| 1. |
- Alkner, Sara, et al.
(author)
-
Quality assessment of radiotherapy in the prospective randomized SENOMAC trial
- 2024
-
In: Radiotherapy and Oncology. - 0167-8140 .- 1879-0887. ; 197
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and purpose: Recommendations for regional radiotherapy (RT) of sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive breast cancer are debated. We here report a RT quality assessment of the SENOMAC trial.Materials and Methods: The SENOMAC trial randomized clinically node-negative breast cancer patients with 1–2 SLN macrometastases to completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) or SLN biopsy only between 2015–2021. Adjuvant RT followed national guidelines. RT plans for patients included in Sweden and Denmark until June 2019 were collected (N = 1176) and compared to case report forms (CRF). Dose to level I (N = 270) and the humeral head (N = 321) was analyzed in detail.Results: CRF-data and RT plans agreed in 99.3 % (breast/chest wall) and in 96.6 % of patients (regional RT). Congruence for whether level I was an intended RT target was lower (78 %). In accordance with Danish national guidelines, level I was more often an intended target in the SLN biopsy only arm (N = 334/611, 55 %,) than in the cALND arm (N = 174/565, 31 %,). When an intended target, level I received prescribed dose to 100 % (IQR 98–100 %) of the volume. However, even when not an intended target, full dose was delivered to > 80 % of level I (IQR 75–90 %). The intentional inclusion of level I in the target volume more than doubled the dose received by ≥ 50 % of the humeral head.Conclusion: Congruence between CRF data and RT plans was excellent. Level I received a high dose coverage even when not intentionally included in the target. Including level I in target significantly increased dose to the humeral head.
|
|
| 2. |
- Alkner, Sara, et al.
(author)
-
Quality assessment of radiotherapy in the prospective randomized SENOMAC trial
- 2024
-
In: Radiotherapy and Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 0167-8140 .- 1879-0887. ; 197
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and purpose: Recommendations for regional radiotherapy (RT) of sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive breast cancer are debated. We here report a RT quality assessment of the SENOMAC trial. Materials and Methods: The SENOMAC trial randomized clinically node-negative breast cancer patients with 1-2 SLN macrometastases to completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) or SLN biopsy only between 2015-2021. Adjuvant RT followed national guidelines. RT plans for patients included in Sweden and Denmark until June 2019 were collected (N = 1176) and compared to case report forms (CRF). Dose to level I (N = 270) and the humeral head (N = 321) was analyzed in detail.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bengtsson, Kenneth, et al.
(author)
-
Så kan Sverige bli ledande nation i resurseffektivitet
- 2016
-
In: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447. ; :2016-04-30
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Ny rapport. Det svenska näringslivet kan bli mer hållbart, resurssmart och därmed internationellt konkurrenskraftigt. Men för det behövs en tydlig politisk avsiktsförklaring och riktlinjer. Vi har listat sex områden där policyutveckling brådskar, skriver företrädare för näringsliv, forskning och myndigheter i en gemensam uppmaning.
|
|
| 4. |
- Boberg, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
-
A wavelet analysis of solar mean magnetic field measurements
- 2002
-
In: In: Proceedings of the Second Solar Cycle and Space Weather Euroconference, 24 - 29 September 2001, Vico Equense, Italy. Editor: Huguette Sawaya-Lacoste. ESA SP-477, Noordwijk:. ; 477, s. 79-82
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Solar mean magnetic field (SMMF) measurements from the Wilcox SolarObservatory and with SOHO/MDI are analyzed using continuous wavelettransforms, SMMF variability is found at a number of temporal scales.Detected SMMF variations with a 1-2 year period is considered to belinked to long-term variations in the internal rotation of the Sun.Intermediate SMMF oscillations with a period of 80-200 days are probablyconnected to the evolution of large active regions. We also findevidence for 90 minute variations with coronal mass ejections as aprobable origin.
