| 1. |
- Angantyr, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Reducing Sex Differences in Children’s Empathy for Animals Through a Training Intervention
- 2016
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In: Journal of Research in Childhood Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0256-8543 .- 2150-2641. ; 30:3, s. 273-281
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ABSTRACT: Humane education programs designed to increase children’s empathy for animals are becoming more common. A quasi-experiment tested the effectiveness of one such program by comparing 80 children who had completed the program with a control group of 57 children who had not. The children read a story involving an injured dog and rated the degree of empathic concern they felt for him. The results showed that girls tended to express more empathy for a dog than did boys, but this difference was not significant for children who underwent an animal empathy training program. This suggests that humane education programs can reduce sex differences by increasing boys’ empathy.
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| 2. |
- Ejhed, Helene, et al.
(author)
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Nettobelastning av metaller i Dalälven
- 2012
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Belastning och utsläpp av metaller till vatten rapporteras inom ett flertal internat-ionella rapporteringar; årligen till HELCOM och OSPAR samt vart tredje år till EEA WISE SoE Emissions. Cd, Pb, Hg och Ni ingår i listan av prioriterade ämnen enligt dotterdirektivet (2008/105/EG) till EUs ramdirektiv för vatten (2000/60/EG). För att analysera utsläpp och transport av metaller till inlandsvatten och havet måste källorna, men även avskiljning (retentionen) från källan till havet beräknas. En av de viktigaste indataparametrarna för att beräkna retention av metallerna är partikulär andel av metallerna i vatten.Syftet med detta projekt var att beräkna retention av metaller under transport från källan till havet i ett helt huvudavrinningsområde, Dalälven. Syftet var vidare att ta fram bättre regressionsekvationer som kan skatta andel partikulär metall med ytter-ligare styrande data utöver de kemiska parametrar som användes i tidigare studier och som kan ta hänsyn till förutsättningarna i Dalälvens avrinningsområde. Detta arbete bygger vidare på en tidigare testad retentionsmodell och framtagna regress-ionsekvationer för partikulär andel metaller (Lindström och Håkanson 2001, Ejhed m.fl.2011) och bruttobelastning (utsläpp vid källan) av metaller beräknat för avrin-ningsområden i hela Sverige (Ejhed m.fl., 2010). De metaller som hanterades i projektet var de prioriterade ämnena Cd, Hg, Pb och Ni, samt Cu och Zn som prio-riterades av Naturvårdsverket.För att förbättra regressionsekvationer för beräkning av andel partikulära metaller och anpassa till Dalälvens avrinningsområde utökades den befintliga miljööver-vakningen i Dalälven genom detta projekt med provtagning och analys av metaller i ofiltrerade prover både vid de redan befintliga provplatserna och vid ytterligare fem provplatser, i samråd med länsstyrelsen i Dalarna. Både flödesdata, andra ke-midata och markanvändning studerades för att bestämma vilka faktorer som styr andel metaller i partikulär form. Ekvationer togs fram för beräkning av andel me-taller i löst form för alla ovan nämnda metaller. Tillsammans med totalhalterna kan andel metaller i partikulär form skattas för alla metallerna i alla områden.Av analysen framgår att det finns stora skillnader för partikulär respektive löst andel för de olika metallerna och de olika områdena. Den största källan till variat-ion är dock pH. I sura vatten så som Lill-Fämtan är nästan alla metaller i löst form medan i mer alkaliska områden så som Dalälven Älvkarleby finns mycket större andel metaller i partikulär form. Vatten med större tillrinningsområden har oftast högre pH värden eftersom bidragen av välbuffrat grundvatten är större. Detta gäller också för sjöar med längre uppehållstider. Områden med stor andel åkermark och låg terräng uppvisar också högre andel metaller i partikulär form (Holen). Detta härrör förmodligen av mobilisering av större andel partiklar än i de andra vatten-dragen. Regressionerna som framtogs i denna rapport verka vara någorlunda uni-versella för alla studerade områden och påverkas inte av markanvändning eller om områdena är påverkade. Andel partikulära metaller varierar från 12% för Cu till 92% för Hg.En förenklad retentionsmodell utvecklades baserat på sjöarea, medeldjup, medel-tillrinning, partikulär andel metaller och fallhastighet för metallerna i Dalälvens avrinningsområde. Nettobelastningen och transport mellan delavrinningsområdena i Dalälven ner till havet beräknades genom att använda uppsättningen av HYPE-modellen baserat på Svenskt vattenarkiv 2010_2. Retentionsmodellens tillförlitlig-het testades genom att jämföra beräknad retention med motsvarande uppmätta värden i tre sjöar i Dalälvens avrinningsområde. Det konstaterades att den förenk-lade modellansatsen tämligen väl beskriver retentionen för de undersökta metaller-na. Den största avvikelsen noteras för Cu där den genomsnittliga retentionen un-derskattas med 16 procentenheter medan det för Zn och Pb skiljer 8 procentenheter mellan empiriskt och modellerat värde. Den sammanlagda retentionen för metal-lerna till havet varierar från 35% för Cu till 78% för Hg. Den inbördes skillnaden mellan olika metaller beror av deras varierande partikelbundna förekomst.Detta projekt har tagit fram en generell modell som med fördel skulle kunna appli-ceras och testas på andra avrinningsområden. Modellen kräver inte särskilt mycket indata, vilket kan anses vara en fördel då mycket indata sällan finns att tillgå i hu-vuddelen av Sveriges avrinningsområden. Modellen ger beräknad nettobelastning av källor till metaller och transport genom avrinningsområden, vilket är aktuellt och efterfrågat för påverkansanalys enligt ramdirektivet för vatten.Modellresultaten visar att beräkningar av retention och nettobelastning är ett nyttigt verktyg för att verifiera resultat av bruttobelastning och redovisning av källor till belastning. Det blev tydligt att det saknas källor i beräkningen av bruttobelastning-en i Dalälvens avrinningsområde. Det troliga är att läckage från gamla gruvdepo-nier saknas, men även att lokala variationer med högre läckage från diffusa källor kan orsaka skillnaden i uppmätt flodtransport och beräknad belastning.
