| 1. |
- Alkner, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Quality assessment of radiotherapy in the prospective randomized SENOMAC trial
- 2024
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In: Radiotherapy and Oncology. - 0167-8140 .- 1879-0887. ; 197
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and purpose: Recommendations for regional radiotherapy (RT) of sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive breast cancer are debated. We here report a RT quality assessment of the SENOMAC trial.Materials and Methods: The SENOMAC trial randomized clinically node-negative breast cancer patients with 1–2 SLN macrometastases to completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) or SLN biopsy only between 2015–2021. Adjuvant RT followed national guidelines. RT plans for patients included in Sweden and Denmark until June 2019 were collected (N = 1176) and compared to case report forms (CRF). Dose to level I (N = 270) and the humeral head (N = 321) was analyzed in detail.Results: CRF-data and RT plans agreed in 99.3 % (breast/chest wall) and in 96.6 % of patients (regional RT). Congruence for whether level I was an intended RT target was lower (78 %). In accordance with Danish national guidelines, level I was more often an intended target in the SLN biopsy only arm (N = 334/611, 55 %,) than in the cALND arm (N = 174/565, 31 %,). When an intended target, level I received prescribed dose to 100 % (IQR 98–100 %) of the volume. However, even when not an intended target, full dose was delivered to > 80 % of level I (IQR 75–90 %). The intentional inclusion of level I in the target volume more than doubled the dose received by ≥ 50 % of the humeral head.Conclusion: Congruence between CRF data and RT plans was excellent. Level I received a high dose coverage even when not intentionally included in the target. Including level I in target significantly increased dose to the humeral head.
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| 2. |
- Alkner, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Quality assessment of radiotherapy in the prospective randomized SENOMAC trial
- 2024
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In: Radiotherapy and Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 0167-8140 .- 1879-0887. ; 197
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and purpose: Recommendations for regional radiotherapy (RT) of sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive breast cancer are debated. We here report a RT quality assessment of the SENOMAC trial. Materials and Methods: The SENOMAC trial randomized clinically node-negative breast cancer patients with 1-2 SLN macrometastases to completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) or SLN biopsy only between 2015-2021. Adjuvant RT followed national guidelines. RT plans for patients included in Sweden and Denmark until June 2019 were collected (N = 1176) and compared to case report forms (CRF). Dose to level I (N = 270) and the humeral head (N = 321) was analyzed in detail.
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| 3. |
- Angiolillo, Fabio, 1994, et al.
(author)
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State of the world 2023: democracy winning and losing at the ballot : State of the world 2023
- 2024
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In: Democratization. - 1351-0347.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article presents trends in democracy, autocracy, and regime transformation using the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) dataset version 14. We offer five main findings. First, the average level of democracy as measured by the Liberal Democracy Index (LDI) continues to decline and has reached the 1985-level when looking at the population-weighted averages. Second, 42 countries are in ongoing episodes of autocratization, and 18 countries are in ongoing episodes of democratization in 2023. Third, we are the first to show that out of the 42 autocratizing countries, 19 are “Bell-turn” autocratizers, while nine out of the 18 democratizers are “U-turns.” Fourth, we unpack the familiar analysis of the three waves of autocratization and democratization by dividing these into the newly discovered stand-alone episodes of autocratization versus Bell-turn episodes, as well as stand-alone episodes of democratization versus U-turn episodes. This analysis suggests that regime volatility has increased in recent years, as a larger share of both autocratization and democratization are made up of Bell-turns and U-turns, respectively. Fifth, out of the 60 countries holding national elections this year, 31 countries are in some degree of decline in democracy, while only three are improving on democracy.
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| 4. |
- Bengtsson, Kenneth, et al.
