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1.
  • Duan, Shengchao, et al. (author)
  • Evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in 80-t 9CrMoCoB large-scale ingots during electroslag remelting process
  • 2024
  • In: International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. - : University of Science and Technology Beijing. - 1674-4799 .- 1869-103X. ; 31:7, s. 1525-1539
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In combination with theoretical calculations, experiments were conducted to investigate the evolution behavior of nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs) during the manufacture of large-scale heat-resistant steel ingots using 9CrMoCoB heat-resistant steel and CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–B2O3 electroslag remelting (ESR)-type slag in an 80-t industrial ESR furnace. The main types of NMI in the consumable electrode comprised pure alumina, a multiphase oxide consisting of an Al2O3 core and liquid CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MnO shell, and M23C6 carbides with an MnS core. The Al2O3 and MnS inclusions had higher precipitation temperatures than the M23C6-type carbide under equilibrium and nonequilibrium solidification processes. Therefore, inclusions can act as nucleation sites for carbide layer precipitation. The ESR process completely removed the liquid CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MnO oxide and MnS inclusion with a carbide shell, and only the Al2O3 inclusions and Al2O3 core with a carbide shell occupied the remelted ingot. The M23C6-type carbides in steel were determined as Cr23C6 based on the analysis of transmission electron microscopy results. The substitution of Cr with W, Fe, or/and Mo in the Cr23C6 lattice caused slight changes in the lattice parameter of the Cr23C6 carbide. Therefore, Cr21.34Fe1.66C6, (Cr19W4)C6, Cr18.4Mo4.6C6, and Cr16Fe5Mo2C6 can match the fraction pattern of Cr23C6 carbide. The Al2O3 inclusions in the remelted ingot formed due to the reduction of CaO, SiO2, and MnO components in the liquid inclusion. The increased Al content in liquid steel or the higher supersaturation degree of Al2O3 precipitation in the remelted ingot than that in the electrode can be attributed to the evaporation of CaF2 and the increase in CaO content in the ESR-type slag.
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2.
  • Duan, Shengchao, et al. (author)
  • Manufacturing an ultra-low-sulfur CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy by slagging through induction melting with ferroalloys feedstock
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 928, s. 167080-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Commercial ferroalloys are used in the manufacturing of a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) due to their price advantage and the productivity of the manufacturing process. However, elemental impurities such as sulfur in ferroalloys can undermine the mechanical properties of HEAs. Therefore, the desulfurization behavior of a CoCrFeMnNi HEA using the CaO-MgO-Al2O3 (CAM) slagging method with alumina or magnesia refractories and ferroalloys raw material feedstock was investigated in an induction melting furnace at 1773 K to determine how to control the cleanness of the HEA. The resulting desulfurization ratios of the alloy were approx. 47% when refined by the CaAl2O4-MgAl2O4(CA-MA)-saturated slag in an Al2O3 refractory, whereas 94% when refined by the CaO-MgO(C-M)-saturated slag in a MgO refractory. The overall mass transfer coefficients of sulfur for the HEA refined by the CA-MA- and C-M-saturated slags at 1773 K were ko = 1.4 x 10 6 m/s and ko = 2.0 x 10 6 m/s, respectively, which are lower than the coefficients of iron- and nickel-based alloys at the same experimental conditions. The MnS inclusion particles can precipitate in the mushy zone rather than the liquid region when the solid fraction is close to 1.0, i.e., at the final stage of the solidification. The theoretical radius of MnS increases from 0 to 1.6 mu m when the sulfur content rises from 3 ppm to 60 ppm, according to the hypothesis that the mass transfer of sulfur in the HEA is the rate-controlling step.
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3.
  • Duan, Shengchao, et al. (author)
  • Novel applications of ferroalloys for manufacturing of ultra-clean CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy by slagging method
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 939
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The present study provides a benchmark of a sustainable solution utilizing ferroalloys to prepare ultra-clean CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA). The designed CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slags saturated with CaAl2O4-MgAl2O4 (CA-MA, Slag A) and CaO-MgO (C-M, Slag M) were used to refine the HEA in Al2O3 and MgO refractory in an induction furnace under high-purity Ar atmosphere at 1773 K. The characteristics of non-metallic inclusions in the sampled HEA at different time intervals were quantitatively investigated. The results showed that three types of inclusions, i.e., sulfide (MnS), oxide, and complex type (oxide+sulfide), were found in the HEA regardless of refractory and slag types. The oxide inclusions such as MnAl2O4 and MgAl2O4 spinel particles can exist stably in the HEA melted in Al2O3 and MgO refractories with slag A and slag M, respectively. This fact is also confirmed not only by the electrolytic extraction method with elimination of the alloy matrix affection but also by the thermodynamic stability diagram for the HEA. For the structure of the complex inclusions, the core of oxide inclusions usually can act as the subsequent nucleation site for MnS since the precipitation temperature of the oxide inclusions (above the liquidus temperature of the HEA, TL approximately equal to 1623 K) is higher than that of MnS (below the solidus temperature of the HEA, TS approximately equal to 1573 K). The HEA melted in the MgO refractory with slag M had a higher cleanliness compared with that melted in the Al2O3 refractory with slag A, indicating that the MgO refractory with C-M saturated CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slag is suitable for producing an ultra-clean CoCrFeMnNi HEA prepared by the ferroalloys feedstock as the raw materials.
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4.
  • Fang, Xing, et al. (author)
  • Effects of the superheating degree and cooling intensity on the as-cast microstructure of CP780 thin slab
  • 2023
  • In: International Journal of Cast Metals Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1364-0461 .- 1743-1336. ; 36:1-3, s. 9-17
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This paper studied the effects of the superheating degree and cooling intensity on the solidification structure of CP 780 slab. The results indicated that the equiaxed crystal ratio decreases with the increase of superheating degree and the cooling intensity. When the superheating degree increases from 15 to 25°C, the equiaxed crystal ratio drops sharply. While the equiaxed crystal ratio decreases slightly with an increasing superheating degree from 25°C to 55°C. It is further revealed that the superheating degree has a greater effect on the equiaxed crystal ratio compared with the influence of cooling intensity. Quantitative analysed the relationship among the equiaxed crystal ratio, the superheating degree and cooling intensity is in line with the Extreme 2D model. The accuracy of the model performance can reach 97.6% when predicting the equiaxed crystal ratio of CSP-CP 780 during CSP process.
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5.
  • Huang, Shuo, et al. (author)
  • Magnetocaloric properties of melt-spun MnFe-rich high-entropy alloy
  • 2021
  • In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 119:14
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • High-entropy functional materials are of great interest in materials science and engineering community. In this work, ab initio electronic structure calculations of the phase stability and magnetic transition temperature of AlxCr0.25MnFeCo0.25-yNiy (x = 0-0.5, y = 0-0.25) alloys were performed to screen for compositions showing promising magnetocaloric properties in the vicinity of room temperature. The selected Al0.44Cr0.25MnFeCo0.05Ni0.2 alloy was synthesized via a rapid solidification technique and systematically characterized with respect to its structural and magnetocaloric properties. The results indicate that this alloy possesses a homogeneous microstructure based on an underlying body-centered cubic lattice and has a Curie temperature of & SIM;340 K. The temperature dependence of the adiabatic temperature change was evaluated using both direct and indirect methods. The ab initio-assisted design of 3d-metal-based high-entropy alloys, explored here, is intended to contribute to the development of magnetic refrigerators for room-temperature applications.
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6.
  • Li, Rongbin, et al. (author)
  • Nonlinearity in mass spectrometry for quantitative multi-component gas analysis in reaction processes
  • 2022
  • In: Analytica Chimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-2670 .- 1873-4324. ; 1194, s. 339412-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis for multi-component gas phase reaction processes is a typical multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear problem. Conventional calibration and analytical methods that are based on the common hypothesis of linearity of the detected signal and gas parameters, could result in misjudgment of the reaction mechanism and inaccuracy in the determination of the reaction kinetics. In the present work, theoretical derivations based on equivalent characteristic spectrum analysis (ECSA (R)), discrete mode experiments and continuous mode experiments were performed, and the nonlinearity of mass spectrometry was confirmed. It is only possible to determine the physical parameters such as flow rate and/or concentrations of gases by properly handling the nonlinearity of mass spectrometry. In such case comprehensive reaction mechanisms and even the kinetics of the process can be accurately characterized. Well-handled nonlinear mass spectrometry analysis ensures a reliable and highly accurate identification for the multi-component gas phase reaction processes, and ensures high signal-to-noise ratio for detecting the small-flow gases at a wide range of carrier gas flow.