|
|
| 5. |
- Boberg, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
-
Solar mean magnetic field variability: A wavelet approach to Wilcox Solar Observatory and SOHO/Michelson Doppler Imager observations
- 2002
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 2156-2202. ; 107:A10: 1318
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Solar mean magnetic field (SMMF) measurements from the Wilcox Solar Observatory and with the SOHO/MDI instrument are described and analyzed. Even though two completely different methods of observation are used, the two data sets obtained show a strong similarity. Using continuous wavelet transforms, SMMF variability is found at a number of temporal scales. Detected SMMF signals with a 1–2 year period are considered to be linked to variations in the internal rotation of the Sun. Intermediate SMMF oscillations with a period of 80–200 days are probably connected to the evolution of large active regions. We also find evidence for 90 min variations with coronal mass ejections as a suggested origin.
|
|
| 6. |
- Boberg, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
-
Solar wind electric field modulation of the NAO: A correlation analysis in the lower atmosphere
- 2003
-
In: Geophysical Research Letters. - 1944-8007. ; 30:15: 1825
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using geopotential height data we find a strong correlation between theelectric field strength E of the solar wind and pressure variations inthe stratosphere and troposphere. The large-scale evolution of E seemsto influence the stratospheric pressure in both hemispheres with theexception of the polar regions. For the tropospheric pressure theinfluence is concentrated to an area in the northern Atlantic. Usingpressure and temperature data at sea level, we conclude that thecorrelation with E resembles the action of the North AtlanticOscillation with an area with negative pressure correlation in theArctic, an area with positive pressure correlation in the subtropics, anarea with negative temperature correlation over Greenland and northeastCanada, and an area with positive temperature correlation over Europe.
|
|
| 7. |
- Boberg, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
-
Solar Wind Variations Related to Fluctuations of the North Atlantic Oscillation
- 2002
-
In: Geophysical Research Letters. - 1944-8007. ; 29:15, s. 1-13
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A study on a possible solar wind interaction with the North AtlanticOscillation (NAO) is performed. Results are presented suggesting arelationship between the NAO index and the electric field strength E ofthe solar wind. A possible scenario for the suggested interaction isthat an electromagnetic disturbance is generated by the solar wind inthe global electric circuit of the ionosphere. This disturbance is thendynamically propagating downward through the atmosphere and subsequentlyinfluencing the large-scale pressure system in the North Atlanticregion. A relationship is also evident on longer time-scales when usingthe group sunspot number as a proxy for the solar wind. (Art. No. 1718)
|
|
| 8. |
- Eriksson, Lennart, et al.
(author)
-
Using chemometrics for navigating in the large data sets of genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics (gpm)
- 2004
-
In: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-2642 .- 1618-2650. ; 380:3, s. 419-29
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article describes the applicability of multivariate projection techniques, such as principal-component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) projections to latent structures, to the large-volume high-density data structures obtained within genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics. PCA and PLS, and their extensions, derive their usefulness from their ability to analyze data with many, noisy, collinear, and even incomplete variables in both X and Y. Three examples are used as illustrations: the first example is a genomics data set and involves modeling of microarray data of cell cycle-regulated genes in the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The second example contains NMR-metabonomics data, measured on urine samples of male rats treated with either of the drugs chloroquine or amiodarone. The third and last data set describes sequence-function classification studies in a set of G-protein-coupled receptors using hierarchical PCA.
|
|
| 9. |
- Gleisner, Hans, et al.
