| 1. |
- Augusti, Else-Marie, et al.
(author)
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Look who's talking : Pre-verbal infants' perception of face-to-face and back-to-back social interactions
- 2010
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; :1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Four-, 6-, and 11-month old infants were presented with movies in which two adult actors conversed about everyday events, either by facing each other or looking in opposite directions. Infants from 6 months of age made more gaze shifts between the actors, in accordance with the flow of conversation, when the actors were facing each other. A second experiment demonstrated that gaze following alone did not cause this difference. Instead the results are consistent with a social cognitive interpretation, suggesting that infants perceive the difference between face-to-face and back-to-back conversations and that they prefer to attend to a typical pattern of social interaction from 6 months of age.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Braenden, Astrid, et al.
(author)
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Excessive hair cortisol concentration as an indicator of psychological disorders in children
- 2023
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In: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0306-4530 .- 1873-3360. ; 157
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cortisol in hair is a new biomarker assessing long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, which is related to emotion regulation. We compare hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), in clinically referred children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) (n = 19), children with other types of psychological disorders (n = 48), and healthy subjects (n = 36). We also investigate the association between HCC and irritability, age, and sex. Our results show that children with DMDD or other types of psychological disorders have higher HCC than healthy subjects, p < .001, ?(2)(p) = .39. No difference between children with DMDD and those with other types of psychological disorders was found, p = .91, nor an association between HCC and irritability in the clinical sample, p = .32. We found a significant negative correlation between HCC and age in those with DMDD, r = -0.54, p < .05, but not in the normative sample, r = -0.20, p = .25. No differences in HCC between girls and boys were found in the normative sample, p = .49. Children in need of psychological treatment, including those with DMDD, seem to have dysregulated HPA-axis activity over time. Excessive accumulated cortisol concentrations in hair could be an indicator of a psychological disorder in children.
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| 4. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(author)
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Infants’ understanding of everyday social interactions : a dual process account
- 2010
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In: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 114:2, s. 197-206
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Six- and 12-month-old infant’s eye movements were recorded as they observed feedingactions being performed in a rational or non-rational manner. Twelve-month-olds fixatedthe goal of these actions before the food arrived (anticipation); the latency of these gazeshifts being dependent (r = .69) on infants life experience being feed. In addition, 6- and12-month-olds dilated their pupil during observation of non-rational feeding actions. Thiseffect could not be attributed to light differences or differences in familiarity, but wasinterpreted to reflect sympathetic-like activity and arousal caused by a violation of infant’sexpectations about rationality. We argue that evaluation of rationality requires less experiencethan anticipations of action goals, suggesting a dual process account of preverbalinfants’ everyday action understanding.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(author)
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Teleological Reasoning in 4-Month-Old Infants : Pupil Dilations and Contextual Constraints
- 2011
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:10, s. e26487-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Four-month-old infants were presented with feeding actions performed in a rational or irrational manner. Infants reacted to the irrational feeding actions by dilating their pupils, but only in the presence of rich contextual constraints. The study demonstrates that teleological processes are online at 4 months of age and illustrates the usefulness of pupil dilations as a measure of social cognitive processes early in infancy.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(author)
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The Development and Neural Basis of Pointing Comprehension
- 2010
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In: Social Neuroscience. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1747-0919 .- 1747-0927. ; 5:5-6, s. 441-450
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The neurological correlates of pointing comprehension in adults and 8-month-old infants are explored. Both age groups demonstrate differential activation to congruent and incongruent pointing gestures over posterior temporal areas. The functional similarity of the adult N200 and the infant P400 component suggests that they might have a common source.
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| 9. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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The development of joint visual attention : A longitudinal study of gaze following during interactions with mothers and strangers
- 2010
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In: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 13:6, s. 839-848
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two- to 8-month-old infants interacted with their mother or a stranger in a prospective longitudinal gaze following study. Gaze following, as assessed by eye tracking, emerged between 2 and 4 months and stabilized between 6 and 8 months of age. Overall, infants followed the gaze of a stranger more than they followed the gaze of their mothers, demonstrating a stranger preference that emerged between 4 and 6 months of age. These findings do not support the notion that infants acquire gaze following through reinforcement learning. Instead, the findings are discussed with respect to the social cognitive framework, suggesting that young infants are driven by social cognitive motives in their interactions with others.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Holmgren, Sara, 1974-
(author)
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Effects of family configuration on cognitive functions and health across the adult life span
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis examines whether childhood family configuration influences performance on cognitive functions and health in adulthood and old age. All studies examined participants in the Betula Prospective Cohort Study aged 35 to 85 years (Nilsson et al., 1997). Study Ι established whether there are reliable effects of sibship size and birth order in a large sample of participants in adulthood and old age. The results showed that the effects previously demonstrated in children and adolescents (e.g., Belmont & Marolla, 1973; Mercy & Steelman, 1982) have a long-lasting effect and can be demonstrated in an adult sample. These studies concluded that intelligence and executive functioning decreased as the sibship size increased. Birth order, in contrast, had only influenced executive functions and working memory: earlier born siblings performed at a higher level than later born siblings. Study ΙΙ examined whether the effects of sibship size and birth order can be replicated and extended to episodic memory and whether the effects of family configuration are stable over a five-year interval. The results showed that early born siblings and siblings belonging to a smaller sibship size performed at a higher level and that these effects on both recall and recognition were stable over a five-year interval. Study ΙΙΙ explored whether childhood family configuration influences chronic adult diseases (myocardial infarction and circulatory disorders, stroke, and hypertension). The overall results showed that being born in a large sibship is a risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction /circulatory disorders, and hypertension in old age. The results also suggest that being born early in a sibship is a predictor of stroke.
