| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Ewald, Jens, et al.
(author)
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An ex post evaluation of the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
- 2018
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In: 37th International Energy Workshop.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- An empirical study of energy use in the residential sector of the five biggest EU countries by population (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK) and Sweden from 1990 to 2015 has been carried out to determine the impact that efficiency policies have had. Preliminary results have isolated the effects of (i) energy efficiency focused building codes and (ii) general efficiency policies, and have found that both have had a significant impact on reducing energy demand. A model has been created that will allow further exploration of policies specifically related to the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD).
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| 3. |
- Ewald, Jens, et al.
(author)
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Saving energy in residential buildings: the role of energy pricing
- 2021
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In: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 167
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A zero-carbon society requires dramatic change everywhere including in buildings, a large and politically sensitive sector. Technical possibilities exist but implementation is slow. Policies include many hard-to-evaluate regulations and may suffer from rebound mechanisms. We use dynamic econometric analysis of European macro data for the period 1990–2018 to systematically examine the importance of changes in energy prices and income on residential energy demand. We find a long-run price elasticity of −0.5. The total long-run income elasticity is around 0.9, but if we control for the increase in income that goes towards larger homes and other factors, the income elasticity is 0.2. These findings have practical implications for climate policy and the EU buildings and energy policy framework.
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| 4. |
- Fennell, P., et al.
(author)
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Challenges and Lessons Learned in Applying Sensitivity Analysis to Building Stock Energy Models
- 2022
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In: Building Simulation Conference Proceedings. - : KU Leuven. - 2522-2708. ; , s. 2203-2210
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Uncertainty Analysis (UA) and Sensitivity Analysis (SA) offer essential tools to determine the limits of inference of a model and explore the factors which have the most effect on the model outputs. However, despite a well-established body of work applying UA and SA to models of individual buildings, a review of the literature relating to energy models for larger groups of buildings undertaken by Fennell et al. (2019) highlighted very limited application at larger scales. This contribution describes the efforts undertaken by a group of research teams in the context of IEA-EBC Annex 70 working with a diverse set of Building Stock Models (BSMs) to apply global sensitivity analysis methods and compare their results. Since BSMs are a class of model defined by their output and coverage rather than their structure and inputs, they represent a diverse set of modelling approaches. Key challenges for the application of SA are identified and explored, including the influence of model form, input data types and model outputs. This study combines results from 7 different modelling teams, each using different models across a range of urban areas to explore these challenges and begin the process of developing standardised workflows for SA of BSMs.
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| 5. |
- Fjellander, Liv, et al.
(author)
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Delningens potential
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This project investigates the potential increasing resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact and how the potential can be achieved for premises, transports and tools. The driving forces and obstacles for sharing have been studied, methodology for sustainability assessments and potential rebound effects have been investigated and ten success factors have been identified for upscaling sharing solutions: 1. Trust. For the sharing platform, the quality of the goods and for other users. 2. Accessibility. Geographically, temporally and in terms of access to systems and spaces. 3. Managed risk. Sharing is associated with risk, which needs to be managed and facilitated by existing regulations and which can be mitigated by commercial insurance. 4. Quality. The quality of the goods and services need to be at least as good as those the consumer would otherwise have bought for them to switch to sharing. 5. Simple and smooth transactions. By making it easier to share than to buy new, the interest in sharing solutions can increase. 6. Visibility. The fact that the knowledge and habit of sharing are so low means that the critical mass of users and objects is still too low. 7. Belonging. In several of the product categories, like transport and space, there is a need to feel that you belong - a sense of ”this is my space”. For sharing to scale up, design, business models and policy need to relate to that need. 8. Negative effects. The ability to limit and manage the negative effects of the sharing economy on conventional companies is an important factor for upscaling. 9. Access to capital is in many cases critical to growth, both to achieve a critical mass and long-term economic sustainability. 10. Regulation. Sharing requires regulations and policy support for better conditions with clear rules and tailor-made policy instruments for sharing. Several actors play an important role in building sharing potential; the role of the business sector to create new business models and good working conditions, the role of the financial sector to improve the conditions for sharing initiatives to be able to upscale, the role of national decision makers to both regulate and create conditions for sharing and manage the consequences of sharing, the role of the cities to create infrastructure, coordinate and be a driving force in itself to shape the development of sharing so that it contributes to sustainability and the role of research to develop innovative forms of sharing, continue to follow the development of sharing and develop ways to measure effects and prevent rebound effects.
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| 6. |
- Fjellander, Liv, et al.
(author)
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Delningens potential, kortversion
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Detta är en kortversion av rapporten från projektet Delningens potential, där vi bedömt potentialen för att delning av transporter, verktyg och yta ökar och samtidigt bidrar till ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga vinster. I Sverige finns en lång tradition och vana av att dela på resurser. Delning har potential att ge både ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska vinster under vissa förutsättningar.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Harris, Steve, et al.
(author)
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Sharing is daring, but is it sustainable? : An assessment of sharing cars, electric tools and offices in Sweden
- 2021
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In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - Stockholm : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 170, s. 105583-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The sharing economy has emerged as a potential way to reduce the environmental impact and costs of using products, whilst increasing their accessibility. However, there is a paucity of literature on its sustainability implications. To help fill this void we provide a first indicative assessment of the potential sustainability implications for the sharing of three product groups in Sweden, namely cars, small electrical tools and offices. A quantitative assessment of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, resource use and waste based on case studies, is used as a basis to develop scenarios of upscaling sharing at national level. This is combined with a qualitative scoring framework to assess the socio-economic impacts. Office sharing was found to have a significant potential to reduce GHG emissions by 164-243 KtCO(2)e/yr. Car sharing has a larger potential but has a wide range of uncertainty with potential reductions of 0.5-3.7 MtCO(2)e (if 80% of cars in Sweden were sharing cars), depending on how many owned cars are replaced by a shared vehicle. However, 80% ownership of battery electric vehicles offer a greater potential benefit with a saving of up to 8.2 MtCO(2)e. In terms of the reduction in material use, there are potential savings of 232,000 t/yr and 24.4-34.4Mt/yr for cars and offices, respectively. However, the tool sharing case does not demonstrate such large potential for national reductions. The qualitative analysis on socioeconomic implications showed largely positive results across the indicators. However, further research is needed to assess the impacts on jobs and the local economy for the shared product groups, and to more fully understand how shared offices effect health and well-being of users. Finally, to avoid potential rebound effects additional support is needed to promote electric cars to avoid fleets of fossil fuel cars with high emissions, a flexible stock of desks without large empty office spaces, and proximity of tool sharing to minimise transport.
