| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Abé, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical thickness, volume and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN. - : CMA Joule Inc.. - 1488-2434 .- 1180-4882. ; 41:4, s. 240-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common chronic psychiatric disorder mainly characterized by episodes of mania, hypomania and depression. The disorder is associated with cognitive impairments and structural brain abnormalities, such as lower cortical volumes in primarily frontal brain regions than healthy controls. Although bipolar disorder types I (BDI) and II (BDII) exhibit different symptoms and severity, previous studies have focused on BDI. Furthermore, the most frequently investigated measure in this population is cortical volume. The aim of our study was to investigate abnormalities in patients with BDI and BDII by simultaneously analyzing cortical volume, thickness and surface area, which yields more information about disease- and symptom-related neurobiology.
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| 3. |
- Abé, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal Cortical Thickness Changes in Bipolar Disorder and the Relationship to Genetic Risk, Mania, and Lithium Use.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biological psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2402 .- 0006-3223. ; 87:3, s. 271-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder characterized by episodes of manic and depressed mood states and associated with cortical brain abnormalities. Although the course of BD is often progressive, longitudinal brain imaging studies are scarce. It remains unknown whether brain abnormalities are static traits of BD or result from pathological changes over time. Moreover, the genetic effect on implicated brain regions remains unknown.Patients with BD and healthy control (HC) subjects underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging at baseline (123 patients, 83 HC subjects) and after 6 years (90 patients, 61 HC subjects). Cortical thickness maps were generated using FreeSurfer. Using linear mixed effects models, we compared longitudinal changes in cortical thickness between patients with BD and HC subjects across the whole brain. We related our findings to genetic risk for BD and tested for effects of demographic and clinical variables.Patients showed abnormal cortical thinning of temporal cortices and thickness increases in visual/somatosensory brain areas. Thickness increases were related to genetic risk and lithium use. Patients who experienced hypomanic or manic episodes between time points showed abnormal thinning in inferior frontal cortices. Cortical changes did not differ between diagnostic BD subtypes I and II.In the largest longitudinal BD study to date, we detected abnormal cortical changes with high anatomical resolution. We delineated regional effects of clinical symptoms, genetic factors, and medication that may explain progressive brain changes in BD. Our study yields important insights into disease mechanisms and suggests that neuroprogression plays a role in BD.
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| 4. |
- Abé, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Manic episodes are related to changes in frontal cortex: a longitudinal neuroimaging study of bipolar disorder 1.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Brain : a journal of neurology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2156. ; 138:Pt 11, s. 3440-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Higher numbers of manic episodes in bipolar patients has, in cross-sectional studies, been associated with less grey matter volume in prefrontal brain areas. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if manic episodes set off progressive cortical changes, or if the association is better explained by premorbid brain conditions that increase risk for mania. We followed patients with bipolar disorder type 1 for 6 years. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at baseline and follow-up. We compared patients who had at least one manic episode between baseline and follow-up (Mania group, n = 13) with those who had no manic episodes (No-Mania group, n = 18). We used measures of cortical volume, thickness, and area to assess grey matter changes between baseline and follow-up. We found significantly decreased frontal cortical volume (dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior frontal cortex) in the Mania group, but no volume changes in the No-Mania group. Our results indicate that volume decrease in frontal brain regions can be attributed to the incidence of manic episodes.
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| 5. |
- Abé, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Reply to: Tripping Over the Same Stone.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biological psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2402 .- 0006-3223. ; 88:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Balter, Leonie J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Sleep Deprivation Results in Diminished Perceptual Stability Independently of Psychosis Proneness
- 2022
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Ingår i: Brain Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-3425. ; 12:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychotic disorders as well as psychosis proneness in the general population have been associated with perceptual instability, suggesting weakened predictive processing. Sleep disturbances play a prominent role in psychosis and schizophrenia, but it is unclear whether perceptual stability diminishes with sleep deprivation, and whether the effects of sleep deprivation differ as a function of psychosis proneness. In the current study, we aimed to clarify this matter. In this preregistered study, 146 participants successfully completed an intermittent version of the random dot kinematogram (RDK) task and the 21-item Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI-21) to assess perceptual stability and psychosis proneness, respectively. Participants were randomized to sleep either as normal (8 to 9 h in bed) (n = 72; Mage = 24.7, SD = 6.2, 41 women) or to stay awake through the night (n = 74; Mage = 24.8, SD = 5.1, 44 women). Sleep deprivation resulted in diminished perceptual stability, as well as in decreases in perceptual stability over the course of the task. However, we did not observe any association between perceptual stability and PDI-21 scores, nor a tendency for individuals with higher PDI-21 scores to be more vulnerable to sleep-deprivation-induced decreases in perceptual stability. The present study suggests a compromised predictive processing system in the brain after sleep deprivation, but variation in psychosis trait is not related to greater vulnerability to sleep deprivation in our dataset. Further studies in risk groups and patients with psychosis are needed to evaluate whether sleep loss plays a role in the occurrence of objectively measured perceptual-related clinical symptoms.
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| 7. |
- Balter, Leonie J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Intelligence predicts better cognitive performance after normal sleep but larger vulnerability to sleep deprivation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 32:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluid intelligence is seen as a beneficial attribute, protecting against stress and ill-health. Whether intelligence provides resilience to the cognitive effects of insufficient sleep was tested in the current pre-registered experimental study. Participants (N = 182) completed the Raven's test (measuring fluid intelligence) and a normal night of sleep or a night of total sleep deprivation. Sleepiness and four cognitive tests were completed at 22:30 hours (baseline), and the following day after sleep manipulation. At baseline, higher fluid intelligence was associated with faster and more accurate arithmetic calculations, and better episodic memory, but not with spatial working memory, simple attention or sleepiness. Those with higher fluid intelligence were more, not less, impacted by sleep deprivation, evident for arithmetic ability, episodic memory and spatial working memory. We need to establish a more nuanced picture of the benefits of intelligence, where intelligence is not related to cognitive advantages in all situations.
