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1.
  • Adeyemi, Adewale, et al. (author)
  • Source apportionment of fine atmospheric particles using positive matrix factorization in Pretoria, South Africa
  • 2021
  • In: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-6369 .- 1573-2959. ; 193:11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In Pretoria South Africa, we looked into the origins of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), based on one-year sampling campaign carried out between 18 April 2017 to 17 April 2018. The average PM2.5 concentration was 21.1± 15.0 µg/m3 (range 0.7 - 66.8 µg/m3), with winter being the highest and summer being the lowest. The XEPOS 5 Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy was used for elemental analysis, and the US EPA PMF 5.0 program was used for source apportionment. The sources identified includes fossil fuel combustion, soil dust, secondary sulphur, vehicle exhaust, road traffic, base metal/pyrometallurgical, coal burning. Coal burning and secondary sulphur were significantly higher in winter and contributed more than 50% of PM2.5 sources. The HYSPLIT model was used to calculate the air mass trajectories (version 4.9). During the one-year research cycle, five transportation clusters were established. North Limpopo (NLP), Eastern Inland (EI), Short-Indian Ocean (SIO), Long-Indian Ocean (LIO) and South Westerly-Atlantic Ocean (SWA). Local and transboundary origin accounted for 85%, while 15% were long-range transport. Due to various anthropogenic activities such as biomass burning and coal mining, NLP clusters were the key source of emissions adding to the city's PM rate. In Pretoria, the main possible source regions of PM2.5 were discovered to be NLP and EI. Effective control strategies designed at reducing secondary sulphur, coal burning, and fossil fuel combustion emissions at Southern African level and local combustion sources would be an important measure to combat the reduction of ambient PM2.5 pollution in Pretoria.
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2.
  • Andersson, Eva M., 1968, et al. (author)
  • Road traffic noise, air pollution and cardiovascular events in a Swedish cohort
  • 2020
  • In: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351. ; 185
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Urbanization and increasing road traffic cause exposure to both noise and air pollution. While the levels of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) have decreased in Sweden during the past decades, exposure to traffic noise has increased. The association with cardiovascular morbidity is less well established for noise than for air pollution, and most studies have only studied one of the two highly spatially correlated exposures. The Swedish Primary Prevention Study cohort consists of men aged 47 to 55 when first examined in 1970-1973. The cohort members were linked to the Swedish patient registry through their personal identity number and followed until first cardiovascular event 1970-2011. The address history during the entire study period was used to assign annual modelled residential exposure to road traffic noise and NOx. The Cox proportional hazards model with age on the time axis and time-varying exposures were used in the analysis. The results for 6304 men showed a non-significant increased risk of cardiovascular disease for long-term road traffic noise at the home address, after adjusting for air pollution. The hazard ratios were 1.08 (95% CI 0.90-1.28) for cardiovascular mortality, 1.14 (95% CI 0.96-1.36) for ischemic heart disease incidence and 1.07 (95% CI 0.85-1.36) for stroke incidence, for noise above 60 dB, compared to below 50 dB. This study found some support for cardiovascular health effects of long-term exposure to road traffic noise above 60 dB, after having accounted for exposure to air pollution.
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3.
  • Azzouz, Mehjar, 1999, et al. (author)
  • Air pollution and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and inflammation in the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort
  • 2022
  • In: Environmental Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-069X. ; 21:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Introduction Air pollution is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly through chronic systemic inflammation that promotes the progression of atherosclerosis and the risk of cardiovascular events. This study aimed to investigate the associations between air pollution and established biomarkers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Methods The Cardiovascular Subcohort of the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort includes 6103 participants from the general population of Malmo, Sweden. The participants were recruited 1991-1994. Annual mean residential exposure to particulate matter < 2.5 and < 10 mu m (PM2.5 and PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at year of recruitment were assigned from dispersion models. Blood samples collected at recruitment, including blood cell counts, and biomarkers (lymphocyte- and neutrophil counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, complement-C3, and alpha-1-antitrypsin) were analyzed. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the cross-sectional associations between air pollutants and biomarkers. Results The mean annual exposure levels in the cohort were only slightly or moderately above the new WHO guidelines of 5 mu g/m(3) PM2.5 (10.5 mu g/m(3) PM2.5). Residential PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased levels of ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid, C3, alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, Lp-PLA(2) and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. Ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid, C3 and alpha-1-antitrypsin were also positively associated with PM10. There were no associations between air pollutants and suPAR, leukocyte counts or CRP. The associations between particles and biomarkers were still significant after removing outliers and adjustment for CRP levels. The associations were more prominent in smokers. Conclusion Long-term residential exposure to moderate levels of particulate air pollution was associated with several biomarkers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. This supports inflammation as a mechanism behind the association between air pollution and cardiovascular disease.
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4.
  • Barregård, Lars, 1948, et al. (author)
  • Impact on Population Health of Baltic Shipping Emissions
  • 2019
  • In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 16:11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Emission of pollutants from shipping contributes to ambient air pollution. Our aim was to estimate exposure to particulate air pollution (PM2.5) and health effects from shipping in countries around the Baltic Sea, as well as effects of the sulfur regulations for fuels enforced in 2015 by the Baltic Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA). Yearly PM2.5 emissions, from ship activity data and emission inventories in 2014 and 2016, were estimated. Concentrations and population exposure (0.1 degrees x 0.1 degrees) of PM2.5 were estimated from a chemical transport mode, meteorology, and population density. Excess mortality and morbidity were estimated using established exposure-response (ER) functions. Estimated mean PM2.5 per inhabitant from Baltic shipping was 0.22 mu g/m(3) in 2014 in ten countries, highest in Denmark (0.57 mu g/m(3)). For the ER function with the steepest slope, the number of estimated extra premature deaths was 3413 in total, highest in Germany and lowest in Norway. It decreased by about 35% in 2016 (after SECA), a reduction of >1000 cases. In addition, 1500 non-fatal cases of ischemic heart disease and 1500 non-fatal cases of stroke in 2014 caused by Baltic shipping emissions were reduced by the same extent in 2016. In conclusion, PM2.5 emissions from Baltic shipping, and resulting health impacts decreased substantially after the SECA regulations in 2015.
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5.
  • Boman, Johan, 1955, et al. (author)
  • ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENT WITH X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
  • 2011
  • In: Advances in X-ray Analysis. - 0376-0308. ; 54, s. 266-279
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this paper we will introduce the general benefits of X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) for assessing the condition of the outer environment, especially where ambient aerosol particles are causing environmental disturbances. Examples from recent environmental studies are presented, and energy dispersive XRF is concluded to be a powerful, nondestructive yet easily applicable tool to supply detailed elemental information of particles collected in different applications. The further development and future potential of the method for detailed analysis of aerosol particles are discussed.
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6.
  • Carlsen, Hanne Krage, et al. (author)
  • Incident cardiovascular disease and long-term exposure to source-specific air pollutants in a Swedish cohort
  • 2022
  • In: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 209
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Air pollution is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but its role in the development of congestive heart failure (CHF) and the role of different pollution sources in cardiovascular disease remain uncertain. Methods: Participants were enrolled in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort in 1991–1996 with information on lifestyle and clinical indicators of cardiovascular disease. The cohort participants were followed through registers until 2016. Annual total and local source-specific concentrations of particulate matter less than 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from traffic, residential heating, and industry were assigned to each participant's address throughout the study period. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for possible confounders was used to estimate associations between air pollution 1–5 years prior to outcomes of incident CHF, fatal myocardial infarction (MI), major adverse coronary events (MACE), and ischemic stroke. Results: Air pollution exposure levels (mean annual exposures to PM2.5 of 11 μg/m3 and NOx of 26 μg/m3) within the cohort were moderate in terms of environmental standards. After adjusting for confounders, we observed statistically significant associations between NOx and CHF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.22) and NOx and fatal MI (HR 1.10, 95%CI 1.01–1.20) per interquartile range (IQR) of 9.6 μg/m3. In fully adjusted models, the estimates were similar, but the precision worse. In stratified analyses, the associations were stronger in males, ever-smokers, older participants, and those with baseline carotid artery plaques. Locally emitted and traffic-related air pollutants generally showed positive associations with CHF and fatal MI. There were no associations between air pollution and MACE or stroke. Discussion/conclusion: In an area with low to moderate air pollution exposure, we observed significant associations of long-term residential NOx with increased risk of incident CHF and fatal MI, but not with coronary events and stroke. © 2022
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7.
  • Hasslöf, Helena, et al. (author)
  • Long-term exposure to air pollution and atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries in the Malmö diet and cancer cohort.