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| 9. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Sustainable use of energy carriers in the Kattegat/Skagerrak-region - a regional case study
- 2013
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In: The 8th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, SDEWES Conference Dubrovnik, Croatia, September 22-27, 2013.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper reports on a recently initiated interregional project on sustainable use of energy carriers in the Kattegat/Skagerrak-region (KASK) in Norway and Sweden. The work analyses and models large-scale integration of renewable power, the potential of process integration and energy efficiency improvements in key industries in the region and identifies cost efficient solutions for an energy efficient building stock. Energy and emission statistics along with energy and climate plans are used to investigate how well the current “path” with regard to energy use and GHG emissions fits within the corresponding plans for the region. The statistics is also used to define a Reference Energy System (RES) for the region which gives a structured mapping of the energy system of the region, comprising supply, conversion and end-use of the different energy carriers/sources in the region. Based on the analysis the aim of the project is to propose one or more pathways in the short, medium and long term towards a sustainable energy system in the region. The initial work shows that final energy use for parts of the region has actually increased by 25% since 1990 while GHG emissions have declined only marginally, by 3%. Furthermore, although most municipalities in the region have targets or at least visions on significant reductions both with regard to energy use and GHG emissions they lack a clear description (pathway) of how to reach these targets (visions). This clearly indicates that thorough analysis of the energy system in the region could provide valuable insights to decision makers and stakeholders on requirements and challenges for transforming the energy system to reach the visions.
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| 10. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(author)
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Transforming the energy system in Västra Götaland and Halland – linking short term actions to long term goals
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study analyzes pathways to meet EU, national and regional targets for CO2 emissions, energy efficiency and penetration of renewable energy in the Swedish part of the Kattegat-Skagerrak region (KASK-SE), i.e. more specifically in the counties of Västra Götaland (VGR) and Halland. Special focus is placed on four areas: The potential for energy savings in the building sector, energy savings and fuel shifting in the energy intensive industry, large-scale deployment of renewables in the electricity generation sector and greenhouse gas emission reductions in the transport sector. The energy savings are through the implementation of different energy efficiency measures.
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| 11. |
- Langevin, Jared, et al.
(author)
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Developing a common approach for classifying building stock energy models
- 2020
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In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0690 .- 1364-0321. ; 133
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Buildings contribute 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions; therefore, strategies that can substantially reduce emissions from the building stock are key components of broader efforts to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development goals. Models that represent the energy use of the building stock at scale under various scenarios of technology deployment have become essential tools for the development and assessment of such strategies. Within the past decade, the capabilities of building stock energy models have improved considerably, while model transferability and sharing has increased. Given these advancements, a new scheme for classifying building stock energy models is needed to facilitate communication of modeling approaches and the handling of important model dimensions. In this article, we present a new building stock energy model classification framework that leverages international modeling expertise from the participants of the International Energy Agency's Annex 70 on Building Energy Epidemiology. Drawing from existing classification studies, we propose a multi-layer quadrant scheme that classifies modeling techniques by their design (top-down or bottom-up) and degree of transparency (black-box or white-box); hybrid techniques are also addressed. The quadrant scheme is unique from previous classification approaches in its non-hierarchical organization, coverage of and ability to incorporate emerging modeling techniques, and treatment of additional modeling dimensions. The new classification framework will be complemented by a reporting protocol and online registry of existing models as part of ongoing work in Annex 70 to increase the interpretability and utility of building stock energy models for energy policy making.
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| 12. |
- Lysenko, Olga, et al.
(author)
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Positive climate and health impacts from upscaled use of heat pumps and solar panels in technology packages in EU-27 by 2050
- 2024
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In: Sustainable Production and Consumption. - Stockholm : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 2352-5509. ; 44, s. 221-233
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Achieving the European Union's (EU-27) climate targets for 2050 requires moving away from fossil fuels, for which the necessary heating and cooling (H&C) technologies are mostly already available in the domestic sector. These H&C technologies, such as heat pumps and photovoltaic and thermal solar panels, reduce air pollution and thus have positive climate and health effects, but require the increased use of limited materials.Although the integration of such technologies into technology packages (TPs) further increases energy efficiency, monetary values of the climate and health effects of these TPs have not been assessed from a life cycle perspective including the production phase. Therefore, we monetize the full impacts of adopting such innovative H&C TPs in refurbished and new residential and tertiary buildings in the EU-27. With that aim, we combine an analysis of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from the life cycle assessment of the TPs with long-term scenarios of H&C demand, to generate country-specific emissions (2030 and 2050).Accordingly, climate and health impacts are estimated using the Greenhouse gas and Air pollution Interactions and Synergies and Alpha RiskPoll models. The total estimated monetary benefits of TP implementation in the EU-27, including its health effects (dominated by reduced premature mortality) and climate impacts, are approximately 15–49 billion €2015 in 2030 and 34–123 billion €2015 in 2050. Furthermore, the benefits are 13 %–15 % higher if the health effects on all European countries are considered. These substantial benefits can justify the broader deployment of TP technologies in the future.