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| 8. |
- Bayard, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional Instability Relates to Ventral Striatum Activity During Reward Anticipation in Females
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1662-5153. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both non-emotional symptoms, such as inattention, and symptoms of emotional instability (EI) are partially co-varying and normally distributed in the general population. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which is associated with both inattention and emotional instability, has been related to lower reward anticipation activation in the ventral striatum. However, it is not known whether non-emotional dysregulation, such as inattention, or EI-or both-are associated with this effect. We hypothesized that altered reward processing relates specifically to EI. To test this, 29 healthy participants were recruited to this functional MRI study (n= 15 females). Reward processing was studied using a modified version of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task. Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales questionnaire was used to assess EI and inattention symptoms on a trait level. We observed less ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation related to the EI trait in females, also when controlling for the inattention trait, but not in the whole sample or males only. Our study suggests the existence of sex differences in the relationship between reward processing and EI/inattention traits.
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| 9. |
- Bejerot, Susanne, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial with rituximab for psychotic disorder in adults (RCT-Rits)
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-244X. ; 23:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The role of inflammation in the aetiology of schizophrenia has gained wide attention and research on the association shows an exponential growth in the last 15 years. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections are risk factors for the later development of schizophrenia, elevated inflammatory markers in childhood or adolescence are associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia in adulthood, individuals with schizophrenia have increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to healthy controls, and autoimmune diseases are overrepresented in schizophrenia. However, treatments with anti-inflammatory agents are so far of doubtful clinical relevance. The primary objective of this study is to test whether the monoclonal antibody rituximab, directed against the B-cell antigen CD20 ameliorates psychotic symptoms in adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and to examine potential mechanisms. A secondary objective is to examine characteristics of inflammation-associated psychosis and to identify pre-treatment biochemical characteristics of rituximab responders. A third objective is to interview a subset of patients and informants on their experiences of the trial to obtain insights that rating scales may not capture.METHODS: A proof-of-concept study employing a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled design testing the effect of B-cell depletion in patients with psychosis. 120 participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) (ICD-10 codes F20, F25) will receive either one intravenous infusion of rituximab (1000 mg) or saline. Psychiatric measures and blood samples will be collected at baseline, week 12, and week 24 post-infusion. Brief assessments will also be made in weeks 2 and 7. Neuroimaging and lumbar puncture, both optional, will be performed at baseline and endpoints. Approximately 40 of the patients and their informants will be interviewed for qualitative analyses on the perceived changes in well-being and emotional qualities, in addition to their views on the research.DISCUSSION: This is the first RCT investigating add-on treatment with rituximab in unselected SSD patients. If the treatment is helpful, it may transform the treatment of patients with psychotic disorders. It may also heighten the awareness of immune-psychiatric disorders and reduce stigma.TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05622201, EudraCT-nr 2022-000220-37 version 2.1. registered 14th of October 2022.
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| 10. |
- Borg Skoglund, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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ADHD hos vuxna – historia, epidemiologi och neurobiologi : [ADHD in adults - history, epidemiology, and neuroscience]
- 2022
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen Förlag AB. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 119:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ADHD beskrivs i litteraturen från 1700-talet. Diagnosen har förändrats i takt med reviderade diagnossystem.ADHD är vanligt och förekommer hos 5–7 procent av ungdomar och 2–3 procent av vuxna.ADHD beror på en kombination av genetiska och miljömässiga faktorer.De strukturella och funktionella skillnader som påvisas i hjärnan vid ADHD används inte i diagnostiskt syfte.ADHD är en dimensionell diagnos, och även personer med »subtröskel-problematik« uppvisar symtom och funktionsnedsättning.Odiagnostiserad och obehandlad ADHD riskerar att ge allvarliga konsekvenser för individen och stora kostnader för samhället.ADHD kan behandlas säkert och effektivt hos de flesta vuxna.
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| 11. |
- Ekman, Carl Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A History of Psychosis in Bipolar Disorder is Associated With Gray Matter Volume Reduction.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Schizophrenia bulletin. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1745-1701 .- 0586-7614. ; 43:1, s. 99-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychotic symptoms are prevalent in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric and neurological disorders, yet the neurobiological underpinnings of psychosis remain obscure. In the last decade, a large number of magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown differences in local gray matter volume between patients with different psychiatric syndromes and healthy controls. Few studies have focused on the symptoms, which these syndromes are constituted of. Here, we test the association between psychosis and gray matter volume by using a sample of 167 subjects with bipolar disorder, with and without a history of psychosis, and 102 healthy controls. Magnetic resonance images were analyzed on group level using a voxel-wise mass univariate analysis (Voxel-Based Morphometry). We found that patients with a history of psychosis had smaller gray matter volume in left fusiform gyrus, the right rostral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the left inferior frontal gyrus compared with patients without psychosis and with healthy controls. There was no volume difference in these areas between the no-psychosis group and healthy controls. These areas have previously been structurally and functionally coupled to delusions and hallucinations. Our finding adds further evidence to the probability of these regions as key areas in the development of psychotic symptoms.