  • 2020
  • In: Environmental research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 191
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Long-term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the mechanisms are not fully known. Current evidence suggests that air pollution exposure contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. There are few studies investigating associations between air pollution and carotid plaques, a well-known precursor of cardiovascular disease.A Swedish population-based cohort (aged 45-64yearsat recruitment) was randomly selected from the Malmö Diet and Cancer study between 1991 and 1994, of which 6103 participants underwent ultrasound examination of the right carotid artery to determine carotid plaque presence and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Participants were assigned individual residential air pollution exposure (source-specific PM2.5, PM10, NOx, BC) at recruitment from Gaussian dispersion models. Logistic and linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders and cardiovascular risk factors, were used to investigate associations between air pollutants and prevalence of carotid plaques, and CIMT, respectively.The prevalence of carotid plaques was 35%. The mean levels of PM2.5 and PM10 at recruitment were 11 and 14μg/m3, most of which was due to long range transport. The exposure contrast within the cohort was relatively low. PM2.5 exposure was associated with carotid plaques in a model including age and sex only (OR 1.10 (95% CI 1.01-1.20) per 1μg/m3), but after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic status (SES) the association was weak and not significant (OR 1.05 (95% CI 0.96-1.16) per 1μg/m3). The pattern was similar for PM10 and NOx exposure. Associations between air pollutants and plaques were slightly stronger for long-term residents and in younger participants with hypertension. There was no clear linear trend between air pollution exposure and plaque prevalence. Non-significant slightly positive associations were seen between air pollution exposures and CIMT.In this large, well-controlled cross-sectional study at low exposure levels we found no significant associations between air pollution exposures and subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries, after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and SES. Further epidemiological studies of air pollution and intermediate outcomes are needed to explain the link between air pollution and cardiovascular events.
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8.
  • Howlett-Downing, C., et al. (author)
  • Health risk assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound trace elements in Pretoria, South Africa
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1093-4529 .- 1532-4117. ; 58:4, s. 342-358
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Exposure to outdoor air pollutants poses a risk for both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic respiratory disease outcomes. A standardized health risk assessment (US EPA) utilizes air quality data, body mass and breathing rates to determine potential risk. This health risk assessment study assesses the hazard quotient (HQ) for total PM2.5 and trace elemental constituents (Br, Cl, K, Ni, S, Si, Ti and U) exposure in Pretoria, South Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline (5 mu g m(-3)) and the yearly South African National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (20 mu g m(-3)) were the references dosages for total PM2.5. A total of 350 days was sampled in Pretoria, South Africa. The mean total PM2.5 concentration during the 34-month study period was 23.2 mu g m(-3) (0.7-139 mu g m(-3)). The HQ for total PM2.5 was 1.17, 3.47 and 3.78 for adults, children and infants. Non-carcinogenic risks for trace elements K, Cl, S and Si were above 1 for adults. Seasonally, Si was the highest during autumn for adults (1.9) and during spring for S (5.5). The HQ values for K and Cl were highest during winter. The exposure to Ni posed a risk for cancer throughout the year and for As during winters.
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9.
  • Howlett-Downing, Chantelle, et al. (author)
  • PM2.5 Chemical Composition and Geographical Origin of Air Masses in Pretoria, South Africa
  • 2022
  • In: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 233
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In Africa, there is a paucity of studies that reported on PM2.5, soot, BC, UV-PM (organic carbon) and trace element levels in rural and urban regions. PM2.5 samples were collected over 24 h and every third day during 19 April 2018 and 28 February 2020. The mean PM2.5 level was 24.1 μg.m−3 (range: 2.9–139 μg.m−3). PM2.5 levels exceeded the yearly World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline (5 μg.m−3). The daily WHO guideline (15 μg.m−3) was exceeded on 151 of the 228 days. The mean soot, black carbon and organic carbon levels were 1.43 m−1 × 10−5, 2.7 μg.m−3 and 2.1 μg.m−3, respectively. Twelve PM2.5-bound trace elements (Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Ni, S, Si, Ti, U and Zn) were analysed. The geographical origin of air masses that passed the study site was estimated using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory software. Four air masses were identified. The observed PM2.5, soot, BC, UV-PM and trace element levels at this urban background study site could potentially pose a significant risk to human health.
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10.
  • Howlett-Downing, Chantelle, et al. (author)
  • Source Apportionment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Pretoria, South Africa
  • 2023
  • In: ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS. - 1527-5922 .- 1527-5930.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected for 34 months in Pretoria, South Africa from 18 April 2017 to 28 February 2020. The average total PM2.5 concentration was 23.2 +/- 17.3 mu g.m(3) (0.69-139 mu g.m(-3)), with the highest mean recorded during winter and the lowest during summer (p < 0.05). The sources were determined by means of cross referencing the US EPA PMF 5.0 program and the NOAA HYsplit model. The sources of the total PM2.5 were mining (33%), resuspended dust (24%), industry (15%), general exhaust (12%), vehicular emissions (12%) and biomass burning (4%). Sources of air pollutants are both ubiquitous and seasonal.Highlights center dot In central Pretoria, the largest contributing sources of PM2.5 are resuspended dust matrix and mining from surrounding areas;center dot A winter analysis was run where As, Se and Pb was included in the dataset, confirming biomass burning sources which were typically higher during the winter season; and center dot Air quality management policies should address both ubiquitous and seasonal sources.
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11.
  • Hänninen, Otto, et al. (author)
  • Seasonal patterns of outdoor PM infiltration into indoor environments: review and meta-analysis of available studies from different climatological zones in Europe
  • 2011
  • In: Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1873-9318 .- 1873-9326. ; 4:3-4, s. 221-233
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Epidemiologists have observed higher risks for exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) in the summer than in other seasons. This increased risk may be partly due to seasonal behaviour and higher exposures to indoor PM in the summer in relation to outdoor pollutant levels during winter when windows are kept closed and less time is spent outdoors. In this report, we analyse data from six European studies, based on three different methods of estimating outdoor to indoor infiltration factors, with the aim of characterizing the geographical and seasonal patterns of PM infiltration. The highest infiltration levels were observed for the summer in both a European combined dataset consisting of 382 observations of the average PM2.5 infiltration factor for 1 day to 2weeks in regional data sets for Northern, Central and Southern Europe as well as for all ten cities individually. Th lowest values were observed for the winter, with spring and autumn displaying intermediate values. In all datasets and cities, the variability between residences and days within each season was much higher than the seasonal trend. PM10 data were available from two studies, revealing that the PM10 infiltration factors ranged from 70 to 92% of the corresponding PM2.5 values. Some differences between the studies may be associated with the study designs and applied methods of determining the infiltration factor. The ratio of summer to winter PM2.5 infiltration ranged from 1.3 in Rome to 2.3 in Helsinki, and the corresponding regional ratio ranged from 1.5 in Central Europe to 1.8 in Northern and Southern Europe. It is suggested that similar differences can be expected in epidemiological concentration–response relationships due to the modification in seasonal exposure associated with buildings and time spent indoors.
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12.
  • Janhall, S., et al. (author)
  • Traffic emission factors of ultrafine particles: effects from ambient air
  • 2012
  • In: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325 .- 1464-0333. ; 14:9, s. 2488-2496
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ultrafine particles have a significant detrimental effect on both human health and climate. In order to abate this problem, it is necessary to identify the sources of ultrafine particles. A parameterisation method is presented for estimating the levels of traffic-emitted ultrafine particles in terms of variables describing the ambient conditions. The method is versatile and could easily be applied to similar datasets in other environments. The data used were collected during a four-week period in February 2005, in Gothenburg, as part of the Gote-2005 campaign. The specific variables tested were temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), carbon monoxide concentration (CO), and the concentration of particles up to 10 mm diameter (PM10); all indicators are of importance for aerosol processes such as coagulation and gas-particle partitioning. These variables were selected because of their direct effect on aerosol processes (T and RH) or as proxies for aerosol surface area (CO and PM10) and because of their availability in local monitoring programmes, increasing the usability of the parameterization. Emission factors are presented for 10-100 nm particles (ultrafine particles; EFufp), for 10-40 nm particles (EF10-40), and for 40-100 nm particles (EF40-100). For EF40-100 no effect of ambient conditions was found. The emission factor equations are calculated based on an emission factor for NOx of 1 g km(-1), thus the particle emission factors are easily expressed in units of particles per gram of NOx emitted. For 10-100 nm particles the emission factor is EFufp 1.8 x 10(15) x (1 - 0.095 x CO - 3.2 x 10(-3) x T) particles km(-1). Alternative equations for the EFs in terms of T and PM10 concentration are also presented.
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13.