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| 13. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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A map of roadmaps for zero and low energy and carbon buildings worldwide
- 2020
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In: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 15:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Formulation of targets and establishing which factors in different contexts will achieve these targets are critical to successful decarbonization of the building sector. To contribute to this, we have performed an evidence map of roadmaps for zero and low energy and carbon buildings (ZLECB) worldwide, including a list and classification of documents in an on-line geographical map, a description of gaps, and a narrative review of the knowledge gluts. We have retrieved 1219 scientific documents from Scopus, extracted metadata from 274 documents, and identified 117 roadmaps, policies or plans from 27 countries worldwide. We find that there is a coverage bias towards more developed regions. The identified scientific studies are mostly recommendations to policy makers, different types of case studies, and demonstration projects. The geographical inequalities found in the coverage of the scientific literature are even more extreme in the coverage of the roadmaps. These underexplored world regions represent an area for further investigation and increased research/policy attention. Our review of the more substantial amount of literature and roadmaps for developed regions shows differences in target metrics and enforcement mechanisms but that all regions dedicate some efforts at national and local levels. Roadmaps generally focus more on new and public buildings than existing buildings, despite the fact that the latter are naturally larger in number and total floor area, and perform less energy efficiently. A combination of efficiency, technical upgrades, and renewable generation is generally proposed in the roadmaps, with behavioral measures only reflected in the use of information and communication technologies, and minimal focus being placed on lifecycle perspectives. We conclude that insufficient progress is being made in the implementation of ZLECB. More work is needed to couple the existing climate goals, with realistic, enforceable policies to make the carbon savings a reality for different contexts and stakeholders worldwide.
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| 14. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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A review of flexibility of residential electricity demand as climate solution in four EU countries
- 2020
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In: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increased flexibility at the grid edge is required to achieve ambitious climate goals and can be provided by smart energy solutions. By systematically reviewing the literature, we provide an overview of the potential flexibility of different residential electrical loads for France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. While 85% of the studies aimed to identify potentials for shifting electrical energy use in time, the other 15% aimed to identify energy-saving potentials. Most of the data were found for the German and British electrical systems. A wide range of flexibility measures (e.g., price mechanisms, user-centered control strategies for space heating and water heating, automated shifting of appliances' use, EV charging algorithms, and consumer feedback) and methods (e.g., simulations, trials, and interviews) have been used. Potentials obtained from the literature have been upscaled to the national level, including corresponding effects in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results show that between 2% and 18% of residential sector electricity in the four countries could be shifted, resulting in total emission reductions of 10 MtCO2 from peak shaving, or 24 MtCO2 per year if optimizing the deployment of renewables. The literature identifies substantial economic, technical, and behavioral benefits from implementing flexibility measures. In all the cases, it seems that the current regulatory framework would need to change to facilitate participation. Recognized risks include higher peaks and congestions in low price-hours and difficulties in designing electricity tariffs because of conflicts with CO2 intensity as well as potential instability in the entire electricity system caused by tariffs coupling to wholesale electricity pricing.
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| 15. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Ambition meets reality : Modeling renovations of the stock of apartments in Gothenburg by 2050
- 2020
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In: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 223
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A bottom-up dynamic modeling framework aiming to incorporate realities of the decision-making process when implementing energy-saving building renovations is proposed and applied to a case study of all multifamily buildings in Gothenburg, Sweden. The developed model is based on real conditions of existing buildings, from the national Energy Performance Certificate database, building and property registers, and cadastral maps from the city planning office. Although explorative, the framework accounts for the reaction capacity in terms of (i) investments by all property owners and (ii) total workmanship capacity in the city. Two scenarios were considered to account for renovations driven solely by technical renovation needs (end-of-life of building components) and by cost efficiency; further, both scenarios were investigated at different levels of reaction capacity. The developed framework is easily replicable to other regions and cities. The retrofitting includes, as individual measures as well as in packages, increased insulation levels, increased efficiency of lighting and appliances, and the installation of heat recovery systems and photovoltaic panels.Whereas implementation of energy-efficient measures dictated solely by technical renovation needs led to a very low energy demand, with some buildings becoming energy producers by 2050, implementation strictly driven by cost-efficiency (from the perspective of the property owners) only reduced the energy demand by 5% during this time and would not fully utilize the investment capacity of the property owners. Furthermore, the current limitations of reaction capacity for the market shares allowed for a reduction of the energy demand by only 15% during the same period. Workmanship capacity was more constraining than investment capacity and is thus identified as a local imperative need and suggests co-benefits related to job creation within the construction sector.
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| 16. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Climate mitigation: Buildings. Summary of Working Group III contribution to the 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
- 2022
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The buildings and construction sector plays a key role in achieving social, environmental, and economic goals. To urgently bring about the significant changes required in the sector to achieve climate goals, all stakeholders require access to updated knowledge to ensure that they can easily make choices that are aligned with the goals.To achieve this aim, this report summarizes the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report of Working Group (WG) III’s contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), 'Mitigation of Climate Change', Chapter 9 'Buildings'.The chapter shows that global CO2 emissions from buildings increased by 50% from 1990 to 2019. By retrofitting existing buildings and using efficient techniques to reduce climate impact in new construction, it is possible to approach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Actions by 2030 are crucial to fully capture the potential for reduced climate impact from buildings.The transition of the building sector requires strong collaboration with many other sectors, as it is closely linked to sectors such as the energy sector, land use, resource utilization, and waste management. This requires ambitious policy packages, such as the use of renewable energy sources, as well as efficient design and use of space, energy, materials, and appliances.