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| 12. |
- Faria, Vanda
(författare)
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Mind really does matter : The Neurobiology of Placebo-induced Anxiety Relief in Social Anxiety Disorder
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The placebo effect, a beneficial effect attributable to a treatment containing no specific properties for the condition being treated, has been demonstrated in a variety of medical conditions. This thesis includes four studies aimed at increasing our knowledge on the neurobiology of placebo. Study I, a review of the placebo neuroimaging literature, suggested that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may be a common site of action for placebo responses. However, because placebo neuroimaging studies in clinical disorders are largely lacking, the clinical relevance of this needs further clarification. The subsequent three empirical studies were thus designed from a clinical perspective. Using positron emission tomography (PET) these studies investigated the underlying neurobiology of sustained placebo responses in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD), a disabling psychiatric condition that nonetheless may be mitigated by placebo interventions. Study II demonstrated that serotonergic gene polymorphisms affect anxiety-induced neural activity and the resultant placebo phenotype. In particular, anxiety reduction resulting from placebo treatment was tied to the attenuating effects of the TPH2 G-703T polymorphism on amygdala activity. Study III further compared the neural response profile of placebo with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), i.e the first-line pharmacological treatment for SAD. A similar anxiety reduction was noted in responders of both treatments. PET-data further revealed that placebo and SSRI responders had similar decreases of the neural response in amygdala subregions including the left basomedial/basolateral (BM/BLA) and the right ventrolateral (VLA) sections. To clarify whether successful placebo and SSRI treatments operate via similar or distinct neuromodulatory pathways, study IV focused on the connectivity patterns between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex that may be crucial for normal emotion regulation. In responders of both treatment modalities, the left amygdala (BM/BLA) exhibited negative coupling with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the rostral ACC as well as a shared positive coupling with the dorsal ACC. This may represent shared treatment mechanisms involving improved emotion regulation and decreased rumination. This thesis constitutes a first step towards better understanding of the neurobiology of placebo in the treatment of anxiety, including the neural mechanisms that unite and segregate placebo and SSRI treatment.
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| 13. |
- Floros, Orestis, et al.
(författare)
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Vulnerability in Executive Functions to Sleep Deprivation Is Predicted by Subclinical Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2451-9022 .- 2451-9030. ; 6:3, s. 290-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sleep loss results in state instability of cognitive functioning. It is not known whether this effect is more expressed when there is an increased cognitive demand. Moreover, while vulnerability to sleep loss varies substantially among individuals, it is not known why some people are more affected than others. We hypothesized that top-down regulation was specifically affected by sleep loss and that subclinical inattention and emotional instability traits, related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, predict this vulnerability in executive function and emotion regulation, respectively.Methods: Healthy subjects (ages 17–45 years) rated trait inattention and emotional instability before being randomized to either a night of normal sleep (n = 86) or total sleep deprivation (n = 87). Thereafter, they performed a neutral and emotional computerized Stroop task, involving words and faces. Performance was characterized primarily by cognitive conflict reaction time and reaction time variability (RTV), mirroring conflict cost in top-down regulation.Results: Sleep loss led to increased cognitive conflict RTV. Moreover, a higher level of inattention predicted increased cognitive conflict RTV in the neutral Stroop task after sleep deprivation (r = .30, p = .0055) but not after normal sleep (r = .055, p = .65; interaction effect β = 6.19, p = .065). This association remained after controlling for cognitive conflict reaction time and emotional instability, suggesting domain specificity. Correspondingly, emotional instability predicted cognitive conflict RTV for the emotional Stroop task only after sleep deprivation, although this effect was nonsignificant after correcting for multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep deprivation affects cognitive conflict variability and that less stable performance in executive functioning may surface after sleep loss in vulnerable individuals characterized by subclinical symptoms of inattention.
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| 14. |
- Fransson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Limbic justice : Amygdala drives rejection in ultimatum game
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ultimatum game is a stylized game to study decision making in which a proposer suggests how to split a sum of money either fairly or unfairly. Unfair splits are often rejected by the responder even at a personal cost. Previous research using unspecific stimulus-onsets suggests that such rejections are of cortical origin and involve a change of feeling states. Using an fMRI-design to specifically study early emotional components of decision making and a pharmacological intervention we demonstrate a causal role of the limbic system in the act of rejection. In the placebo-treated group rejection was directly linked to an increased amygdala activity and benzodiazepine treatment decreased rejection rate concomitantly with a suppressed amygdala response to unfair proposals in spite of an unchanged feeling of unfairness. Thus, we segregate the neural basis of rejections associated with the initial reactive emotional response from the slower affective processing associated with awareness.
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| 15. |
- Gospic, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Altruism costs-the cheap signal from amygdala
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1749-5016 .- 1749-5024. ; 9:9, s. 1325-1332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When people state their willingness to pay for something, the amount usually differs from the behavior in a real purchase situation. The discrepancy between a hypothetical answer and the real act is called hypothetical bias. We investigated neural processes of hypothetical bias regarding monetary donations to public goods using fMRI with the hypothesis that amygdala codes for real costs. Real decisions activated amygdala more than hypothetical decisions. This was observed for both accepted and rejected proposals. The more the subjects accepted real donation proposals the greater was the activity in rostral anterior cingulate cortex-a region known to control amygdala but also neural processing of the cost-benefit difference. The presentation of a charitable donation goal evoked an insula activity that predicted the later decision to donate. In conclusion, we have identified the neural mechanisms underlying real donation behavior, compatible with theories on hypothetical bias. Our findings imply that the emotional system has an important role in real decision making as it signals what kind of immediate cost and reward an outcome is associated with.
