| 1. |
- Nilsson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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54 forskare: Inte alla klarar höjd pensions-ålder
- 2017
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Ingår i: Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm. - 1101-2412.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ett hållbart och acceptabelt pensionssystem måste utformas utifrån personliga förutsättningar och förhållanden i arbetslivet, så att fler klarar att arbeta i högre ålder. Att enbart genom ekonomiska åtgärder höja pensionsåldern är inte långsiktigt hållbart, skriver 54 forskare.DEBATT | PENSIONForskning visar att cirka var fjärde har en diagnos eller skada orsakad av sitt arbete. Detta gör arbetsorsakad sjukdom och skada till ett betydelsefullt folkhälsoproblem. Att då enbart genom ekonomiska åtgärder höja pensionsåldern för samtliga (yrkes)grupper utifrån deras kronologiska ålder är inte långsiktigt hållbart när individers biologiska ålder är så olika bland annat till följd av arbetslivet. Detta är en demokratifråga. Forskning om äldre i arbetslivet och hållbart arbete visar att man då främst flyttar individer från pensionssystemet till sjukförsäkringssystemet och ökar klyftorna i samhället.Debatt Det här är en argumenterande text med syfte att påverka. Åsikterna som uttrycks är skribentens egna.Vi är 54 forskare som nu gemensamt har skrivit denna debattartikel. Anledningen är att vi är oroade över att cirka var fjärde blir sjuk av sitt arbete samtidigt som man i det förslag som ligger om att senarelägga ålderspensionen i princip utgår ifrån att arbetskraftsdeltagande enbart styrs av ekonomin. Vi vill trycka på betydelsen av åtgärder i arbetslivet för att komma tillrätta med ohälsan, det vill säga inte enbart ekonomiska restriktioner som tvingar folk som inte kan, vill och orkar att stanna kvar i arbetslivet till en högre kronologisk ålder.Pensionssystemet bygger på att vi ska arbeta en viss del av våra liv för att förtjäna möjligheter till pension. Vi bör dock inte enbart utgå ifrån antalet år sedan en person föddes, då korttidsutbildade generellt träder in på arbetsmarknaden tidigare än långtidsutbildade. De har alltså varit en del av arbetskraften från en yngre ålder. Människor med kortare utbildning har oftare ett arbete som innebär påfrestningar som kan inverka negativt på hälsotillståndet och som till och med kan påskynda det biologiska åldrandet. Dessutom lever korttidsutbildade generellt sett inte lika länge som långtidsutbildade, vilket delvis även avspeglar skilda livs- och arbetsvillkor.Den svenska sjukförsäkringsreformen 2008 avsåg att få tillbaka människor i arbete. Men studien fann att den faktiskt bidrog till att fler gick i tidig ålderspension av dem som var i åldern 55–64 år. Ökningen var störst bland korttidsutbildade. Mer än 5 procent fler gick i tidig ålderspension då det blev svårare att få sjukpenning och sjukersättning. Vi kan notera att det är vanligare att manliga chefer tar ut tidig ålderspension, jämfört med kvinnliga maskinskötare inom tillverkningsindustrin. I vissa yrken är det dessutom vanligare att människor, trots pension, både orkar och faktiskt ges möjlighet att arbeta vidare om de har en specialkompetens som efterfrågas. Om vi endast kombinerar ekonomiska morötter med piskor finns en stor risk att vi ökar klyftan mellan grupper som både kan och vill fortsätta att yrkesarbeta och personer som av olika skäl inte längre kan eller orkar.Ta nytta av den forskning som vi har tagit fram. Ett hållbart och acceptabelt pensionssystem måste utformas utifrån personliga förutsättningar och förhållanden i arbetslivet. Ett hållbart arbetsliv för allt fler i vår åldrande befolkning fordrar att vi samtidigt beaktar faktorer som relaterar till biologisk/kroppslig ålder, mental/kognitiv ålder samt social ålder/livsloppsfas och våra attityder som är kopplade till ålder. Vi måste ta större hänsyn till olika förutsättningar och varierande funktionsförmåga och utifrån detta anpassa de åtgärder som gör att arbetslivet blir möjligt och hållbart för allt fler även i högre ålder.”Morötter” är viktigare för en god arbetshälsa och hög produktivitet än en piska i form av oron för en dålig ekonomi.Forskning visar att pedagogik som bygger på ”morötter” oftast är betydligt bättre än ”piskor” för att nå framgångsrika och långsiktiga mål. ”Morötter” i samhället, för organisationer, företag och individer är därför viktiga för god arbetshälsa och fortsatt produktivitet och kan bidra till ett längre arbetsliv även för grupper som tidigare inte ens klarat av att arbeta fram till pensionsåldern. Genom forskning inom området har bland annat swage-modellen utarbetats. Detta är ett verktyg som visar på komplexiteten i ett hållbart arbetsliv och tillsammans med systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete, handlingsplaner och åtgärder syftar till ett mer hållbart arbetsliv. Morötter är enligt forskningen i detta sammanhang åtgärder för en god fysisk och mental arbetsmiljö, avpassad arbetsbelastning, stödjande teknik, att man kan anpassa arbetstakten, alternativa arbetstidsmodeller vid behov. Det är viktigt att man känner sig trygg och förväntas och tillåts vara delaktig, att man blir sedd av chefen och arbetskamraterna. Att de egna arbetsuppgifterna upplevs som meningsfulla och behövda av andra skapar självförverkligande och tillfredsställelse i arbetet. Att man känner att ens arbetsuppgifter och man själv är viktig för organisationen och företaget. Att man trots högre ålder inkluderas i olika nysatsningar och får tillgång till kompetensutveckling och inte blir åsidosatt eller åldersdiskriminerad. Utvärderingar visar att de äldre medarbetarna som fick några av dessa anpassningar och möjligheter var mer