  • Janhäll, Sara, 1965, et al. (author)
  • Size resolved traffic emission factors of submicrometer particles
  • 2004
  • In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 38:26, s. 4331-4340
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Size resolved emission factors for submicrometer particles related to trace gases have been obtained from measurement data at a suburban road side, with a traffic intensity of 18,000 vehicles per day. Number of particles with diameter 10-368 nm, trace gases (NO, NOx, O-3 and SO2) traffic and meteorology parameters were measured outside of Goteborg, Sweden. Size distributions of small particles at the site are presented and their relation to meteorological and traffic related variables was evaluated. Wind speed correlated negatively with 10-368 nm particles and temperature correlated negatively with the smaller particles (10-60 nm). Nitric oxide was shown to be a better tracer for traffic related ultrafine particles, than traffic intensity itself. The calculated emission factor, with errors at 95% confidence level, for particles in the range 10-368 nm is presented in relation to nitrogen oxides. The emission factors were 268+/-60 and 176+/-37 particles cm(-3) per ppb NO and NOx, respectively. The particle emission factors for 10-100, 10-50, 50-170 and 170-368 nm were 260+/-70, 228+/-52, 41+/-11 and <1 particle cm(-3) per ppb NO, respectively. The size distribution of the emissions is given by number of particles normalised by the width of the size bin, i.e. in units of dNd log Dp(-1) ppb(-1). The maximum normalised emission factor was 450 cm(-3) per ppb NO for 20 nm particles. The shape of the size distribution of emissions revealed one sharp peak at 20 nm, with a small shoulder at 70 nm. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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14.
  • Janhäll, Sara, 1965, et al. (author)
  • Vertical distribution of air pollutants at the Gustavii Cathedral in Goteborg, Sweden
  • 2003
  • In: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310. ; 37:2, s. 209-217
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Atmospheric trace gases and particles were measured at two heights at the Gustavii Cathedral in Goteborg, Sweden, during 7 weeks in September and October 1999. The Gustavii Cathedral is situated in the city centre of Goteborg, which is near the harbour area and encircled by heavy traffic some hundred metres away. The main body of the church is as high as the surrounding buildings, while the tower extends well above. The sampling points were placed on the west wall of the tower at 10 and 32 m height, i.e. well below and above the roof top level of surrounding buildings, respectively. Sulphur dioxide and nitric acid were sampled using the denuder technique and analysed by Ion Chromatography, IC. Total suspended particulates (TSP) were sampled using filter cups and subsequently analysed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). In addition to the diurnal sampling of species, nitrogen oxides were measured using chemiluminescence detectors. Additional data from the Environmental Office in Goteborg was used in the analysis. Differences between the concentrations measured at the upper and lower levels were calculated and their variation and dependence on meteorological factors were evaluated. On the average larger concentrations were found at the lower level for soil derived elements and TSP, while nitric acid and nitric oxide showed larger concentrations at the upper level. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, as well as many of the elements in the TSP, showed equal concentrations at the two levels. However, depending on wind direction the measured differences of nitrogen oxides could be both positive and negative. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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15.
  • Johannesson, Sandra, 1975, et al. (author)
  • Exposure to fine particles (PM2.5 and PM1) and black smoke in the general population: personal, indoor, and outdoor levels
  • 2007
  • In: Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1559-064X .- 1559-0631. ; 17:7, s. 613-24
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Personal exposure to PM(2.5) and PM(1), together with indoor and residential outdoor levels, was measured in the general adult population (30 subjects, 23-51 years of age) of Gothenburg, Sweden. Simultaneously, urban background concentrations of PM(2.5) were monitored with an EPA WINS impactor. The 24-h samples were gravimetrically analyzed for mass concentration and black smoke (BS) using a smokestain reflectometer. Median levels of PM(2.5) were 8.4 mug/m(3) (personal), 8.6 mug/m(3) (indoor), 6.4 mug/m(3) (residential outdoor), and 5.6 mug/m(3) (urban background). Personal exposure to PM(1) was 5.4 mug/m(3), while PM(1) indoor and outdoor levels were 6.2 and 5.2 mug/m(3), respectively. In non-smokers, personal exposure to PM(2.5) was significantly higher than were residential outdoor levels. BS absorption coefficients were fairly similar for all microenvironments (0.4-0.5 10(-5) m(-1)). Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) and BS was well correlated with indoor levels, and there was an acceptable agreement between personal exposure and urban background concentrations for PM(2.5) and BS(2.5) (r(s)=0.61 and 0.65, respectively). PM(1) made up a considerable amount (70-80%) of PM(2.5) in all microenvironments. Levels of BS were higher outdoors than indoors and higher during the fall compared with spring. The correlations between particle mass and BS for both PM(2.5) vs. BS(2.5) and PM(1) versus BS(1) were weak for all microenvironments including personal exposure. The urban background station provided a good estimate of residential outdoor levels of PM(2.5) and BS(2.5) within the city (r(s)=0.90 and 0.77, respectively). Outdoor levels were considerably affected by long-range transported air pollution, which was not found for personal exposure or indoor levels. The within-individual (day-to-day) variability dominated for personal exposure to both PM(2.5) and BS(2.5) in non-smokers.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 18 April 2007; doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500562.
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16.
  • Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al. (author)
  • Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South Africa
  • 2021
  • In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 18:3
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We assessed the health risks of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ambient air pollution and its trace elemental components in a rural South African community. Air pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. PM2.5 samples were previously collected, April 2017 to April 2018, and PM2.5 mass determined. The filters were analyzed for chemical composition. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) health risk assessment method was applied. Reference doses were calculated from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and US EPA reference concentrations. Despite relatively moderate levels of PM2.5 the health risks were substantial, especially for infants and children. The average annual PM2.5 concentration was 11 mu g/m(3), which is above WHO guidelines, but below South African NAAQS. Adults were exposed to health risks from PM2.5 during May to October, whereas infants and children were exposed to risk throughout the year. Particle-bound nickel posed both non-cancer and cancer risks. We conclude that PM2.5 poses health risks in Thohoyandou, despite levels being compliant with yearly South African NAAQS. The results indicate that air quality standards need to be tightened and PM2.5 levels lowered in South Africa.
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17.
  • Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al. (author)
  • High-resolution dispersion modelling of PM2.5, PM10, NOx and NO2 exposure in metropolitan areas in Sweden 2000‒2018 – large health gains due to decreased population exposure
  • 2024
  • In: Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health. - 1873-9318 .- 1873-9326.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ambient air pollution remains the major environmental cause of disease. Accurate assessment of population exposure and small-scale spatial exposure variations over long time periods is essential for epidemiological studies. We estimated annual exposure to fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO2) with high spatial resolution to examine time trends 2000‒2018, compliance with the WHO Air Quality Guidelines, and assess the health impact. The modelling area covered six metropolitan areas in Sweden with a combined population of 5.5 million. Long-range transported air pollutants were modelled using a chemical transport model with bias correction, and locally emitted air pollutants using source-specific Gaussian-type dispersion models at resolutions up to 50 × 50m. The modelled concentrations were validated using quality-controlled monitoring data. Lastly, we estimated the reduction in mortality associated with the decrease in population exposure. The validity of modelled air pollutant concentrations was good (R2 for PM2.5 0.84, PM10 0.61, and NOx 0.87). Air pollution exposure decreased substantially, from a population weighted mean exposure to PM2.5 of 12.2µgm−3 in 2000 to 5.4µgm−3 in 2018. We estimated that the decreased exposure was associated with a reduction of 2719 (95% CI 2046–3055) premature deaths annually. However, in 2018, 65%, 8%, and 42% of residents in the modelled areas were still exposed to PM2.5, PM10, or NO2 levels, respectively, that exceeded the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines for annual average exposure. This emphasises the potential public health benefits of reductions in air pollution emissions.
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18.
  • Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al. (author)
  • Long-term ambient air pollution and coronary atherosclerosis : results from the Swedish SCAPIS study
  • 2024
  • In: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier. - 0021-9150 .- 1879-1484.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background and aims: Despite firm evidence for an association between long-term ambient air pollution exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, results from epidemiological studies on the association between air pollution exposure and atherosclerosis have not been consistent. We investigated associations between long-term low-level air pollution exposure and coronary atherosclerosis.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis in the large Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImaging Study (SCAPIS, n = 30 154), a random general population sample. Concentrations of total and locally emitted particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), <10 μm (PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at the residential address were modelled using high-resolution dispersion models. We estimated associations between air pollution exposures and segment involvement score (SIS), coronary artery calcification score (CACS), number of non-calcified plaques (NCP), and number of significant stenoses, using ordinal regression models extensively adjusted for potential confounders.Results: Median 10-year average PM2.5 exposure was 6.2 μg/m3 (range 3.5–13.4 μg/m3). 51 % of participants were women and 51 % were never-smokers. None of the assessed pollutants were associated with a higher SIS or CACS. Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with NCP (adjusted OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.13, 1.58, per 2.05 μg/m3). Associations with significant stenoses were inconsistent.Conclusions: In this large, middle-aged general population sample with low exposure levels, air pollution was not associated with measures of total burden of coronary atherosclerosis. However, PM2.5 appeared to be associated with a higher prevalence of non-calcified plaques. The results suggest that increased risk of early-stage atherosclerosis or rupture, but not increased total atherosclerotic burden, may be a pathway for long-term air pollution effects on cardiovascular disease.