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| 16. |
- Gospic, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Limbic Justice-Amygdala Involvement in Immediate Rejection in the Ultimatum Game
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLoS Biology. - : Public Library of Science. - 1545-7885 .- 1544-9173. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Imaging studies have revealed a putative neural account of emotional bias in decision making. However, it has been difficult in previous studies to identify the causal role of the different sub-regions involved in decision making. The Ultimatum Game (UG) is a game to study the punishment of norm-violating behavior. In a previous influential paper on UG it was suggested that frontal insular cortex has a pivotal role in the rejection response. This view has not been reconciled with a vast literature that attributes a crucial role in emotional decision making to a subcortical structure (i.e., amygdala). In this study we propose an anatomy-informed model that may join these views. We also present a design that detects the functional anatomical response to unfair proposals in a subcortical network that mediates rapid reactive responses. We used a functional MRI paradigm to study the early components of decision making and challenged our paradigm with the introduction of a pharmacological intervention to perturb the elicited behavioral and neural response. Benzodiazepine treatment decreased the rejection rate (from 37.6% to 19.0%) concomitantly with a diminished amygdala response to unfair proposals, and this in spite of an unchanged feeling of unfairness and unchanged insular response. In the control group, rejection was directly linked to an increase in amygdala activity. These results allow a functional anatomical detection of the early neural components of rejection associated with the initial reactive emotional response. Thus, the act of immediate rejection seems to be mediated by the limbic system and is not solely driven by cortical processes, as previously suggested. Our results also prompt an ethical discussion as we demonstrated that a commonly used drug influences core functions in the human brain that underlie individual autonomy and economic decision making.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Hansson, Lina S., et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of emotions during experimental endotoxemia : A pilot study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 93, s. 420-424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Even though dysfunctional emotion regulation is prominent in depression and a link between depression and inflammation is well established, there is little knowledge about how inflammation affects the regulation of emotions. The aim of this pilot study was to explore the effect of experimentally induced inflammation on the cognitive reappraisal of emotions, and to assess domain specificity by comparing success in regulation of emotions towards two unpleasant stimuli classes (general negative stimuli and disgust stimuli). In a between-subject design, ten healthy participants were injected with an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (2 ng/kg body weight) and eleven were injected with saline. Participants performed a cognitive reappraisal task, in which they had to down-regulate or up-regulate their emotions towards general negative stimuli and disgust stimuli, 5–6 h post-injection. Contrary to our hypotheses, participants injected with lipopolysaccharide reported greater success in down-regulating emotional responses towards unpleasant stimuli as compared to the saline group. In addition, both groups were poorer at down-regulating emotions towards disgust stimuli as compared to general negative stimuli. The current pilot study indicates that cognitive reappraisal of emotions is affected during experimental endotoxemia, and suggests that disgust stimuli might be difficult to reappraise.
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| 20. |
- Holding, Benjamin C., et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying Cognitive Impairment After Sleep Deprivation at Different Times of Day : A Proof of Concept Using Ultra-Short Smartphone-Based Tests
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5153. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognitive functioning is known to be impaired following sleep deprivation and to fluctuate depending on the time of day. However, most methods of assessing cognitive performance remain impractical for environments outside of the lab. This study investigated whether 2-min smartphone-based versions of commonly used cognitive tests could be used to assess the effects of sleep deprivation and time of day on diverse cognitive functions. After three nights of normal sleep, participants (N = 182) were randomised to either one night of sleep deprivation or a fourth night of normal sleep. Using the Karolinska WakeApp (KWA), participants completed a battery of 2-min cognitive tests, including measures of attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, working memory, and a Stroop test for cognitive conflict and behavioural adjustment. A baseline measurement was completed at 22:30 h, followed by three measurements the following day at approximately 08:00 h, 12:30 h, and 16:30 h. Sleep deprivation led to performance impairments in attention, arithmetic ability, episodic memory, and working memory. No effect of sleep deprivation was observed in the Stroop test. There were variations in attention and arithmetic test performance across different times of day. The effect of sleep deprivation on all cognitive tests was also found to vary at different times of day. In conclusion, this study shows that the KWA's 2-min cognitive tests can be used to detect cognitive impairments following sleep deprivation, and fluctuations in cognitive performance relating to time of day. The results demonstrate the potential of using brief smartphone-based tasks to measure a variety of cognitive abilities within sleep and fatigue research.
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| 21. |
- Honk, Ludwig, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and psychotic symptoms in the United States and the United Kingdom
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 351, s. 194-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has long been speculated that psychedelic use could provoke the onset of psychosis, but there is little evidence to support this conjecture. Using a longitudinal research design with samples representative of the US and UK adult populations with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity (n = 9732), we investigated associations between psychedelic use and change in the number of psychotic symptoms during the two-month study period. In covariate-adjusted regression models, psychedelic use during the study period was not associated with a change in the number of psychotic symptoms unless it interacted with a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, in which case the number of symptoms increased, or with a personal (but not family) history of psychotic disorders, in which case the number of symptoms decreased. Taken together, these findings indicate that psychedelic use may affect psychotic symptoms in individuals with a personal or family history of certain disorders characterized by psychotic symptomatology.
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| 22. |
- Kuja-Halkola, Ralf, et al.
(författare)
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Do borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder co-aggregate in families? : A population-based study of 2 million Swedes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular Psychiatry. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 26:1, s. 341-349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large-scale family studies on the co-occurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are lacking. Thus, we aimed to estimate the co-occurrence and familial co-aggregation of clinically ascertained ADHD and BPD diagnoses using the entire Swedish population. In a register-based cohort design we included individuals born in Sweden 1979-2001, and identified their diagnoses during 1997-2013; in total, 2,113,902 individuals were included in the analyses. We obtained clinical diagnoses of ADHD and BPD from inpatient and outpatient care. Individuals with an ADHD diagnosis had an adjusted (for birth year, sex, and birth order) odds ratio (aOR) of 19.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 18.6-20.4) of also having a BPD diagnosis, compared to individuals not diagnosed with ADHD. Having a sibling with ADHD also increased the risk for BPD (monozygotic twins, aOR = 11.2, 95% CI = 3.0-42.2; full siblings, aOR = 2.8, 95% CI = 2.6-3.1; maternal half-siblings, aOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2-1.7; paternal half-siblings, aOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3-1.7). Cousins also had an increased risk. The strength of the association between ADHD and BPD was similar in females and males, and full siblings showed similar increased risks regardless of sex. Among both males and females, ADHD and BPD co-occur within individuals and co-aggregate in relatives; the pattern suggests shared genetic factors and no robust evidence for etiologic sex differences was found. Clinicians should be aware of increased risks for BPD in individuals with ADHD and their relatives, and vice versa.