(author)
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Så kan Sverige bli ledande nation i resurseffektivitet
- 2016
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In: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447. ; :2016-04-30
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Ny rapport. Det svenska näringslivet kan bli mer hållbart, resurssmart och därmed internationellt konkurrenskraftigt. Men för det behövs en tydlig politisk avsiktsförklaring och riktlinjer. Vi har listat sex områden där policyutveckling brådskar, skriver företrädare för näringsliv, forskning och myndigheter i en gemensam uppmaning.
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| 5. |
- Boese, Vanessa Alexandra, et al.
(author)
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State of the world 2021: autocratization changing its nature?
- 2022
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In: Democratization. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1351-0347 .- 1743-890X. ; 29:6, s. 983-1013
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article analyses the state of democracy around the world in 2021. The level of democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen in 2021 was down to 1989 levels. In 2021, autocracies were on the rise, harbouring 70% of the world population, or 5.4 billion people. There was also a record number of countries autocratizing in 2021: 33 countries, home to 36% of the global population. In recent years, the EU seems to be facing its own wave of autocratization, with 20% of its members autocratizing over the last decade. In addition to the continued downturn in global democracy, this article documents several signs that autocratization is changing in nature. Polarization increased substantially and signi?cantly in 40 countries between 2011 and 2021, and our analysis indicates that polarization increasingly damages democracy especially recently and under anti-pluralist governments. Over the past decade, the data also shows that autocratic governments more frequently used misinformation to shape domestic and international opinion. Finally, with ?ve military coups and one self-coup, 2021 featured an unprecedented increase in coups for this century. These coups contributed to the uptick in the number of closed autocracies in 2021 and seem to signal a shift toward emboldened autocratic actors.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kovács, Anikó, 1961, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Radiotherapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery Depending on the Presence of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes : A Long-Term Follow-Up of the SweBCG91RT Randomized Trial
- 2019
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In: Journal of Clinical Oncology. - 0732-183X. ; 37:14, s. 1179-87
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: The effects of radiotherapy (RT) on the basis of the presence of stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of TILs with the effect of postoperative RT on ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) in a large randomized trial. METHODS: In the SweBCT91RT (Swedish Breast Cancer Group 91 Radiotherapy) trial, 1,178 patients with breast cancer stage I and II were randomly assigned to breast-conserving surgery plus postoperative RT or breast-conserving surgery only and followed for a median of 15.2 years. Tumor blocks were retrieved from 1,003 patients. Stromal TILs were assessed on whole-section hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides using a dichotomized cutoff of 10%. Subtypes were scored using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray. In total, 936 patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Altogether, 670 (71%) of patients had TILs less than 10%. In a multivariable regression analysis with IBTR as dependent variable and RT, TILs, subtype, age, and grade as independent variables, RT (hazard ratio [HR], 0.42; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.61; P < .001), high TILs (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.96, P = .033) grade (3 v 1; HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.34; P = .029), and age (≥ 50 v < 50 years; HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.80; P = .002) were predictive of IBTR. RT was significantly beneficial in the low TILs group (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.58; P < .001) but not in the high TILs group (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.19; P = .138). The test for interaction between RT and TILs was not statistically significant (P = .317). CONCLUSION: This study shows that high values of TILs in the primary tumor independently seem to reduce the risk for an IBTR. Our findings further suggest that patients with breast cancer with low TILs may derive a larger benefit from RT regarding the risk of IBTR.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lundstedt, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Electoral management and vote-buying
- 2022
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In: Electoral Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-3794. ; 79
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Clientelism is a multifaceted phenomenon found in widely differing economic, political, and cultural contexts. Yet, dominant narratives treat clientelism as a symptom of under-development, with modernization as the an-tidote. As a result, less is known about how formal institutions affect clientelism. This article integrates research on clientelism and electoral integrity. We theorize that as the capacity of electoral management bodies (EMBs) increases, the costs of vote-buying increase for voters, parties, and candidates. We conduct a large-N plausibility probe of our theory using V-Dem data, covering more than 160 countries from 1900 to 2019, as well as several alternative measures. We find a robust negative association between EMB capacity and vote-buying at the country level across a range of model specifications. This supports the plausibility of our theory and paves the way for future research on causal mechanisms and the role of institutions in mitigating clientelism more generally.