effektiva, utvilade, stimulerade när de var på arbetet samtidigt som sjukfrånvaron minskade. Vilket i sin tur bidrar till ett längre arbetsliv för grupper som tidigare inte klarat av att arbeta fram till pensionsåldern. I organisationer som bygger på en deltagar- och lärandekultur rustas de anställda för att klara omställningar, nya arbetsuppgifter och vid behov även yrkesbyten.Med en åldrande befolkning där allt fler lever allt längre behöver vi arbeta till en högre ålder i framtiden för att pensionssystemet ska hålla. Men ”morötter” är viktigare för en god arbetshälsa och hög produktivitet än en piska i form av oron för en dålig ekonomi. Det kräver också att vi ändrar våra attityder och förhållningssätt till äldre på arbetsmarknaden, vilket vi bäst gör genom att organisationer och företag får incitament till och erbjuder mer individanpassade arbetsvillkor, särskilt för personer i högre ålder. Låt oss därför använda den framtagna kunskapen i praktiken för att göra arbetslivet friskt och hållbart för alla åldrar.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Vi är oroade över senare ålderspension
- 2017
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Ingår i: Dagens Samhälle. - 1652-6511.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Var fjärde person blir i dag sjuk till följd av sitt arbete. Att höja pensionsåldern för alla yrkesgrupper, utan konkreta åtgärder för att minska ohälsan, är därför problematiskt och mycket oroande. Det är, enligt forskarna, inte långsiktigt samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt att utan andra åtgärder höja pensionsåldern för alla. Vi – 54 forskare – är mycket oroade över konsekvenserna av att, som föreslagits, senarelägga ålderspensionen.Förslaget utgår i princip från arbetskraftsdeltagande i princip enbart styrs av ekonomin, medan forskningen visar att det bara är en av flera faktorer som styr hur länge och hur mycket människor väljer att arbeta.Det här sättet att lösa problemet med en åldrande befolkning och ett sviktande pensionssystem är inte samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt på lång sikt, utan riskerar bara att flytta runt folk mellan olika ersättningssystem. Pensionssystemet bygger på att vi ska arbeta en viss del av våra liv för att tjäna in vår pension. Vi bör dock inte enbart utgå ifrån ålder eller antalet år sedan en person föddes då korttidsutbildade generellt träder in på arbetsmarknaden tidigare än långtidsutbildade. De med kortare utbildningstid har alltså varit en del av arbetskraften från en yngre ålder. Människor med kortare utbildning har också oftare ett arbete som innebär påfrestningar som kan inverka negativt på hälsotillståndet och som till och med kan påskynda det biologiska åldrandet. Dessutom lever korttidsutbildade generellt sett inte lika länge som långtidsutbildade, vilket delvis även avspeglar skilda livs- och arbetsvillkor.Ta nytta av den forskning som vi har tagit fram. Ekonomin är självklart viktigt för att vi ska vilja arbeta, men den är som sagt enbart en av flera faktorer med betydelse vårt arbetsliv.Hälsotillståndet, både det fysiska och det mentala, har en avgörande betydelse för hur länge och hur mycket vi orkar arbeta. Ett fysiskt och mentalt belastande arbete är en stark riskfaktor för en nedsatt hälsa i slutet av arbetslivet. Arbetstid, arbetstakt och möjlighet till återhämtning spelar en allt större roll ju äldre vi blir. Andra aspekter är arbetsinnehåll, hur meningsfulla och stimulerande arbetsuppgifterna är, balansen mellan arbete och familjesituation och fritidsaktiviteter. Organisationskultur, ledarskapet, stöd i arbetet och kompetens har stor betydelse för om vi ska kunna och vilja arbeta till en högre ålder. Vi måste ta större hänsyn till olika förutsättningar och varierande funktionsförmåga och utifrån detta anpassa de åtgärder som gör att arbetslivet blir möjligt och hållbart för allt fler även i högre ålder.Ett hållbart och acceptabelt pensionssystem måste därför utformas utifrån personliga förutsättningar och förhållanden i arbetslivet. Ett hållbart arbetsliv för allt fler i vår åldrande befolkning fordrar att vi samtidigt beaktar faktorer som relaterar till biologisk/kroppslig ålder, mental/kognitiv ålder samt social ålder/livsloppsfas samt de attityder som är kopplade till ålder.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Lohilahti Bladfält, Sanna
(författare)
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Driving technology and development : Usability studies of gear shifters with variations in pattern, stability and design
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Over the last few decades, the development of technology used in cars has moved forward at a very intensive pace. The focus has started to shift from the technology to the human as a user. The work done earlier regarding, for example, driver’s capabilities to process information, has now become a focus when developing modern cars in order to make driving more safe, efficient, and pleasurable. With increased knowledge comes new questions. With advancing technology and opportunities, questions about the user and how to adapt the technology to humans has become increasingly detailed and complex. One of these technological devices is the novel gear shifter used in passenger cars. Today, there is a transition taking place. Traditional gear shifters, which use a mechanical connection to the transmission, are being replaced by gear shifters that rely on electronic systems. This will allow for greater variation in both the function and design of modern cars. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about this new technology; we know little about what effects these variations can have on users. The aim of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge regarding this new technology by studying the conditions for technological development in general and the usability of modern gear shifters in passenger cars in particular.One field study, two laboratory studies and one interview study will be described in this thesis work. The field study, which was conducted with traditional shift-by-wire gear shifters, showed that the joystick shifter was the most preferred gear shifter type since it was familiar, however, the largest number of errors was made with the joystick and stalk shifter. Familiarity and the car environment seemed to influence the overall acceptance and attitude towards the gear shifters. The second and third study showed evidence of driver difficulties with the monostable gear shifters. Difficulties concerned the lack of dedicated positions, which withdrew both visual and haptic aid for the driver and could presumably increase the driver’s cognitive load, causing the driver to feel lost in the shifter pattern and to direct too much attention towards the gear shifter instead of the road. Participants described how extensive use of gear shifter modes that are lined up in a row could be cognitively demanding and that the single fixed position of the gear shifter did not provide the type of haptic or visual feedback that could help the driver become oriented with the shifter pattern. The third study compared the performance of the gear shifters in younger and older participants. The older participants made more errors and had longer task completion times than the younger participants. However, the older participants rated the gear shifters with higher ease-of-use scores than the younger participants. The older participants seemed to learn how to use the polystable gear shifters quite quickly, but not the monostable gear shifters. The fifth paper used a different approach and methodology to describe the complexities of decision-making in the Swedish vehicle industry. It revealed a situation where decision-making was a balancing act between normative and descriptive decision-making, often dependent on available knowledge and guidelines and whether there was time and money to acquire new and complementary knowledge. If resources for knowledge acquisition were lacking, social networking was described as a way to compensate. Well-functioning communication between teams and key actors in the development process was also revealed to be crucial for efficient decision-making. Also, a more agile way of working has the potential to impact decision-making due to different resource requirements for hardware and software.
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| 13. |
- Osvalder, Anna-Lisa, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Design of Usable Alarm Systems.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Nordic Ergonomic Society (NES) conference, Lysekil, Sweden, Oct.1-3, 2007.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alarm systems are essential aids for safe and efficient operation of many industrial settings. However, to design usable alarm systems, consideration needs to be taken to the human operator. This paper summarises importantdesign guidelines to consider when developing alarm systems. The results show that the most important guidelines to adhere to are: (1) consistency within the alarm system, and between the alarm system and the overallcontrol system, (2) the need to use an alarm definition and an alarm philosophy, and (3) is to start the human factors work early in the design process for success.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Osvalder, Anna-Lisa, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Older Children’s Sitting Postures, Behaviour and Comfort Experience during Ride – A Comparison between an Integrated Booster Cushion and a High-Back Booster
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings 2013 IRCOBI Conference, 11-13 September, Gothenburg, Sweden. - 2235-3151. ; , s. 882-885
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sitting postures and comfort experience were analysed from six children aged 7-9 (131-145 cm) seated on an Integrated Booster Cushion (IBC) and a high-back Booster (hbB) during 1 hour on-road drives respectively. Data was collected from video recordings, questionnaires and interviews. When seated on the IBC the most frequent posture was with the entire back and shoulders against the backrest and the head upright. On the hbB, the shoulders were seldom against the backrest. The most frequent lateral sitting posture for both boosters was upright with the seat belt in contact with the neck or mid-shoulder. Moderate and extreme forward and lateral postures occurred occasionally. A positive attitude was found towards the IBC due to possibilities to move freely, the soft seat cushion and the absence of torso supports, but the short seat cushion created some inconvenience. The hbB was perceived hard, created a locked-in feeling and felt unpleasant due to movements when changing postures. The combination of objective and subjective measures provided valuable information regarding children’s sitting behaviour. It is obvious that children do not always sit as in crash tests. Their activities and perceived discomfort influenced the selection of sitting posture and seat belt positions.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Osvalder, Anna-Lisa, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Visualisering av anläggningsstatus - Utformning av innovativa gränssnittspresentationer