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7.
  • Li, Wang, et al. (author)
  • Annealing parameters effect on microstructure evolution, tensile properties and deformation behaviors of direct-cold-rolled UNS S32101 duplex stainless steel with heterogeneous layered structure
  • 2023
  • In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 883
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Microstructure evolution, strain-induced martensite transformation (SIMT) kinetics, tensile properties, deformation behaviors of UNS S32101 duplex stainless steel (DSS) with heterogeneous layered structure (HLS) were investigated. HLS composed of multiscale grains (spanning coarse, fine, and ultrafine grains) was prepared by direct cold rolling in combination with short-time annealing, being dominated by coarse-grained ferrite (CGed α) and fine-grained austenite (FGed γ). A quantitative SIMT kinetics model was established to predict the α′-martensite fraction at various strain/annealing parameters, indicating that increased average grain size (AGS) for γ not only contributed to the SIM formation but also promoted the monotonic increase of SIMT rate until annealing for 10 min. Relatively high stacking fault energy (SFE, 35.89∼39.34 mJ/m2) favored mechanical twinning as the dominant deformation mode of γ accompanied by SIMT and dislocation glide. And α deformation was mainly coordinated by wavy slip. Both SFE and Olson-Cohen parameters were strongly correlated with the γ AGS, which could reasonably interpret the dependence of SIMT on the AGS. The A and B values increased progressively with grain coarsening along with the rapid decline in SFE, facilitating the martensite formation. Further increasing the AGS beyond the peak region severely suppressed SIMT probably due to the low probability of martensite embryo generation at deformation twins (DTs) intersections, coinciding with the sharp decrease A value.
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8.
  • Li, Wang, et al. (author)
  • Correlation of microstructure and dynamic softening mechanism of UNS S32101 duplex stainless steel during elevated temperature tensile testing
  • 2022
  • In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 855
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The dynamic substructural development and softening mechanism of UNS S32101 duplex stainless steel were comprehensively investigated by employing hot-tensile tests at various strain rates of 0.1-10 s(-1) at a fixed temperature of 1200 degrees C. Different flow behaviors were attributed to the microstructural evolution and restoration process under various hot-deformation conditions. The alternative restoration mechanisms of ferrite in the current alloy were closely associated with the evolution of the misorientation angle in the (sub)grains, depending on the applied strain rates. Therein, three distinct softening mechanisms were found in ferrite, i) subgrain coalescence (SC) at 0.1 s(-1), ii) continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) at 1 s(-1) and iii) subgrain rotationassisted discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (SR-assisted DDRX) at 10 s(-1). During SR-assisted DDRX process, new DRX nuclei were preferentially formed at the high-angle grain boundaries/phase boundaries (HAGBs/PBs) through the growth of highly misoriented subgrains. In contrast to ferrite, the available dynamic softening behavior of austenite, unlike the classical DDRX mechanism characterized by strain-induced boundary migration (SIBM), is affected by a limited number of pre-existing HAGBs. At lower strain rates of 0.1 and 1 s(-1), the nucleation process of DRX in austenite is analogous to the CDRX behavior, whereas the growth characteristics conform to DDRX, thus, it can be called dynamic recovery-assisted DDRX (DRV-assisted DDRX). At a high strain rate of 10 s(-1), DRX nucleation mainly took place through the strain-induced twin boundaries (TBs) transformation into HAGBs, and then rapidly grew via SIBM, referred to as TB-assisted DDRX.
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9.
  • Li, Wang, et al. (author)
  • New comprehension on the microstructure, texture and deformation behaviors of UNS S32101 duplex stainless steel fabricated by direct cold rolling process
  • 2022
  • In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 845, s. 143150-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The effect of cold deformation on the detailed microstructure evolution, texture development and deformation behaviors/mechanisms of UNS S32101 duplex stainless steel (DSS2101) during the direct cold rolling process was investigated. The results showed that throughout the cold deformation process, the negative texture of {001}<110> component was nonexistent in deformed ferrite, and most texture components were mainly concentrated on alpha/gamma-fibers. Detwinning in austenite was substantial responsible for the reorientation in {111}< 112> towards {111}<110> of gamma-fiber in ferrite rather than martensite transformation. Austenite texture were composed of {110}<100> Goss and {110}<115> Goss/Brass components at heavy deformation (50% and 70%). The refinement and deformation behavior in ferrite was attributed to microbands (MBs) subdivision and dislocation activities, whilst that of austenite mainly occurred through twinning, strain induced detwinning (SID) and strain induced martensite (SIM).
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10.
  • Li, Wang, et al. (author)
  • Partitioning behavior of N and its effect on hot deformation behavior of duplex stainless steels 2101 and 2205
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Materials Science. - : Springer. - 0022-2461 .- 1573-4803. ; 57:48, s. 22119-22139
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this paper, the N back-migration and restoration behavior of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) 2101 and 2205 (DSS2205) were studied. Experimental findings indicated that the Cr2N in the ferrite (α) persistently decreased for both steels during the cooling process from 1200 °C to 1000 °C, and the disappearance rate of Cr2N in DSS2205 was significantly faster than that of lean duplex stainless steel 2101 (LDX2101). On the one hand, due to the severe partitioning behavior of N atoms in α migrating back to austenite (γ), on the other hand, the enriched Mn in LDX2101 and the enriched Ni in DSS2205 exerted an impact on N migration. Also, the cumulative thermal deformation at 1200 °C contributed to the N migration back into γ with the assistance of high-density dislocations and thermal deformation energy. Furthermore, the softening mechanism of constituent phases was dominated by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) mechanism in both steels at a strain rate of 10 s−1, which was characterized by strain-induced boundaries migration from low-density dislocations to high ones.
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11.
  • Liu, Jianling, 1992-, et al. (author)
  • A review of low-temperature embrittlement in Fe-Cr-X (X=Ni, Al, Co, etc.) alloys governed by thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanics
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The effects of alloying elements added to the Fe-Cr binary system on low-temperature embrittlement 8 have been reviewed in this work. Prior literature on the underlying phase transformation, i.e. phase 9 separation (PS), and mechanical property changes are surveyed. The available literature indicates that 10 the rate of PS is accelerated by Ni or Co in the Fe-Cr binary system. The increased kinetics of PS also 11 leads to an enhanced hardening rate during aging for Ni and Co alloyed Fe-Cr alloys. In low Cr (< 17 12 wt.%) ferritic alloys, additions of Al or Co can reduce the embrittlement because these elements 13 contribute to the lowering of the driving force for PS. The influence of other alloying elements such as 14 Mo, Cu, Mn, Nb, Ti is less clear but are also discussed in this report. In this work, we also performed 15 thermodynamic and kinetic calculations to evaluate the CALPHAD databases and to further investigate 16 the thermodynamic and kinetic reasons for the effect of the additional alloying elements added to Fe-17 Cr on PS. The report gives some indications on opportunities for improving physically based predictions 18 of low-temperature embrittlement as well as opportunities to mitigate the phenomenon by alloying.
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12.