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| 12. |
- Lundstedt, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Institutions of Electoral Integrity and Clientelism: The Role of Electoral Management Bodies
- 2020
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In: SSRN Electronic Journal. - Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet. - 1556-5068.
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- While clientelism is most often viewed as a symptom of traditional politics, empirical evidence suggests that it is actually a varied and multifaceted phenomenon, found in widely differing economic, political, and cultural contexts. As a result, our understanding of how formal institutions affect clientelism remains limited. This article integrates research on clientelism and electoral integrity, arguing that as the capacity of electoral management bodies (EMBs) increases, the costs of clientelism increase for voters, parties, and candidates. As a result of this increasing cost, we anticipate that declines in the supply of clientelism are associated with advances in EMB capacity, all else equal. This theory is tested using V-Dem data, covering more than 160 countries from 1900 to 2016, as well as several alternative measures of both EMB capacity and clientelism as vote buying. This multifaceted empirical approach finds strong support for the theory that EMB capacity decreases the supply of clientelism at the country-level.
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| 13. |
- Martin, F. P. J., et al.
(author)
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Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial-host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model
- 2008
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In: BMC Bioinformatics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2105. ; 4, s. 157-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The transgenomic metabolic effects of exposure to either Lactobacillus paracasei or Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics have been measured and mapped in humanized extended genome mice (germ-free mice colonized with human baby flora). Statistical analysis of the compartmental fluctuations in diverse metabolic compartments, including biofluids, tissue and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in relation to microbial population modulation generated a novel top-down systems biology view of the host response to probiotic intervention. Probiotic exposure exerted microbiome modification and resulted in altered hepatic lipid metabolism coupled with lowered plasma lipoprotein levels and apparent stimulated glycolysis. Probiotic treatments also altered a diverse range of pathways outcomes, including amino-acid metabolism, methylamines and SCFAs. The novel application of hierarchical-principal component analysis allowed visualization of multicompartmental transgenomic metabolic interactions that could also be resolved at the compartment and pathway level. These integrated system investigations demonstrate the potential of metabolic profiling as a top-down systems biology driver for investigating the mechanistic basis of probiotic action and the therapeutic surveillance of the gut microbial activity related to dietary supplementation of probiotics.
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| 14. |
- Morrison, Kelly, et al.
(author)
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Chains in Episodes of Democratization
- 2023
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In what sequence do democratic institutions develop during episodes of liberalization in autocracies? Existing research has theorized about the processes and causes of institutional change that make up regime transitions. However, there has been limited research to evaluate the institutional sequence of democratization in a systematic, quantitative framework. In this paper, we introduce a novel methodology, Analysis of Chains (AOC), which is adapted from evolutionary biology and partial orders in mathematics. The article uses AOC to catalog chains of institutional change across 36 indicators of democracy in episodes of liberalization from 1900 to 2021. Our findings are the first to use a quantitative approach to systematically describe long sequences of democratization across many countries and over a long time series. This innovative analysis provides an important finding: we show that elections are the most common element of democracy to develop first during democratization. However, we find little correlation between the early development of elections and successful transition to democracy. These results make a pivotal contribution to ongoing debates about the process of regime transition as well as efforts to promote democracy around the world.