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| 23. |
- Lasselin, Julie, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness behavior is not all about the immune response : Possible roles of expectations and prediction errors in the worry of being sick
- 2018
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 74, s. 213-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPeople react very differently when sick, and there are only poor correlations between the intensity of the immune response and sickness behavior. Yet, alternative predictors of the individual differences in sickness are under-investigated. Based on the predictive coding model of placebo responses, where health outcomes are function of bottom-up sensory information and top-down expectancies, we hypothesized that individual differences in behavioral changes during sickness could be explained by individual top-down expectancies and prediction errors.MethodsTwenty-two healthy participants were made sick by intravenously administering lipopolysaccharide (2 ng/kg body weight). Their expectations of becoming sick were assessed before the injection.ResultsParticipants having lower expectations of becoming sick before the injection reacted with more emotional distress (i.e., more negative affect and lower emotional arousal) than those with high expectations of becoming sick, despite having similar overall sickness behavior (i.e., a combined factor including fatigue, pain, nausea and social withdrawal). In keeping with a predictive coding model, the “prediction error signal”, i.e., the discrepancy between the immune signal and sickness expectancy, predicted emotional distress (reduction in emotional arousal in particular).ConclusionThe current findings suggest that the emotional component of sickness behavior is, at least partly, shaped by top-down expectations. Helping patients having a realistic expectation of symptoms during treatment of an illness may thus reduce aggravated emotional responses, and ultimately improve patients’ quality of life and treatment compliance.Registration“Endotoxin-induced Inflammatory and Behavioral Responses and Predictors of Individual Differences”, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02529592, registration number: NCT02529592.
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| 24. |
- Lekander, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Intrinsic functional connectivity of insular cortex and symptoms of sickness during acute experimental inflammation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 56, s. 34-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Task-based fMRI has been used to study the effects of experimental inflammation on the human brain, but it remains unknown whether intrinsic connectivity in the brain at rest changes during a sickness response. Here, we investigated the effect of experimental inflammation on connectivity between areas relevant for monitoring of bodily states, motivation, and subjective symptoms of sickness. In a double blind randomized controlled trial, 52 healthy volunteers were injected with 0.6 ng/kg LPS (lipopolysaccharide) or placebo, and participated in a resting state fMRI experiment after approximately 2h 45 minutes. Resting state fMRI data were available from 48 participants, of which 28 received LPS and 20 received placebo. Bilateral anterior and bilateral posterior insula sections were used as seed regions and connectivity with bilateral orbitofrontal and cingulate (anterior and middle) cortices was investigated. Back pain, headache and global sickness increased significantly after as compared to before LPS, while a non-significant trend was shown for increased nausea. Compared to placebo, LPS was followed by increased connectivity between left anterior insula and left midcingulate cortex. This connectivity was significantly correlated to increase in back pain after LPS and tended to be related to increased global sickness, but was not related to increased headache or nausea. LPS did not affect the connectivity from other insular seeds. In conclusion, the finding of increased functional connectivity between left anterior insula and middle cingulate cortex suggests a potential neurophysiological mechanism that can be further tested to understand the subjective feeling of malaise and discomfort during a sickness response.
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| 25. |
- Lodin, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-sectional associations between inflammation, sickness behaviour, health anxiety and self-rated health in a Swedish primary care population
- 2019
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Ingår i: European journal of inflammation. - : SAGE Publications. - 2058-7392 .- 1721-727X. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated associations between inflammatory markers, sickness behaviour, health anxiety and self-rated health in 311 consecutive primary care patients. Poor self-rated health was associated with high sickness behaviour (rho = 0.28, P < 0.001; rho = 0.42, P = 0.003) and high health anxiety (rho = 0.31, P < 0.001; rho = -0.32, P = 0.003). High levels of interleukin 6 were associated with poor self-rated health in men (rho = 0.26, P = 0.009). Low levels of interleukin-6 were associated with poor self-rated health in women (rho = -0.15, P = 0.04), but this association was non-significant when adjusted for health anxiety (rho = -0.08, P = 0.31). These results are consistent with the theory that interoceptive processes draw on both inflammatory mediators and the state of sickness behaviour in inferring health state.
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| 26. |
- Lodin, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal co-variations between inflammatory cytokines, lung function and patient reported outcomes in patients with asthma
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disorder associated with reduced lung function and poor quality of life. The condition is also associated with poor self-rated health, a major predictor of objective health trajectories. Of biological correlates to self-rated health, evidence suggests a role for inflammatory cytokines and related sickness behaviours. However, this is mainly based on cross-sectional data, and the relation has not been investigated in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions.ObjectiveTo investigate inflammatory cytokines, lung function, sickness behaviour and asthma-related quality of life as determinants of self-rated health in patients with asthma, and to investigate if these variables co-vary over time. Methods Plasma cytokines (IL-5, IL-6), lung function (FEV1), sickness behaviour, asthma-related quality of life and self-rated health were assessed in 181 patients with allergic asthma aged 18-64 years in a one-year longitudinal study. Mixed effect regression models and Spearman's correlation were performed to analyse the associations between repeated measurements.ResultsMore sickness behaviour and poorer asthma-related quality of life were associated with poorer self-rated health (p's<0.001). In men, both low and high levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and poorer lung function were related with poorer self-rated health (p's<0.05). Over the year, improved asthma-related quality of life was associated with better self-rated health (Spearman's rho = -0.34 women,-0.36 men, p's<0.01). Further, if sickness behaviour decreased, self-rated health improved, but only in women (Rho = -0.21, p<0.05). Increased FEV1 in men was associated with an increase in IL-6 (Rho = 0.24, p<0.05) as well as improved self-rated health (Rho = -0.21, p<0.05) and asthma-related quality of life (Rho = 0.29, p<0.01) over the year.ConclusionThe study highlights the importance of subjectively perceived sickness behaviour and asthma-related quality of life together with lung function as determinants of self-rated health in asthmatic patients. The importance of inflammatory activation for patient reported outcomes in chronic inflammatory conditions need further investigation.
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| 27. |
- Matheson, Granville J, et al.
