisition among overweight and obese teenagers. Taken together, these results reinforce the importance of policy combating early-life obesity in order to reduce healthcare expenditures as well as poverty and inequalities later in life.
|
|
| 31. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Body size, skills, and income : Evidence from 150,000 teenage siblings
- 2013
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Despite the widely described consequences of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity the economics literature to date has almost exclusively focused on the relationship between body size and earnings among adults. We provide new evidence on the long-run labor market penalty of teenage overweight and obesity using unique and large-scale data on 150,000 male siblings from the Swedish military enlistment. Our empirical analysis provides four important results. First, we show for the first time that there is a large adult male labor market penalty for being overweight and obese as a teenager. Second, we show that this result can be replicated using data from the USA and the UK. Third, we show a strikingly strong within-family relationship between body size, on the one hand, and cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills, on the other hand. Fourth, we show that a large part of the estimated body size penalty reflects lower skill acquisition among overweight and obese teenagers. All of these results hint at the importance of policy combating early life obesity in order to reduce healthcare expenditures as well as poverty and inequalities later in life.
|
|
| 32. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Can Women Have Children and a Career: IV Evidence from IVF Treatments
- 2017
-
In: American Economic Review. - : American Economic Association. - 0002-8282. ; 107:6, s. 1611-1637
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper introduces a new IV strategy based on IVF (in vitro fertilization) induced fertility variation among childless women to estimate the causal effect of having children on their career. For this purpose, we use administrative data on IVF treated women in Denmark. Because observed chances of IVF success do not depend on labor market histories, IVF treatment success provides a plausible instrument for childbearing. Our IV estimates indicate that fertility effects on earnings are: (i) negative, large, and long-lasting; (ii) driven by fertility effects on hourly earnings and not so much on labor supply; and (iii) much stronger at the extensive margin than at the intensive margin.
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Do they know what they are doing? Risk perceptions and smoking behaviour among Swedish teenagers
- 2004
-
In: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - 1573-0476. ; 28:3, s. 261-286
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cross-sectional survey data on Swedish adolescents aged 12 - 18 was used to analyse perceived risks of smoking-related lung cancer, the determinants of these risk perceptions, and how these perceptions related to smoking behaviour. Three major conclusions were drawn: ( 1) that both smokers and non-smokers overestimated the risks of lung cancer, ( 2) that these risk perceptions fell substantially with age, but nevertheless implied risk overestimation, and ( 3) that individuals with higher perceived risks were less likely to be smokers but that risk beliefs had no effect on the number of cigarettes smoked.
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Gender, risk perceptions, and smoking behavior
- 2008
-
In: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 27:5, s. 1299-1311
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The underlying reasons for gender differences in smoking behavior, and thus for the recent trends, are not well understood. Using a sample of 8592 Swedish adolescents aged 15-18, this paper contributes to the literature by exploring gender differences in smoking risk perceptions and in the responses to the latter. The results show significant gender differences in the perception of smoking mortality risk and in the perception of the addictiveness of smoking. Girls perceive the mortality risk of smoking as significantly greater than boys do, but they also perceive the addictiveness of cigarettes as less. These results persist after controlling for a wide range of background characteristics, including smoking risk information sources. Moreover, the findings Suggest that while smoking information from sources such as teachers, pals, and own search, affect smoking mortality perceptions in a significant and positive manner among boys, no Such effects are obtained among girls. Finally, our results show that both boys and girls take both the addictiveness and mortality risk of smoking into account when making their smoking decision. Moreover, the magnitude of the response is similar among boys and girls. This is in contrast to the general belief that females dislike risks to a greater extent than males. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 38. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? A RESPONSE
- 2012
-
In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 44:2, s. 235-242
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Overweight and obesity constitute a major and increasing health and welfare problem throughout the world. Assessing the multifaceted mechanisms - biological, environmental and behavioural - behind this development is a crucial task in medical, social and economic sciences. We are, therefore, grateful to have been given the opportunity to, once again, discuss whether the risk of divorce may be one of the factors influencing the incentives of becoming overweight or obese and, hence, ultimately the physical appearance among the married. In this Debate, colleagues Schneider and Grimps present the results of a multilevel analysis, in which they could not identify any statistically significant association between body mass index (BMI) and divorce risk among married people. Thus, they question the findings, previously published in this Journal (Lundborg et al., 2007). The Schneider and Grimps arguments are not convincing, however. So, we still claim that the statistical material at hand does, indeed, imply that divorce risk at the national level may well influence the weight of the married.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Getting ready for the marriage market? The association between divorce risks and investments in attractive body mass among married Europeans
- 2007
-
In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 39:4, s. 531-544
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article explores to what extent married middle-aged individuals in Europe are governed by the risk of experiencing divorce, when shaping their physical appearance. The main result is that divorce risks, proxied by national divorce rates, are negatively connected to body mass index (BMI) among married individuals but unrelated to BMI among singles. Hence, it seems that married people in societies where divorce risks are high are more inclined to invest in their outer appearance. One interpretation is that high divorce rates make married people prepare for a potential divorce and future return to the marriage market. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.