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| 15. |
- Nord, Marina, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Democracy report 2024: Democracy winning and losing at the ballot
- 2024
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- THE 2024 REPORT shows that autocratization continues to be the dominant trend, as we have reported in previous Democracy Reports. New for this year is a systematic look at more fine-grained regime changes – countries that are experiencing democratic declines despite having recently im- proved (what we call Bell-turns), and inversely countries that are improving despite having recently been in a period of decline (what we call U-turns). This volatility is often masked when simply taking the difference between countries' present democracy levels and ten years ago, as done in previous Democracy Reports. Yet, countries’ democratic volatility is of substantial interest. Not least, exam- ples of countries that have stopped and reversed autocratization are critical for pro-democratic actors to learn from. Likewise, examples of countries where democratization has in short order been reversed are tales of caution in how democratization can fail to take a permanent foothold. We think this new analysis provides a more nuanced depiction of trends of regime change and informs the reader on how both democratization and autocratization can be stopped and reversed. SINCE 2019, the V-Dem Institute has also been the host of the newly established (inter)national infrastructure DEMSCORE, which brings together some of the world’s leading research infrastruc- tures and contextual databases. More information can be found at https://www.demscore.se. Additionally, over the past year, V-Dem has continued to expand on existing collaborations and entered new ones.
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| 16. |
- Nord, Marina, 1984, et al.
(author)
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When autocratization is reversed: Episodes of democratic turnarounds since 1900
- 2024
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The world is currently undergoing a ‘wave of autocratization’. Yet, autocratization is not an end in itself but can be halted and, most importantly, reversed. This paper introduces“democratic turnarounds” as a new type of regime transformation episode in which autocratization is closely followed by and inherently linked to subsequent democratization. It provides a comprehensive conceptualization with an accompanying operationalization of this new type of episode between 1900-2022, complementing the existing Episodes of Regime Transformation (ERT) framework. It also presents the first-ever systematic empirical overview of patterns and developments of democratic turnarounds. A key finding is that 48% o f all episodes of autocratization become democratic turnarounds, which increases to 70% when focusing on the last 30 years. The vast majority of democratic turnarounds (93 percent) lead to restored or even improved levels of democracy. The new data on democratic turnaround episodes opens up new avenues for research on autocratization and democratization that were previously treated as distinct processes and promises answers to new questions such as why some episodes of autocratization lead to stable autocracies while others result in democratic turnarounds. Answering that question promises to be of tremendous importance for the world that is currently in its deepest-ever wave of autocratization.
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| 17. |
- Papada, Evie, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Democracy Report 2023: Defiance in the Face of Autocratization
- 2023
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We are pleased to present the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute’s seventh annual Democracy Report 2023: Defiance in the Face of Autocratization. Readers of the report will recognize some of the ongoing challenges democracies face but also observe new cases where agents have reclaimed democracy and stopped negative trends.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Sato, Yuko, et al.
(author)
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Institutional Order in Episodes of Autocratization
- 2022
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In: SSRN Electronic Journal. - Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet. - 1556-5068.
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Are there patterns in the sequences of institutional change when democracies autocratize? If so, are such patterns distinct for democracies that transition to authoritarianism versus those that avert democratic breakdown? The Episodes of Regime Transformation (ERT) dataset provides a global sample of all 69 autocratization episodes between 1900-2021. Using this data and pair-wise domination analysis, we describe the general order of reforms in 31 variables which make up different types of accountability mechanisms constraining the government. Our findings suggest that institutional decay starts with horizontal accountability, followed by declines in diagonal accountability, and, finally, vertical accountability. This pattern becomes more appar-ent in countries with low democratic stock and during the third wave of autocratization. This study makes strong contributions to a growing academic literature on patterns of autocrati-zation as well as initiatives among policymakers and practitioners to counteract autocratization.
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| 20. |
- Sjöström, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Response to Radiotherapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery in Different Breast Cancer Subtypes in the Swedish Breast Cancer Group 91 Radiotherapy Randomized Clinical Trial.