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| 3. |
- Gäbel, Jakob, 1971, et al.
(author)
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Cell saver processing mitigates the negative effects of wound blood on platelet function
- 2016
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In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-5172. ; 60:7, s. 901-909
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundWound blood is highly activated and has poor haemostatic properties. Recent data suggest that retransfusion of unwashed wound blood may impair haemostasis. We hypothesized that cell saver processing of wound blood before retransfusion reduces the negative effects. MethodsWound blood was collected from 16 cardiac surgery patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. One portion of the wound blood was processed in a cell saver and one portion left unprocessed. Increasing amounts of unprocessed blood (10% and 20% of the systemic blood volume) or corresponding volumes of processed blood were added ex vivo to whole blood samples from the same patient. Clot formation was assessed by modified thromboelastometry (ROTEM (R)) and platelet function with impedance aggregometry (Multiplate((R))). ResultsAddition of unprocessed wound blood significantly impaired clot formation and platelet aggregability. Cell saver processing before addition did not influence clot formation but abolished completely the negative effects of wound blood on platelet aggregability tested with all agonists. Median adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation was 51 (25th and 75th percentiles 42-69) when 20% processed cardiotomy suction blood was added vs. 34 (24-52) U when 20% unprocessed blood was added, P < 0.001. The corresponding figures for arachidonic acid-, thrombin receptor activating peptide- and collagen-induced aggregation was 21 (17-51) vs. 13 (10-25) U, 112 (87-128) vs. 78 (65-103) U and 58 (50-73) vs. 33 (28-44) U, respectively, all P < 0.001). ConclusionThe results suggest that cell saver processing before retransfusion mitigates the negative effects of wound blood on platelet function despite that cell saver processing reduces platelet count.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, L. S., et al.
(author)
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Structural Characterisation of GaP <111 > B Nanowires by HRTEM
- 2008
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In: Microscopy of Semiconducting Material 2007. - 0930-8989. - 9781402086144 ; 120, s. 229-232
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- GaP < 111 > B nanowires are dominated by (111) twins orthogonal to the growth direction and show well-developed {111} side-facets. Based on this, a 3D-model has been constructed with a cross-section of an octahedron used as a building block. The twins can be of ortho- or para type i.e. by 60 degrees about the growth axis or 180 degrees in the twin plane. The segment thickness variation follows an exponential distribution with a clear dependence oil growth ternperature. Multislice simulations show different features of the twin types that are useful for further characterisation.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Understanding the 3D structure of GaAs nanowires
- 2007
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In: Nanotechnology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-4484 .- 1361-6528. ; 18:48
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of lamellar twinning in epitaxial particle-assisted GaAs <111>B nanowires are investigated in an extensive high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) study of the low index zones <-100>, <-1-10>, <1-1-1> and <1-1-2>. As these directions are non-parallel to the (-1-1-1) twin planes we find that the twin segments exhibit two different zone axes as a consequence of twinning. In the first three cases the alternative zones were found to be <1-2-2> <11-4> and <11-5>. These findings are supported by a comparison of experimental HRTEM images and multi-slice simulations along with fast Fourier transform mapping. From the appearance of non-overlapping regions we conclude that the nanowires are bound by {111} facets only. The twin formation and the development of the stable side facets are discussed
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| 6. |
- Karlsson, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Compaction of agglomerates of aerosol nanoparticles: A compilation of experimental data
- 2005
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In: Journal of Nanoparticle Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1572-896X .- 1388-0764. ; 7:1, s. 43-49
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The compacting behavior of agglomerated aerosol nanoparticles in the size range between 7 and 150 nm was investigated using available literature data. We observed a characteristic behavior, which can be described by three separate steps. When comparing the first step, the compaction from agglomerates into spherules, differences could be observed for nanoparticles of different materials. It is seen from the available data that smaller particles compact at lower temperatures. For most materials where data available (Ag, Au, Fe, W, PbS and SnO2), the compaction temperatures were found to lie in a temperature interval, between 1/3 and 1/2 of the bulk melting temperature. For the data available on TiO2, on the other hand, the compaction temperature corresponds to about 2/3 of the bulk melting temperature. Thus, a fundamental difference might exist in the sintering behavior of titania as compared with other materials. This difference may be attributed to a lower degree of cleanliness of the titania particles.