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I takt med att både komplexitet och krav på lönsamhet växer i processindustrins anläggningar ökar kraven på att i ett tidigt skede kunna upptäcka, fatta beslut om och åtgärda avvikelser i processen. Detta är viktigt för att snabbt kunna återgå till normalt driftläge och därmed åstadkomma hög drifttillgänglighet. Forskningsuppgiften var att studera var forskningsfronten ligger inom visualisering av information för anläggningsstatus, och undersöka de behov och krav som anläggningarna och driftoperatörerna har. Målet var att utveckla och utvärdera nya skärmbilder anpassade till operatörens informationsbehov i olika driftsituationer. Målgruppen för projektresultatet är anläggningsägare som ansvarar för uppgradering och/eller nybeställning av hela eller delar av operatörsgränssnitten. I etapp I utvecklades skärmbildsförlag på en övergripande funktionsnivå, och i etapp II utvecklades detaljerade skärmbilder på objektnivå anpassade för projektets referensverk; Hässelbyverket (värmekraftverk) and Korsnäs Gävle (massa- och pappersbruk). Resultatet från etapp I består av konceptuella skärmbilder för sex typiska arbetssituationer som togs fram i samarbete med referensverken. En litteratur-sammanställning genomfördes om designteori för visuella displayer och de senaste trenderna inom visualisering av anläggningsstatus. En branschjämförelse gjordes mellan värmekraft, pappers- och massa, kärnkraft, raffinaderi, sjöfart, flyg och flygledning, medicinsk teknik, lednings- och bevakningscentraler samt dataspel för att hitta nya infallsvinklar till hur operatören kan stödjas via gränssnittet i sin arbetssituation. Resultatet innehåller också en systemmodell för att beskriva komplexa människa-maskinsystem samt riktlinjer för utformning av skärmbilder för värmekraftverk samt massa- och pappersbruk. I etapp II utvecklades detaljerade skärmbilder för referensanläggningarna. För Korsnäs Gävle utvecklades en skärmbild för optimering av processdelen Blandlut 7. På Hässelbyverket valdes tre driftsituationer för detaljerad utformning; snabb perception av anläggningsstatus (ersättning av gamla visartavlor), proaktivt upptäcka avvikelser i processen och optimering av miljövärden. Slutsatsen är att projektet har varit framgångsrikt genom att de utvecklade skärmbilderna både medför fördelar för operatörens arbetssituation och driftfördelar. De problem som uppstått har främst varit svårigheter att implementera nya idéer i befintliga styrsystem. För att komma runt detta användes anläggningarnas informationssystem eftersom det medgav större flexibilitet för att implementera nya visualiseringsformer. En annan slutsats är vikten av att utvärdera med operatörer i drift, då skärmbilden används i sin rätta miljö. Nyhetsvärdet består i att poängtera att anläggningar bör se utveckling av nya skärmbilder som en integrerad del i moderniseringsarbetet, och att det också har betydelse för driftekonomin. Om det finns optimala förutsättningar att styra och övervaka processen förbättras också potentialen för att höja kvalitet, effektivitet och säkerhet. Visualiserings-förslagen i rapporten kan fungera som exempel och inspirationskälla för kommande utvecklingsprojekt i industrin. Målet med projektet är uppfyllt genom att nya skärmbilder anpassade till operatörens informationsbehov i olika driftsituationer har utvecklats och utvärderats. Potentiella framtida förbättringar till förslagen i rapporten har också redovisats.
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| 22. |
- Thunberg, Anna, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Larm och larmsystem
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Thunberg, Anna, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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What constitutes a well-designed alarm system?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Joint conference between IEEE - Human Factors in Power Plants and Human Performance, Root Cause and Trending, Monterey, USA, August 26-September 1, 2007.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 25. |
- Ahlin, Jane, et al.
(författare)
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Strategies to develop and strengthen human factors and ergonomics knowledge among stakeholders in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne 9-14 August 2015. - Melbourne : International Ergonomics Association.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge and application of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) has significant potential as auseful tool and solution provider in the development, design and implementation of safe, efficient and sustainable artefacts and systems. Yet, it seems that this HFE knowledge is not utilised to its full potential. In a world of competing financial and commercial priorities, HFE specialists have apparently not succeeded in selling the systems approach as a tool towards improved overall systems performance and human well-being.The present paper describes the strategic and practical workperformed by the Swedish Ergonomics and Human Factors Society (EHSS) to strengthen the quality of human factors and ergonomics knowledge and practice among various stakeholders in Sweden. EHSS view human factors and ergonomics as a systems and design oriented discipline that extends across all aspects of human activity. Beyond the traditional domains of specialization within the discipline, the physical, cognitive and organisational ergonomics, EHSS has identified three focus areas; visual ergonomics, voice ergonomics and ergonomics design for all.Practitioner Summary: This paper presents the strategic and practical work performed by the Swedish Ergonomics and Human Factors Society (EHSS) in order to strengthen the quality of human factors and ergonomics knowledge and practice in Sweden. EHSS has identified three focus areas for its strategic work: visual ergonomics, voice ergonomics and ergonomics design for all.