  • Liu, Jianling, 1992- (author)
  • Phase separation in duplex stainless steel: characterization and mitigation
  • 2022
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is a category of widely used stainlesssteel, which are strategically important in a variety of applications such asin the food industry, chemical engineering plants and nuclear power plants,due to their attractive combination of mechanical properties and corrosionresistance. However, these steel grades are sensitive to the so-called ‘475°Cembrittlement’, because of a phase separation (PS) phenomenon in theferrite phase, which decomposes into Fe-rich ferrite (α) and Cr-rich ferrite(α'), when exposed to temperatures within the miscibility gap. The PS isaccompanied by an increase of micro-hardness of the bcc phase and a severeloss of toughness, leading to the deterioration of the mechanical properties.Therefore, the upper service temperature of DSSs in industrial applicationshas been limited to around 250° C.In the present work, the PS in DSSs was mainly investigated by smallangleneutron scattering (SANS). A quantitative analysis method based onthe SANS data was proposed to evaluate both the wavelength and amplitudeof PS in Fe-Cr based alloys, e.g. DSSs. The wavelength and amplitudequantified by this methodology showed a good agreement with the resultsby atom probe tomography (APT). Then, SANS measurements and thismethod were applied for a comprehensive investigation on the applicationof DSSs and their weldments under industrially relevant conditions, i.e.low/intermediate temperature and prolonged aging time, in order to pursuethe structure-property relation. The current study shows that the measuredCr amplitude is connected to the change of micro-hardness and impacttoughness. Moreover, embrittlement is a function of both the isothermalaging temperature and time.In order to find effective ways to mitigate the PS, this work has alsoattempted to investigate the governing thermodynamics and the kinetics ofPS. First, the effects of alloying elements (e.g. Ni, Al, Co) on the Fe-Crsystem were critically reviewed since such understanding could pave theway for the design of the next generation of DSSs that are less susceptibleto embrittlement; Second, the process route can also influence the PS andit was therefore investigated. It was found that a faster cooling rate aftersolution treatment leads to the lower rate of PS. Moreover, applying anexternal magnetic field may also affect the kinetics of PS: an in-situ SANSstudy showed that a 1.5 T applied magnetic field can significantly delay thePS of DSSs in the early stages.This thesis can be summarized in two parts: i) demonstration of SANSfor characterizing and quantifying PS in DSSs under industrially relevantconditions; ii) discussion of the possibility to mitigate PS in DSSs to becomeless susceptible to low/intermediate temperature embrittlement.
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13.
  • Ma, Xiaoping, et al. (author)
  • Application of Ti Microalloying in a Thin-Slab-Cast Medium-Carbon Steel
  • 2021
  • In: Iron & Steel Technology. - : Association for Iron and Steel Technology. - 1547-0423. ; 18:7, s. 178-188
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Addition of 0.035 wt.% Ti into a steel with 0.23 wt.% C and 1.3 wt.% Mn was designed to produce steels for axle housing application. The production of 11-mm-thick coils was carried out in a Direction Strip Production Complex strip mill. The present studies focus on structureproperties correlation of the steels as-rolled and after normalizing at 750°C. The precipitation, partial dissolution and re-precipitation behavior of TiC along with microstructure refinement in as-rolled steel and after normalizing are analyzed using electron microscopes. The results lay the foundation for application of Ti microalloying in heat-treated medium-carbon steels.
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14.
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15.
  • Mu, Wangzhong, 1985- (author)
  • Microstructure and Inclusion Characteristics in Steels with Ti-oxide and TiN Additions
  • 2015
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Non-metallic inclusions in steels are generally considered to be detrimental for mechanical properties. However, it has been recognized that certain inclusions, such as Ti-oxide and TiN, can serve as potent nucleation sites for the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF) in low-alloy steels. The formation of IGF could improve the toughness of the coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of weld metals. Thus, the present thesis mainly focuses on the effect of size of nucleation sites on the IGF formation. Quantitative studies on the composition, size distribution and nucleation probability for each size of the inclusions as well as the area fraction, starting temperature and morphology of an IGF have been carried out.In the present work, the Ti-oxide and TiN powders were mixed with metallic powders. The mixed powders were heated up to the liquid state and cooled with a slow cooling rate of 3.6 ºC/min. These as-cast steels with Ti-oxide and TiN additions were used to simulate the IGF formation in the CGHAZ of weld metals. Specifically, the inclusion and microstructure characteristics in as-cast steels have been investigated. The results show that the nucleant inclusion was identified as a TiOx+MnS phase in steels with Ti2O3 additions and as a TiN+Mn-Al-Si-Ti-O+MnS phase in steels with TiN additions. In addition, the TiOx and TiN phases are detected to be the effective nucleation sites for IGF formation. It is clearly shown that an increased inclusion size leads to an increased probability of IGF nucleation. This probability of IGF nucleation for each inclusion size of the TiOx+MnS inclusions is clearly higher than that of the complex TiN+Mn-Al-Si-Ti-O+MnS inclusions. In addition, the area fraction of IGF in the steels with Ti2O3 additions is larger than that of the steels with TiN additions. This result agrees with the predicted tendency of the probability of IGF nucleation for each inclusion size in the steels with Ti2O3 and TiN additions.In order to predict the effective inclusion size for IGF formation, the critical diameters of the TiO, TiN and VN inclusions, which acted as the nucleation sites of IGF formation, were also calculated based on the classical nucleation theory. The critical diameters of TiO, TiN and VN inclusions for IGF formation were found to be 0.192, 0.355 and 0.810 μm in the present steels. The calculation results were found to be in agreement with the experiment data of an effective inclusion size. Moreover, the effects of the S, Mn and C contents on the critical diameters of inclusions were also calculated. It was found that the critical diameter of the TiO, TiN and VN inclusions increases with an increased content of Mn or C. However, the S content doesn’t have a direct effect on the critical diameter of the inclusions for IGF formation. The probability of IGF nucleation for each inclusion size slightly decreases in the steel containing a higher S content. This fact is due to that an increased amount of MnS precipitation covers the nucleant inclusion surface.In the as-cast experiment, it was noted that an IGF can be formed in steels with Ti2O3 and TiN additions with a cooling rate of 3.6 ºC/min. In order to control the microstructure characteristics, such as the area fraction and the morphology of an IGF, and to investigate the starting temperature of IGF and grain boundary ferrite (GBF) formation, the dynamic transformation behavior of IGF and GBF was studied in-situ by a high temperature confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Furthermore, the chemical compositions of the inclusions and the morphology of IGF after the in-situ observations were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) which equipped wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS). The results show that the area fraction of IGF is larger in the steels with Ti2O3 additions compared to the steels with TiN additions, after the same thermal cycle has been imposed. This is due to that the TiOx phase provides more potent nucleation sites for IGF than the TiN phase does. Also, the area fraction of IGF in the steels is highest after at an intermediate cooling rate of 70 ºC/min, since the competing phase transformations are avoided. This fact has been detected by using a hybrid methodology in combination with CLSM and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, it is noted that the morphology of an IGF is refined with an increased cooling rate.
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17.
  • Wang, Shule, 1994-, et al. (author)
  • A machine learning model to predict the pyrolytic kinetics of different types of feedstocks
  • 2022
  • In: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 260, s. 115613-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • An in-depth knowledge of pyrolytic kinetics is vital for understanding the thermal decomposition process. Numerous experimental studies have investigated the kinetic performance of the pyrolysis of different raw materials. An accurate prediction of pyrolysis kinetics could substantially reduce the efforts of researchers and decrease the cost of experiments. In this work, a model to predict the mean values of model-free activation energies of pyrolysis for five types of feedstocks was successfully constructed using the random forest machine learning method. The coefficient of determination of the fitting result reached a value as high as 0.9964, which indicates significant potential for making a quick initial pyrolytic kinetic estimation using machine learning methods. Specifically, from the results of a partial dependence analysis of the lignocellulose-type feedstock, the atomic ratios of H/C and O/C were found to have negative correlations with the pyrolytic activation energies. However, the effect of the ash content on the activation energy strongly depended on the organic component species present in the lignocellulose feedstocks. This work confirms the possibility of predicting model-free pyrolytic activation energies by utilizing machine learning methods, which can improve the efficiency and understanding of the kinetic analysis of pyrolysis for biomass and fossil investigations.
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18.