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| 7. |
- Luczynska, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and lymphoma risk: results of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
- 2013
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In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA : Elsevier BV. - 1938-3207 .- 0002-9165. ; 98:3, s. 827-838
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The relation between vitamin D status and lymphoma risk is inconclusive. Objective: We examined the association between prediagnostic plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and lymphoid cancer risk. Design: We conducted a study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort of 1127 lymphoma cases and 1127 matched controls with a mean follow-up time of 7.1 y. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted incidence rate ratios of lymphoma risk in relation to plasma 25(OH)D. Season-standardized and season-specific 25(OH)D quartiles were used. We also analyzed 25(OH)D as a continuous variable and used predefined cutoffs. Results: No statistically significant association between plasma 25(OH)D and overall lymphoid cancer risk was observed. A positive association for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was noted only in those with a diagnosis made during the first 2 y of follow-up (P-heterogeneity = 0.03), which suggests the possibility of reverse causality. Further analysis restricted to participants with >= 2y of follow-up time showed a significant association between 25(OH)D and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (n = 161): adjusted incidence rate ratios were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.90; P-trend = 0.05) and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.76; P-trend = 0.03) for the top compared with the bottom season-standardized and season-specific quartiles, respectively. Data on dietary vitamin D intake provided further support for the observed association (incidence rate ratio: 0.33; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.89; P-trend = 0.006). Conclusions: Our findings do not support a protective role of high 25(OH)D concentration in lymphoid cancers overall. However, they suggest that higher concentrations of 25(OH)D are associated with a reduced risk of CLL.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Malm, Annika, 1970, et al.
(author)
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The association of drinking water treatment and distribution network disturbances with Health Call Centre contacts for gastrointestinal illness symptoms
- 2013
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In: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 47:13, s. 4474-4484
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are relatively few studies on the association between disturbances in drinking waterservices and symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) illness. Health Call Centres data concerningGI illness may be a useful source of information. This study investigates if there is anincreased frequency of contacts with the Health Call Centre (HCC) concerning gastrointestinal symptoms at times when there is a risk of impaired water quality due to disturbances at water works or the distribution network. The study was conducted inGothenburg, a Swedish city with 0.5 million inhabitants with a surface water source ofdrinking water and two water works. All HCC contacts due to GI symptoms (diarrhoea,vomiting or abdominal pain) were recorded for a three-year period, including also sex, age,and geocoded location of residence. The number of contacts with the HCC in the affectedgeographical areas were recorded during eight periods of disturbances in the water works(e.g. short stops of chlorine dosing), six periods of large disturbances in the distributionnetwork (e.g. pumping station failure or pipe breaks with major consequences), and 818pipe break and leak repairs over a three-year period. For each period of disturbance theobserved number of calls was compared with the number of calls during a control periodwithout disturbances in the same geographical area. In total about 55, 000 calls to the HCCdue to GI symptoms were recorded over the three-year period, 35 per 1000 inhabitants andyear, but much higher (>200) for children
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| 10. |
- Malm, Jakob, 1979
(author)
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Development and Evaluation of Preparation Methods for the Analysis of Cell Membranes Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- 2009
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of this work was to evaluate and develop methods for preparing dry samples for TOF-SIMS analysis of cell membranes. For correct interpretation of the analysis data, an understanding of the effects that the preparation method has on the morphology and chemical structure of the sample must first be obtained. To achieve this, TOF-SIMS analyses, complemented by SEM and interference reflection microscopy (IRM), were performed on both real cells and artificial cell membranes in the form of supported phospholipid bilayers.Using supported POPC bilayers, a preparation method based on rapid cooling and subsequent freeze drying was developed and demonstrated to provide dry lipid bilayers for TOF-SIMS analysis. Furthermore, comparing different POPC layer structures, molecular and dimer ion yields of POPC were found to be 5-10 times higher for bilayers than for monolayers or disordered layers. This finding may be used to indicate the presence of intact lipid bilayers in artificial and real cell membranes.Different fixation and drying methods were applied to cells adhered to a silicon surface, and a method was developed in which the samples were washed in a solution of ammonium formate (AF), cryofixed by plunge freezing, and then freeze dried. The AF-wash/cryofixation method was successful in removing salt ions from the cell buffer yet preserving the potassium gradient at the cell membrane, and preserved cell membrane structure to a large extent, including the lipid bilayer structure. Chemical fixation by glutaraldehyde preserved fine cell membrane structures, below 100 nm, but at the same time negatively affected lipid bilayer structure and membrane integrity. Drying methods based on alcohol substitution removed membrane lipids, reducing the yield of phosphocholine by ~70 times. Fixation with osmium tetroxide was effective in retaining part of the membrane phospholipids. These results provide guidance on appropriate fixation and drying methods to be selected based on the analytical information requested.