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| 17. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Climate Mitigation from Circular and Sharing Economy in the Buildings Sector
- 2020
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In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 158
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The buildings sector is a major consumer of energy and resources throughout the entire life cycle of the buildings (materials sourcing, design, manufacturing, distribution, consumption, disposal) with corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The contribution of the sector is therefore key to achieving ambitious climate targets. In particular, to maintain global warming below target of 1.5 °C, a carbon dioxide emissions reduction of 9 Gt is required just from the global building sector (Wang et al, 2018). This will need to be achieved by a reduction in energy consumption and decarbonization of electricity production. Equally substantial reductions are required from the other life cycle phases: materials production, construction and demolition phases, which are typically accounted as changes in the industrial sector. The improvement of resource flows through a Circular Economy (CE) approach that includes reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering materials and products, facilitates a decoupling of growth from resource consumption (Kalmykova et al, 2018). This can provide clear advantages from an environmental perspective, contributing to Sustainable Development Goals and to climate change mitigation. However, the literature has identified that despite a global trend of improved operational performance, there are rising “embodied” emissions from processing and manufacturing of building materials. Industrial recycling and energy recovery are the most common practices, even when reuse is believed to have higher economic and environmental value (Eberhardt et al, 2019). The Sharing Economy (SE), offers several opportunities for the building sector by promoting reuse, enabling shared ownership, access or use to increase the utilization rate of products and systems (e.g. shared accommodation, social spaces, offices or tools). Recent literature clearly highlights for the building sector the urgent need for a range of actions across the life cycle such as reduced operational and embodied impacts, as well as strategies to increase alignment of goals and action from numerous stakeholders along the value chain (Röck et al, 2020). This needs to be implemented with specific reference to people, cultures and norms in which the strategies are deployed. The pressure on the sector to embrace its role as provider of critical climate mitigation solutions, is expected to increase. There are however few explicit links to sustainable development and climate mitigation, and little common ground for the variety of analytical approaches and tools. The main aim of the CE in the literature is considered to be economic prosperity, followed by environmental quality; its impact on social equity and future generations is rarely mentioned. Circular and shared economy imply the adoption of cleaner production patterns, an increase of producers’ and consumers’ responsibility and awareness, the use of renewable technologies and materials as well as the adoption of suitable policies. It applies to different systems levels from the macro (neighborhood, city, region, nation and beyond) to the micro level (consumer, product, company). It requires the engagement of all actors in society and their capacity to create and exchange transformative patterns. In all, transition to the era of circular and shared economy aligned with climate goals requires more knowledge on the necessary changes in household’s behavior, design practices, construction and de-construction methods, business models and legal frameworks (Laurenti et al, 2019). This Virtual Special Issue (VSI) calls for new research contributions on mitigation potentials from the Circular and Sharing Economy in the buildings sector worldwide.
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| 18. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Comparative Analysis of Web of Science and Scopus on the Energy Efficiency and Climate Impact of Buildings
- 2020
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In: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 13:2, s. 409-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although the body of scientific publications on energy efficiency and climate mitigation from buildings has been growing quickly in recent years, very few previous bibliometric analysis studies exist that analyze the literature in terms of specific content (trends or options for zero-energy buildings) or coverage of different scientific databases. We evaluate the scientific literature published since January 2013 concerning alternative methods for improving the energy efficiency and mitigating climate impacts from buildings. We quantify and describe the literature through a bibliometric approach, comparing the databases Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. A total of 19,416 (Scopus) and 17,468 (WoS) publications are analyzed, with only 11% common documents. The literature has grown steadily during this time period, with a peak in the year 2017. Most of the publications are in English, in the area of Engineering and Energy Fuels, and from institutions from China and the USA. Strong links are observed between the most published authors and institutions worldwide. An analysis of keywords reveals that most of research focuses on technologies for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning, phase change materials, as well as information and communication technologies. A significantly smaller segment of the literature takes a broader perspective (greenhouse gas emissions, life cycle, and sustainable development), investigating implementation issues (policies and costs) or renewable energy (solar). Knowledge gaps are detected in the areas of behavioral changes, the circular economy, and some renewable energy sources (geothermal, biomass, small wind). We conclude that (i) the contents of WoS and Scopus are radically different in the studied fields; (ii) research seems to focus on technological aspects; and (iii) there are weak links between research on energy and on climate mitigation and sustainability, the latter themes being misrepresented in the literature. These conclusions should be validated with further analyses of the documents identified in this study. We recommend that future research focuses on filling the above identified gaps, assessing the contents of several scientific databases, and extending energy analyses to their effects in terms of mitigation potentials
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| 19. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Contributions of Building Retrofitting in Five Member States to EU Targets for Energy Savings
- 2018
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In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0690 .- 1364-0321. ; 93, s. 759-774
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To benchmark the contributions of building retrofits to the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) of the Member States (MS) of the European Union (EU) and to identify potential improvements to the general EU methodology, this paper presents homogenous mapping of the potential for energy savings and associated effects on CO2 emissions for the building stocks of five selected MS: France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The mapping is created using a verified building stock modeling methodology, and includes results related to technical and techno-economical improvements for ten energy conservation measures (ECMs) and six ECM packages. These results are compared to the corresponding estimates in the NEEAPs, as well as those in the literature. Although both our results and those in the literature show high variability for the cost-efficiency of the ECMs between the five national building stocks, the potential application of complete ECM packages generally appears to be more profitable than the application of individual ECMs. Certain challenges must be overcome before this potential can be realized. The energy savings for Year 2020 projected in the NEEAPs appear to be overly optimistic when one considers the efficiency trends, current regulatory framework, and techno-economical potential detailed in this study. Furthermore, the NEEAPs are not in full compliance with the requirements of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive. These requirements could be defined more specifically, so as to address the identified information gaps, thereby facilitating the implementation and monitoring of energy savings in existing buildings.
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| 20. |
- Mata, Érika, et al.