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| 26. |
- Akselsson, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Safety and Risk
- 2009
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Ingår i: Work and technology on human terms. - 9789173650588 ; , s. 425-461
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 27. |
- Akselsson, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Säkerhet och risk
- 2008
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Ingår i: Arbete och teknik på människans villkor. - 9789173650373 ; , s. 425-461
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 28. |
- Alm, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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The alarm problem – The real problem?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings Nordic Ergonomic Society (NES) Conference 2011, Sept 19-21, Oulu, Finland.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to make a review of studies concerning problems with alarm systems and to make a theoretical analysis of these problems. Using research results from dynamic decision making a number of suggestions for further development of alarm systems are presented. Recommendations include providing operators of complex systems feedback that can support mental models and situational awareness. Furthermore a recommendation is to design alarm systems that can learn from experience.
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| 29. |
- Alm, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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The alarm system and a possible way forward
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 41:Suppl. 1, s. 2840-2844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to make a review of studies concerning problems with alarm systems and to make a theoretical analysis of these problems. The aim is also to show some general design ideas to improve alarm presentation in process descriptions. Using research results from situation awareness and decision making a number of suggestions for further development of alarm systems are presented. Recommendations include providing operators of complex systems feedback that can support their mental models and situational awareness. Furthermore a recommendation is to design alarm systems that can learn from experience.
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| 30. |
- Alm, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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The alarm system and a possible way forward
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 41:Supplement 1/ 2012, s. 2840-2844
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to make a review of studies concerning problems with alarm systems and to make a theoretical analysis of these problems. The aim is also to show some general design ideas to improve alarm presentation in process descriptions. Using research results from situation awareness and decision making a number of suggestions for further development of alarm systems are presented. Recommendations include providing operators of complex systems feedback that can support their mental models and situational awareness. Furthermore a recommendation is to design alarm systems that can learn from experience.
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| 31. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing work in complex industrial systems - A practical cognitive systems engineering approach
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings at the NES (Nordic Ergonomic Society) Conference, Stockholm, Aug 20-23, 2011..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores how operator work can be categorized by using a model based on cognitive systems engineering. Operator tasks and needs during work in complex and highly automated systems were mapped using a workshop technique with 12 experts from different industrial domains. The results from mapping the tasks and needs onto the model showed that it could account for most of the items produced during the workshops. The practical use of the model as a catalyst for design teams in engineering of human-automation interaction is discussed.
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| 32. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Automation Inflicted Differences on Operator Performance in Nuclear Power Plant Control Rooms
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today it is possible to automate almost any function in a human-machine system. Therefore it is important to find a balance between automation level and the prerequisites for the operator to maintain safe operation. Different human factors evaluation methods can be used to find differences between automatic and manual operations that have an effect on operator performance; e.g. Predictive Human Error Analysis (PHEA), NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), Halden Questionnaire, and Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART). Results from an empirical study concerning automation levels, made at Ringhals power plant, showed that factors as time pressure and criticality of the work situation influenced the operator’s performance and mental workload more than differences in level of automation. The results indicate that the operator’s attention strategies differ between the manual and automatic sequences. Independently of level of automation, it is essential that the operator retains control and situational understanding. When performing a manual task, the operator is “closer” to the process and in control with sufficient situational understanding. When the level of automation increases, the demands on information presentation increase to ensure safe plant operation. The need for control can be met by introducing “control gates” where the operator has to accept that the automatic procedures are continuing as expected. Situational understanding can be established by clear information about process status and by continuous feedback. A conclusion of the study was that a collaborative control room environment is important. Rather than allocating functions to either the operator or the system, a complementary strategy should be used. Key parameters to consider when planning the work in the control room are time constraints and task criticality and how they affect the performance of the joint cognitive system.However, the examined working situations were too different with respect to levels of automation and therefore it is not possible yet to propose general automation level guidelines. Further studies are still needed.
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| 33. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Automation strategies in five domains - A comparison of levels of automation, function allocation and visualisation of automatic functions
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study was conducted as a field study were control room operatorsand engineers from the refinery, heat & power, aviation, shipping andnuclear domain were interviewed regarding use of automation and thevisualisation of automatic functions. The purpose of the study was tocollect experiences and best practices from the five studied domains onlevels of automation, function allocation and visualisation of automaticfunctions. In total, nine different control room settings were visited. Thestudied settings were compared using a systemic approach based on ahuman-machine systems model.The results show that the “left over principle” is still the most commonapplied approach for function allocation but in high risk settings thedecision whether to automate or not is more carefully considered.Regarding the visualisation of automatic functions, it was found that aslong as each display type (process based, functional oriented, situationoriented and task based) are applied so that they correspond to the samelevel of abstraction as the technical system the operator’s mental modelwill be supported. No single display type can however readily match alllevels of abstraction at the same time – all display types are still neededand serve different purposes.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Method characteristics for viable human factors engineering practice
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The difficulty of getting Human Factors Engineering (HFE) research knowledge into industrial practice is dictated by several constraints. The purpose of this study was to investigate the method needs of HFE practitioners in the development of human-control system interfaces. The aim was to establish requirements for a method to be useful in practice. An interview study was performed with 14 human factors engineers from different industrial domains in Sweden, such as process industry, air traffic management and defence. The interview results pointed several barriers and facilitators for efficient, practical method use. Nine method features are recommended for developing future HFE methods with improved industrial viability. The methods need to be tweakable, explicit, systematic, inspiring and adaptable for use in multidisciplinary teams. Furthermore the methods should work for varying levels of ambition, be transparent for all stakeholders, support measurability and fit into the development process.