(författare)
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Dopamine D1 receptor availability is not associated with delusional ideation measures of psychosis proneness
- 2020
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Ingår i: Schizophrenia Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0920-9964 .- 1573-2509. ; 222, s. 175-184
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is thought to play a role in psychosis and schizophrenia, however positron emission tomography studies comparing patients and controls have been inconsistent. To circumvent some of the limitations of clinical studies, such as antipsychotic exposure, an alternative approach is to examine subclinical psychotic symptoms within the general population, i.e. psychosis proneness traits. In this study, we investigated whether D1R availability is associated with delusional ideation in healthy controls, in four experiments, using [11C]SCH23390 PET (n = 76) and psychometric questionnaires (n = 217). We performed exploratory analyses, direct self-replication, and confirmatory analyses using Bayesian statistical modelling. Collectively, we found strong evidence that there is little to no linear association between delusional ideation and D1R. If hypothesised changes in D1R in drug-naive psychosis patients can be confirmed, our results suggest that they may either occur at disease onset, or that they are associated with specific aspects of psychosis other than delusional ideation.
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| 28. |
- Månsson, Kristoffer N. T., et al.
(författare)
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Anterior insula morphology and vulnerability to psychopathology-related symptoms in response to acute inflammation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 99, s. 9-16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The role of inflammation in common psychiatric diseases is now well acknowledged. However, the factors and mechanisms underlying inter-individual variability in the vulnerability to develop psychopathology related symptoms in response to inflammation are not well characterized. Herein, we aimed at investigating morphological brain regions central for interoception and emotion regulation, and if these are associated with acute inflammation-induced sickness and anxiety responses.Methods: Systemic inflammation was induced using an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 0.6 ng/kg body weight in 28 healthy individuals, while 21 individuals received an injection of saline (placebo). Individuals' gray matter volume was investigated by automated voxel-based morphometry technique on T1-weighted anatomical images derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Plasma concentrations of TNF alpha and IL-6, sickness symptoms (SicknessQ), and state anxiety (STAI-S) were measured before and after the injection.Results: A stronger sickness response to LPS was significantly associated with a larger anterior insula gray matter volume, independently from increases in cytokine concentrations, age, sex and body mass index (R-2 = 65.6%). Similarly, a greater LPS-induced state anxiety response was related to a larger anterior insula gray matter volume, and also by a stronger increase in plasma TNF-alpha concentrations (R-2 = 40.4%).Discussion: Anterior insula morphology appears central in the sensitivity to develop symptoms of sickness and anxiety in response to inflammation, and could thus be one risk factor in inflammation-related psychopathologies. Because of the limited sample size, the current results need to be replicated.
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| 29. |
- Nilsonne, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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A multimodal brain imaging dataset on sleep deprivation in young and old humans
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Stockholm Sleepy Brain Study I is a functional brain imaging study of 48 younger (20-30 years) and 36 older (65-75 years) healthy participants, with magnetic resonance imaging after normal sleep and partial sleep deprivation in a crossover design. We performed experiments investigating emotional mimicry, empathy for pain, and cognitive reappraisal, as well as resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also acquired T1- and T2-weighted structural images and diffusion tensor images (DTI). On the night before imaging, participants were monitored with ambulatory polysomnography and were instructed to sleep either as usual or only three hours. Participants came to the scanner the following evening. Besides MRI scanning, participants underwent behavioral tests and contributed blood samples, which have been stored in a biobank and used for DNA analyses. Participants also completed a variety of self-report measures. The resulting multimodal dataset may be useful for hypothesis generation or independent validation of effects of sleep deprivation and aging, as well as investigation of cross-sectional associations between the different outcomes. V. 2 of this manuscript published 2017-10-12. Changes: new co-author (Claus Lamm), changed affiliations for Kristoffer Månsson, minor changes in the abstract, and revisions of the main text and figures.
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| 30. |
- Nilsonne, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of 25 mg oxazepam on emotional mimicry and empathy for pain : a randomized controlled experiment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Royal Society Open Science. - : The Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 4:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emotional mimicry and empathy are mechanisms underlying social interaction. Benzodiazepines have been proposed to inhibit empathy and promote antisocial behaviour. First, we aimed to investigate the effects of oxazepam on emotional mimicry and empathy for pain, and second, we aimed to investigate the association of personality traits to emotional mimicry and empathy. Participants (n= 76) were randomized to 25mg oxazepam or placebo. Emotional mimicry was examined using video clips with emotional expressions. Empathy was investigated by pain stimulating the participant and a confederate. We recorded self-rated experience, activity in major zygomatic and superciliary corrugator muscles, skin conductance, and heart rate. In the mimicry experiment, oxazepam inhibited corrugator activity. In the empathy experiment, oxazepam caused increased self-rated unpleasantness and skin conductance. However, oxazepam specifically inhibited neither emotional mimicry nor empathy for pain. Responses in both experiments were associated with self-rated empathic, psychopathic and alexithymic traits. The present results do not support a specific effect of 25mg oxazepam on emotional mimicry or empathy.