(author)
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Economic feasibility of building retrofitting mitigation potentials : Climate change uncertainties for Swedish cities
- 2019
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In: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 242, s. 1022-1035
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Deep and rapid decarbonization of the building sector requires energy demand reductions and the incorporation of renewable-energy sources. Energy retrofitting of existing buildings is a central strategy in climate mitigation and has often been highlighted as a cost-effective strategy. However, decisions on these strategies are often hampered by modeling assessments that are limited by contextual, methodological, parametric, input, or output constraints. Here, we present a novel methodology to investigate the solid economic feasibility in building retrofit evaluations with mitigation measures. We first calculate the variations in the energy saving potentials and costs for 13 energy saving measures and five climate change scenarios. We then compare the obtained uncertainty due to a changing climate to other uncertainties, such as the boundaries for emission inventories and energy system development. Four cities in Sweden are modeled, which are responsible for half of the country's residential energy use. We find that the profitability of the retrofitting actions is primarily determined based on the annualized investments and energy saving potentials. Future climate has a less determinant role, with uncertainties similar to those of future consumer price development and fuel emission factors. Retrofits that only affect the energy need for space heating are more robust than changes in electricity usage. We conclude that strategies for building retrofitting should focus on prioritizing energy savings and mobilizing investments that may not be profitable based on the current techno-economic perspective.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Solid state breakers as climate solutions
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ökad flexibilitet i elnätets utkant är nödvändigt för att uppnå ambitiöst satta klimatmål. En sådan ökad flexibilitet kan fås genom smarta energilösningar. Dessa lösningar förväntas vara en del av det pågående skiftet inom energiförsörjningen, med ett större fokus på förnybar energi, både centralt och distribuerat i näten. Detta kombineras med att konsumenter får möjlighet att minska sina energikostnader genom att flytta sin elförbrukning i tiden, får bättre information kring och lösningar för att automatisera sin energiförbrukning och kan ta steget mot att bli prosumenter. Genom en systematisk genomgång av vetenskaplig litteratur ges en överblick av den potentiella flexibilitet som finns hos olika el-laster i bostadssektorn i Frankrike, Tyskland, Storbritannien och Sverige. Uppgifterna har hämtats från litteratur och skalats upp homogent för att spegla den nationella potentialen, inklusive effekten som den potentiella flexibiliteten har på koldioxidutsläppen. Våra resultat visar att mellan 2% och 18% av elanvändningen i bostadssektorn i de fyra EU-länderna kan flyttas i tiden, vilket skulle resultera i att utsläpp på mellan 10 och 28 Mton CO2 per år kan undvikas till förmån för att maximera användandet av förnybara energikällor. Med dagens prismekanismer och tariffer för energianvändning är flexibilitet av denna typ inte ekonomiskt hållbar och därför krävs förändringar.
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| 24. |
- Mata, Erika
(author)
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Stakeholder Specific Multi-Scale Spatial Representation of Urban Building-Stocks
- 2018
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In: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. - 2220-9964. ; 173:7(5)
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban building-stocks use a significant amount of resources and energy. At the same time, they have a large potential for energy efficiency measures (EEM). To support decision-making and planning, spatial building-stock models are used to examine the current state and future development of urban building-stocks. While these models normally focus on specific cities, generic and broad stakeholder groups such as planners and policy makers are often targeted. Consequently, the visualization and communication of results are not tailored to these stakeholders. This paper uses a differentiated building-stock description based on building-specific data and measured energy use from energy performance certificates for multi-family buildings (MFB) in the city of Gothenburg. The building-stock description treats every building as unique, allowing results to be provided at any level of aggregation to suit the needs of the specific stakeholders involved. Calculated energy use of the existing stock is within 10% of the measured energy use. The potential for EEM in the existing stock is negated by the increased energy use due to new construction until 2035, using a development scenario based on current renovation rates and planned developments. Visualizations of the current energy use of the stock as well as the impact of renovation and new construction are provided, targeting specific local stakeholders.
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| 25. |
- Mata, Erika, et al.
(author)
-
Översikt av indikatorer för hållbart boende - Del av förstudie om användbara kriterier för hållbart boende i Stockholms län
- 2018
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna rapport gör en översiktlig inventering över indikatorer för miljömässig och social hållbarhet för byggande och boende. Meningen med inventeringen är att ge kunskapsunderlag för diskussioner kring hur hållbarhetskriterier kan konstrueras och användas av kommunerna i Storstockholm för att driva på hållbarhetsarbetet i stadsutvecklingen. Det finns många indikatorsystem utarbetade av olika aktörer. Indikatorer finns på olika nivåer, från byggnader till hela städer. Rapporten går igenom åtta miljöcertifieringssystem som finns på den svenska marknaden, sex uppföljningssystem som används bland kommuner i Storstockholm och 14 internationella indikatorsystem för hållbara städer. Sammanfattningsvis listas 189 indikatorer inom social-, miljömässig och ekonomisk hållbarhet samt inom förvaltning och styrning. Att välja lämpliga indikatorer beror till stor del på vilka mål man vill styra mot, samt arbetsbördan som krävs för att ta fram underlagsdata, redovisa resultat och eventuellet låter verifiera detta. Datatillgänglighet är en viktig aspekt för att välja lämpligt indikatorsystem. Uppföljnings- och rankingsystem för städer kan även handla om att redovisa strategier och planer för att uppnå mål kopplade till Agenda 2030 och nationella miljökvalitetsmål. Då jämförs inte nyckeltal utan en bedömning görs till vilken grad utvalda områden uppfylls. Rapporten ger på så vis underlag för en diskussion kring vilka hållbarhetskriterier som bäst skulle driva på stadsutvecklingen i Storstockholm.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
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A modelling strategy for energy, carbon, and cost assessments of building stocks.