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| 37. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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To Develop Viable Human Factors Engineering Methods for Improved Industrial Use
- 2011
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. ; 6769 LNCS:PART 1, s. 355-362
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human factors engineering methodology is important for design ofcomplex systems, such as control rooms and distributed control systems.Available methodologies are however seldom adapted to industrial needs,which limits the use of the existing human factors engineering research base. Inthis paper we argue that human factors engineering methods have to bedeveloped and adapted to the engineer working under industrial projectconstraints. Otherwise human factors engineering is unlikely to achieve a broadindustrial impact. The paper suggests how the industrial viability of methodscan be improved by applying a use centered approach to method development.
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| 38. |
- Andersson, Jonas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Visualisation of automatic sequences - integration with process mimic display
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Control Room Design. - 9780955422553 ; , s. 290-297
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents a generic conceptual interface to visualise automatic sequences in process industry applications exemplified by a feed water sub-system. The design is based on operators’ information need during use of automatic sequences. The information need was elicited using interviews with nuclear power, thermal power and pulp and paper plant operators. By integrating process mimics, time line and logical conditions, the observability of automatic sequences was improved. The interface has the potential to enhance operators’ ability to observe automatic system activity, avoid black box automation and thus reduce the possibility of out-of-the-loop effects.
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| 39. |
- Andersson, Marianne, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of booster seat design on children's choice of seating positions during naturalistic riding
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - 54th Annual Scientific Conference; Las Vegas, USA, 17-20 October 2010. - 1943-2461. ; , s. 171-180
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this naturalistic study was to investigate the effect of booster seat design on the choice of children’s seating positions during naturalistic riding. Data was collected through observations of children during in-vehicle riding by means of a film camera. The children were positioned in high back boosters in the rear seat while a parent drove the car. The study included two different booster designs: one with large head and torso side supports, and one with small head side supports and no torso side supports. Six children between three and six years of age participated in the study. Each child was observed in both boosters. The duration of the seating positions that each child assumed was quantified. The design with large side head supports resulted more often in seating positions without head and shoulder contact with the booster’s back. There was shoulder-to-booster back contact during an average of 45% of riding time in the seat with the large head side supports compared to 75% in the seat with the small head supports. The children in the study were seated with the head in front of the front edge of the head side supports more than half the time, in both boosters. Laterally, the children were almost constantly positioned between the side supports of the booster in both seats. The observed seating positions probably reduce the desired protective effect by the side supports in side impact, and may increase the probability of head impact with the vehicle interior in frontal impact.
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| 40. |
-
Arbete och teknik på människans villkor
- 2015. - 3
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- För att förstå samspelet mellan människor och mellan människor och teknik, krävs kunskaper inom flera olika områden. Boken inkluderar därför begrepp, kunskaper och metoder från bland annat psykologi, medicin, sociologi, fysik, kemi, ekonomi och juridik.Boken vänder sig främst till studerande inom arbetsvetenskap, ergonomi och liknande ämnesbenämningar på tekniska universitets- och högskoleutbildningar. Den passar också yrkesverksamma arbetsmiljöingenjörer, ergonomer och sjukgymnaster med flera.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Aryana, Bijan, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Crisis Information Design with a Human Factors/Ergonomics Perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Conference Proceedings of the 51st NES Conference: Work Well - Ergonomics in an unpredictable world. - 9789150629750 ; 1:1, s. 244-245
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The focus of the workshop will be on tools and methods for crisis information design from a human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) perspective. The main steps of the workshop are as follows: (1) the session starts with an introduction to HF/E design for crisis, and reflection on an ongoing research project on active participation of citizens in crisis management; (2) an ideation activity by HF/E specialists around the role of HF/E in crisis management; (3) exploration of a range of existing HF/E tools, methods and approaches, and matching them to a number of critical scenarios before, during, and after crisis. (4) reflection on possible adaptation of HE/F tools for crisis information design. The result of the workshop is an elaboration on how existing HF/E tools, methods and approaches can contribute to information design for crisis. Also, how these can show possible gaps, or needs, for adaptation in HF/E tools, methods, and approaches within the context of crisis information design.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Babapour Chafi, Maral, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Adoption of ergonomic features in a new reach truck cabin design – a usability study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815. ; 41:Supplement 1, s. 1486-1492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The task of handling reach trucks frequently involves poor working postures. The location of the steering wheel in most reach trucks is in front of the operator which requires the drivers to bend forward and stretch their hands for holding onto the steering wheel. To overcome visibility restrictions, this posture is aggravated by twisting and bending their torso sideways. This paper presents a usability study which was conducted to compare adoption of ergonomic features in a new reach truck cabin with the way they were intended to be employed for improving physical working conditions. Participants drove the reach truck on a test track performing tasks of varying complexity. Video recordings were utilized to facilitate the observations. The results indicate that improved ergonomics features of the reach truck are not used as intended. The test subjects instead adopted postures that they were accustomed to when driving common reach trucks. The possible contributing factors to this posture regression are discussed. The procedure used in this study is recommended for the companies to determine the effectiveness and adoption of ergonomics solutions.