- 2017
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In: Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - 1527-7755. ; 35:28, s. 3222-3229
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose To evaluate the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) after breast conservation surgery in different breast cancer subtypes in a large, randomized clinical trial with long-term follow-up. Patients and Methods Tumor tissue was collected from 1,003 patients with node-negative, stage I and II breast cancer who were randomly assigned in the Swedish Breast Cancer Group 91 Radiotherapy trial between 1991 and 1997 to breast conservation surgery with or without RT. Systemic adjuvant treatment was sparsely used (8%). Subtyping was performed with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays for 958 tumors. Results RT reduced the cumulative incidence of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) as a first event within 10 years for luminal A-like tumors (19% v 9%; P = .001), luminal B-like tumors (24% v 8%; P < .001), and triple-negative tumors (21% v 6%; P = .08), but not for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (luminal and nonluminal) tumors (15% v 19%; P = .6); however, evidence of an overall difference in RT effect between subtypes was weak ( P = .21). RT reduced the rate of death from breast cancer (BCD) for triple-negative tumors (hazard ratio, 0.35; P = .06), but not for other subtypes. Death from any cause was not improved by RT in any subtype. A hypothesized clinical low-risk group did not have a low risk of IBTR without RT, and RT reduced the rate of IBTR as a first event after 10 years (20% v 6%; P = .008), but had no effect on BCD or death from any cause. Conclusion Subtype was not predictive of response to RT, although, in our study, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors seemed to be most radioresistant, whereas triple-negative tumors had the largest effect on BCD. The effect of RT in the presumed low-risk luminal A-like tumors was excellent.
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| 21. |
- Stenmark Tullberg, Axel, et al.
(author)
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Combining histological grade, TILs, and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to identify immunogenic tumors and de-escalate radiotherapy in early breast cancer: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.
- 2023
-
In: Journal for immunotherapy of cancer. - 2051-1426. ; 11:5
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The implementation of immunological biomarkers for radiotherapy (RT) individualization in breast cancer requires consideration of tumor-intrinsic factors. This study aimed to investigate whether the integration of histological grade, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) can identify tumors with aggressive characteristics that can be downgraded regarding the need for RT.The SweBCG91RT trial included 1178 patients with stage I-IIA breast cancer, randomized to breast-conserving surgery with or without adjuvant RT, and followed for a median time of 15.2 years. Immunohistochemical analyses of TILs, PD-1, and PD-L1 were performed. An activated immune response was defined as stromal TILs ≥10%and PD-1 and/or PD-L1 expression in ≥1% of lymphocytes. Tumors were categorized as high-risk or low-risk using assessments of histological grade and proliferation as measured by gene expression. The risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) and benefit of RT were then analyzed with 10 years follow-up based on the integration of immune activation and tumor-intrinsic risk group.Among high-risk tumors, an activated immune infiltrate was associated with a reduced risk of IBTR (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.73, p=0.006). The incidence of IBTR in this group was 12.1% (5.6-25.0) without RT and 4.4% (1.1-16.3) with RT. In contrast, the incidence of IBTR in the high-risk group without an activated immune infiltrate was 29.6% (21.4-40.2) without RT and 12.8% (6.6-23.9) with RT. Among low-risk tumors, no evidence of a favorable prognostic effect of an activated immune infiltrate was seen (HR 2.0, 95% CI 0.87 to 4.6, p=0.100).Integrating histological grade and immunological biomarkers can identify tumors with aggressive characteristics but a low risk of IBTR despite a lack of RT boost and systemic therapy. Among high-risk tumors, the risk reduction of IBTR conferred by an activated immune infiltrate is comparable to treatment with RT. These findings may apply to cohorts dominated by estrogen receptor-positive tumors.
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| 22. |
- Stenmark Tullberg, Axel, et al.
(author)
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Immune infiltrate in the primary tumor predicts effect of adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer; results from the randomized SweBCG91RT trial.