  • Wang, Shule, 1994-, et al. (author)
  • Effect of hydrothermal carbonization pretreatment on the pyrolysis behavior of the digestate of agricultural waste : A view on kinetics and thermodynamics
  • 2022
  • In: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 431, s. 133881-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Anaerobic digestion is the most promising disposal methods to treat organic waste. Also, a feasible management is necessary for the resulted digestate. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) combination with pyrolysis could be a proper solution to use for the treatment of digestate. In this study, the effect of an HTC on the pyrolysis of the digestate of agricultural waste (AWD) was investigated, focusing on the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. Three model-free methods, including Friedman, KAS, and OFW methods, were used to evaluate the kinetic performance of the total and pseudo pyrolytic reactions of AWD and its hydrochar. Furthermore, kinetic predictions were made to provide more information for further studies. It was found that the HTC treatment decreased the activation energy ranges of the pyrolysis of AWD from 182.9-274.43 kJ/mol to 144.59-205.20 kJ/mol by using the Friedman method. For a more thorough understanding of the effect of HTC treatment on the pyrolysis of AWD, the pyrolysis reactions of AWD and its hydrochar were divided into two pseudoreactions using the Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution method. The mean activation energy of the deduced pseudo 2 pyrolytic reaction of hydrochar was 175.64 kJ/mol, which was 28.11 kJ/mol less than that of AWD. In addition, the Delta H(double dagger )values of the pseudo 2 reactions of AWD and its hydrochar were 197.97 and 169.68 kJ/mol, respectively. The results of kinetic isothermal predictions suggested that the peak temperature for the further research and application of the pyrolysis of AWD and its hydmchar should not be lower than 450 degrees C.
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19.
  • Wang, Wujun, 1984-, et al. (author)
  • A New High-Temperature Durable Absorber Material Solution through a Spinel-Type High Solar Absorptivity Coating on Ti2AlC MAX Phase Material
  • 2021
  • In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 13:37, s. 45008-45017
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Enhancing the operating temperature of concentrating solar power systems is a promising way to obtain higher system efficiency and thus enhance their competitiveness. One major barrier is the unavailability of suitable solar absorber materials for operation at higher temperatures. In this work, we report on a new high-temperature absorber material by combining Ti2AlC MAX phase material and iron-cobalt-chromite spinel coating/paint. This durable material solution exhibits excellent performance, passing the thermal stability test in an open-air environment at a temperature of 1250 degrees C for 400 h and at 1300 degrees C for 200 h. The results show that the black spinel coating can offer a stable high solar absorptivity in the range of 0.877-0.894 throughout the 600 h test under high temperatures. These solar absorptivity values are even 1.6-3.3% higher than that for the sintered SiC ceramic that is a widely used solar absorber material. Divergence of solar absorptivity during these relatively long testing periods is less than 1.1%, indicating remarkable stability of the absorber material. Furthermore, considering the simple application process of the coating/painting utilizing a brush followed by curing at relatively low temperatures (room temperature, 95 and 260 degrees C in sequence), this absorber material shows the potential for large-scale, high-temperature solar thermal applications.
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20.
  • Wang, Wei, et al. (author)
  • High corrosion resistance duplex fcc plus hcp cobalt based entropic alloys : An experimental and theoretical investigation
  • 2022
  • In: Materials & design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-1275 .- 1873-4197. ; 223, s. 111166-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A series of duplex fcc + hcp Co-based entropic alloys are being discovered as a new category of entropic alloys with outstanding mechanical properties, especially to overcome a typical mechanical trade-off between strength and ductility. In this work, CALPHAD-based (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) thermo-dynamic calculations were performed to facilitate alloy design and to understand corrosion behaviors. The kinetics of the electrochemical corrosion for designed alloys in typical aggressive anion Cl-was inves-tigated by electrochemical tests, including open circuit potential (OCP), polarization and cyclic polariza-tion curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The valence state and the surface morphologies of the passive films were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscope (AFM). High corrosion resistance materials with high strength and ductility per-formances were discovered in the present work. Except for Ni-oxides, various spinel compounds and many other oxides including Co2O3, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, MoO3, CoCr2O4, FeCr2O4, CoFe2O4, and CoMoO4 were observed in the passive films. The adsorbed and penetrated corrosive anion Cl-will be prone to breakdown the passive films with less Cr2O3, CoCr2O4 and MoO3 to form pitting corrosion (also include other localized corrosion, such as intergranular corrosion and crevice corrosion). The microstructure of the hcp martensite with the fcc matrix has played an important role in the propagation of the localized anodic dissolution in the form of cleavage and quasi-cleavage. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental observations. This paper paves a way for the future devel-opment of high-performance Co-based entropic alloys served in some harsh environments.
  •  
21.
  • Wang, Wei, et al. (author)
  • Inclusion engineering in Co-based duplex entropic alloys
  • 2021
  • In: Materials & design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-1275 .- 1873-4197. ; 210
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Co-based duplex entropic alloy is designed very recently to replace pure Co as a major component of the binder phase for cemented carbide cutting tools. This work aims to provide a fundamental study of oxide inclusion characteristics in the duplex fcc + hcp Co-based entropic alloys. It is found that the Co85-xCrxFe7.5Ni7.5 (x = 15, 30 at.%) alloys hold the highest liquidus (T-liq) and solidus (T-sol) temperatures, compare with the Co85-xCrxMn7.5Ni7.5 (x = 15, 30 at.%) and Co77.5-xCrxFe7.5Mn7.5Ni7.5 (x = 15, 30 at.%) alloys. For each grade, the increasing Cr content leads to a decrease of T-sol and T-liq temperatures. It is also noted that there is an approximate 100 degrees C of undercooling exists in each grade during the solidification. The stable oxide inclusion in the Co85-xCrxMn7.5Ni7.5 and Co77.5-xCrxFe7.5Mn7.5Ni7.5 alloys is the MnCr2O4 type, while Cr2O3 is the main stable inclusion in the Co85-xCrxFe7.5Ni7.5 alloy. Furthermore, the size range of the MnCr2O4 particles is larger than that of Cr2O3. The theoretical calculation shows that MnCr2O4 has a higher coagulation coefficient than Cr2O3 does. This is due to the influence of the thermo-physical parameters, i.e. the interfacial energy between the oxide and the alloy and the viscosity of liquid alloy. The theoretical calculation fits well with the experimental findings.
  •  
22.
  • Wang, Wei, et al. (author)
  • Optimal corrosion resistance of cobalt-based dual-phase entropic alloys via compositional modulation of aluminum
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2238-7854. ; 24, s. 9225-9239
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A new category of Al-doped cobalt-based dual phase entropic alloys with high corrosion resistance properties was designed in the present work. CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) aided prediction was performed to facilitate the alloy design. Two groups of alloys have been extensively investigated by various techniques. One group was quenched in water from the homogenization temperature (i.e. 1200 °C) to room temperature. The other group was subsequently quenched in liquid nitrogen from room temperature. The microstructure of the proposed alloys was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Several kinds of electrochemical tests were performed to study the corrosion behaviors of the designed alloys in NaCl solution, including open circuit potential (OCP), polarization and cyclic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical noise (ECN), linear voltammetry curves and staircase voltammetry scan, and Mott–Schottky method. The obtained results show that Al has a minor influence on the corrosion property of this series alloy with a 0 to 2 at.% Al addition. All the designed alloys hold quite acceptable corrosion resistance. In addition, a mechanical property, i.e. micro-hardness, is also provided as a supplement information. This work sheds light on the correlation between computational thermodynamics and corrosion behaviors in cobalt-based dual-phase entropic alloys, as well as to provide a feasibility study on the important role of CALPHAD method for a rapid development of a new category of high performance alloys.
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23.
  • Wang, Weixian, et al. (author)
  • Prediction of Final Solidification Position in Continuous Casting Bearing Steel Billets by Slice Moving Method Combined with Kobayashi Approximation and Considering MnS and Fe3P Precipitation
  • 2021
  • In: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 61:11, s. 2703-2714
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Control of MnS and Fe3P precipitate are of vital importance for the quality of the bearing steels. The precipitation behavior is not only related to shortening the bearing steel's fatigue life, but also to another serious engineering problem i.e. changing the billet final solidification position. In order to distinguish the different precipitate behavior on the influencing of the final solidification position, a slice moving method combined with Kobayashi approximation and the MnS and Fe3P precipitation is developed. The continuous casting billet of seve-component bearing steel, i.e. Fe-C-Cr-Mn-Si-P-S system, is considered as the raw material. Upon the present chemical composition of 0.004 to 0.007 mass% S and 0.011 to 0.012 mass%P in 100Cr6 (DIN -Norm) and RAD1 (GB-Norm) alloy, the MnS but not Fe3P precipitate covers the billet cross section. The onset of Fe3P precipitation is at 0.019 mass% P in 100Cr6 alloy and 0.021 mass% P in RAD1 alloy. The distribution of the maximum amount of MnS and Fe3P precipitate is similar, i.e. concentrating at the billet center. The increase of P composition, besides accelerating the precipitation of MnS and Fe3P, elongates the liquid core length. In contrast, the increase of S composition and the precipitation of MnS greatly shortens the liquid core length. Thus it is vital to control composition of S, P solute to a low level in bearing steels in order to stabilize the final solidification position.