(author)
-
A neural network-based local model for prediction of geomagnetic disturbances
- 2001
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 2156-2202. ; 106:A5, s. 8425-8434
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study shows how locally observed geomagnetic disturbances can bepredicted from solar wind data with artificial neural network (ANN)techniques. After subtraction of a secularly varying base level, thehorizontal components XSq and YSq of the quiettime daily variations are modeled with radial basis function networkstaking into account seasonal and solar activity modulations. Theremaining horizontal disturbance components DeltaX and DeltaY aremodeled with gated time delay networks taking local time and solar winddata as input. The observed geomagnetic field is not used as input tothe networks, which thus constitute explicit nonlinear mappings from thesolar wind to the locally observed geomagnetic disturbances. The ANNsare applied to data from Sodankylä Geomagnetic Observatory locatednear the peak of the auroral zone. It is shown that 73% of the DeltaXvariance, but only 34% of the DeltaY variance, is predicted from asequence of solar wind data. The corresponding results for prediction ofall transient variations XSq+DeltaX andYSq+DeltaY are 74% and 51%, respectively. The local timemodulations of the prediction accuracies are shown, and the qualitativeagreement between observed and predicted values are discussed. If drivenby real-time data measured upstream in the solar wind, the ANNs heredeveloped can be used for short-term forecasting of the locally observedgeomagnetic activity.
|
|
| 10. |
- Gleisner, Hans, et al.
(author)
-
Auroral electrojet predictions with dynamic neural networks
- 2001
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 2156-2202. ; 106:A11, s. 24541-24550
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neural networks with internal feedback from the hidden nodes to theinput [Elman, 1990 are developed for prediction of the auroralelectrojet index AE from solar wind data. Unlike linear and nonlinearautoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models, such networks are free todevelop their own internal representation of the recurrent statevariables. Further, they do not incorporate an explicit memory for paststates; the memory is implicitly given by the feedback structure of thenetworks. It is shown that an Elman recurrent network can predict around70 of the observed AE variance using a single sample of solar winddensity, velocity, and magnetic field as input. A neural network withidentical solar wind input, but without a feedback mechanism, onlypredicts around 45 of the AE variance. It is also shown that fourrecurrent state variables are optimal: the use of more than four hiddennodes does not improve the predictions, but with less than that theprediction accuracy drops. This provides an indication that theglobal-scale auroral electrojet dynamics can be characterized by a smallnumber of degrees of freedom.
|
|
| 11. |
- Jonsson, Sofia, 1973-, et al.
(author)
-
Dioxin removal from contaminated soils by ethanol washing
- 2010
-
In: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 179:1-3, s. 393-399
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the potential utility of ethanol washing for remediating soils contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), as a cost-efficient alternative to conventional remediation methods of PCDD/F-contaminated soils. Initially, screening experiments were performed with a two-level full factorial design to examine the effects of temperature, extraction time and ethanol concentration on the removal efficiency. The screening experiments showed that the ethanol concentration was the most important parameter. In addition, repeated washing cycles considerably improved the results. Ethanol washing conditions were then selected (10 wash cycles with 75% ethanol at 60 °C), and applied to four soils with different soil characteristics and contamination levels to test the robustness of the selected method. Treatment efficiencies of 81% and 85% were obtained for a lightly contaminated sandy–silty soil and a highly contaminated clay soil rich in graphite particles, respectively. Even higher treatment efficiencies (≥97%) were obtained for two other highly contaminated soils, one of which contained high amounts of organic matter. PCDD/Fs were found to both dissolve in the solvent and migrate into it as species adsorbed to particles. The relative contributions of these mechanisms and the overall efficiency of the removal seem to depend on contaminant concentration, the types of carbon in the soil matrix and the particle size distribution. The study shows that ethanol washing has effective remediation potential for a variety of PCDD/F-contaminated soils.
|
|
| 12. |
- Li, Wenxian, et al.