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19.
  • Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al. (author)
  • Long-term ambient air pollution and coronary atherosclerosis: Results from the Swedish SCAPIS study.
  • 2024
  • In: Atherosclerosis. - 1879-1484.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Despite firm evidence for an association between long-term ambient air pollution exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, results from epidemiological studies on the association between air pollution exposure and atherosclerosis have not been consistent. We investigated associations between long-term low-level air pollution exposure and coronary atherosclerosis.We performed a cross-sectional analysis in the large Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImaging Study (SCAPIS, n=30154), a random general population sample. Concentrations of total and locally emitted particulate matter <2.5μm (PM2.5), <10μm (PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at the residential address were modelled using high-resolution dispersion models. We estimated associations between air pollution exposures and segment involvement score (SIS), coronary artery calcification score (CACS), number of non-calcified plaques (NCP), and number of significant stenoses, using ordinal regression models extensively adjusted for potential confounders.Median 10-year average PM2.5 exposure was 6.2μg/m3 (range 3.5-13.4μg/m3). 51% of participants were women and 51% were never-smokers. None of the assessed pollutants were associated with a higher SIS or CACS. Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with NCP (adjusted OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13, 1.58, per 2.05μg/m3). Associations with significant stenoses were inconsistent.In this large, middle-aged general population sample with low exposure levels, air pollution was not associated with measures of total burden of coronary atherosclerosis. However, PM2.5 appeared to be associated with a higher prevalence of non-calcified plaques. The results suggest that increased risk of early-stage atherosclerosis or rupture, but not increased total atherosclerotic burden, may be a pathway for long-term air pollution effects on cardiovascular disease.
  •  
20.
  • Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al. (author)
  • Long-term exposure to air pollution, coronary artery calcification, and carotid artery plaques in the population-based Swedish SCAPIS Gothenburg cohort.
  • 2022
  • In: Environmental research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 214:Pt 2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with cardiovascular events. A main suggested mechanism is that air pollution accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis, yet current evidence is inconsistent regarding the association between air pollution and coronary artery and carotid artery atherosclerosis, which are well-established causes of myocardial infarction and stroke. We studied associations between low levels of long-term air pollution, coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, and the prevalence and area of carotid artery plaques, in a middle-aged population-based cohort. The Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) Gothenburg cohort was recruited during 2013-2017 and thoroughly examined for cardiovascular risk factors, including computed tomography of the heart and ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. In 5070 participants (age 50-64 years), yearly residential exposures to air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, PMcoarse, NOx, and exhaust-specific PM2.5 1990-2015) were estimated using high-resolution dispersion models. We used Poisson regression to examine associations between long-term (26 years' mean) exposure to air pollutants and CAC score, and prevalence of carotid artery plaques, adjusted for potential confounders. Among participants with carotid artery plaques, we also examined the association with plaque area using linear regression. Mean exposure to PM2.5 was low by international standards (8.5μg/m3). There were no consistent associations between long-term total PM2.5 exposure and CAC score or presence of carotid artery plaques, but an association between total PM2.5 and larger plaque area in participants with carotid plaques. Associations with traffic-related air pollutants were consistently positive for both a high CAC score and bilateral carotid artery plaques. These associations were independent of road traffic noise. We found stronger associations among men and participants with cardiovascular risk factors. The results lend some support to atherosclerosis as a main modifiable pathway between low levels of traffic-related ambient air pollution and cardiovascular disease, especially in vulnerable individuals.
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21.
  • Kliucininkas, Linas, et al. (author)
  • Indoor and outdoor concentrations of fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and volatile organic compounds in Kaunas, Lithuania
  • 2011
  • In: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - 1464-0325. ; 13:1, s. 182-191
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This complex study presents indoor and outdoor levels of air-borne fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and VOCs at two urban locations in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, and considers possible sources of pollution. Two sampling campaigns were performed in January-February and March-April 2009. The mean outdoor PM2.5 concentration at Location 1 in winter was 34.5 +/- 15.2 [small micro]g m-3 while in spring it was 24.7 +/- 12.2 [small micro]g m-3; at Location 2 the corresponding values were 36.7 +/- 21.7 and 22.4 +/- 19.4 [small micro]g m-3, respectively. In general there was little difference between the PM concentrations at Locations 1 and 2. PM2.5 concentrations were lower during the spring sampling campaign. These PM concentrations were similar to those in many other European cities; however, the levels of most PAHs analysed were notably higher. The mean sum PAH concentrations at Locations 1 and 2 in the winter campaign were 75.1 +/- 32.7 and 32.7 +/- 11.8 ng m-3, respectively. These differences are greater than expected from the difference in traffic intensity at the two sites, suggesting that there is another significant source of PAH emissions at Location 1 in addition to the traffic. The low observed indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios indicate that PAH emissions at the locations studied arise primarily from outdoor sources. The buildings at both locations have old windows with wooden frames that are fairly permissive in terms of air circulation. VOC concentrations were mostly low and comparable to those reported from Sweden. The mean outdoor concentrations of VOC's were: 0.7 +/- 0.2, 3.0 +/- 0.8, 0.5 +/- 0.2, 3.5 +/- 0.3, and 0.2 +/- 0.1 [small micro]g m-3, for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, sum of m-, p-, o-xylenes, and naphthalene, respectively. Higher concentrations of VOCs were observed during the winter campaign, possibly due to slower dispersion, slower chemical transformations and/or the lengthy "cold start" period required by vehicles in the wintertime. A trajectory analysis showed that air masses coming from Eastern Europe carried significantly higher levels of PM2.5 compared to masses from other regions, but the PAHs within the PM2.5 are of local origin. It has been suggested that street dust, widely used for winter sanding activities in Eastern and Central European countries, may act not only as a source of PM, but also as source of particle-bound PAHs. Other potential sources include vehicle exhaust, domestic heating and long-range transport.
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22.
  • Kriit, Hedi Katre, et al. (author)
  • Using Distributed Lag Non-Linear Models to Estimate Exposure Lag-Response Associations between Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease
  • 2022
  • In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Long-term air pollution exposure increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the temporal relationships between exposure and health outcomes. This study aims to estimate the exposure-lag response between air pollution exposure and risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke incidence by applying distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs). Annual mean concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5 ) and black carbon (BC) were estimated for participants in five Swedish cohorts using dispersion models. Simultaneous estimates of exposure lags 1–10 years using DLNMs were compared with separate year specific (single lag) estimates and estimates for lag 1–5-and 6–10-years using moving average exposure. The DLNM estimated no exposure lag-response between PM2.5 total, BC, and IHD. However, for PM2.5 from local sources, a 20% risk increase per 1 µg/m3 for 1-year lag was estimated. A risk increase for stroke was suggested in relation to lags 2–4-year PM2.5 and BC, and also lags 8–9-years BC. No associations were shown in single lag models. Increased risk estimates for stroke in relation to lag 1–5-and 6–10-years BC moving averages were observed. Estimates generally supported a greater contribution to increased risk from exposure windows closer in time to incident IHD and incident stroke. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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23.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Contribution to PM2.5 from domestic wood burning in a small community in Sweden
  • 2013
  • In: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. - : The Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7887. ; 15:4, s. 833-838
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Biomass burning for domestic heating has increased in many countries with cold climates in recent years. This paper presents and compares two ways of estimating the contribution of particulate matter (PM2.5) to ambient air from local domestic wood burning, using daily stationary parallel PM2.5 measurements in a wood-burning area and at a reference location. In the first method (based on air mass back trajectories), daily gravimetric PM2.5 mass differences were compared between the two stations for days with low contributions from regional sources. In the second method, 28 filters from each location were chemically analysed, and source contributions were calculated using positive matrix factorisation (PMF). The trajectory method estimated the extra local contribution from domestic wood burning in the wood-burning area to be 0.7-1.1 [small mu ]g m-3, while the PMF method gave a contribution of 0.64 [small mu ]g m-3. With the PMF method, the total contribution to ambient air from local domestic wood burning was estimated to be 25% of the total PM2.5 mass. The estimated mass contribution using the trajectory method gave a result similar to that of the PMF method, and the method can therefore be a time- and cost-effective first step, especially when no chemical analysis is possible.