  •  
24.
  • Wang, Wujun, 1984-, et al. (author)
  • Solar selective reflector materials: Another option for enhancing the efficiency of the high-temperature solar receivers/reactors
  • 2021
  • In: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248. ; 224
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The cavity wall is an important part of a cavity receiver in determining the receiver efficiency. Using solar selective reflector (SSR) materials with low solar absorptivity and high thermal emissivity for the cavity wall design is one efficient way to improve the receiver efficiency. In this work, we present a systematic study of the optical and high-temperature stability performances of six different SSR materials: one refractory ceramic fiber-based substrate material (Fiberfrax 140) and five metallic oxide coatings which are prepared by mixing metallic oxide powders of alumina, magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide with commercial inorganic adhesives. The thermal stability was studied by heating up and keeping the six candidate materials in atmospheric conditions at a temperature of 1250 ◦C for 200 h. The spectrum of hemispherical reflectance in the spectrum band 0.25–25 μmwas measured for analyzing the optical performance of the candidate materials. The obtained results show that all the six materials studied have good solar selective reflection characteristics, i.e, low solar absorptivity and relatively high thermal emissivity. Especially, the alumina-coated substrate material shows excellent performances both for thermal stability and solar selective reflection. The solar reflectivity can reach 94.6%.
  •  
25.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Characterization and formation mechanism of non-metallic inclusions in single bcc-phase high entropy alloy
  • 2023
  • In: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 205
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This work aims to provide a fundamental study of inclusion characteristics in the single bcc-phase high entropy alloy (HEA), Mn-rich and Al-contained multicomponent system (Al-Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni) was selected as the prototype alloy in this study. According to the differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements, the solidus (TS) and liquidus (TL) temperatures of this alloy were in the range of 1225–1228 °C (1226 ± 2 °C) and 1268–1271 °C (1270 ± 2 °C), respectively. Non-metallic inclusions were investigated in a two-dimensional (2D) cross-section method as well as extracted by a three-dimensional (3D) electrolytic extraction method. It was found that AlN was the dominant inclusion phase, also a small amount of Al2O3 inclusions were observed. They formed in the liquid alloy and mostly presented as Al2O3-AlN agglomerates, where the size range of the AlN inclusions was larger than that of Al2O3. The theoretical calculation showed that AlN inclusion has a higher coagulation coefficient and collision rate than those of Al2O3 inclusions, which agrees well with the experimental observations. The inclusion characteristics of Al2O3 and AlN were closely related to the relative contents of O and N in the presence of high Al content in the alloy. The impurity elements of N and O were the key issues in controling the stable inclusion phase in high entropic alloy.
  •  
26.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Combination of In Situ Confocal Microscopy and Calorimetry to Investigate Solidification of Super- and Hyper-Duplex Stainless Steels
  • 2023
  • In: Steel Research International. - : Wiley. - 1611-3683 .- 1869-344X. ; 94:11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The solidification processes of super- and hyper-duplex stainless steels (i.e., UNS S32750 and S 33 207) are investigated in situ by a high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope (HT-CLSM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The variations of δ-ferrite phase fraction during solidification are measured quantitatively. The results show that liquid L→δ-ferrite transformation first occurs at a certain degree of supercooling during the solidification process of steel. UNS S3DSS 3207 with a higher Cr content can result in a higher nucleation temperature and faster growth of δ-ferrite compared to those of UNS S332750 steel. Moreover, both the liquidus (TL) and solidus temperatures (TS) are increased with the increasing Cr content, while TL increases greater than TS. Electron microscopies are used to quantify the fraction and composition of each phase. Scheil equation is employed to predict the distribution behavior of the main alloying elements in the solidification process, and the predicted results are consistent with the experimental findings. This study aims to provide real-time experimental insights into the solidification kinetics of state-of-the-art high-alloy-grade duplex steels and benefits for controlling the casting process in the real production of stainless steels.
  •  
27.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystallization Behavior during Solidification of Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel S33207 : An In Situ Confocal Microscopy Study
  • 2023
  • In: Crystals. - : MDPI. - 2073-4352. ; 13:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Hyper duplex stainless steel (HDSS) is a new alloy group of duplex stainless steels with the excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties among the existing modern stainless steels. Due to the incorporation of the high content of alloying elements, e.g., Cr, Ni, Mo, etc., the crystallization behavior of & delta;-ferrite from liquid is of vital importance to be controlled. In this work, the effect of the cooling rate (i.e., 4 & DEG;C/min and 150 & DEG;C/min) on the nucleation and growth behavior of & delta;-ferrite in S33207 during the solidification was investigated using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (HT-CLSM) in combination with electron microscopies and thermodynamic calculations. The obtained results showed that the solidification mode of S33207 steel was a ferrite-austenite type (FA mode). L & RARR;& delta;-ferrite transformation occurred at a certain degree of undercooling, and merging occurred during the growth of the & delta;-ferrite phase dendrites. Similar microstructure characteristics were observed after solidification under two different cooling rates. The variation in the area fraction of & delta;-ferrite with different temperatures and time intervals during the solidification of S33207 steels was calculated at different cooling rates. The post-microstructure as well as its composition evolution were also briefly investigated. This work shed light on the real-time insights for the crystallization behavior of hyper duplex stainless steels during their solidification process.
  •  
28.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Effect of ferrochromium (FeCr) and ferroniobium (FeNb) alloys on inclusion and precipitate characteristics in austenitic stainless steels
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2238-7854. ; 25, s. 4989-5002
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Lab-scale alloying experiments were carried out by first adding commercial low-carbon ferrochrome (LCFeCr) alloys and then adding ferroniobium (FeNb) alloys in 316-grade austenitic stainless steel in this study. The inclusion and precipitation characteristics in LCFeCr and FeNb were evaluated as well as in a 316 austenitic stainless steel after the alloy additions by using two- and three-dimensional characterization methods in combination with thermodynamic calculations. The results showed that MnCr2O4 spinels and pure Al2O3 were the main types of inclusions in LCFeCr alloys, while pure TiOx, Al2O3 inclusions and complex TiOx-Al2O3 aggregates were mainly found in FeNb alloys. After the addition of LCFeCr alloy to the steel, the SiO2 contents in liquid inclusions decreased to some extent, while more inclusions containing higher MnO contents were observed. Some MnCr2O4 spinel inclusions can be reduced by Si in steel and form liquid inclusions. Some MnCr2O4 spinel and Al2O3 inclusions from LCFeCr alloy can remain in the steel melt, which decreased the steel cleanliness. After the addition of FeNb alloy, pure TiOx inclusions present in this alloy can hardly be found in the steel melt. The inclusion types in steel were not changed so much but high Nb-containing phases were found around the inclusions and coarse Laves phases were formed in the matrix. Overall, this work aims to understand the impurity particle behavior during the alloying process when using ferroalloys to produce high-performance stainless steels.
  •  
29.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Effect of hafnium and molybdenum addition on inclusion characteristics in Co-based dual-phase high-entropy alloys
  • 2024
  • In: International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. - : Springer Nature. - 1674-4799 .- 1869-103X. ; 31:7, s. 1639-1650
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Specific grades of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) can provide opportunities for optimizing properties toward high-temperature applications. In this work, the Co-based HEA with a chemical composition of Co47.5Cr30Fe7.5Mn7.5Ni7.5 (at%) was chosen. The refractory metallic elements hafnium (Hf) and molybdenum (Mo) were added in small amounts (1.5at%) because of their well-known positive effects on high-temperature properties. Inclusion characteristics were comprehensively explored by using a two-dimensional cross-sectional method and extracted by using a three-dimensional electrolytic extraction method. The results revealed that the addition of Hf can reduce Al2O3 inclusions and lead to the formation of more stable Hf-rich inclusions as the main phase. Mo addition cannot influence the inclusion type but could influence the inclusion characteristics by affecting the physical parameters of the HEA melt. The calculated coagulation coefficient and collision rate of Al2O3 inclusions were higher than those of HfO2 inclusions, but the inclusion amount played a larger role in the agglomeration behavior of HfO2 and Al2O3 inclusions. The impurity level and active elements in HEAs were the crucial factors affecting inclusion formation.