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| 45. |
- Babapour Chafi, Maral, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Appropriation of an Activity-based Flexible Office in Daily Work
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. - 2245-0157. ; 8:S3, s. 71-94
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, there has been growing interest in collaborative consumption of office environments and thereby implementation of Activity-based Flexible Offices (A-FOs). Relocating to an A-FO introduces a desk-sharing policy as well as a multitude of new workspaces with different speech policies into the employee’s work context. This paper describes how employees appropriate desk-sharing and speech policies in an A-FO. The data were collected over a period of 6 months in a case organization by means of 18 shadowing sessions. The different ways in which employees appropriated the A-FO solution were (i) adopting, experimenting with, or rejecting the desk-sharing policy, and (ii) modes of interaction arising from spatial configuration and redefining speech policies. The discussion outlines the reasons behind appropriation or nonappropriation of the desk-sharing and emergent speech policies. The insights from this study provide support for organizations considering A-FOs to develop strategies for facilitating individuals’ work in these settings.
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| 46. |
- Babapour Chafi, Maral, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Use profiles in Activity-based Flexible Offices – A case study
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Nordic Ergonomics Society (NES2017) Conference Proceedings; A-L. Osvalder, M. Blomé, and H. Bodnar (Eds.), 20-23 August, Lund. p. 197-204. (2017). - 9789177531524 ; , s. 6-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the users in an Activity-based flexible office follow the intended desk-sharing policy, and further explore if any use patterns emerge regarding workstation choices and preferences. Survey data was collected at a case organisation in Sweden. From all the 66 employees that had been relocated and received the survey electronically, 46 respondents completed the survey. The majority of the respondents followed the desk-sharing policy and did not claim workstations. Motives for switching workstations and workstation choices were related to the nature of respondents’ activities (e.g. temporal conditions), as well as their preferences.
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| 47. |
- Baker, Gretchen, et al.
(författare)
-
Kinematics and Shoulder Belt Engagement of Children on Belt-Positioning Boosters during Emergency Braking Events
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2017-September:IRC-17-51
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emergency braking can influence children’s posture and seatbelt interaction. To better protect children in crashes preceded by emergency braking, this study a ims to quantify kinematics and seatbelt engagement during braking events . Eighteen rear‐seated children were exposed to braking events with 1 g deceleration in a passenger vehi cle, restrained by the seatbelt on a booster cushion and an integrated booster cushion. Vehicle acceleration and video data were analysed to m easure head displacement and shoulder belt position. On the booster cushion the belt was generally mid‐sho ulder and lower on the torso with a gap, while on the integrated booster cushion i t was closer to the neck and hi gher on the torso without a gap. Average forward head displacement was 160 mm on the booster cushion and 150 mm on the integrated booster cushion. Generally, the belt maintained the same position on the shoulde r throughout braking, with exceptions influenced by shifted initial positions or non‐standard motions. Braking e vents placed the head approximately 150‐190 mm forward from the initial position, influenced by booster, statu re, and initial seatbelt positioning. This reinforces the importance of maintaining mid‐shoulder or close to neck bel t positions and upright, centred postures prior to emergency braking, which may influence the likelihood of imp acting the vehicle interior and sustaining head injuries in a subsequent crash.
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| 48. |
- Baker, Gretchen, 1994, et al.