  •  
24.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Domestic wood burning and PM2.5 trace elements: Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor levels
  • 2005
  • In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 39:14, s. 2643-2653
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Personal exposures as well as indoor and outdoor levels of PM2.5 were measured with cyclones and impactors simultaneously in the winter of 2003 in a residential area where wood burning for domestic space heating is common. Twenty-four-hour samples from both wood-burning households ("wood burners") and a reference group were analysed for mass and elemental concentration using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and for black smoke (BS) concentration using an EEL 43 reflectometer. Wood-smoke particles made statistically significant contributions of K, Ca, and Zn for both personal exposure and indoor concentration, the median levels of these elements being 66-80% higher for the wood-burning group. In addition, Cl, Mn, Cu, Rb, and Pb were found to be possible markers of wood smoke, though levels of these were only significantly higher among the wood-burning group for either personal exposure or indoor concentrations. PM2.5 mass and S levels were not significantly elevated in wood burners, probably due to large variations in outdoor concentrations from long-distance transported air pollution. Personal exposure and indoor levels showed high correlations for all species, and the personal exposure levels were usually higher than or equal to the indoor levels. The associations between personal exposure and outdoor levels were generally weak except for outdoor S and PM2.5 levels that were both highly correlated with personal S exposure levels (r(s) > 0.8). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  •  
25.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967 (author)
  • Elemental composition of fine particles: exposure in the general population and influence from different sources
  • 2007
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The general population is exposed to particulate air pollution from many different local and regional sources. Examples of local sources are traffic, biomass burning and resuspended dust, while regional sources are dominated by combustion processes from heating, traffic and industries. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterise the personal exposure to trace elements in fine particles, mainly PM2.5 and investigate how the exposure is related to indoor and outdoor levels. Particulate matter was collected on filters and analysed for elemental content by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. In the general population in Göteborg, personal exposures to Cl, Ca, Ti and Fe were significantly higher compared with indoor, residential outdoor and urban background levels. Significant correlations were also found between urban background PM mass and personal exposure to elements related to both combustion (S, V and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant for health effects from urban background PM. In a community where wood burning for domestic heating is common, significantly (66?80%) higher personal exposures and indoor levels were found for K, Ca and Zn compared with a reference group living in the same area, indicating that these elements could be good markers for wood smoke. In a study in Stockholm concerning children?s environments (home, school and preschool), higher indoor than outdoor levels of Ti were found, while long-range-transported (LRT) elements (S, Ni, Br and Pb) were higher outdoors. A community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor levels of crustal and traffic-related elements compared with both the city centre and a suburban area. The levels of Fe and Cu were four times higher in the central communities. Outdoors, Cu levels were found to correlate well with the traffic marker NO2, making it a possible elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies. Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles were performed along a major approach road to Göteborg and the levels of ultrafine particles were influenced not only by traffic intensity, but also, by wind speed and direction, as well as boundary layer height. No correlation was found between PM2.5 and ultrafine particles or traffic, but there was a correlation between PM2.5 and particles sized 100?368 nm. In all environments studied, the origin of LRT air masses had a strong effect on exposure and levels of PM elements. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that elemental analysis is a useful method for better characterising human exposure to fine particles. For several elements, the personal exposure is often higher than corresponding indoor levels. The origin of LRT elements affected not only outdoor levels, but also, the personal exposure and indoor levels, and should be taken into account in time series studies of air pollution and health.
  •  
26.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 trace elements at homes, preschools and schools in Stockholm, Sweden
  • 2007
  • In: Journal of Environmental Monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325. ; 9:4, s. 348-357
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fine particles (PM2.5) were sampled indoors and outdoors at 40 sampling sites; in ten classrooms in five schools, at ten preschools and 20 non-smoking homes, in three communities in Stockholm, Sweden, during nine 2-week periods. Each sampling site was sampled twice, once during winter and once during spring. The samples were analysed for elemental concentrations using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. In all locations significantly higher outdoor concentrations were found for elements that are related to long-range transported air masses (S, Ni, Br and Pb), while only Ti was higher indoors in all locations. Similar differences for S, Br and Pb were found in both seasons for homes and schools. In preschools different seasonal patterns were seen for the long-range transported elements S, Br and Pb and the crustal elements Ti, Mn and Fe. The indoor/outdoor ratios for S and Pb suggest an outdoor PM2.5 particle net infiltration of about 0.6 in these buildings. The community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor concentrations of elements of crustal or traffic origin compared with the two central communities, but had similar levels of long-range transported elements. Significant correlations were found between PM2.5 and most elements outdoors (r(s) = 0.45-0.90). Copper levels were found to correlate well (r(s) = 0.64-0.91) to the traffic marker NO2 during both winter and spring in all locations. Copper may be a suitable elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies in areas without other significant outdoor Cu sources.
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27.
  •  
28.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Long-range transport clusters and positive matrix factorization source apportionment for investigating transboundary PM2.5 in Gothenburg, Sweden
  • 2017
  • In: Environmental Science-Processes & Impacts. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 19:10, s. 1270-1277
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Source apportionment studies of particulate matter are common and have been performed either as source region analyses using air mass back trajectories or by source type using source apportionment techniques. By combining the two approaches, it is possible to estimate the relative importance of emitters in different regions. PM2.5 samples were collected in Gothenburg between September 2008 and September 2009. The mean daily PM2.5 level was 6.1 mu g m(-3) (range 0.79-30.91 mu g m(-3)). Elemental analyses were done using Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy. Source apportionment was carried out using the US EPA PMF 5.0 software. The sources long-range transport (LRT), LRT-Pb (lead-containing LRT), ship emissions, combustion, marine, and resuspension were identified. Air mass trajectories were estimated using HYSPLIT model (version 4.9). Six transport clusters were identified: South Scandinavia 21%, North Scandinavia 11%, Baltic Sea 8%, Eastern Europe 6%, UK/North Sea/Denmark 25%, and North Atlantic Ocean 30%. LRT was the major contributor to PM2.5 levels across all six transport clusters (48%) followed by ship emissions (20%) and combustion (19%). The transport cluster associated with the highest PM2.5 levels was Eastern Europe followed by South Scandinavia, UK/North Sea/Denmark, and Baltic Sea. After considering the frequency of the transport clusters, the transport clusters associated with the highest PM2.5 levels were UK-NorthS-DK, S-Scandic, and N-Atlantic, while Eastern Europe only contributed 9% towards PM2.5 levels. Abatement strategies aimed at reductions of ship emissions, industry emissions, and road traffic emissions on an European level and local combustion sources on a city-scale level would be the two most effective directions for reducing ambient PM2.5 in Gothenburg.
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29.
  •  
30.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population.
  • 2006
  • In: Journal of environmental monitoring. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1464-0325. ; 8:5, s. 543-51
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of PM(2.5) and PM(1) were measured simultaneously in Göteborg, Sweden. A total of 270 24 hour samples from 30 subjects were analyzed for elemental concentrations using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Personal exposures to PM(2.5) were significantly higher for Cl, Ca, Ti, and Fe compared with the other locations. For most elements, residential outdoor levels were significantly higher than urban background levels. Correlations between personal exposure and stationary measurements were moderate to high for Zn, Br, and Pb (r(s)= 0.47-0.81), while Ca and Cu showed low correlations. The penetration indoors from outdoors was 0.7, as calculated from S and Pb ratios. For the pairs of parallel PM(1) and PM(2.5) measurements, only Ca and Fe levels were significantly lower for PM(1) at all sites. Significant correlations were found between urban background mass concentrations and personal exposure levels for elements attributed to combustion processes (S, V, and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe, and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant to health effects related to urban background mass. Air mass origin strongly affected the measured urban background concentrations of some elements (S, Cl, V, Ni, Br, and Pb). These findings were also seen for personal exposure (S, Cl, V, and Pb) and indoor levels (S, Cl, V, Ni, and Pb). No differences were seen for crustal elements. Air mass origin should be taken into account in the description and interpretation of time series studies of air pollution and health.
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31.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Residential NOx exposure in a 35-year cohort study. Changes of exposure, and comparison with back extrapolation for historical exposure assessment
  • 2015
  • In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 115, s. 62-69
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this study we aimed to investigate the effects on historical NOx estimates on time trends, spatial distributions, exposure contrasts, the effect of relocation patterns and the effects of back extrapolation. Historical levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from 1975 to 2009 were modeled with high resolution in Gothenburg, Sweden, using historical emission databases and Gaussian models. Yearly historical addresses were collected and geocoded from a population-based cohort of Swedish men from 1973 to 2007, with a total of 160,568 address years. Of these addresses, 146,675 (91%) were within our modeled area and assigned a NOx level. NOx levels decreased substantially from a maximum median level of 43.9μg/m3 in 1983 to 16.6μg/m3 in 2007, mainly due to lower emissions per vehicle km. There was a considerable variability in concentrations within the cohort, with a ratio of 3.5 between the means in the highest and lowest quartile. About 50% of the participants changed residential address during the study, but the mean NOx exposure was not affected. About half of these moves resulted in a positive or negative change in NOx exposure of >10μg/m3, and thus changed the exposure substantially. Back extrapolation of NOx levels using the time trend of a background monitoring station worked well for 5-7 years back in time, but extrapolation more than ten years back in time resulted in substantial scattering compared to the "true" dispersion models for the corresponding years. These findings are important to take into account since accurate exposure estimates are essential in long term epidemiological studies of health effects of air pollution.