  •  
30.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Effect of LCFeCr Alloy Additions on the Non-metallic Inclusion Characteristics in Ti-Containing Ferritic Stainless Steel
  • 2021
  • In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : Springer Nature. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 52:6, s. 3815-3832
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The influence of commercial low carbon ferrochromium (LCFeCr) additions on the inclusion characteristics in Ti-containing ferritic stainless steel was studied by laboratory experiment in this work. The inclusions in steel before and after the FeCr alloy additions were investigated through systematic samplings and microscopy investigations of the liquid steel. Different types of inclusions in the FeCr alloy and steel were detected and the evolution of the inclusion characteristics (e.g., composition, size, morphology, and number density) were investigated. The results showed that the Ti content decreased after the FeCr alloy additions. Furthermore, MnCr2O4 spinel inclusions originating from the FeCr alloys transformed into Ti2O3–Cr2O3-based liquid inclusions and Ti2O3-rich solid inclusions. They were formed due to the reactions between MnCr2O4 and TiN inclusions or dissolved Ti in molten steel. The ratio of Ti/Al in the steel melt has a direct influence on the evolution of inclusions from thermodynamic calculations. The addition of FeCr alloys caused an increased number density of these Ti2O3-containing inclusions and TiN inclusions up to 8 minutes from the time of alloy addition. The increased Cr content from 16 to 24 mass pct due to the FeCr additions can increase the critical N content to form TiN inclusions at a specific Ti content. Overall, this study has contributed to the understanding the behavior of inclusions from LCFeCr alloy during the alloying process in Ti-containing steel.
  •  
31.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Effect of Manufacturing Conditions and Al Addition on Inclusion Characteristics in Co-Based Dual-Phase High Entropy Alloy
  • 2023
  • In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A. - : Springer Nature. - 1073-5623 .- 1543-1940. ; 54:7, s. 2715-2729
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Three Co-based dual-phase high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were produced by different manufacturing conditions: arc-melting with Ar protection (Ar-HEA), vacuum induction melting in Al2O3 crucible (Cr-HEA) and vacuum induction melting with 0.5 at. pct Al (Al-HEA), which resulted in different levels of impurity elements and inclusion characteristics. The inclusions that precipitated in different HEA samples were investigated through an electrolytic extraction process and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) characterization. The results showed that Mn(S,Se) inclusions were presented in all three alloys. MnCr2O4 inclusions were presented only in Ar-HEA, pure Al2O3 inclusions were presented in Cr-HEA and Al-HEA, and Mn–Cr–Al–O inclusions were also found in Al-HEA. Thermodynamic calculation software FactSage and Thermo-calc were used to predict the inclusion formations of the HEAs, which showed a good agreement with the experimental findings. The stable inclusions can transform from MnCr2O4 to Mn(Cr,Al)2O4 and then to pure Al2O3 with the increase of Al content. The inclusions in Al-containing HEA are spinel or Al2O3 depending on the content levels of Al and O. It is proposed that the formation of spinel and Al2O3 inclusions can be avoided in liquid HEA when the O content is controlled to be very low, which can result in smaller-sized inclusions. Moreover, the calculated coagulation coefficient of spinel inclusions is close but lower than that of Al2O3 inclusions. The collision growth of inclusions was affected by a combination of physical parameters of HEA and inclusions as well as the inclusion size and amount. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
  •  
32.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Evolution of the Non-metallic Inclusions Influenced by Slag-Metal Reactions in Ti-Containing Ferritic Stainless Steel
  • 2021
  • In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : Springer Nature. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 52:6, s. 3986-4001
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Laboratory experiment and thermodynamic calculation for the Ti-containing 24 mass pct Cr ferritic stainless steel with a CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO system slag were performed to investigate the effect of slag addition on the inclusion characteristics in molten steel. The morphology, composition, and size evolution of inclusions in steel samples were analyzed in three-dimensional by the electrolytic extraction method and in two-dimensional by the automatic analysis method. The results showed that the Ti content significantly decreased after the slag addition. However, the change of the Si content showed an opposite tendency. The decrease of the Ti content in steel was due to the reduction of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the slag by dissolved Ti in steel. An increase of the TiO2 content in the slag can decrease the Ti loss in steel based on the slag-steel kinetic analysis. The total O content in the steel melt decreased from 62 to 26 ppm, and the steel cleanliness was improved, since the number density of inclusions decreased after the slag refining. The results of a kinetic analysis showed that the rate-determining step of the oxidation of Ti in the steel and the reduction of SiO2 in the slag were the mass transfer on the slag side. In addition, high Ti2O3-containing inclusions were found to be transformed to Cr2O3-Ti2O3-Al2O3 and Cr2O3-Ti2O3-SiO2 system inclusions after the slag addition. The Al2O3 contents in inclusions increased while the Ti2O3 contents decreased with time. However, there were some amount of high melting point inclusions with high Al2O3 content, which were not what we expected. When plotted on logarcxithmic scales, the mole ratio XAl2O3/(XTi2O3·XCr2O3) values of the inclusions were expressed as a linear function of the aAl2/(aTi2·aCr2·aO3) values of the steel melts with a slope of unity, which was theoretically expected.
  •  
33.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • In Situ Observation of Solidification and Crystallization of Low-Alloy Steels : A Review
  • 2023
  • In: Metals. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4701. ; 13:3
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Crystallization during the solidification process of steels is of vital importance for controlling the quality of final products. This paper summarizes the in situ characterization research activities of crystallization behaviors of low-alloy steels during the solidification process. The results obtained using high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope (HT-CLSM) are critically reviewed, and other relevant methodologies, i.e., either classical method using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or large-scale facility (LSF), are also briefly mentioned. The evolution of the crystallization front from a planar to a cellular and further to a dendritic one, and subsequential microstructure evolutions, i.e., delta-ferrite (delta) formation from the liquid, austenite (gamma) transformation and decomposition, are mainly discussed. The current review aims to highlight the state-of-the-art research outputs obtained by the novel in situ characterization techniques, and the obtained knowledge aims to shed light on the further development of the quality low-alloy steel products by controlling the processing and structure correlation.
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34.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Inclusion Engineering in Medium Mn Steels : Effect of Hot-Rolling Process on the Deformation Behaviors of Oxide and Sulfide Inclusions
  • 2022
  • In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : Springer Nature. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 53:4, s. 2182-2197
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Medium Mn steel (MMS) is a new category of the third-generation advanced high strength steel (3rd AHSS) which is developed in the recent 1-2 decades due to a unique trade-off of strength and ductility. Thus, this steel grade has a wide application potential in different fields of industry. The current work provides a fundamental study of the effect of hot-rolling on the inclusion deformation inMMSincluding a varied 7 to 9 mass pctMn. Specifically, the deformation behavior of different types of inclusions (i.e., Mn(S,Se), liquid oxide (MnSiO3), MnAl2O4, and complex oxy-sulfide) was investigated. The results show that both MnSiO3 and Mn(S,Se) are soft inclusions which are able to be deformed during the hot-rolling process but MnAl2O4 does not. The aspect ratio of soft inclusions increases significantly from as-cast to hot-rolling conditions. When the maximum size of different inclusions is similar, Mn(S,Se) deforms more than MnSiO3 does. This is due to a joint influence of physical parameters including Young's modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion (α), etc. However, when the maximum size of one type of inclusion (e.g., MnSiO3) is much larger than another one (e.g., Mn(S,Se)), this maximum size of soft inclusions plays a dominant role than other factors. In addition, the deformation behavior of dual-phase inclusion depends on the major phase, i.e., either oxide or sulfide. Last but not least, empirical correlations between the reduction ratio of the thickness of plate, grain size, and aspect ratio of oxide and sulfide inclusions after hot-rolling are provided quantitatively. This work aims to contribute to the 'inclusion engineering' concept in the manufacturing of new generation AHSS.