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| 12. |
- Melinder, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Is a friendly interview always a friendly one?
- 2019
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In: 19th European Conference on Developmental Psychology in Athens, Greece (29/8 - 1/9 -19).
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background and Aims: Researchers have over the past decades recognized a need to develop more suitable forensic interview protocols to meet younger children’s need for improved and adapted communication, at times with mixed success. This study examines to what extent a child friendly protocol that includes communication aids (e.g., emotional cards, pictures, and drawings) conducted by highly educated police investigators, helps children to report more detailed information from a criminal allegation. In addition, we investigated the dynamics between interviewees and interviewers. We predicted that children’s spontaneous recollection would elicit more open-ended and focused follow-up questions from interviewers, and increase the likelihood of posing more open questions. We expected wh-questions to produce more central details regarding the abuse, and support the interviewers to resist suggestive and leading questioning. Method: Transcripts from 33 children (18 girls, M = 9.42, SD = 3.85), who underwent a forensic evaluation regarding abuse, were coded and analyzed for interviewer type of questions and children’s responses. For the analyses of the dynamics between child and interviewer, we employed sequential analyses to predict behaviour from child to interviewer, and from interviewer to child. Results: Data confirm an enriched communication after open-ended questions compared to suggestive and closed questions in terms of mean transitional probability. Specifically, the children reported more detailed central information regarding the abuse after cued recall and wh-questions (ps < .001), and interviewers followed up with more facilitators when children reported details (ps < .001). When the child was reluctant (e.g., said no) or a brief yes, interviewers produced more suggestive questions but fewer off topic comments about the interview situation (ps < .01). Conclusions: Younger children need more communicative aids than what traditional interview protocols provide. The present study shows that children’s report do not necessarily suffer from the use of non-verbal material. If communicative aids are used together with suggestive questioning however, then the interview is not a friendly one any longer.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Melinder, Annika M. D., et al.
(author)
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The developmental trajectory of pointing perception in the first year of life
- 2015
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In: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 233:2, s. 641-647
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study investigated the development of the neural basis of pointing perception in 6-month- and 13-month-old infants. In a spatial-cueing paradigm, infants were presented with a peripheral target followed by a hand pointing toward (congruent condition) or away (incongruent condition) from the previously cued location. EEG responses to the presentation of the hand were measured. Thirteen-month-olds demonstrated larger amplitudes of ERP component P400 to incongruent compared to congruent pointing gestures over posterior temporal areas; 6-month-olds did not show any differential activation. This result suggests that the neural correlates of pointing perception undergo substantial development between 6 and 13 months of age.
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| 15. |
- Melinder, Annika, et al.
(author)
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What Is a child-appropriate interview? Interaction between child witnesses and police officers
- 2021
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In: International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy, and Practice. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2524-5236 .- 2524-5244. ; 3:4, s. 369-392
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Over the past decades, researchers have recognized a need to develop more suitable forensic interview protocols to meet children’s right to receive improved and adapted communication. This study examines to what extent a relatively novel implementation of an investigative protocol conducted by highly trained Norwegian police investigators helps children (n=33), 3–15 years of age, to report more detailed information from a criminal allegation than a previous protocol. Additionally, we investigated the bidirectional dynamics between interviewees and interviewers. We predicted that children’s spontaneous recollection would elicit more open-ended and focused questions from interviewers, and increase their likelihood of posing more open questions. We expected wh-questions to produce more central details regarding the abuse, which in turn allows the interviewers to resist employing suggestive and leading questioning. Results confirm an enriched communication after open-ended questions compared to suggestive and closed questions. Specifically, children reported more detailed central information regarding the abuse after cued recall and wh-questions (ps<.001), and interviewers followed up with more facilitators when children reported details (ps<.001). When the child was reluctant (e.g., said no) or a brief yes, interviewers produced more suggestive questions (ps<.01). We conclude that children may need more communication aids to recount their stressful experiences in an investigative context than what traditional interview protocols provide.