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32.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine particles at a major road north of Gothenburg
  • 2002
  • In: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 36:25, s. 4115-4123
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Particle measurements were conducted at a road site 15 km north of the city of Gothenburg for 3 weeks in June 2000. The size distribution between 10 and 368 nm was measured continuously by using a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) system. PM2.5 was sampled on a daily basis with subsequent elemental analysis using EDXRF-spectroscopy. The road is a straight four-lane road with a speed limit of 90 kph. The road passing the site is flat with no elevations where the vehicles run on a steady workload and with constant speed. The traffic intensity is about 20,000 cars per workday and 13,000 vehicles per day during weekends. The diesel fuel used in Sweden is low in sulphur content (< 10 ppm) and therefore the diesel vehicles passing the site contribute less to particle emissions in comparison with other studies. A correlation between PM2.5 and accumulation mode particles (100-368 nm) was observed. However, no significant correlation was found between number concentrations of ultrafine particles (10-100 nm) and PM2.5 or the accumulation mode number concentration. The particle distribution between 10 and 368 nm showed great dependency on wind speed and wind direction, where the wind speed was the dominant factor for ultrafine (10-100nm) particle concentrations. The difference in traffic intensity between workday and weekend together with wind data made it possible to single out the traffic contribution to particle emissions and measure the size distribution. The results presented in combination with previous studies show that both PM2.5 and the mass of accumulation mode particles are bad estimates for ultrafine particles. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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33.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and PMF with Factor Selection
  • 2014
  • In: Aerosol and Air Quality Research. - : Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research. - 1680-8584 .- 2071-1409. ; 14:3
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Personal exposure, indoor, residential outdoor and urban background particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in parallel, for 30 participants and analyzed for their chemical content. Source apportionments for the separate microenvironments were performed using conventional positive matrix factorization (PMF), and for the combined dataset, applying a new PMF method with factor selection. Regional sources were the largest contributor to the sampled PM2.5 in all microenvironments and accounted for 69% in urban background; 55% and 54% in residential outdoor and indoor environment, respectively; and 40% of personal exposure. For personal exposure, personal activities accounted for 21% (2.2 mu g/m(3)), and constituted the main difference in total mass concentration between personal exposure and the other microenvironments. The PMF method with factor selection was found to be a useful tool in the PMF analysis of multiple microenvironments, since ambient contributions to indoor and personal exposure are less likely to be distorted or misinterpreted. The possibility to more correctly estimate the source contributions will increase by combining the datasets for the different microenvironments into a larger dataset and using the PMF with factor selection method.
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34.
  • Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Vedeldningens bidrag till luftföroreningar i Toltorpsdalen, Mölndal
  • 2023
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Mätningar av fina partiklar, PM2.5, har genomförts i Toltorpsdalen, norra Mölndal under 10 veckor vintern 2022–2023. 22 ODIN-sensorer placerades ur i ett rutnät med avstånd 100–300 m. Ett referensmätningsinstrument, Palas FIDAS 200, placerades i en mätbod, centralt i området. Partikelmätarna hade en tidsupplösning på 1 minut. Även benso(a)pyren, (B(a)P) organiskt kol (OC) (tidsupplösning 2–3 dagar) och bensen (passiv provtagning) mättes. Halterna av PM2.5 var generellt låga pga. den milda och regniga vintern, medelvärde 4–7 µg/m3, men vi identifierade vedeldningens påverkan då den inte samvarierar med trafik eller andra källor. Störst bidrag från vedeldning under eftermiddag-kväll då halterna i snitt ökade 1–2 µg/m3. Även helgdagar gav ett ökat bidrag. Halterna av B(a)P var låga (0,01–0,11 ng/m3) och nådde som mest 10 % av miljökvalitetsnormen, även OC var lågt under perioden. Halterna av bensen var också låga, men något högre längs Toltorpsgatan, där trafiken är högst inom mätområdet. Mätningarna av PM2.5 och bensen visade att den lokala trafikens påverkan var låg, fr.a. pga. den milda fuktiga vintern som inte genererar vägdamm.Enkätdata visade att ca 50 % av bostäderna har en eldstad, de flesta för trivseleldning, och ca 80 % av eldningen sker eftermiddag-kväll, vilket setts i tidigare studier. Störningsenkäten visar på viss störning från vedeldning, men buller och avgaser från vägtrafik är en större störkälla. Dock var icke-eldarna något mer störda än de med egen eldning.
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35.
  • Mwase, Nandi S, et al. (author)
  • Health Impact of Air Pollution from Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Effects of Different Spatial Resolutions in Sweden.
  • 2020
  • In: International journal of environmental research and public health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 17:21
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In 2015, stricter regulations to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions and particulate air pollution from shipping were implemented in the Baltic Sea. We investigated the effects on population exposure to particles <2.5 µm (PM2.5) from shipping and estimated related morbidity and mortality in Sweden's 21 counties at different spatial resolutions. We used a regional model to estimate exposure in Sweden and a city-scale model for Gothenburg. Effects of PM2.5 exposure on total mortality, ischemic heart disease, and stroke were estimated using exposure-response functions from the literature and combining them into disability-adjusted life years (DALYS). PM2.5 exposure from shipping in Gothenburg decreased by 7% (1.6 to 1.5 µg/m3) using the city-scale model, and 35% (0.5 to 0.3 µg/m3) using the regional model. Different population resolutions had no effects on population exposures. In the city-scale model, annual premature deaths due to shipping PM2.5 dropped from 97 with the high-sulfur scenario to 90 in the low-sulfur scenario, and in the regional model from 32 to 21. In Sweden, DALYs lost due to PM2.5 from Baltic Sea shipping decreased from approximately 5700 to 4200. In conclusion, sulfur emission restrictions for shipping had positive effects on health, but the model resolution affects estimations.
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36.
  • Nilsson Sommar, Johan, et al. (author)
  • Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and black carbon in relation to natural and cause-specific mortality: a multicohort study in Sweden
  • 2021
  • In: Bmj Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives To estimate concentration-response relationships for particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) in relation to mortality in cohorts from three Swedish cities with comparatively low pollutant levels. Setting Cohorts from Gothenburg, Stockholm and Umea, Sweden. Design High-resolution dispersion models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameter <= 10 mu m (PM10) and <= 2.5 mu m (PM2.5), and BC, at individual addresses during each year of follow-up, 1990-2011. Moving averages were calculated for the time windows 1-5 years (lag1-5) and 6-10 years (lag6-10) preceding the outcome. Cause-specific mortality data were obtained from the national cause of death registry. Cohort-specific HRs were estimated using Cox regression models and then meta-analysed including a random effect of cohort. Participants During the study period, 7 340 cases of natural mortality, 2 755 cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and 817 cases of respiratory and lung cancer mortality were observed among in total 68 679 individuals and 689 813 person-years of follow-up. Results Both PM10 (range: 6.3-41.9 mu g/m(3)) and BC (range: 0.2-6.8 mu g/m(3)) were associated with natural mortality showing 17% (95% CI 6% to 31%) and 9% (95% CI 0% to 18%) increased risks per 10 mu g/m(3) and 1 mu g/m(3) of lag1-5 exposure, respectively. For PM2.5 (range: 4.0-22.4 mu g/m(3)), the estimated increase was 13% per 5 mu g/m(3), but less precise (95% CI -9% to 40%). Estimates for CVD mortality appeared higher for both PM10 and PM2.5. No association was observed with respiratory mortality. Conclusion The results support an effect of long-term air pollution on natural mortality and mortality in CVD with high relative risks also at low exposure levels. These findings are relevant for future decisions concerning air quality policies.
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37.
  • Olstrup, Henrik, et al. (author)
  • Trends in air pollutants and health impacts in three Swedish cities over the past three decades
  • 2018
  • In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 18:21, s. 15705-15723
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Air pollution concentrations have been decreasing in many cities in the developed countries. We have estimated time trends and health effects associated with exposure to NOx, NO2, O-3, and PM10 (particulate matter) in the Swedish cities Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmo from the 1990s to 2015. Trend analyses of concentrations have been performed by using the Mann-Kendall test and the Theil-Sen method. Measured concentrations are from central monitoring stations representing urban background levels, and they are assumed to indicate changes in long-term exposure to the population. However, corrections for population exposure have been performed for NOx, O-3, and PM10 in Stockholm, and for NOx in Gothenburg. For NOx and PM10, the concentrations at the central monitoring stations are shown to overestimate exposure when compared to dispersion model calculations of spatially resolved, population-weighted exposure concentrations, while the reverse applies to O-3. The trends are very different for the pollutants that are studied; NOx and NO2 have been decreasing in all cities, O-3 exhibits an increasing trend in all cities, and for PM10, there is a slowly decreasing trend in Stockholm, a slowly increasing trend in Gothenburg, and no significant trend in Malmo. Trends associated with NOx and NO2 are mainly attributed to local emis-sion reductions from traffic. Long-range transport and local emissions from road traffic (non-exhaust PM emissions) and residential wood combustion are the main sources of PM10. For O-3, the trends are affected by long-range transport, and there is a net removal of O-3 in the cities. The increasing trends are attributed to decreased net removal, as NOx emissions have been reduced. Health effects in terms of changes in life expectancy are calculated based on the trends in exposure to NOx, NO2, O-3, and PM10 and the relative risks associated with exposure to these pollutants. The decreased levels of NO x are estimated to increase the life expectancy by up to 11 months for Stockholm and 12 months for Gothenburg. This corresponds to up to one-fifth of the total increase in life expectancy (5470 months) in the cities during the period of 1990-2015. Since the increased concentrations in O-3 have a relatively small impact on the changes in life expectancy, the overall net effect is increased life expectancies in the cities that have been studied.