|
|
| 41. |
- Lundborg, Petter
(author)
-
Having the wrong friends? Peer effects in adolescent substance use
- 2006
-
In: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 25:2, s. 214-233
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Swedish cross-sectional survey data on young individuals aged 12-18-year-old was used to analyse school-class based peer effects in binge drinking, smoking and illicit-drug use. Significant and positive peer effects were found for all three activities. By introducing school/grade fixed effects, the estimated peer effects were identified by variation in peer behaviour across school-classes within schools and grades, implying that estimates were not biased due to endogenous sorting of students across schools. Further, endogeneity bias due to bi-directionality of peer effects was found for binge drinking and smoking. Controlling for this source of endogeneity resulted in even stronger peer effects.
|
|
| 42. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Height and Earnings: The Role of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
- 2014
-
In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 49:1, s. 141-166
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use large-scale register data on 450,000 Swedish males who underwent mandatory military enlistment at age 18, and a subsample of 150,000 siblings, to examine why tall people earn more. We show the importance of both cognitive and noncognitive skills, as well as family background and muscular strength for the height-earnings relationship. In addition, we show that a substantial height premium remains after these factors have been accounted for, which originates from very short people having low earnings. This is mostly explained by the sorting of short people into low-paid occupations, which may indicate discrimination by stature.
|
|
| 43. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Heterogeneity in the impact of health shocks on labour outcomes : evidence from Swedish workers
- 2015
-
In: Oxford Economic Papers. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0030-7653 .- 1464-3812. ; 67:3, s. 715-739
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article provides new evidence on heterogeneity in the impact of health shocks by using register-based data on the entire population of Swedish workers. We formulate a difference-in-difference design, where we compare the change in labour earnings across matched workers with a high and low level of education who experience the same type of health shocks. Our results suggest major heterogeneity in the effects, where a given health shock has a greater relative negative impact on low-skilled individuals/individuals with a low level of education. These results hold across different types of health shocks and become more pronounced with age. Low-skilled workers are also more likely to leave the labour force and receive disability insurance, sickness insurance, and unemployment benefits following a health shock. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in the effect of health shocks offers one explanation as to how the educational gradient in health arises.
|
|
| 44. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Is It a One-Way Street?
- 2015
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Studies on the intergenerational transmission of human capital usually assume a one-way spillover from parents to children. But what if children also affect their parents’ human capital? Using exogenous variation in education, arising from a Swedish compulsory schooling reform in the 1950s and 1960s, we address this question by studying the causal effect of children’s schooling on their parents’ longevity. We first replicate previous findings of a positive and significant cross-sectional relationship between children’s education and their parents’ longevity. Our causal estimates tell a different story; children’s schooling has no significant effect on parents’ survival. These results hold when we examine separate causes of death and when we restrict the sample to low-income and low-educated parents.
|
|
| 45. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital : Is it a One-Way Street?