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| 11. |
- Malm, Jakob, et al.
(author)
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Fixation and drying protocols for the preparation of cell samples for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis
- 2009
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In: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 81:17, s. 7197-7205
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOFSIMS) is a promising tool for subcellular chemical analysis of biological cells. However, to obtain relevant information, the method used for sample preparation is critical. In this work, we have used TOF-SIMS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and interference reflection microscopy (IRM) to study the effects of different fixation and drying methods on the morphology and chemical structure of human fibroblast cells (hTERT) adhered to a silicon surface. Specifically, two fixation techniques (chemical fixation with glutaraldehyde and cryofixation by plunge freezing) and two drying techniques (freeze drying and alcohol substitution drying) were investigated. Cryofixation followed by freeze drying was determined to produce dried cells with preserved cell morphology, intact cell membranes, and retained sodium/potassium ion concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. By washing samples in an aqueous solution of ammonium formate (AF) before cryofixation, the accumulation of salts on the sample surface during drying could be suppressed. IRM measurements showed that the cell morphology was preserved during washing with ammonium formate, although some swelling occurred. Compared with cryofixation, cells fixed with glutaraldehyde showed finer structures on the cell surface in SEM and similar lipid distributions in TOF-SIMS, but the sodium/potassium ion gradients were not retained. Alcohol drying was determined to remove cell membrane phospholipids significantly, although the use of osmium tetroxide as a post-fixative was shown to decrease this effect.
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| 12. |
- Malmaeus, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Dispersal model for wastewater - Development and evaluation of the MALMAK model
- 2012
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this report the development of a model for simulation of waste water or cooling water dispersal is presented. The model, called MALMAK, is designed to provide information suitable for environmental impact assessments of the initial spreading of plumes around point sources. It works well with the limited information typically available for assessments of discharges to water recipients and does not require detailed monitoring of ambient conditions. The model development described in this report includes an algorithm for predicting the plume width from the momentum of ambient and effluent water, a new model interface and an inbuilt graphic module enabling simulation results to be directly represented in a digital map. The model has also been validated against empirical data and against a more complex hydrodynamic model and was found to give reasonable estimates of effluent concentrations in aquatic environments.
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| 13. |
- Prinz, Christelle, et al.
(author)
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Structural Effects in the Analysis of Supported Lipid Bilayers by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.
- 2007
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In: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 23:15, s. 8035-8041
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We contribute to the rapidly emerging interest in the application of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for chemical analysis of biological materials by presenting a careful TOF-SIMS investigation of structurally different SiO2-supported phospholipid assemblies. Freeze-dried supported 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayers, Langmuir-Blodgett POPC monolayers, and disordered thick POPC films were investigated. Compared with the two latter structures, the supported bilayer showed a strong (5-10 times) enhancement in the yield of both the molecular and the dimer ion peaks of POPC, suggesting that the molecular peak may be used as a sensitive indicator for changes in the membrane structure and, in particular, an indicator for the presence of bilayer structures in, e.g., cell and tissue samples. The detection efficiency and the useful lateral resolution indicate that a lateral resolution of around 100 nm can be obtained on all structures by imaging the phosphocholine ion at 184 u using Bi3+ primary ions. For the chemically specific molecular peak at 760 u, the measured detection efficiencies correspond to a useful lateral resolution of around 2 m for the bilayer structure. The results are discussed in relation to recent dynamic SIMS (nano-SIMS) analysis of freeze-dried supported lipid bilayers, displaying similar or higher lateral resolution, but which in contrast to TOF-SIMS requires isotopic labeling of the analyzed lipids.
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