- 2013
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In: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 56, s. 100-108
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents the Energy, Carbon and Cost Assessment for Building Stocks (ECCABS) model, whichis a bottom-up model to assess energy-saving measures (ESM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigationstrategies in building stocks. The model is based on a one-zone hourly heat balance that calculates thenet energy demand for a number of buildings representative of the building stock and an additional codefor the input and output data. The model generates results in terms of delivered energy, associated CO2emissions, and the costs of implementing different ESM. The results are extended to the entire buildingstock by means of weighting factors. Empirical and comparative validations of the heat-balance modellingof single buildings are presented. The building stock modelling is validated against the current Swedishresidential stock, for which the results of the modelling are in agreement with the statistical data. Usingthe model to assess a number of ESM reveals that the energy usage of the Swedish residential sector canbe reduced by 55% and the associated CO2 emissions can be reduced by 63%, with most of the ESM beingcost–effective. The applicability of the model to countries other than Sweden is under investigation.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Building-Stock Aggregation through Archetype Buildings: France, Germany, Spain and the UK
- 2014
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In: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323. ; 81, s. 270-282
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Knowledge regarding the characteristics of national building stocks is fundamental to understanding how the energy performance of the building stock can be improved. To facilitate large diversity and a number of buildings for such analyses, this paper presents a methodology by which national building stocks may be aggregated through archetype buildings. The methodology has been implemented and verified in four EU countries in regions with different climates, namely France, Germany, Spain and the UK. These countries account for about half of the final energy consumption of the EU-28 buildings. The analysis includes the residential and non-residential sectors (residential sector only for Germany). The number of archetypes per country has been defined according to different categories of building type, construction year, climate region and the main fuel source for heating purposes. The accuracy of the description is validated by simulating energy demand using the ECCABS Building Stock Model, and comparing the final energy demand modelled with corresponding statistical data. The total final energy demand calculated for these countries differs from available statistics by between -6% and +2 %, which is considered satisfactory. The proposed description of the building stock is being used as a basis for analyzing the potential for and cost of energy conservation measures.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Cost-effective retrofitting of Swedish residential buildings: effects of energy price developments and discount rates
- 2015
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In: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 8:2, s. 223-237
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper investigates how the cost-effectiveness of different energy-saving measures (ESMs) in buildings is dependent upon energy prices and discount rates. A bottom-up modelling methodology is used to assess the profitability of different ESMs for Swedish residential buildings. The cost-effectiveness and total techno-economical potential for energy saving of each ESM are calculated for three different scenarios of energy prices up to year 2050 and for different discount rates, including an estimate of the market potentials derived by applying the implicit discount rates given in the literature. The three energy-price scenarios give similar techno-economical reductions of delivered energy (by 31–42 %), as well as a similar ranking for the investigated cost-effective ESMs. This means that there are cost-efficient opportunities for energy reductions in Swedish households for any future developments of the energy prices investigated in this work. The energy price developments have lower impacts than interest rates on the techno-economical potentials of the different ESMs. Thus, increasing energy prices cannot be expected to promote significantly the adoption of ESMs, whereas facilitating the financing of investments in ESMs and reducing other consumer barriers should play key roles in the implementation of ESMs. The importance of allaying stakeholders’ reservations is further stressed by the fact that the estimated market potentials for the ESMs are significantly lower than the techno-economical potentials, underscoring the need for policy actions that accelerate the achievement of the identified techno-economical potentials.
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| 32. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Cost-Effectiveness of Retrofitting Swedish Buildings
- 2017
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In: Cost-Effective Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting: Materials, Technologies, Optimization and Case Studies. - 9780081011287 ; , s. 343-362
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter presents potentials for energy conservation through energy retrofitting of existing Swedish buildings, including residential and nonresidential buildings. The Swedish building stock is described with 1800 representative buildings, in a combination of sample and archetype buildings, and is modeled with a dynamic and detailed building-stock model. Ten individual energy conservation measures and 6 packages of measures are considered. The chapter also presents how the cost-effectiveness of the measures depends on energy prices, discount rates, and the assumed investment costs for the different measures. The results are presented and discussed separately for residential buildings, divided into single-family dwellings and multifamily dwellings, and nonresidential buildings.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Description of the European building stock through archetype buildings
- 2013
-
In: 8th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems – SDEWES Conference, September 22-27, 2013, Dubrovnik, Croatia..
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a methodology for systematic description of the EU building stock through archetype buildings with the aim to form a basis for analysing the potential for and cost of energy saving measures. The analysis includes the residential and non-residential sectors. Four countries in different climate regions, accounting for about half of the final energy consumption of EU-27 buildings, have been selected for the study, namely: France, Germany, Spain and UK. The number of archetypes per country has been defined corresponding to different categories of building type, construction year, climate region and main fuel source for heating. The accuracy of the description is validated by simulating energy demand with the building stock model ECCABS, and comparing the modelled final energy demand with corresponding data from statistics. The calculated total final energy demand for each country is within -9% and +3 % deviation from available statistics, which is considered satisfactory.