(author)
-
A Novel Method to Determine Magnetic Fields in Low-density Plasma Facilitated Through Accidental Degeneracy of Quantum States in Fe9
- 2015
-
In: Astrophysical Journal. - 0004-637X. ; 807:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We propose a new method to determine magnetic fields, by using the magnetic-field-induced electric dipole transition 3p(4) 3d D-4(7/2) -> 3p(5) P-3/2 in Fe9+ ions. This ion has a high abundance in astrophysical plasma and is therefore well suited for direct measurements of even rather weak fields in, e.g., solar flares. This transition is induced by an external magnetic field and its rate is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength. We present theoretical values for what we will label the reduced rate and propose that the critical energy difference between the upper level in this transition and the close-to-degenerate 3p(4) 3d D-4(5/2) should be measured experimentally since it is required to determine the relative intensity of this magnetic line for different magnetic fields.
|
|
| 13. |
- Lundstedt, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
White-light photoassisted covalent functionalization of graphene using 2-propanol
- 2017
-
In: Small Methods. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2366-9608. ; 1:11
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Herein, a photochemical method for functionalization of graphene using 2-propanol is reported. The functionalization method which is catalyst-free operates at ambient temperature in neat 2-propanol under an inert atmosphere of argon. The equipment requirement is a white-light source for the irradiation. The same methodology when applied to kish graphite results in a novel material, exhibiting significantly higher wettability than the starting material according to water contact angle measurements. Furthermore, the materials generated from both graphene and kish graphite exhibit increased adhesion energy, attributed to the fixation of isopropyl alcohol fragments onto graphene and graphite, respectively. The presence of hydroxyl groups and the possibility for further reactions on the functionalized graphene material are demonstrated through a substitution reaction with thionyl chloride, where the hydroxyl groups are replaced with chlorides, as confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.
|
|
| 14. |
- Lundstedt, Karin, et al.
(author)
-
Additiv tillverkning av formar för glasgjutning
- 2018
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Inom projektet hade man som avsikt att utreda tre principiella frågeställningar: 1. Går det att gjuta glas direkt i sandform tillverkade med additiv tillverkning? Här har vi visat att det går alldeles utmärkt att gjuta glas i 3D-skrivna sandformar. Viss sprickbildning har uppkommit i formarna vilket är intressant att arbeta vidare med. 2. Går det att med ytbeläggningar eller aktiva ytor åstadkomma jämnare ytor på glasobjekten, gjutna i sand- respektive gjutjärnsformar, för att minska behovet av manuell efterbehandling? I projektet har man visat att användandet av så kallade blacker minskar behovet av efterarbete. Att arbeta vidare med att optimera blackernas formulering och applikationsmetod ses som mycket intressanta områden för ett fortsättningsprojekt. 3. Går det att med aktivator i formen stärka glasytan? Ett första försök att stärka glasytan genom applicering av en aktivator gjordes med en egenblandat slurry innehållande litiumkarbonat. Denna integrerades dock i glasytan som ett vitt skikt. Djupare studier är nödvändiga för att utreda möjligheterna att få fram en aktivator som stärker glasytan utan att påverka transparensen. I helhet ses resultaten från projektet som mycket intressanta för vidare studier och projektgruppen har för avsikt att hitta finansieringsmöjligheter för ett större utvecklingsprojekt under våren 2018.
|
|
| 15. |
- Papadakis, Raffaello, et al.
(author)
-
Metal-free photochemical silylations and transfer hydrogenations of benzenoid hydrocarbons and graphene
- 2016
-
In: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The first hydrogenation step of benzene, which is endergonic in the electronic ground state (S 0), becomes exergonic in the first triplet state (T 1). This is in line with Baird's rule, which tells that benzene is antiaromatic and destabilized in its T 1 state and also in its first singlet excited state (S 1), opposite to S 0, where it is aromatic and remarkably unreactive. Here we utilized this feature to show that benzene and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to various extents undergo metal-free photochemical (hydro)silylations and transfer-hydrogenations at mild conditions, with the highest yield for naphthalene (photosilylation: 21%). Quantum chemical computations reveal that T 1-state benzene is excellent at H-atom abstraction, while cyclooctatetraene, aromatic in the T 1 and S 1 states according to Baird's rule, is unreactive. Remarkably, also CVD-graphene on SiO 2 is efficiently transfer-photohydrogenated using formic acid/water mixtures together with white light or solar irradiation under metal-free conditions. © The Author(s) 2016.
|
|
| 16. |
- Sandgren, Henrik, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
Avsnitt 13: Migration
- 2022
-
In: Förvaltningspodden.