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| 31. |
- Nilsonne, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Oxazepam and cognitive reappraisal : A randomised experiment
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Cognitive reappraisal is a strategy for emotional regulation, important in the context of anxiety disorders. It is not known whether anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines affect cognitive reappraisal.Aims: We aimed to investigate the effect of 25 mg oxazepam on cognitive reappraisal.Methods: In a preliminary investigation, 33 healthy male volunteers were randomised to oxazepam or placebo, and then underwent an experiment where they were asked to use cognitive reappraisal to upregulate or downregulate their emotional response to images with negative or neutral emotional valence. We recorded unpleasantness ratings, skin conductance, superciliary corrugator muscle activity, and heart rate. Participants completed rating scales measuring empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, TAS-20), and psychopathy (Psychopathy Personality Inventory-Revised, PPI-R).Results: Upregulation to negative-valence images in the cognitive reappraisal task caused increased unpleasantness ratings, corrugator activity, and heart rate compared to downregulation. Upregulation to both negative- and neutral-valence images caused increased skin conductance responses. Oxazepam caused lower unpleasantness ratings to negative-valence stimuli, but did not interact with reappraisal instruction on any outcome. Self-rated trait empathy was associated with stronger responses to negative-valence stimuli, whereas self-rated psychopathic traits were associated with weaker responses to negative-valence stimuli.Conclusions: While 25 mg oxazepam caused lower unpleasantness ratings in response to negative-valence images, we did not observe an effect of 25 mg oxazepam on cognitive reappraisal.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Olofsson, Jonas K., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of oxazepam on affective perception, recognition, and event-related potentials
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychopharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0033-3158 .- 1432-2072. ; 215:2, s. 301-309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Little is known about how rapid electrocortical responses (event-related potentials; ERPs) to affective pictures are modulated by benzodiazepine agonists. The present study investigated effects of oxazepam (20 mg p.o.) on behavioral measures and ERPs associated with affective picture processing during perception and recognition memory retrieval. Methods Forty-three healthy young adults were given oxazepam or placebo treatment under a double-blind experimental procedure. Affective pictures (negatively arousing or neutral) elicited ERP responses and participants rated pictures for emotionality (during incidental encoding) and recognition. Results Oxazepam did not affect perceptual (P1, P2) or emotional (early posterior negativity and late parietal positivity) ERPs or ratings during perception. However, oxazepam impaired recognition performance and decreased positive mid-frontal ERP component at 420-450 ms for old vs. new pictures. The memory impairment was retained at the delayed memory test. Conclusions Oxazepam does not selectively influence electrocortical or perceptual indexes of emotional perception or emotional memory. Rather, it blocks memory consolidation independent of valence category. These findings indicate that ERPs can be of use in assessing effects of benzodiazepines on memory-related processes.
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| 34. |
- Petrovic, Predrag
(författare)
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Cognitive mechanisms in pain processing : assessed with functional imaging methods
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The intensity and unpleasantness of a painful experience is often described as correlating well with the degree of noxious stimulation. However, the perception of pain is not a linear phenomenon, reflecting the signal from the peripheral neuron. Rather, the noxious input may be modulated at every level of the neural axis. Both low hierarchy brainstem processes and higher order cortical processes may change the pain perception. In this theses we have tried to describe some cognitive processes that are involved in such mechanisms. In the first study we show that the brainstem, including the hypothalamus, the PAG and the pons, is involved in the initial pain processing. This finding indicates the importance of an automatic immediate response to noxious input, possibly including various analgesic mechanisms. The second study shows that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) co-varies pain specifically with other regions that are involved in pain processing. This finding indicates that pain is processed in a parallel and distributed fashion that is a pre-request for cognitive modulation processes. Also, because S1 was not activated during the subtraction analysis it is indicated that this region may be involved in pain processing although the net activity does not increase compared with the control stimulation. In the third study we show that the cognitive distraction decreases pain perception and the pain response in various structures processing pain. Also, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex is activated when the pain rating is decreased indicating an involvement in pain modulation. In the fourth study it is indicated that mechanisms involved in opioid analgesia also are present in placebo anlagesia, corroborating previous behavioral similarities between opioid and placebo analgesia. Especially, the rostral ACC, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the brainstem show functional similarities in these two analgesic states. In has previously been shown that amygdala activity is increased during fear processing, but decreased in pain processing - a finding that is contra-intuitive. In the fifth study we show that the ainygdala activity decreases when the subjects expect a more aversive painful experience and show more intense coping. We therefore suggest that decreased activity in arnygdala during pain may mirror cognitive coping strategies. Finally, in study six, it is shown that patients with touch evoked allodynia, also display decreased activity in the amygdala, which may suggest that these patients have developed coping strategies to deal with their pathological pain. Several other studies on chronic pain syndromes, have previously shown increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex suggesting that modualtory functions may be involved in chronic pain. However, the studied group of patients with touch evoked allodynia did not show any such findings.
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| 35. |
- Rosen, Annelie, et al.
(författare)
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Retracted article: The Effects of Positive or Neutral Communication during Acupuncture for Relaxing Effects: A Sham-Controlled Randomized Trial
- 2016
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Ingår i: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. - : HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORP. - 1741-427X .- 1741-4288. ; 2016, s. 11-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction. The link between patient-clinician communication and its effect on clinical outcomes is an important clinical issue that is yet to be elucidated. Objective. Investigating if communication type (positive or neutral) about the expected treatment outcome affected (i) participants(expectations and (ii) short-term relaxation effects in response to genuine or sham acupuncture and investigating if expectations were related to outcome. Methods. Healthy volunteers (n = 243, mean age of 42) were randomized to one treatment with genuine or sham acupuncture. Within groups, participants were randomized to positive or neutral communication, regarding expected treatment effects. Visual Analogue Scales (0-100 millimeters) were used to measure treatment expectations and relaxation, directly before and after treatment. Results. Participants in the positive communication group reported higher treatment expectancy, compared to the neutral communication group (md 12 versus 6 mm, p = 0.002). There was no difference in relaxation effects between acupuncture groups or between communication groups. Participants with high baseline expectancy perceived greater improvement in relaxation, compared to participants with low baseline levels (md 27 versus 15 mm, p = 0.022). Conclusion. Our data highlights the importance of expectations for treatment outcome and demonstrates that expectations can be effectively manipulated using a standardized protocol that in future research may be implemented in clinical trials.
