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- Bombarda, F., et al.
(author)
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Runaway electron beam control
- 2019
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In: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6587 .- 0741-3335. ; 61:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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- Joffrin, E., et al.
(author)
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Overview of the JET preparation for deuterium-tritium operation with the ITER like-wall
- 2019
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 59:11
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- For the past several years, the JET scientific programme (Pamela et al 2007 Fusion Eng. Des. 82 590) has been engaged in a multi-campaign effort, including experiments in D, H and T, leading up to 2020 and the first experiments with 50%/50% D-T mixtures since 1997 and the first ever D-T plasmas with the ITER mix of plasma-facing component materials. For this purpose, a concerted physics and technology programme was launched with a view to prepare the D-T campaign (DTE2). This paper addresses the key elements developed by the JET programme directly contributing to the D-T preparation. This intense preparation includes the review of the physics basis for the D-T operational scenarios, including the fusion power predictions through first principle and integrated modelling, and the impact of isotopes in the operation and physics of D-T plasmas (thermal and particle transport, high confinement mode (H-mode) access, Be and W erosion, fuel recovery, etc). This effort also requires improving several aspects of plasma operation for DTE2, such as real time control schemes, heat load control, disruption avoidance and a mitigation system (including the installation of a new shattered pellet injector), novel ion cyclotron resonance heating schemes (such as the three-ions scheme), new diagnostics (neutron camera and spectrometer, active Alfven eigenmode antennas, neutral gauges, radiation hard imaging systems...) and the calibration of the JET neutron diagnostics at 14 MeV for accurate fusion power measurement. The active preparation of JET for the 2020 D-T campaign provides an incomparable source of information and a basis for the future D-T operation of ITER, and it is also foreseen that a large number of key physics issues will be addressed in support of burning plasmas.
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- 2018
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 58:1
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Research review (peer-reviewed)
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| 16. |
- de Carvalho, Danila Morais, et al.
(author)
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Impact of the chemical composition of cellulosic materials on the nanofibrillation process and nanopaper properties
- 2019
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In: Industrial crops and products (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0926-6690 .- 1872-633X. ; 127, s. 203-211
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper investigated the impact of the amounts of lignin and hemicelluloses on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Birch and spruce wood were used to prepare holocellulose and cellulose samples by classical methods. To better assess the effect of the chemical composition on the CNF performance and simplify the process for CNF preparation, no surface derivatization method was applied for CNF preparation. Increased amounts of hemicelluloses, especially mannans, improved the defibration process, the stability of the CNFs and the mechanical properties, whereas the residual lignin content had no significant effect on these factors. On the other hand, high lignin content turned spruce nanopapers yellowish and, together with hemicelluloses, reduced the strain-at-break values. Finally, when no surface derivatization was applied to holocellulose and cellulose samples before defibration, the controlled preservation of residual lignin and hemicelluloses on the CNFs indicate to be crucial for the process. This simplified method of CNF preparation presents great potential for forest-based industries as a way to use forestry waste (e.g., branches, stumps, and sawdust) to produce CNFs and, consequently, diversify the product range and reach new markets.
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| 19. |
- Kim, Hyeyun, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Spray-coated nanocellulose based separator/electrode assembly
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A separator-electrode assembly (SEA) made of wood-based cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) was fabricated by a facile spray-coating process. CNF building blocks were prepared by homogenizing enzymatically pretreated cellulose fibers dispersed in a non-hazardous solvent, 2-propanol (IPA). The porous composite separator was made by spray-coating thin layers CNF-IPA, followed by a PVDF-HFP spray coating, on a lithium ion battery electrode. A CNF substrate was crucial for making a highly porous and thermally stable separator and PVDF-HFP coating enhanced its mechanical stability. The SEA maintained dimensional integrity when subjected to high temperature and when used in lithium ion batteries. A CNF-LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NMC) SEA showed excellent electrochemical stability, especially at fast charging/discharging rate, whereas a graphite counterpart showed poor electrochemical performance, resulting in cell failure. A SiO2 layer overcoated on the top of CNF-NMC SEA enabled its application for a proof-of-concept lithium metal battery and for a high energy‐density LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NMC622) lithium‐ion battery with excellent electrochemical stability and performances. The utilization of biodegradable materials and non-hazardous solvents such as IPA and acetone makes the development of the CNF based SEA attractive, as an eco-friendly lithium ion battery manufacturing process.
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| 20. |
- Moser, Carl, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Improved dispersibility of once-dried cellulose nanofibers in the presence of glycerol
- 2018
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - Berlin : De Gruyter Open. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 33:4, s. 647-650
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To investigate the dispersibility of dried cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), various additions (glycerol, octanol, glycol, and sodium perchlorate) were added to CNFs prior to drying. Glycerol was the only species to show any significant effect on re-dispersibility. The sedimentation was slower, and the transmittance of the solution was comparable to that of its undried counterpart. Increasing the amount of glycerol showed a clear trend with regard to dispersibility. The mechanical properties of films were maintained for samples that were dried and redispersed in the presence of glycerol.