  •  
35.
  • Wang, Yong, et al. (author)
  • Interfacial Phenomena and Inclusion Formation Behavior at Early Melting Stages of HCFeCr and LCFeCr Alloys in Liquid Iron
  • 2021
  • In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : Springer Nature. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 52:4, s. 2459-2473
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Chromium is normally added to liquid alloy in the form of different grades of ferrochromium (FeCr) alloys for the requirement of different alloy grades, such as stainless steels, high Cr cast iron, etc. In this work, inclusions in two commercially produced alloys, i.e., high-carbon ferrochromium (HCFeCr) and low-carbon ferrochromium (LCFeCr) alloys, were investigated. The FeCr alloy/liquid iron interactions at an early stage were investigated by inserting solid alloy piece into contact with the liquid iron for a predetermined time using the liquid-metal-suction method. After quenching these samples, a diffusion zone between the alloys and the liquid Fe was studied based on the microstructural characterizations. It was observed that Cr-O-(Fe) inclusions were formed in the diffusion zone, FeOx inclusions were formed in the bulk Fe, and an “inclusion-free” zone was detected between them. Moreover, it was found that the HCFeCr was slowly dissolved, but LCFeCr alloy was rapidly melted during the experiment. The dissolution and melting behaviors of these two FeCr alloys were compared and the mechanism of the early-stage dissolution process of FeCr alloys in the liquid Fe was proposed.
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36.
  • Wen, Yuming, et al. (author)
  • Pyrolysis of engineered beach-cast seaweed : Performances and life cycle assessment
  • 2022
  • In: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 222
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The blooming of beach-cast seaweed has caused environmental degradation in some coastal regions. Therefore, a proper treating and utilizing method of beach-cast seaweed is demanded. This study investigated the potential of producing power or biofuel from pyrolysis of beach-cast seaweed and the effect of the ash-washing process. First, the raw and washed beach-cast seaweeds (RS and WS) were prepared. Thereafter, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), bench-scale pyrolysis experiment, process simulation, and life cycle assessment (LCA) were conducted. The TG results showed that the activation energies of thermal decomposition of the main organic contents of RS and WS were 44.23 and 58.45 kJ/mol, respectively. Three peak temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 degrees C were used in the bench-scale pyrolysis experiments of WS. The 600 degrees C case yielded the most desirable gas and liquid products. The bench-scale pyrolysis experiment of RS was conducted at 600 degrees C as well. Also, an LCA was conducted based on the simulation result of 600 degrees C pyrolysis of WS. The further process simulation and LCA results show that compare to producing liquid biofuel and syngas, a process designed for electricity production is most favored. It was estimated that treating 1 ton of dry WS can result in a negative cumulative energy demand of -2.98 GJ and carbon emissions of -790.89 kg CO2 equivalence.
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37.
  • Wen, Yuming, et al. (author)
  • Pyrolysis of raw and anaerobically digested organic fractions of municipal solid waste : Kinetics, thermodynamics, and product characterization
  • 2021
  • In: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 415
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Treating the solid residue after anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is currently a challenge. Here, pyrolysis is a promising way of recovering energy and materials from these solid residues. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the pyrolysis performance of these solid residues. The effect of AD on the pyrolysis of OFMSW was also studied. Thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and bench-scale pyrolysis experiments were performed by using OFMSW and anaembically digested OFMSW. Mathematical deconvolution analysis (MDA), model-free methods, and model-based methods were applied to study the kinetics. Thereafter, thermodynamic parameters were estimated based on the deduced kinetic results. The char, liquid, and permanent gas products from bench-scale experiments were characterized. The pyrolysis results show that the activation energies of the pseudoreactions of OFMSW are higher than those of the corresponding pseudoreactions of digestate. Moreover, the entropy reduction for digestate is larger than that for OFMSW. The characterization results of the products from the bench-scale experiments show that the interactions among feedstock components (lipids, lignocellulose, and proteins) during pyrolysis are enhanced by the application of AD. However, the pyrolysis yields of both heavy organics and gas are inhibited by the application of AD, while the char yield shows the opposite trend.
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38.
  • Wen, Yuming, et al. (author)
  • Synergistic effect of the co-pyrolysis of cardboard and polyethylene : A kinetic and thermodynamic study
  • 2021
  • In: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 229
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) represents one of the most promising solutions to recycle materials and recover energy. Two of the main components of MSW are waste cardboard and plastic. In this study, the pyrolysis of cardboard and polyethylene (PE) and the co-pyrolysis of their mixtures were conducted to investigate the synergistic effect by using thermogravimetric analysis. The whole reaction process was divided into four pseudoreactions, namely, hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose, and PE, by using the Frazer-Suzuki deconvolution method. It was found that the co-pyrolysis of cardboard and PE could promote the decomposition degrees of cardboard from 70.28% to 75.31%, when the PE fraction increased from 0 to 75%. However, the presence of cardboard can hinder the heat adsorption of PE, which shifts the peak of the PE reaction to a higher temperature. This results in higher E-a and Delta H double dagger values for PE pyrolysis with an increasing fraction of cardboard. On the other hand, the E-a and Delta H double dagger values of cellulose pyrolysis have their lowest values when the mixing rate is around 50%. This research deepens the understanding of the synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis of cardboard and PE, which supports the potential application of pyrolysis of MSW.
  •  
39.
  • Xuan, Changji, et al. (author)
  • New insights of heterogeneous nucleation and anisotropic growth of acicular ferrite on non-metallic inclusion
  • 2022
  • In: Materials & design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-1275 .- 1873-4197. ; 221
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This work studies the acicular ferrite (AF) nucleation and growth from a classical defect, i.e. non-metallic inclusion surface. The heterogeneous AF-nucleation probability on NMI is predicted by a mathematical model following the classical nucleation theory. The calculation results are in consistent with the exper-imental data. The current model includes the exact form of the activation energy and Zeldovich factor for heterogeneous nucleation on pre-existing spherical surface. It generates an interaction map that for the first time quantitatively describes the superposition influences of the interfacial energies and NMI-size on the AF-nucleation potency. In the AF-growth aspect, we systematically reveal the single AF-plate evo-lution behavior through the synergy between the experimental observations and multiphase-field simu-lations. It is found that the AF-tip morphology is impacted by the misorientation angle between the favorable growth direction and normal vector. It also influences the AF-lengthening and widening kinet-ics. Additionally, the anisotropic stress field induced by the AF-NMI interface plays a significant role in controlling the complex curvature of the AF-plate. The current study opens new perspectives for under-standing the AF-precipitation mechanisms.
  •  
40.
  • Yang, Guanghui, et al. (author)
  • Heterogeneous grain size and enhanced hardness by precipitation of the BCC particles in medium entropy Fe-Ni-Cr alloys
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 931
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We report the chemical-composition-dependent precipitation of Cr-rich BCC particles and their role in the hardening of Fe-Cr-Ni medium entropy alloys (MEAs). Three alloys with different chemical compositions: 33Fe-32Cr-35Ni MEA (33Fe), 40Fe-30Cr-30Ni MEA (40Fe), and 45Fe-30Cr-25Ni MEA (45Fe) (at%), were investigated. After annealing at 800 and 950 degrees C, all three alloys had a heterogeneous grain size distribution, except for 40Fe annealed at 950 degrees C. The samples annealed at 800 degrees C showed a more heterogeneous grain size distribution, smaller average grain size, and lower degree of recrystallization than the samples an-nealed at 950 degrees C. This difference is ascribed mainly to the contents and precipitation kinetics of Cr-rich BCC particles at the two temperatures. The hardness decreased with the increase in annealing temperature for all the samples. The 33Fe sample exhibited higher hardness than 40Fe and 45Fe because of the joint effect of grain boundary strengthening and precipitation strengthening by the Cr-rich BCC particles. Different peak -load-dependent hardness behaviors were observed in 33Fe-A80 0 with relatively coarse BCC particles and 40Fe-A80 0 with fine BCC particles. The fine particles led to higher local hardness, whereas coarse particles resulted in higher microhardness owing to the hetero-deformation-induced strengthening effect. These results provide new insights into the strength optimization of medium-and high-entropy alloys through the dispersion of coarse Cr-rich BCC particles.