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- När räknas någon som flykting, hur skiljer sig reglerna mellan olika länder, och vilka typer av migration finns det? Går det att vara flykting i sitt eget land? I det här avsnittet pratar vi om asyl, flyktingar, migration, och förstås också om kriget i Ukraina. Medverkande: Andreas Lundstedt, Gregg Bucken-Knapp och Henrik Sandgren.
|
|
| 17. |
- Svensson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
-
Integration of biological factors in the treatment plan evaluation in breast cancer radiotherapy
- 2019
-
In: Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-6316. ; 11, s. 54-60
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2019 The Authors Background/purpose: Tumor biology and patient smoking status have clear effects on the benefit of breast radiotherapy. This study developed treatment evaluation strategies that integrated dosimetry, tumor aggressiveness and smoking status for patients undergoing hypo-fractionated whole breast irradiation with simultaneous integrated boost. Materials/methods: The evaluation method Plan Quality Metrics (PQM) was adapted for breast cancer. Radiotherapy (RT) benefit was assessed for three levels of tumor aggressiveness; RT risk was estimated using mean dose to organs at risk and published Excess Relative Risk per Gy data for lung cancer and cardiac mortality for smokers and non-smokers. Risk for contralateral breast cancer was also evaluated. PQM and benefit/risk was applied to four patient groups (n = 10 each). Plans using 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), 3DCRT plus intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 3DCRT plus volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and VMAT were evaluated for each patient. Results: 3DCRT-IMRT hybrid planning resulted in higher PQM score (median 87.0 vs. 3DCRT 82.4, p < 0.01), better dose conformity, lower doses to the heart, lungs and contralateral breast. Survival benefit was most predominant for patients with high-risk breast cancer (>7% and >4.5% gain for non-smokers and smokers). For smokers with intermediate- or low-risk breast cancer, RT induced mortality risk dominated for all techniques. When considering the risk of local recurrence, RT benefitted also smokers (>5% and >2% for intermediate- and low-risk cancer). Conclusions: PQM methodology was suggested for breast cancer radiotherapy evaluation. Further validation is needed. RT was beneficial for all patients with high risk of recurrence. A survival benefit for smokers with low or intermediate risk of recurrence could not be confirmed.
|
|
| 18. |
- Wenxian, Li, et al.
(author)
-
A Novel Method to Determine Magnetic Fields in low-density Plasma eg Solar Flares Facilitated Through Accidental Degeneracy of Quantum States in Fe 9
- 2015
-
In: Astrophysical Journal. - : Bibliopolis, Edizioni di Filosofia e Scienze. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 807:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We propose a new method to determine magnetic fields, by using the magnetic-field-induced electric dipole transition 3p4 3d 4D 7 2 3p P 5 2 3 2 in Fe9+ ions. This ion has a high abundance in astrophysical plasma and is therefore well suited for direct measurements of even rather weak fields in, e.g., solar flares. This transition is induced by an external magnetic field and its rate is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength. We present theoretical values for what we will label the reduced rate and propose that the critical energy difference between the upper level in this transition and the close-to-degenerate 3p4 3d 4D 5 2 should be measured experimentally since it is required to determine the relative intensity of this magnetic line for different magnetic fields.
|
|
| 19. |
- Wik, Magnus, et al.