- 2018
-
In: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 57, s. 206-220
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies on the intergenerational transmission of human capital usually assume a one-way spillover from parents to children. However, children may also affect their parents’ human capital. Using exogenous variation in education, arising from a Swedish compulsory schooling reform in the 1950s and 1960s, we address this question by studying the causal effect of children's schooling on their parents’ longevity. We first replicate previous findings of a positive and significant cross-sectional relationship between children's education and their parents’ longevity. Our instrumental variables estimates are not statistically different from zero. However, they hide substantial heterogeneity by the gender of the child and the parent; female schooling is found to affect longevity of fathers and especially those from low socio-economic background. Taken together, our results point to the importance of daughters’ schooling for parental health and to the importance of considering heterogeneous impacts.
|
|
| 46. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Learning to Take Risks? : The Effect of Education on Risk-Taking in Financial Markets
- 2018
-
In: Review of Finance. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1572-3097 .- 1573-692X. ; 22:3, s. 951-975
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate whether acquiring more primary education has long-term effects on risk-taking behavior in financial markets. Using exogenous variation in education from a compulsory schooling change combined with wealth data for the Swedish population, we estimate the effect of education on stock market participation and on the share of financial wealth invested in stocks, conditional on participation. For men, an extra year of education increases market participation by two percentage points and the share of financial wealth allocated to stocks by 10%. We find suggestive evidence that greater financial wealth is a potential channel through which education increases participation, consistent with the existence of fixed costs. Lower risk aversion is a potential channel through which education increases the stock share. The reform has less effect on female schooling attainment and there is no evidence that this additional education affects women's asset allocation. There is no evidence of spillovers to children.
|
|
| 47. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Long-Term Effects of Childhood Nutrition : Evidence from a School Lunch Reform
- 2022
-
In: The Review of Economic Studies. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0034-6527 .- 1467-937X. ; 89:2, s. 876-908
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the long-term impact of a policy-driven change in childhood nutrition. For this purpose, we evaluate a program that rolled out nutritious school lunches free of charge to all pupils in Swedish primary schools between 1959 and 1969. We estimate the impact of the program on children’s economic, educational, and health outcomes throughout life. Our results show that the school lunch program generated substantial long-term benefits, where pupils exposed to the program during their entire primary school period have 3% higher lifetime income. The effect was greater for pupils that were exposed at earlier ages and for pupils from poor households, suggesting that the program reduced socioeconomic inequalities in adulthood. Exposure to the program also had substantial effects on educational attainment and health, which can explain a large part of the effect of the program on lifetime income.
|
|
| 48. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Nature, nurture and socioeconomic policy-What can we learn from molecular genetics?
- 2010
-
In: Economics and Human Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6130 .- 1570-677X. ; 8, s. 320-330
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many countries use public resources to compensate individuals with genetic disorders, identified by behaviors/symptoms such as chronic diseases and disabilities. This paper draws attention to molecular genetic research which may provide a new dimension to our understanding of how socioeconomic outcomes are generated. We provide an overview of the recently emerging evidence of gene-environment interaction effects. This literature points out specific areas where policies may compensate groups of individuals carrying genetic risks, without the need to identify anyone's genetic endowments. Moreover, epigenetics studies, which concern heritable changes in gene functions that occur independently of the DNA sequence, have shown that environments may affect heritable traits across generations. It means that policies which neutralize adverse environments may also increase intergenerational mobility, given that genetic and/or environmental risk factors are more common in socially disadvantaged groups.
|
|
| 49. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Parental Education and Offspring Outcomes : Evidence from the Swedish Compulsory School Reform
- 2014
-
In: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 6:1, s. 253-278
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use the Swedish compulsory school reform to estimate the causal effect of parental education on sons' outcomes. To this end, we use data from the Swedish military enlistment register on the entire population of males and consider outcomes, such as cognitive skills, noncognitive skills, and various dimensions of health at the age of 18. We find positive effects of maternal education on sons' skills and health status but no effects of paternal education. One reason behind this result may be that the fathers affected by the reform did not face any labor market returns to their increased schooling.
|
|
| 50. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
-
Parental education and offspring outcomes : Evidence from the Swedish compulsory schooling reform
- 2013
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper, we exploit the Swedish compulsory schooling reform in order to estimate the causal effect of parental education on son's outcomes. We use data from the Swedish enlistment register on the entire population of males and focus on outcomes such as cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills, and various dimensions of health at the age of 18. We find significant and positive effects of maternal education on sons' skills and health status. Although the reform had equally strong effects on father’s education as on mother’s education, we find little evidence that paternal education improves son’s outcomes.
|
|