  •  
41.
  • Yang, Y. -G, et al. (author)
  • Effects of strain rate on austenite stability and mechanical properties in a 5Mn steel
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. - : Springer Nature. - 1006-706X .- 2210-3988.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The austenite stability and the mechanical properties in a typical medium Mn grade steel, i.e., 5Mn steel, were investigated under a wide range of strain rates through the combination of experimental and theoretical methodologies. The obtained results indicate that austenite is more stable at a high strain rate, which is due to the suppression of the austenite to martensite transformation. This suppression is attributed to the increased stacking fault energy and the high deformation energy barrier. Moreover, the suppression of martensitic transformation also leads to the decrease in the ultimate tensile strength and the uniform elongation. Owing to the increase in an adiabatic heating temperature, an increase in the uniform elongation is acquired at a high strain rate. The obtained fundamental study results shed light on a wide application of the medium Mn steel under different strain rate conditions.
  •  
42.
  • Yang, Yonggang, et al. (author)
  • New insights to understand the strain-state-dependent austenite stability in a medium Mn steel : An experimental and theoretical investigation
  • 2021
  • In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 809, s. 140993-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Changes in the mechanical stability of austenite with strain state is a significant aspect that needs to be addressed in the use of medium Mn steel in automobile body construction. New insights are provided in this paper to understand strain-state-dependent austenite stability in a 5 wt% Mn-containing steel based on the analysis of the Schmid factor by electron backscatter diffraction and the calculation of the work done by the applied stress. Four strain states, namely uniaxial tension, simple shear, plane strain, and equibiaxial stretch, were considered and digital image correlation was used to capture the strain field during the entire deformation process. Results show that the mechanical stability of austenite decreases when strain state changes from uniaxial tension to plane strain, and further decreases in the case of equibiaxial stretch due to the increasing work done by the applied stress and the increasing Schmid factor. The austenite acquires the highest mechanical stability when it is deformed at the simple shear state, which corresponds to the lowest work done by the applied stress. The obtained knowledge promotes the basic understanding for the comprehensive application of medium Mn steels in the automobile industry.
  •  
43.
  • Yang, Yonggang, et al. (author)
  • Revealing the interdependence of microstructure evolution, micromechanics and macroscopic mechanical behavior of multi-phase medium Mn steels
  • 2022
  • In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 839
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The mechanical response, on a microscopic and macroscopic level, and the deformation-induced martensitic transformation (DIMT) were investigated in multi-phase medium Mn steels (MMnS) with 6, 8 and 9 wt% Mn using in situ high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction during tensile loading. Prior to the in-situ analysis, a similar heat treatment finishing with an intercritical annealing was imposed on all MMnS. The initial microstructure prior to tensile loading was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction analysis. The volume fraction of austenite (gamma) after the heat treatment decreases from 60.2% to 50.7%, and 23.6% with increasing Mn content from 6 to 8 and 9 wt% Mn, respectively. This is mainly due to the difference in the formation of athermal alpha '-martensite. Athermal epsilon-martensite also formed in the MMnS with 8 and 9 wt% Mn, whereas no athermal epsilon-martensite formed in the MMnS with 6 wt% Mn. The alloys have quite different deformation behavior due to the different microstructures, and the majority of the load is carried by the phase that forms a continuous network throughout the steel, which in turn influences the DIMT. These results reveal the importance of assessing both phase-specific strain/stress and the inherent mechanical stability of the austenite in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of the steel. As an example, this is witnessed by the comparison of MMnS9 and MMnS8. Austenite in MMnS9 bears about half the load as compared to austenite in MMnS8 during early deformation due to a continuous network of athermal alpha '-martensite resulting in significant load partitioning from austenite to alpha '-martensite. Thus, the mechanical driving force for DIMT in MMnS9 is reduced and therefore causes lower DIMT kinetics in MMnS9 than in MMnS8, even though MMnS9 has lower inherent austenite stability.
  •  
44.
  • Zhang, Xinghai, et al. (author)
  • Microstructure evolution of TRIP-assisted lean duplex stainless steel 2101 during in-situ tensile test after a thermomechanical treatment
  • 2022
  • In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 845
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A thermomechanical treatment process which can regulate the lamellar structure of duplex stainless steel into equiaxed austenite and ferrite matrix is proposed in this paper. The effects of solution temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties as well as the plastic deformation behavior of LDSS 2101 during tension are investigated using in-situ electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that the optimum temperature range for secondary solid solution is 1000-1050 degrees C. Strain induced martensite transformation (SIMT) occurs in the metastable austenite during the deformation, following two typical sequences of gamma -> alpha' and gamma -> epsilon -> alpha'. Meanwhile, numerous deformation nano-twins are observed in the austenite, acting as strong obstacles to dislocation glide. Furthermore, alpha'-martensite nucleates preferentially at the large angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) between austenite grains as well as the intersection of annealing twin boundaries (TBs) and grain boundaries (GBs), growing rapidly along annealing TBs, GBs and slip bands. However, epsilon-martensite nucleates not only at the intersection of slip bands, but also inside the slip bands within the austenite. A high Schmid factor of 0.47 is necessary for gamma ->epsilon transformation to supply the driving force demand. Moreover, the epsilon ->alpha' transformation occurs dominantly after strain epsilon = 0.3.
  •  
45.
  • Zhang, Xinghai, et al. (author)
  • Study on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of lean duplex stainless steel 2101 with 60 GPa% PSE prepared using a short process
  • 2022
  • In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 838
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Owing to the special dual phase structure and high N content of duplex stainless steel, hot-working performance is poor, which is also a significant factor complicating its production. Therefore, a short process of direct cold rolling following solution treatment of the casting billet is proposed in this study. In addition, the synergistic deformation behavior of multiphase during the deformation of LDX 2101, as well as the action mechanism of the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) composite deformation mechanisms in austenite is investigated. Further, the strain-hardening and fracture mechanisms of LDX 2101 are investigated using in-situ electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that when the strain is small (epsilon < 0.2), the TWIP effect dominates, and the deformation twins contribute to the strain hardening rate. Conversely, when the strain (epsilon >= 0.2) is increased,the strain distribution in metastable austenite increases and the stability decreases. Meanwhile, the TRIP effect can be induced by the deformation twins. Furthermore, as martensite's nucleation position increases, the TRIP effect begins to dominate. As a result, austenite does not complete the transformation of martensite during the early stages of deformation, but rather during the middle and late stages, delaying the generation of necking and improving the elongation. Therefore, the reason for LDX 2101's high strength and elongation can be attributed to the synergistic effect of TWIP and TRIP. However, the twin formation is selective. Additionally, cracks are most frequently found at the alpha/alpha ' interface and at the torsion of the shear bands within the ferrite grain. Consequently, LDX 2101 failed due to the propagation and bonding of open cracks.
  •  
46.
  • Zhou, Lei, et al. (author)
  • Effect of NH4Cl on the rusting leaching behavior of metallic phase of iron in reduced ilmenite during TiO2 purification : An electrochemical and density-functional theory study
  • 2023
  • In: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 638
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ilmenite is the primary feedstock for the manufacturing of titanium goods, however it needs to be refined before the usage. Becher is an eco-friendly process for refining ilmenite by rusting metallic iron from reduced ilmenite to separate iron and TiO2, and NH4Cl is the commonly utilized solvent in this method. In the current study, the contribution of NH4Cl was investigated by comparative analysis of the rusting leaching behavior of iron in the Becher process environment, and the solvents including NH4Cl, CH3COONH4, NaCl and CH3COONa were selected. Electrochemical measurements including potentiodynamic polarization analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well as surface morphology analysis utilizing scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were performed. The obtained results indicate that NH4Cl has the highest rusting rate, with NH3 playing the most important role than Cl-. The presence of ammonia prevents the formation of an oxide film on the iron surface. The DFT calculation reveals the NH3 adsorption on the Fe surface enhances Fe susceptibility to electron loss, consistent with the experimental observation of NH3-accelerated iron corrosion. The obtained understanding and methodology sheds lights on the mechanism of NH4Cl action and offers new insights for the study of rusting leaching catalysts.
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