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| 36. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980
(author)
-
Energy efficiency and carbon dioxide mitigation in building stocks-
- 2011
-
Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis investigates the implementation of energy-saving measures (ESM) in existing building stocks from an energy systems perspective. The effects of the measures are assessed in terms of net and delivered energy levels, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and the costs for implementing the measures. For this assessment, abottom-up engineering energy balance model was developed that facilitates modelling of an entire building stock, i.e., the Energy, Carbon and Cost Assessment for BuildingStocks (ECCABS) model. The model was validated by modelling a residential building in Sweden and an office building in Spain, and by comparing the results from the model developed in this work with the measurements and results from a detailed heat balance model. The simplified model gives satisfactory results. When the model was applied to 1400 buildings that were chosen as being representative of the Swedish residential building stock, the results showed good agreement with the available statistics on energy use in the Swedish residential building stock.Application of the investigated ESM would reduce the net energy demand of the Swedish residential sector by 55%. The measures that would provide the greatest savings are installation of heat recovery systems (22%) and reduction of the indoor temperature (14%). The ECCABS model indicated that the upgrading of the U-value of basements and the U-value of facades and the replacement of windows would provide an annual energy saving of about 7% each. The net potential reductions in CO2 emissions arising from the implementation of the ESM would be low, since the energy supply in Sweden generally associated with low levels of CO2 emissions. In addition, measures that reduce the electricity for lighting and appliances would increase CO2 emissions, since the electricity saved is less CO2-intensive than the fuel mix used for the corresponding increase in space heating.The model is also applied to evaluate the profitability of ESM for the Swedish residential stock under different scenarios for the development of the energy system, particularly with respect to the prices of energy carriers used as fuels in the buildings. Three scenarios were investigated: a baseline scenario that assumes current energy prices and a continuation of the present trends in energy use, and two climate change mitigation scenarios.Already in the Baseline scenario, energy use could be reduced by 30% by implementing profitable ESM, whereas the climate change mitigation scenarios generate only modest increases in profitable energy reduction in spite of higher energy prices. The most profitable ESM are the same in all three scenarios and they involve: (1) a reduction by 50% of electricity for lighting and appliances; (2) a reduction of indoor temperature down to 20ºC; and (3) heat recovery for single-family dwellings. In contrast, the modelling reveals that the replacement of existing hydropumps with more efficient ones and the retrofitting of the building envelope are the most expensive ESM. The three scenarios give similar average annual costs for the ESM for the period 2010-2050. However, it cannot be expected that all of the cost efficiency potentials described in this thesis will be seized. Thus, further work is required to investigate how the energy-saving potentials identified in this work can be implemented.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Energy usage and technical potential for energy saving measures in the Swedish residential building stock
- 2013
-
In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 55, s. 404-414
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper provides an analysis of the current energy usage (net energy and final energy by fuels) and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the Swedish residential building stock, which includes single-family dwellings and multi-family dwellings. Twelve energy saving measures (ESMs) are assessed using a bottom–up modeling methodology, in which the Swedish residential stock is represented by a sample of 1400 buildings (based on data from the year 2005). Application of the ESMs studied gives a maximum technical reduction potential in energy demand of 53%, corresponding to a 63% reduction in CO2 emissions. Although application of the investigated ESMs would reduce CO2 emissions, the measures that reduce electricity consumption for lighting and appliances (LA) will increase CO2 emissions, since the saved electricity production is less CO2-intensive than the fuel mix used for the increased space heating required to make up for the loss in indirect heating obtained from LA.
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| 39. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980
(author)
-
Modelling Energy Conservation and CO2 Mitigation in the European Building Stock
- 2013
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis investigates energy conservation in building stocks with the aim of developing a methodology that can be applied to the national building stocks of the European Union (EU). For this purpose, a bottom-up building-stock model and a methodology for describing the building-stock have been established. The model is based on a one-zone building energy balance, which provides the hourly net energy demand for all end-uses and which has been validated by empirical and comparative means for selected buildings. The results for representative buildings are subsequently extrapolated to the entire building stock with respect to net and final energy demand, associated CO2 emissions, and costs for implementing a portfolio of energy conservation measures (ECMs). The methodology for building stock aggregation through archetype buildings comprises the following elements: (1) segmentation, in which the number of archetype buildings required to represent the entire stock is decided according to building type, construction year, heating system, and climate zone; (2) characterization, whereby each archetype is described in terms of its physical and technical characteristics; (3) quantification, whereby the number of buildings in the stock represented by each archetype building is determined. The archetype description is used as an input to the model, from which the final energy use is calculated, and the results are validated by comparison with the available statistics. The archetype description has been developed and validated for the building stocks of France, Germany, Spain and UK, which account for half of the final energy use of the residential and non-residential buildings in the EU-27 countries.Using the building stock model to apply various ECMs to the Swedish residential building stock and the entire Spanish residential and non-residential building stock, which are representative of Northern and Southern EU buildings, respectively, the final energy demands of the Swedish and Spanish building stock are found to be reduced by 50%. In both countries, the different forms of envelope upgrades confer the largest technical potential reductions for all buildings. However, other ECMs with significant potentials differ between the two countries and subsectors. The levels of CO2 emissions from the Swedish residential buildings and the Spanish buildings can be reduced by 60%–70%. Although the application of the ECMs generally reduces CO2 emissions, the effects of measures that reduce electricity use for lighting and appliances rely on whether the saved electricity production is less or more CO2-intensive than the fuel mix used for space heating. Techno-economical potential reductions of energy demand by 20%–30% are identified for Sweden and Spain, corresponding to CO2 emissions reductions of 40%–50%. These potentials increase when packages of ECMs are applied. Furthermore, the packages were more cost-effective than the individual ECMs. The market potentials identified are substantially lower than the techno-economical potentials. If the techno-economic potentials identified in this work are to be implemented, there is a need for strong policy measures to influence stakeholder actions.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Modelling opportunities and costs associated with energy conservation in the Spanish building stock
- 2015
-
In: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 88, s. 347-360
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is twofold: to investigate the applicability of a building-stock modelling methodology to assess the potential of Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) and their associated effects on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a building stock in a South European climate, with Spain being used as an example; and to analyse the technical potentials and costs of the ECMs when applied both individually and as packages of multiple ECMs for the entire Spanish building stock, including residential and non-residential buildings. The modelling methodology, which has been designed to be applicable to any European country, is fully dynamic and based on an aggregated description of the building stock. This paper updates and validates the methodology to account for the climate and technical characteristics of the region under study. Applying all ECMs as a package gives a potential technical reduction in final energy demand of 55% and a 65% reduction in CO2 emissions, while the corresponding techno-economical potentials are 33% and 37%. Nevertheless, the market potentials estimated are substantially lower (5–10%), which indicate that policy shifts are needed if the techno-economic potentials identified in this work are to be realized.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Regionalization of buildings-stock description as basis for evaluating energy conservation measures - South East Norway and South West Sweden
- 2014
-
In: World Sustainable Building 2014 Conference. - 9788469718155
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a description of regional building stocks in the South West of Sweden and the South East of Norway and provides a first validation by means of modelled Final Energy Demand, which is compared with available statistics. The aim of the work is to provide a basis for modelling the assessment of effects and costs of various energy conservation measures applied to the existing building stocks of regions within a country. The aggregated descriptions of the national building stocks of Sweden and Norway through representative buildings are downscaled to the regions. We conclude that the uncertainty in the methodology applied is higher for the regions than for the national level, due primarily to less data available for validation than on the national level. This uncertainty raises concern about how targets on increased energy efficiency and emissions reductions and are going to be monitored, if such targets are to be fulfilled.