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| 21. |
- Moser, Carl, 1987-
(author)
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Manufacturing and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibers
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The usage of wood has been a dominant driving force during the evolution of the human species. It allowed us to cook food, build tools, put roofs over our head and explore the world. The fibers making up the tree has been the most important way to store and transmit knowledge in the form of paper for centuries. It may not be considered as the most interesting or hi-tech of fields, although, nothing could be further from the truth. One of society's most significant issue is how to live sustainably, which is coincidentally exactly what trees can solve. We can live in tall buildings made from wood, locking up vast amounts of carbon dioxide - we can replace many of the plastics we use today with sustainable alternative from the components making up the tree - we could even make clothes from our trees and stop being reliant on the untenable cotton production - only our imagination is holding us back from what can be made from trees.Cellulose is the structural component in trees, the molecule arranges itself in a complex hierarchical structure that forms the wood-cells, or fibers. Breaking down this hierarchical structure down to its smallest structural units leaves us with tiny fibers, no longer than a few micrometers and with a width of merely four nanometers. These are cellulose nanofibers, and this work has aimed to understand how and what it takes to liberate these fine fibers from the larger fiber that they make up. Two main pathways exist to liberate the nanofibers, either chemically by introducing negatively charged groups on the surface of the cellulose, making the fibrils repel each other, or mechanically, simply by intense processing of the fibers. However, these processes are associated with certain flaws in that (i) vast amount of energy is required unless the fibers are pretreated, (ii) disintegration is performed in instruments that do not scale well, (iii) disintegration is carried out at a low concentration of fibers, typically below 5%. Additionally, what comes out of a process is difficult to characterize in terms of quality due to an inherent inhomogeneity and the small size of the nanofibers.These issues in combination with a greater understanding of the processes are the foundation of this thesis.Decreased energy consumption and scalability was explored via the steam explosion concept Nanopulp. In order to avoid issues associated with the low concentration, a method was developed for drying cellulose nanofibers to a paste without causing hornification using glycerol. A variety of cellulose nanofibers from different sources were prepared and characterization techniques were compared and expanded upon, including the development of a method for better describing the surface area of cellulose nanofibers. Finally, an environmentally friendly composite was made using cheap and available resources in combination with cellulose nanofibers.
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| 22. |
- Moser, Carl, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Specific surface area increase during cellulose nanofiber manufacturing related to energy input
- 2016
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In: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University. - 1930-2126. ; 11:3, s. 7124-7132
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Softwood fibers pretreated with a monocomponent endoglucanase were used to prepare a series of cellulose nanofiber qualities using a microfluidizer and 2 to 34 MWh ton-1 of energy input. The specific surface area was determined for the series using critical point drying and gas adsorption. Although the specific surface area reached a maximum of 430 m2 g-1 at 11 MWh ton-1, the nanofiber yield and transmittance continued to increase beyond this point, indicating that more energy is required to overcome possible friction caused by an interwoven nanofiber network unrelated to the specific surface area. A new method for estimating the surface area was investigated using xyloglucan adsorption in pure water. With this method it was possible to follow the disintegration past the point of maximum specific surface area. The technical significance of these findings is discussed.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Moser, Carl, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Structural aspects on the manufacturing of cellulose nanofibers from wood pulp fibers
- 2019
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In: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University. - 1930-2126. ; 14:1, s. 2269-2276
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The exact mechanism behind the disintegration of chemical pulp fiber into cellulose nanofibers is poorly understood. In this study, samples were subjected to various homogenization cycles, indicating that the mechanism is a stepwise process. In the earlier stages of the mechanical process, a large amount of macrofibrils were created as the larger structures disappeared. Upon mechanical treatment these macrofibrils disappeared despite the increasing yield of cellulose nanofibers. The proposed model expands the understanding of the disintegration pathway and may provide additional insight as to how wood cells are converted into microfibrils.
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| 25. |
- Moser, Carl, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Xyloglucan adsorption for measuring the specific surface area on various never-dried cellulose nanofibers
- 2018
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - Berlin : De Gruyter Open. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 33:2, s. 186-193
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we explore xyloglucan adsorption to cellulose nanofibers as a method for the evaluation of their quality (i. e., the degree of disintegration) and the accessible surface area in the wet state and at low ionic strength. This method was shown to be capable of estimating the surface areas of 14 different cellulose nanofiber qualities from both hardwood and softwood with different pretreatments, including enzymatic hydrolysis using a monocomponent endoglucanase, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and carboxymethylation. The cellulose surface measured using this method showed a correlation with the degree of disintegration expressed as transmittance for different concentrations of xyloglucan.
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| 26. |
- Moser, Carl, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Xyloglucan for estimating the surface area of cellulose fibers
- 2018
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - Berlin : De Gruyter Open. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 33:2, s. 194-199
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hemicellulose xyloglucan can be utilized to measure exposed cellulose surfaces for pulp fibers. This was shown by correlating a refining series with the adsorbed amount of xyloglucan, and by swelling cellulose fibers to various degrees by increasing the charge density. The method is specific to cellulose and could be used to quantify refining or to determine hornification.
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| 29. |
- Zhao, Yadong, 1985-, et al.
(author)
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Transparent Composites Made from Tunicate Cellulose Membranes and Environmentally Friendly Polyester
- 2018
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In: ChemSusChem. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 11:10, s. 1728-1735
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A series of optically transparent composites were made by using tunicate cellulose membranes, in which the naturally organized cellulose microfibrillar network structure of tunicate tunics was preserved and used as the template and a solution of glycerol and citric acid at different molar ratios was used as the matrix. Polymerization through ester bond formation occurred at elevated temperatures without any catalyst, and water was released as the only byproduct. The obtained composites had a uniform and dense structure. Thus, the produced glycerol citrate polyester improved the transparency of the tunicate cellulose membrane while the cellulose membrane provided rigidity and strength to the prepared composite. The interaction between cellulose and polyester afforded the composites high thermal stability. Additionally, the composites were optically transparent and their shape, strength, and flexibility were adjustable by varying the formulation and reaction conditions. These composites of cellulose, glycerol, and citric acid are renewable and biocompatible and have many potential applications as structural materials in packaging, flexible displays, and solar cells.
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