(författare)
-
KINEMATICS AND SHOULDER BELT ENGAGEMENT OF CHILDREN ON BELT-POSITIONING BOOSTERS DURING EVASIVE STEERING MANEUVERS
- 2017
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objective: To increase the protection of child passengers in crashes preceded by evasive steering, understanding of how children interact with the seatbelt in such situations is essential. This study aims to quantify child kinematics and describe child-to-restraint interaction during evasive steering maneuvers. Methods: Eighteen child volunteers (aged 5-10) were seated on the rear seat of a passenger vehicle. A professional driver made repeatable sharp turns at 50 km/h. Children were restrained by the seatbelt on a booster cushion (BC) and on an integrated booster cushion (IBC). Kinematics of the nasion and upper sternum were analyzed with video tracking software and shoulder belt (SB) engagement and position were evaluated. Results: Children moved laterally inboard, and SB-to-body interaction was influenced by booster and stature. For shorter children, the SB was closer to the neck with more of the belt webbing in contact with the torso and a more curved belt paths on the IBC compared to the BC, where less of the SB was in contact with the torso and straight belt paths were observed throughout steering. Taller children generally had the SB initially mid-shoulder with more contact between the SB and torso, resulting in curved belt paths at initial and maximum displacement on both boosters. Children loaded the shoulder belt by axially rotating their torso into the SB more often on the IBC compared to BC. The SB generally stayed on the shoulder, with 89% of slip-off instances occurring for shorter children on the BC. Shorter children on the BC had the largest average inboard nasion displacement of 105 mm initially and 120 mm overall. Taller children on the BC had the lowest average inboard displacement of the nasion (85 mm initially, 100 mm overall). All children initially displaced on average between 65-75 mm inboard with their sternum and 90 mm overall. Conclusions: Initial SB position on the shoulder and torso differed with booster and stature, which influenced how children engaged with the seatbelt during steering. Children with less SB initially in contact with the torso moved laterally behind the belt, resulting in straighter SB paths and outboard motion of the SB on the shoulder (often ending far out or slipped-off). When more of the SB was initially in contact with the torso, children tended to engage the SB more, moving with the belt and causing the SB path to become more curved, resulting in less inboard head displacement and less outboard motion of the SB on the shoulder. Enhanced understanding of how evasive steering affects the kinematic response of children provides valuable data for protection of children in real world situations.
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| 49. |
- Baker, Gretchen, 1994, et al.
(författare)
-
Kinematics and shoulder belt engagement of children on belt-positioning boosters during evasive steering maneuvers
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 19:S1, s. S131-S138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To increase the protection of child passengers in crashes preceded by evasive steering, understanding of how children interact with the seat belt in such situations is essential. This study aims to quantify child kinematics and describe child-to-restraint interaction during evasive steering maneuvers. Methods: Eighteen child volunteers (aged 5–10) were seated on the rear seat of a passenger vehicle. A professional driver made repeatable sharp turns at 50 km/h. Children were restrained by the seat belt on a booster cushion (BC) and on an integrated booster cushion (IBC). Kinematics of the nasion and upper sternum were analyzed with video tracking software and shoulder belt (SB) engagement and position were evaluated. Results: Children moved laterally inboard, and SB-to-body interaction was influenced by booster and stature. Shorter children displayed initial SB positions closer to the neck with less instances of gap between the SB and the lower torso, resulting in more curved belt paths on the IBC. On the BC, shorter children had less of the SB in contact with the torso and straight belt paths were observed throughout steering. Taller children generally had the SB initially mid-shoulder with less instances of gap, resulting in curved belt paths at initial and maximum displacements on both boosters. Children loaded the shoulder belt by axially rotating their torso into the SB more often on the IBC compared to BC. The SB generally stayed on the shoulder, with 89% of slip-off instances occurring for shorter children on the BC. Shorter children on the BC had the largest average inboard nasion displacement (120 mm). Taller children on the BC had the lowest average inboard displacement of the nasion (100 mm). All children initially displaced on average 90 mm inboard with their upper sternum. Conclusions: Initial SB position on the shoulder and torso differed with booster and stature, which influenced how children engaged with the seat belt during steering. Children with less SB initially in contact with the torso moved laterally behind the belt, resulting in straighter SB paths and outboard motion of the SB on the shoulder (often ending far out or slipped off). When more of the SB was initially in contact with the torso, children tended to engage the SB more, moving with the belt and causing the SB path to become more curved, resulting in less inboard head displacement and less outboard motion of the SB on the shoulder. Enhanced understanding of how evasive steering affects the kinematic response of children provides valuable data for protection of children in real-world situations.
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| 50. |
- Berglund, M., et al.
(författare)
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On Human Terms – A First Evaluation of a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in Ergonomics
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. - 9783319960791 ; 821, s. 530-538
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) ‘Work and Technology on Human Terms’ (www.onhumanterms.org ) was launched in July 2017 with the aim to contribute to safer and healthier workplaces by increasing the knowledge about how products, systems, and work organizations can be designed on human terms. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a first evaluation of the MOOC. The online course was used in four different university courses in Ergonomics in Sweden, two given at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg and two given at Linköping University. The MOOC material was used in different ways in the courses: (1) suggested voluntary, alternative material for the students’ self-studies, (2) scheduled activity for self-studies with appointed chapters, and (3) mandatory, selected course material being discussed in follow-up seminars. Data for the evaluation was collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with students and teachers. The results showed that the MOOC served as a repetition of lectured material and gave increased understanding of the theories. The recorded interviews with practitioners and researchers in the MOOC highlighted the importance of the subject in real working life. The knowledge tests were appreciated as rehearsal of understanding. However, the MOOC in parallel with the other course material was also considered to be too much work by some students. A recommendation is to carefully consider how to use and integrate the MOOC as a meaningful, individual, theoretical learning activity for the students. Thereby the lectures in classroom could focus more on discussions and problem-solving regarding the topics and less on basic theory.
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