- 2021
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In: Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. - 1078-0432. ; 27:3, s. 749-758
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a key role in tumor progression. The purpose of this study was to analyze if the immune infiltrate predicts benefit from postoperative radiotherapy (RT) in a large randomized breast cancer RT trial.In the SweBCG91RT trial, patients with stage I and II breast cancer were randomized to breast conserving surgery (BCS) and postoperative RT or to BCS only and followed for a median time of 15.2 years. The primary tumor immune infiltrate was quantified through two independent methods; immunohistochemistry (IHC) and gene expression profiling. For IHC analyses, the absolute stromal area occupied by CD8+ T cells and FOXP3+ T cells, respectively, was used to define the immune infiltrate. For gene expression analyses, immune cells found to be prognostic in independent datasets were pooled into two groups consisting of antitumoral- and protumoral immune cells, respectively.An antitumoral immune response in the primary tumor was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence and predicted less benefit from adjuvant RT. The interaction between RT and immune phenotype was significant for any recurrence in both the IHC and gene expression analyses (p=0.039 and p=0.035) and was also significant for IBTR in the gene expression analyses (p=0.025).Patients with an antitumoral immune infiltrate in the primary tumor have a reduced risk of any recurrence and may derive less benefit from adjuvant RT. These results may impact decisions regarding postoperative RT in early breast cancer.
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| 23. |
- Stenmark Tullberg, Axel, et al.
(author)
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Integrating Tumor-Intrinsic and Immunologic Factors to Identify Immunogenic Breast Cancers from a Low-Risk Cohort: Results from the Randomized SweBCG91RT Trial.
- 2023
-
In: Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. - 1557-3265. ; 29:9, s. 1783-1793
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The local immune infiltrate's influence on tumor progression may be closely linked to tumor-intrinsic factors. The study aimed to investigate whether integrating immunologic and tumor-intrinsic factors can identify patients from a low-risk cohort who may be candidates for radiotherapy (RT) de-escalation.The SweBCG91RT trial included 1,178 patients with stage I to IIA breast cancer, randomized to breast-conserving surgery with or without adjuvant RT, and followed for a median of 15.2 years. We trained two models designed to capture immunologic activity and immunomodulatory tumor-intrinsic qualities, respectively. We then analyzed if combining these two variables could further stratify tumors, allowing for identifying a subgroup where RT de-escalation is feasible, despite clinical indicators of a high risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR).The prognostic effect of the immunologic model could be predicted by the tumor-intrinsic model (Pinteraction = 0.01). By integrating measurements of the immunologic- and tumor-intrinsic models, patients who benefited from an active immune infiltrate could be identified. These patients benefited from standard RT (HR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.09-0.85; P = 0.025) and had a 5.4% 10-year incidence of IBTR after irradiation despite high-risk genomic indicators and a low frequency of systemic therapy. In contrast, high-risk tumors without an immune infiltrate had a high 10-year incidence of IBTR despite RT treatment (19.5%; 95% CI, 12.2-30.3).Integrating tumor-intrinsic and immunologic factors may identify immunogenic tumors in early-stage breast cancer populations dominated by ER-positive tumors. Patients who benefit from an activated immune infiltrate may be candidates for RT de-escalation.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Wiebrecht, Felix, 1994, et al.
(author)
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State of the world 2022: defiance in the face of autocratization
- 2023
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In: Democratization. - 1351-0347 .- 1743-890X. ; 30:5, s. 769-793
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article presents the state of democracy in the world in 2022 using the most recent Varieties of Democracy dataset (V13). There are four main findings. First, the level of democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen is down to 1986-levels and 72% of the world’s population live in autocracies. Second, the third wave of autocratization reaches a new height with 42 countries autocratizing. By contrast, only 14 countries are democratizing. Third, between 1992 and 2022, autocracies increased their share of the global economy and now account for 46% of world GDP when measured by purchasing power parity. Fourth, defying the global wave of autocratization, eight countries not only stopped but also reversed autocratization in the last 10 years, which we define as democratic U-turns. We find five elements that seem important across the identified cases: executive constraints, mass mobilization, alternation in power, unified opposition coalescing with civil society, and international democracy support. We analyze different combinations of these factors and discuss how they could be critical in stopping and reversing contemporary autocratization. This first analysis suggests that in-depth, comparative case studies of these eight cases and their counterfactuals would be an important area of future research.
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| 26. |
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