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38.
  • Pyko, Andrei, et al. (author)
  • Long-Term Exposure to Transportation Noise and Ischemic Heart Disease: A Pooled Analysis of Nine Scandinavian Cohorts.
  • 2023
  • In: Environmental health perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 1552-9924 .- 0091-6765. ; 131:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Transportation noise may induce cardiovascular disease, but the public health implications are unclear.The study aimed to assess exposure-response relationships for different transportation noise sources and ischemic heart disease (IHD), including subtypes.Pooled analyses were performed of nine cohorts from Denmark and Sweden, together including 132,801 subjects. Time-weighted long-term exposure to road, railway, and aircraft noise, as well as air pollution, was estimated based on residential histories. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models following adjustment for lifestyle and socioeconomic risk factors.A total of 22,459 incident cases of IHD were identified during follow-up from national patient and mortality registers, including 7,682 cases of myocardial infarction. The adjusted HR for IHD was 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00, 1.05] per 10 dB Lden for both road and railway noise exposure during 5 y prior to the event. Higher risks were indicated for IHD excluding angina pectoris cases, with HRs of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.08) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) per 10 dB Lden for road and railway noise, respectively. Corresponding HRs for myocardial infarction were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.05) and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.08). Increased risks were observed for aircraft noise but without clear exposure-response relations. A threshold at around 55 dB Lden was suggested in the exposure-response relation for road traffic noise and IHD.Exposure to road, railway, and aircraft noise in the prior 5 y was associated with an increased risk of IHD, particularly after exclusion of angina pectoris cases, which are less well identified in the registries. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10745.
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39.
  • Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans.
  • 2012
  • In: Inhalation toxicology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1091-7691 .- 0895-8378. ; 24:1, s. 47-59
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Introduction: Air pollution causes respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation may be involved in the mechanism also for cardiovascular disease. Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, with complex and varying composition. We examined airway effects of two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study. Materials and Methods: Thirteen subjects were exposed to filtered air and to wood smoke from the start-up phase and the burn-out phase of the wood-burning cycle. Levels of PM(2.5) were 295 µg/m(3) and 146 µg/m(3), number concentrations 140 000/cm(3) and 100 000/cm(3). Biomarkers in blood, breath and urine were measured before and on several occasions after exposure. Effects of wood smoke exposure were assessed adjusting for results with filtered air. Results: After exposure to wood smoke from the start-up, but not the burn-out session, Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) increased in serum after 4 hours, and in urine the next morning. CC16 showed a clear diurnal variation. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) increased after wood smoke exposure from the burn-out phase, but partly due to a decrease after exposure to filtered air. No other airway markers increased. Conclusions: The results indicate that relatively low levels of wood smoke exposure induce effects on airways. Effects on airway epithelial permeability was shown for the start-up phase of wood burning, while FENO increased after the burn-out session. CC16 seems to be a sensitive marker of effects of air pollution both in serum and urine, but its function and the significance need to be clarified.
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40.
  • Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Long term effects of residential NOx exposure on total and cause-specific mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction in a Swedish cohort.
  • 2015
  • In: Environmental research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 142, s. 197-206
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Exposure to air pollution has been linked to total and cardiopulmonary mortality. However, few studies have examined the effects of exposure over decades, or which time windows of long term exposure are most relevant. We investigated the long term effects of residential air pollution on total and cause-specific mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction in a well-characterized cohort of men in Sweden. METHODS: A cohort of 7494 men in Gothenburg was examined in 1970-1973 and followed subsequently to determine predictors of cardiovascular disease. We collected data on residential address and cause-specific mortality for the years 1973-2007. Each individual was assigned yearly nitrogen oxides (NOx) exposure based on dispersion models. Using multivariable Cox regression and generalized additive models with time-dependent exposure, we studied the association between three different time windows of residential NOx exposure, and selected outcomes. RESULTS: In the years 1973-2007, a total of 5669 deaths, almost half of which were due to cardiovascular diseases, occurred in the cohort. Levels of NOx exposure decreased during the study period, from a median of 38µg/m3 in 1973 to 17µg/m3 in 2007. Total non-accidental mortality was associated with participants' NOx exposure in the last year (the year of outcome) (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, per 10µg/m3), with the mean NOx exposure during the last 5 years, and with the mean NOx exposure since enrolment (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04 for both). The associations were similar (HR 1.01-1.03), but generally not statistically significant, for cardiovascular, ischemic heart disease, and acute myocardial infarction mortality, and weaker for cerebrovascular and respiratory mortality. There was no association between NOx exposure and incident myocardial infarction. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Long term residential exposure to NOx at these relatively low exposure levels in Gothenburg was associated with total non-accidental mortality. The association was as strong for NOx exposure in the last year as for longer exposure windows. The effect was near linear, and only marginally affected by confounders and effect modifiers. The improved air quality in Gothenburg has by these estimates led to a 6% decrease in excess non-accidental mortality during the study period.
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41.
  • Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Long-term effects of total and source-specific particulate air pollution on incident cardiovascular disease in Gothenburg, Sweden
  • 2017
  • In: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351. ; 158, s. 61-71
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background and aims: Long-term exposure to air pollution increases cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, but it is not clear which components of air pollution are the most harmful, nor which time window of exposure is most relevant. Further studies at low exposure levels have also been called for. We analyzed two Swedish cohorts to investigate the effects of total and source-specific particulate matter (PM) on incident cardiovascular disease for different time windows of exposure. Methods: Two cohorts initially recruited to study predictors of cardiovascular disease (the PPS cohort and the GOT-MONICA cohort) were followed from 1990 to 2011. We collected data on residential addresses and assigned each individual yearly total and source-specific PM and Nitrogen Oxides (NO) exposures based on dispersion models. Using multivariable Cox regression models with time-dependent exposure, we studied the association between three different time windows (lag 0, lag 1-5, and exposure at study start) of residential PM and NO exposure, and incidence of ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Results and discussion: During the study period, there were 2266 new-onset cases of ischemic heart disease, 1391 of stroke, 925 of heart failure and 1712 of atrial fibrillation. The majority of cases were in the PPS cohort, where participants were older. Exposure levels during the study period were moderate (median: 13 mu g/m(3) for PM10 and 9 mu g/m(3) for PM2.5), and similar in both cohorts. Road traffic and residential heating were the largest local sources of PM air pollution, and long distance transportation the largest PM source in total. In the PPS cohort, there were positive associations between PM in the last five years and both ischemic heart disease (HR: 1.24 [95% CI: 0.98-1.59] per 10 mu g/m(3) of PM10, and HR: 1.38 [95% CI: 1.08-1.77] per 5 mu g/m(3) of PM2.5) and heart failure. In the GOT-MONICA cohort, there were positive but generally non-significant associations between PM and stroke (HR: 1.48 [95% CI: 0.88-2.49] per 10 mu g/m(3) of PM10, and HR: 1.50 [95% CI: 0.90-2.51] per 5 mu g/m(3) of PM2.5, in the last five years). Effect estimates were stronger for women, non-smokers, and higher socioeconomic classes. Exposure in the last five years seemed to be more strongly associated with outcomes than other exposure time windows. Associations between source-specific PM air pollution and outcomes were mixed and generally weak. High correlations between the main pollutants limited the use of multi-pollutant models. Conclusions: The main PM air pollutants were associated with ischemic heart disease and stroke (in women) at the relatively low exposure levels in Gothenburg, Sweden. The associations tended to be stronger for women than for men, for non-smokers than for smokers, and for higher socioeconomic classes than for lower. The associations could not be attributed to a specific PM source or type, and differed somewhat between the two cohorts. The results of this study confirm that further efforts to reduce air pollution exposure should be undertaken in Sweden to reduce the negative health effects in the general population.
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42.
  • Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution, Black Carbon, and Their Source Components in Relation to Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - Durham : National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 127:10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) in ambient air has been associated with cardiovascular mortality, but few studies have considered incident disease in relation to PM from different sources.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study associations between long-term exposure to different types of PM and sources, and incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in three Swedish cities.METHODS: ), and black carbon (BC) from road wear, traffic exhaust, residential heating, and other sources in Gothenburg, Stockholm, and Umeå. Registry data for participants from four cohorts were used to obtain incidence of IHD and stroke for first hospitalization or death. We constructed time windows of exposure for same-year, 1- to 5-y, and 6- to 10-y averages preceding incidence from annual averages at residential addresses. Risk estimates were based on random effects meta-analyses of cohort-specific Cox proportional hazard models.RESULTS: exposure from residential heating.DISCUSSION: Few consistent associations were observed between different particulate components and IHD or stroke. However, long-term residential exposure to locally emitted BC from traffic exhaust was associated with stroke incidence. The comparatively low exposure levels may have contributed to the paucity of associations.
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43.
  • Sällsten, Gerd, 1952, et al. (author)
  • Experimental wood smoke exposure in humans
  • 2006
  • In: Inhalation Toxicology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0895-8378 .- 1091-7691. ; 18:11, s. 855-864
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Experimental studies are used to evaluate effects of human exposure to diesel exhaust and concentrated ambient particles. This article describes a system for studying exposure of humans to wood smoke. Wood smoke was generated using a wood stove placed outside an exposure chamber that can hold at least 10 subjects. A partial flow of the generated wood smoke from the stove was mixed with filtered indoor air. Personal and stationary measurements were performed of PM2.5 and PM1 mass concentrations and various volatile organic compounds (VOCs): 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and aldehydes. In addition, particulate matter ( PM) mass, number concentrations, and size distributions of particles (0.007 - 6.7 mu m), as well as nitrous oxides, CO2, and CO, were measured online. Filters were analyzed for trace elements and black smoke. Polycyclic aromatic compounds, toluene, and xylenes were determined in stationary samples. Results of the first experiment showed no differences between personal and stationary measurements for particles or VOCs. Consequently, stationary measurements can be used to predict personal exposure. All PM mass ( about 250 mu g/m(3)) was in the PM1 fraction. Subjective symptoms were generally weak, while clear objective signs were found, for example, in biomarkers of inflammation. With careful control of the combustion process, relatively constant mass and number concentrations were obtained over each exposure session. By varying the combustion and dilution of the wood smoke, different exposure scenarios can be achieved and thus, knowledge about which of the properties of particles and gaseous compounds are crucial for the effects.
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44.
  •  
45.
  • Tang, L., et al. (author)
  • Estimation of the long-range transport contribution from secondary inorganic components to urban background PM10 concentrations in south-western Sweden during 1986-2010
  • 2014
  • In: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 89, s. 93-101
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The contribution of long-range transported (LRT) to urban background PM10 concentrations was investigated from a long-term view from 1986 to 2010. Regional air concentrations of sulphate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) were used as a sum (C-ion) to investigate the contribution from these ions to the LRT PM10 concentrations at an urban background site in Gothenburg, Sweden. Utilizing backwards trajectory analysis, the LRT contribution from C-ion to the urban background PM10 concentrations (LRTCion) was estimated for six unique transport pathways and related source areas. Air masses transported over eastern Europe, UK/North Sea/Denmark and the vicinity of Scandinavia were associated with high C-ion concentrations observed in Gothenburg. For each pathway, multiple linear models based on the C-ion concentrations were used to estimate LRTCion and PM10 at the urban background site. The performances of the multiple linear models were satisfying with R-2 between estimated and observed annual mean PM10 concentrations of 0.81 during the monitoring years 1990-2010. The models were able to describe the main features of the day-to-day average PM10 concentrations, but underestimated high level values. The annual estimated LRTCion contribution decreased from 7 +/- 2 mu g/m(3) for 1986-2000 to 5 +/- 1 mu g/m(3) for 2001-2010. The higher LRTCion contribution was related to the transport cluster from eastern Europe, UK/North Sea/Denmark and the vicinity of South Scandinavia. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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46.
  • van der Westhuizen, Deidré, et al. (author)
  • Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Bloemfontein, South Africa
  • 2022
  • In: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0306-7319 .- 1029-0397.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Indoor and outdoor pollution has become a worldwide problem; it impacts both the environment and human health. Research-driven air pollution assessment studies were done in some of the larger South African cities like Cape Town and Pretoria, but almost none in the Free State province. The purpose of the present study was to determine PM2.5 levels and its chemical components over a period of more than one year in the Free State capital, Bloemfontein. Particulate matter was collected on PFTE filters, which were then analysed gravimetrically, by smoke stain reflectometry and X-ray fluorescence. The average PM2.5 concentration for the study period was 11μg/m3, which exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) annual guideline limit (5μg/m3), but not the annual South African National Ambient Air Quality Standard (20μg/m3). The daily WHO guideline (15μg/m3) was exceeded on 28days, but not the daily South African standard (40μg/m3). The average soot concentration was 1.2μg/m3. The five most abundant trace elements detected in the PM2.5 filter samples were K, Ca, Si, S and Fe.
  •  
47.
  • van der Westhuizen, Deidre, et al. (author)
  • Source apportionment of fine atmospheric particles in Bloemfontein, South Africa, using positive matrix factorization
  • 2024
  • In: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. - 0167-6369 .- 1573-2959. ; 196:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Air pollution is of major health and environmental concern globally and in South Africa. Studies on the sources of PM2.5 air pollution in low- and middle-income countries such as South Africa are limited. This study aimed to identify local and distant sources of PM2.5 pollution in Bloemfontein. PM2.5 samples were collected from June 16, 2020 to August 18, 2021. Trace element concentrations were determined by EDXRF spectroscopy. By use of the US EPA PMF 5.0 program, local sources were determined to be combustion/wood burning (49%), industry (22%), soil dust (10%), base metal/pyrometallurgical and traffic (9.6%) and water treatment/industry (9.4%). The HYSPLIT program was applied to determine distant PM2.5 source areas and the following clusters were identified: Mpumalanga province (52%), Northern Cape province (35%), Indian Ocean (8%) and Atlantic Ocean (6%). The majority of the air was found to come from the Mpumalanga province in the north-east, while the majority of local sources are ascribed to combustion/wood burning. Results from this study can be used to develop an Air Quality Management Plan for Bloemfontein.
  •  
48.
  • Xu, Yiyi, et al. (author)
  • Associations between long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and risk of chronic kidney disease—findings from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort
  • 2022
  • In: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 160
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Associations between air pollution and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported, but studies at low exposure levels and relevant exposure time windows are still warranted. This study investigated clinical CKD at low air pollution levels in the Swedish Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort in different exposure time windows. Methods: This study included 30,396 individuals, aged 45–74 at enrollment 1991–1996. Individual annual average residential outdoor PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and black carbon (BC) were assigned using dispersion models from enrollment to 2016. Diagnoses of incident CKD were retrieved from national registries. Cox proportional hazards models were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) for CKD in relation to three time-dependent exposure time windows: exposure at concurrent year (lag 0), mean exposure in the 1–5 or 6–10 preceding years (lag 1–5 and lag 6–10), and baseline exposure. Results: During the study period, the average annual residential exposures were 16 μg/m3 for PM10, 11 μg/m3 for PM2.5, 26 μg/m3 for NOx, and 0.97 μg/m3 for BC. For lag 1–5 and lag 6–10 exposure, significantly elevated HRs for incident CKD were found for total PM10:1.13 (95% CI: 1.01–1.26) and 1.22 (1.06–1.41); NOx: 1.19 (1.07–1.33) and 1.13 (1.02–1.25) and BC: 1.12 (1.03–1.22) and 1.11 (1.02–1.21) per interquartile range increase in exposure. For total PM2.5 the positive associations of 1.12 (0.97–1.31) and 1.16 (0.98–1.36) were not significant. For baseline or lag 0 exposure there were significant associations only for NOx and BC, not for PM. Conclusion: Residential exposure to outdoor air pollution was associated with increased risk of incident CKD at relatively low exposure levels. Average long-term exposure was more clearly associated with CKD than current exposure or exposure at recruitment. Our findings imply that the health effects of low-level air pollution on CKD are considerable. © 2022
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49.
  • Ögren, Mikael, 1972, et al. (author)
  • Road traffic noise abatement scenarios in Gothenburg 2015 – 2035
  • 2018
  • In: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 164, s. 516-521
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Exposure to high levels of road traffic noise at the most exposed building facade is increasing, both due to urbanization and due to overall traffic increase. This study investigated how different noise reduction measures would influence the noise exposure on a city-wide scale in Gothenburg, a city in Sweden with approximately 550,000 inhabitants. Noise exposure was estimated under several different scenarios for the period 2015–2035, using the standardized Nordic noise prediction method together with traffic flow measurements and population statistics. The scenarios were based on reducing speed limits, reducing traffic flows, introducing more electrically powered vehicles and introducing low-noise tires and pavements. The most effective measures were introducing low-noise tires or pavements, which in comparison to business as usual produced between 13% and 29% reduction in the number of inhabitants exposed above 55 dB equivalent level.
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