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| 16. |
- Melinder, Annika, et al.
(author)
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When a different perspective and contextual knowledge change the conclusions: Commentary on Baugerud et al. (2020)
- 2021
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 35:2, s. 565-569
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this commentary, we raise concerns about potential methodological shortcomings in a recent paper by Baugerud et al. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2020, 34, 654–663, which threaten the validity and the interpretative power of the original authors' conclusions. Our concerns relate to (a) the use of a scoring system that fails to account for how children's legal rights have been implemented in the Norwegian legal system; (b) the failure to acknowledge the legal and ethical rationales behind the use of specific procedures in the Norwegian child interviewing model; (c) the lack of justification based on developmental theory or empirical distributions when creating age groups for statistical comparisons; and (d) the seemingly arbitrary and selective use of outcome variables to support a negative interpretation of the Norwegian interviewing model. Finally, because applied research may directly inform policy decisions, we argue that authors need to be particularly transparent with any potential conflicts of interest and have a low threshold for reporting such.
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| 17. |
- Ripsweden, Jonaz, et al.
(author)
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Impact on image quality and radiation exposure in coronary CT angiography: 100 kVp versus 120 kVp
- 2010
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In: Acta Radiologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 1600-0455 .- 0284-1851. ; 51:8, s. 903-909
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The risk of radiation-induced cancer has become a major concern with the increasing use of computed tomography (CT). Purpose: To compare image quality and radiation doses when decreasing X-ray tube peak kilovoltage (kVp) from 120 to 100 kVp in patients undergoing coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Material and Methods: Patients referred for evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent 64-channel detector CCTA using a tube voltage of either 120 kVp (n = 46) or 100 kVp (n = 82). The individual volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) were recorded and effective radiation dose was estimated on the basis of DLP. Subjective image quality was assessed by two radiologists on per-patient based consensus. Vascular density and image noise were quantified in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) and proximal ascending aorta (AA). Mean density in the adjacent perivascular tissue was also quantified. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated. Corresponding invasive coronary angiography (ICA) was performed, which constituted the gold standard. Results: Mean values in the 100120 kVp cohorts regarding CNR in the LMCA were 12.716.0 (P < 0.0001)) and in the AA 13.217.2 (P < 0.0001), CTDIvol 34.457.4 mGy (a 40% reduction, P < 0.0001), DLP 5781125 mGy X cm (P < 0.0001), and estimated effective dose 9.620.2 mSv (P < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in subjective image quality between the two cohorts. The sensitivity to detect significant coronary stenoses was 88% (120 kVp) and 84% (100 kVp) and the specificity was 71% (120 kVp) and 74% (100 kVp), respectively. Conclusion: By reduction of tube voltage from 120 to 100 kVp at CCTA, while keeping all other scanning parameters unchanged, the radiation dose to the patient can be almost halved while keeping the diagnostic image quality at a clinically acceptable level.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Schmitow, Clara A., 1983-
(author)
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The Social World Through Infants’ Eyes : How Infants Look at Different Social Figures
- 2012
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis aims to study how infants actively look at different social figures: parents and strangers. To study infants’ looking behavior in “live” situations, new methods to record looking behavior were tested. Study 1 developed a method to record looking behavior in “live” situations: a head-mounted camera. This method was calibrated for a number of angles and then used to measure how infants look at faces and objects in two “live” situations, a conversation and a joint action. High reliability was found for the head-mounted camera in horizontal positions and the possibility of using it in a number of “live” situations with infants from 6 to 14 months of age. In Study 2, the head-mounted camera and a static camera and were used in a “live” ambiguous situation to study infants’ preferences to refer to and to use the information from parents and strangers. The results from Experiment 1 of Study 2 showed that if no information is provided in ambiguous situations in the lab, infants at 10 months of age look more at the experimenter than at the parent. Further, Experiment 2 of Study 2 showed that the infants also used more of the emotional information provided by the experimenter than by the parent to regulate their behavior. In Study 3, looking behavior was analyzed in detail when infants looked at pictures of their parents’ and strangers’ emotional facial expressions. Corneal eye tracking was used to record looking. In this study, the influence of identity, gender, emotional expressions and parental leave on looking behavior was analyzed. The results indicated that identity and experience of looking at others influences how infants discriminate emotions in pictures of facial expressions. Fourteen-month-old infants who had been with both parents in parental leave discriminated more emotional expressions in strangers than infants who only had one parent on leave. Further, they reacted with larger pupil dilation toward the parent who was actually in parental leave than to the parent not on leave. Finally, fearful emotional expressions were more broadly scanned than neutral or happy facial expressions. The results of these studies indicate that infants discriminate between mothers’, fathers’ and strangers’ emotional facial expressions and use the other people’s expressions to regulate their behavior. In addition, a new method, a head-mounted camera was shown to capture infants’ looking behavior in “live” situations.
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