| 1. |
- Schael, S, et al.
(author)
-
Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
-
In: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
- Nilsson, Anders, 1958-
(author)
-
Power Doppler - Principles and Potential Clinical Applications
- 2003
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to: a) Determine whether the amount of colour in a power Doppler image is dependent on the angle between the examined vessel and the soundbeam and/or on the velocity of the flow within the vessel; b) Investigate if a dependency on flow velocity could be used for the detection of volume flow differences and c) Define clinical applications utilising the improved sensitivity to low flow of PD.In the experimental studies (study I and II) a silicon tube in a water bath was insonated, the insonation angle and the volume flow changed and the resulting images stored, transferred to a personal computer and analysed with regard to the amount of colour present in the image.In study III and IV the ability of power Doppler to depict low flow was used to produce a map of the perfusion in well perfused organs, lack of colour in all or part of an organ taken as a sign of decreased perfusion. 150 patients with a renal transplant (study III) and 15 patients with abdominal trauma (study IV) were examined; the detected areas of decreased perfusion were correlated to other imaging modalities, laboratory and clinical records in order to determine the underlying pathology.In study V the power Doppler sensitivity was used to look for and describe small portosystemic shunts in 141 patients with liver cirrhoses and suspected portal hypertension.The colour representation in a power Doppler image was found to be dependent both on the insonation angle and the flow velocity. Computer analysis of the images could detect differences in volume flow down to a change of 10 ml/min.Of the 150 renal transplants, areas of decreased perfusion were found in 12, all of which could be given a plausible explanation (2 focal infections, 4 AV fistulae, 1 kinked segmental artery and 5 with problems related to an accessory artery).Of the 20 organs (7 livers and 13 spleens) examined in the 15 trauma patients, 5 were found to have areas without colour, corresponding to localised haematomas. Using computed tomography as gold standard, ultrasound showed neither false positive nor false negative findings.Of the 141 patients with cirrhosis, 40 had Doppler ultrasound findings of a shunt, consistent with a portal hypertension. 7 of these 40 shunts showed a typical “ball ” or “corkscrew ” pattern.Conclusion: The colour in a power Doppler image is dependent not only on reflector concentration (as it should be in theory) but also on the insonation angle and the velocity of the flow. This can be used to detect relative changes in volume flow. Clinical applications of power Doppler include mapping of organ perfusion and the detection of small vessels. These applications are based on the high sensitivity of power Doppler.
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Nilsson, YIM, et al.
(author)
-
Syntheses of theaspirone and vitispirane via palladium(II)-catalyzed oxaspirocyclization
- 1996
-
In: JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. ; 61:5
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Total syntheses of theaspirone (A and B) and vitispirane (A and B) are described. The key step in the syntheses is the palladium(II)-catalyzed intramolecular oxaspirocyclization of diene alcohol 4 to either vitispirane or the allylic alcohol 9. The outco
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
|
|
| 29. |
|
|
| 30. |
- Niemi, MEK, et al.
(author)
-
- 2021
-
swepub:Mat__t
|
|
