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- Plos, Kaety, 1944, et al.
(author)
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Distribution of the P-associated-pilus (pap) region among Escherichia coli from natural sources: evidence for horizontal gene transfer.
- 1989
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In: Infection and immunity. - 0019-9567. ; 57:5, s. 1604-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Variation in chromosomal DNA in Escherichia coli was studied with probes specific for the P-associated-pilus (pap) region. The presence of DNA homologous to pap was determined by dot blots. Variation in the number of copies of pap and in the organization of internal and flanking sequences was determined by Southern blot hybridization. The 229 strains studied were also classified by O:K:H serotyping and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. There was considerable heterogeneity in the presence of pap and distribution of pap-homologous DNA in these E. coli strains from natural sources. In general, there was less variation in pap among strains of the same specific O:K:H serotype and enzyme electrophoretic type than among random isolates. There were, however, E. coli strains identified as members of the same clone by O:K:H serotyping and enzyme electrophoresis that were pap positive and pap negative or had different Southern blot patterns for the pap probes (pap type). There were also isolates of the same pap type that differed in two of three O:K:H serotype antigens and the majority of enzymes that determined their enzyme electrophoretic type. These latter two observations were interpreted as evidence for the horizontal (infectious) transfer of the pap-homologous sequences among clones of E. coli.
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| 2. |
- Gothefors, Leif, et al.
(author)
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Presence of colonization factor antigens on fresh isolates of fecal Escherichia coli : a prospective study.
- 1985
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In: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - 0022-1899 .- 1537-6613. ; 152:6, s. 1128-33
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In Dhaka, Bangladesh, fresh isolates of Escherichia coli from 197 patients with diarrhea were investigated for production of enterotoxin and possession of colonization factor antigen (CFA) I or II. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was isolated from 34% of the patients, and of the 67 enterotoxin-positive strains, 75% carried CFAs. Among 68 healthy control persons no strains positive for both enterotoxin and CFA were found. The CFAs in general were restricted to certain serotypes of E. coli. In a subgroup of patients, part of an ongoing surveillance study, mixed infection was seen in 23% of those from whom recognized pathogens were identified. There was a tendency to more severe dehydration when the two virulence factors, enterotoxin and CFA, were simultaneously present.
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| 3. |
- Kilpatrick, E. S., et al.
(author)
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Good glycaemic control: an international perspective on bridging the gap between theory and practice in type 2 diabetes
- 2008
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In: Current Medical Research and Opinion. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1473-4877 .- 0300-7995. ; 24:9, s. 2651-2661
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Good glycaemic control is crucial in reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications. Despite the availability of evidence-based treatment guidelines, glycaemic control appears to remain suboptimal in most countries. Objectives: In this commentary we outline the extent to which diabetes guideline targets on HbA(1c) are being met in clinical practice and - where targets are being missed - to identify potential reasons for this shortfall. Furthermore, we discuss possible actions that may improve glycaemic control. Methods: A literature search of MEDLINE using 20 core terms was conducted to help assess the state of glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes worldwide. Results: Despite clinical guidelines, evidence suggests that glycaemic control is suboptimal in most parts of the world, with average HbA(1c) values varying from 7.0% to 12.6% and thus above virtually all HbA(1c) recommendations. The potential reasons for this shortfall are numerous. However, lack of diabetes education and awareness of HbA(1c) appear to be particularly important. A number of education initiatives from around the world have been shown to improve HbA(1c) levels significantly and thus improve standards of care. Conclusions: Poor glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes appears to be a worldwide problem. As the global rise in diabetes (and its complications) seems destined to affect many less affluent countries, it is essential that appropriate steps are taken to address the barriers to good glycaemic control and ultimately improve outcomes for all people with type 2 diabetes.
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