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| 44. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Retrofitting measures for energy savings in the Swedish residential building stock – assessing methodology
- 2010
-
In: 11th International Conference on Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings, Buildings XI; Sheraton Sand Key Resort in Clearwater BeachClearwater; United States; 5 December 2010 through 9 December 2010. - 9781933742892 ; , s. 12-
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this work is to develop a bottom-up methodology that can assess energy efficiency and carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation strategies in the existing building stock. The work concerns the European building stock and is part of an overall analysis of how the European energy system can be transformed to be more sustainable. This paper reports on the validation of the methodology through its application to a sample of 1400 buildings representative of the Swedish residential stock based on data from 2005. Energy and CO2 assessments are performed; all the resultant potentials are presented as a function of costs for the energy-saving measures studied. The results obtained for Sweden are compared to results available in the literature and discussed in relation to the further application of the methodology to the European building stock as a whole. Such application must take into account national differences in energy supply systems (heat and electricity) and characteristics of the building stock. In addition, the use of sample buildings is data intensive, and data may not be available for some European Union member states. Thus, the next step should be to further develop the model so as to be able to also use archetype buildings instead of sample buildings, allowing the use of national statistics and general information on building characteristics as model input. Transaction costs and interactions of demand side and supply side should also be included in the cost calculations.
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| 45. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
Transforming the energy system in Västra Götaland and Halland - the potential for energy savings and CO2 emissions reductions in the building sector
- 2014
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report belongs to Work Package 2 of the project Sustainable use of energy carriers in the KASK region (http://www.kask-energy.eu/project). The overall target for the project is to study how improving energy efficiency and large scale integration of renewable energy can contribute to economic and environmental sustainable development of the Kattegat-Skagerrak region (KASK). Possible development routes are studied with today's energy situation as starting point, to show how the energy system in the region can be designed towards a more sustainable system in short (2020), medium (2030) and long term (2050). The project is split in four different work packages. Work package 2 includes detailed studies of how to improve energy efficiency in key industries and in the existing building stock, as well as a study of integration of wind/renewable energy into the existing energy net. This technical report focuses on the results for the building sector and, therefore, presents the methodological details in the appendixes, as follows: Chapter 1describes the building stock of KASK with respect to the characteristics that are determinant for the buildings´ energy use and associated CO2 emissions, i.e. number of buildings and dwellings/premises, heated floor areas and fuel use. The method and data sources used are presented in Appendix A, the validation of the description is presented in Appendix B. CO2 emissions data are presented in Appendix C. Chapter 2 presents the different individual ECMs and packages of ECMs investigated in this work. Chapter 3 reports of the obtained technical, techno-economic and market potentials for the Swedish KASK. Detailed results for Västra Götaland and Halland, and for their residential and non-residential subsectors are provided in the Appendix D. Chapter 4 summarizes the main findings and identifies challenges.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Nik, Vahid, et al.
(author)
-
A statistical method for assessing retrofitting measures of buildings and ranking their robustness against climate change
- 2015
-
In: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-6178 .- 0378-7788. ; 88, s. 262-275
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Evaluating the usefulness and the reliability of retrofitted buildings for future climate can be a challenging task, while different scenarios and uncertainties exist both for retrofitting buildings and future climate. This paper presents a method to assess and quantify the relative robustness of retrofitting measures on long term, while climate variations in different time scales, extreme conditions and uncertainties of climate change are considered. The applicability of the method is examined by comparing two energy retrofitting measures for the existing residential building stock of Stockholm, whose energy performance is numerically simulated during 1961-2100 for five climate scenarios. The considered climate uncertainties are due to downscaling climate data from five different global climate models. The relative robustness of the retrofitting measures are evaluated in five time scales; hourly, daily, monthly, annual and 20-year period. The presented method facilitates the assessment and ranking of retrofitting measures, using few numbers. It also generates an overall view about the relative performance of retrofitting measures in different time scales. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,
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| 49. |
- Nik, Vahid, 1979, et al.
(author)
-
A statistical method for comparing different retrofitting measures of buildings and evaluating their robustness against climate change
- 2015
-
In: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 88, s. 262-275
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Evaluating the usefulness and the reliability of retrofitted buildings for future climate can be a challenging task, while different scenarios and uncertainties exist both for retrofitting buildings and future climate. This paper presents a method to assess and quantify the relative robustness of retrofitting measures on long term, while climate variations in different time scales, extreme conditions and uncertainties of climate change are considered. The applicability of the method is examined by comparing two energy retrofitting measures for the existing residential building stock of Stockholm, whose energy performance is numerically simulated during 1961–2100 for five climate scenarios. The considered climate uncertainties are due to downscaling climate data from five different global climate models. The relative robustness of the retrofitting measures are evaluated in five time scales; hourly, daily, monthly, annual and 20-year period.The presented method facilitates the assessment and ranking of retrofitting measures, using few numbers. It also generates an overall view about the relative performance of retrofitting measures in different time scales.
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| 50. |
- Nik, Vahid, 1979, et al.
(author)
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Assessing the efficiency and robustness of the retrofitted building envelope against climate change
- 2015
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In: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 78, s. 955-960
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Evaluating the performance of retrofitted buildings for future climatic conditions can be a challenging task since different scenarios and uncertainties exist both for retrofitting of buildings and for future climate. This paper evaluates the energy performance of four retrofitting measures - applied to the building envelope - of the residential building stock in Gothenburg, Sweden. The energy efficiency of the measures is evaluated both on long and short terms, while their robustness against climate uncertainties and extreme climatic conditions is studied. The assessment is carried out using a statistical method, which has been developed specifically for this kind of analysis. The considered measures are ranked by looking into their average performance and their variations during different time scales, i.e. from one hour to 20 years. The analysis helps to identify the retrofitting measures with the most efficient and the most reliable performance for future climatic conditions.
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