(author)
-
Calculation of geomagnetically induced currents in the 400 kV power grid in southern Sweden
- 2008
-
In: Space Weather: the International Journal of Research and Applications. - 1539-4956. ; 6:7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden has experienced many geomagnetically induced current (GIC) events in the past, which is obviously due to the high-latitude location of the country. The largest GIC, almost 300 A, was measured in southern Sweden in the earthing lead of a 400 kV transformer neutral during the magnetic storm on 6 April 2000. On 30 October 2003, the city of Malmo at the southern coast suffered from a power blackout caused by GIC, leaving 50,000 customers without electricity for about 20-50 min. We have developed a model that enables calculation of GIC in the southern Swedish 400 kV power grid. This work constitutes the first modeling effort of GIC in Sweden. The model is divided into two parts. The electric field is first derived using a ground conductivity model and geomagnetic recordings from nearby stations. The conductivity model is determined from a least squares fit between measured and calculated GIC. GIC are calculated using a power grid model consisting of the topology of the system and of the transformer, transmission line, and station earthing resistances as well as of the coordinates of the stations. To validate the model, we have compared measured and calculated GIC from one site. In total, 24 events in 1998 to 2000 were used. In general the agreement is satisfactory as the correct GIC order of magnitude is obtained by the model, which is usually enough for engineering applications.
|
|
| 20. |
- Wik, Magnus, et al.
(author)
-
Space weather events in July 1982 and October 2003 and the effects of geomagnetically induced currents on Swedish technical systems
- 2009
-
In: Annales Geophysicae. - 1432-0576. ; 27:4, s. 1775-1787
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we analyse in detail two famous space weather events; a railway problem on 13-14 July 1982 and a power blackout on 30 October 2003. Both occurred in Sweden during very intensive space weather storms and each of them a few years after the sunspot maximum. This paper provides a description of the conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind leading to the two GIC events on the ground. By applying modelling techniques introduced and developed in our previous paper, we also calculate the horizontal geoelectric field at the Earth's surface in southern Sweden during the two storms as well as GIC flowing in the southern Swedish 400 kV power grid during the event in October 2003. The results from the calculations agree with all measured data available. In the July-1982 storm, the geomagnetic field variation, Delta B-x, reached values up to similar to 2500 nT/min and the geoelectric field reached values in the order of several volts per kilometer. In the October-2003 storm, the geomagnetic field fluctuations were smaller. However, GIC of some hundreds of amperes flowed in the power grid during the October-2003 event. Technological issues related to the railway signalling in July 1982 and to the power network equipment in October 2003 are also discussed.
|
|
| 21. |
- Wintoft, P, et al.
(author)
-
Predictions of local ground geomagnetic field fluctuations during the 7-10 November 2004 events studied with solar wind driven models
- 2005
-
In: Annales Geophysicae. - 1432-0576. ; 23:9, s. 3095-3101
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The 7-10 November 2004 period contains two events for which the local ground magnetic field was severely disturbed and simultaneously, the solar wind displayed several shocks and negative B-z periods. Using empirical models the 10-min RMS Delta X and Delta Y at Brorfelde (BFE, 11.67 degrees E, 55.63 degrees N), Denmark, are predicted. The models are recurrent neural networks with 10-min solar wind plasma and magnetic field data as inputs. The predictions show a good agreement during 7 November, up until around noon on 8 November, after which the predictions become significantly poorer. The correlations between observed and predicted log RMS Delta X is 0.77 during, 7-8 November but drops to 0.38 during 9-10 November. For RMS Delta Y the correlations for the two periods are 0.71 and 0.41, respectively. Studying the solar wind data for other L1-spacecraft (WIND and SOHO) it seems that the ACE data have a better agreement to the near-Earth solar wind during the first two days as compared to the last two days. Thus, the accuracy of the predictions depends on the location of the spacecraft and the solar wind flow direction. Another finding, for the events studied here, is that the Delta X and Delta Y models showed a very different dependence on B-z The Delta X model is almost independent of the solar wind magnetic field B-z except at times when B-z is exceptionally large or when the overall activity is low. On the contrary, the Delta Y model shows a strong dependence on B-z at all times.
|
|