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| 36. |
- Sallin, Karl, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Resignation Syndrome : Catatonia? Culture-Bound?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5153. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resignation syndrome (RS) designates a long-standing disorder predominately affecting psychologically traumatized children and adolescents in the midst of a strenuous and lengthy migration process. Typically a depressive onset is followed by gradual withdrawal progressing via stupor into a state that prompts tube feeding and is characterized by failure to respond even to painful stimuli. The patient is seemingly unconscious. Recovery ensues within months to years and is claimed to be dependent on the restoration of hope to the family. Descriptions of disorders resembling RS can be found in the literature and the condition is unlikely novel. Nevertheless, the magnitude and geographical distribution stand out. Several hundred cases have been reported exclusively in Sweden in the past decade prompting the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare to recognize RS as a separate diagnostic entity. The currently prevailing stress hypothesis fails to account for the regional distribution and contributes little to treatment. Consequently, a re-evaluation of diagnostics and treatment is required. Psychogenic catatonia is proposed to supply the best fit with the clinical presentation. Treatment response, altered brain metabolism or preserved awareness would support this hypothesis. Epidemiological data suggests culture-bound beliefs and expectations to generate and direct symptom expression and we argue that culture-bound psychogenesis can accommodate the endemic distribution. Last, we review recent models of predictive coding indicating how expectation processes are crucially involved in the placebo and nocebo effect, delusions and conversion disorders. Building on this theoretical framework we propose a neurobiological model of RS in which the impact of overwhelming negative expectations are directly causative of the down-regulation of higher order and lower order behavioral systems in particularly vulnerable individuals.
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| 37. |
- Sallin, Karl, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Separation and not residency permit restores function in resignation syndrome : a retrospective cohort study
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Nature. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 32:1, s. 75-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite poor treatment results, a family-oriented approach and the securing of residency have been deemed essential to recovery from resignation syndrome (RS). In a retrospective cohort study, we evaluated an alternative method involving environmental therapy, with patients separated from their parents, while actively abstaining from involving the asylum process in treatment. We examined medical records, social services acts, and residential care home acts from 13 individuals treated at Solsidan residential care home between 2005 and 2020. Severity and outcome were assessed with Clinical Global Impression, Severity and Improvement subscales. Thirteen participants were included and out of these nine (69%) recovered, i.e. they very much or much improved. Out of the eight that were separated, all recovered, also, one non-separated recovered. The difference in outcome between subjects separated and not was significant (p = 0.007). Moreover, out of the five which received a residency permit during treatment, one recovered whereas four did not. The difference in outcome between subjects granted residency and not was significant (p = 0.007). The data revealed three (23%) cases of simulation where parents were suspected to have instigated symptoms. Our evaluation suggests that separation from parents and abstaining from invoking residency permit could be essential components when treating RS. Relying on a family-oriented approach, and residency could even be detrimental to recovery. The examined intervention was successful also in cases of probable malingering by proxy.
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| 38. |
- Schalling, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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[New findings about schizophrenia can provide new diagnostics and treatment].
- 2015
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 112
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of schizophrenia in the past few years. A driving force has been genome wide association studies that have now led to the identification of over 100 vulnerability loci, implicating functions in the immune system, calcium signaling as well as dopamine and glutamate transmission. In coupling the genetic information to functional data sets from imaging and cognitive studies there is a promise of developing radically improved understanding of schizophrenia, and in some cases new therapies based on immune modulation. As we develop more knowledge and better therapies there will likely be a reduction in stigmatization that is a very real problem for those affected and their families.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Sundelin, Tina, et al.
(författare)
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Framing effect, probability distortion, and gambling tendency without feedback are resistant to two nights of experimental sleep restriction
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies suggest that sleep deprivation affects risky decision making. However, most of these are confounded by feedback given after each decision, indicating that decisions may be based on suboptimal feedback-learning rather than risk evaluation. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the effect of sleep loss on aspects of prospect theory, specifically the framing effect and probability distortion. In this within-subjects design, 25 people had (i) two nights of an 8 h sleep opportunity, and (ii) two nights of a 4 h sleep opportunity, in a counter-balanced order. Following the two nights, they performed a gambling task with no immediate feedback; for each round, they could either gamble for a full amount, or take a settlement framed as a gain or a loss for part of the amount. Sleep restriction did not significantly affect the tendency to gamble, the framing effect, or probability distortion, as compared to normal sleep. These results indicate that two nights of sleep restriction affects neither general gambling tendency, nor two of the main predictions of prospect theory. This resilience may be due to a less extreme sleep loss than in previous studies, but also indicates that learning components and risk biases should be separated when assessing the effect of sleep loss on risky behaviour.
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| 41. |
- Sörman, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability and Construct Validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised in a Swedish Non-Criminal Sample : A Multimethod Approach including Psychophysiological Correlates of Empathy for Pain
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cross-cultural investigation of psychopathy measures is important for clarifying the nomological network surrounding the psychopathy construct. The Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) is one of the most extensively researched self-report measures of psychopathic traits in adults. To date however, it has been examined primarily in North American criminal or student samples. To address this gap in the literature, we examined PPI-R’s reliability, construct validity and factor structure in non-criminal individuals (N = 227) in Sweden, using a multimethod approach including psychophysiological correlates of empathy for pain. PPI-R construct validity was investigated in subgroups of participants by exploring its degree of overlap with (i) the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), (ii) self-rated empathy and behavioral and physiological responses in an experiment on empathy for pain, and (iii) additional self-report measures of alexithymia and trait anxiety. The PPI-R total score was significantly associated with PCL:SV total and factor scores. The PPI-R Coldheartedness scale demonstrated significant negative associations with all empathy subscales and with rated unpleasantness and skin conductance responses in the empathy experiment. The PPI-R higher order Self-Centered Impulsivity and Fearless Dominance dimensions were associated with trait anxiety in opposite directions (positively and negatively, respectively). Overall, the results demonstrated solid reliability (test-retest and internal consistency) and promising but somewhat mixed construct validity for the Swedish translation of the PPI-R.
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| 42. |
- Tamm, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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A combined fMRI and EMG study of emotional contagion following partial sleep deprivation in young and older humans
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sleep deprivation is proposed to inhibit top-down-control in emotion processing, but it is unclear whether sleep deprivation affects emotional mimicry and contagion. Here, we aimed to investigate effects of partial sleep deprivation on emotional contagion and mimicry in young and older humans. Participants underwent partial sleep deprivation (3 h sleep opportunity at the end of night), crossed-over with a full sleep condition in a balanced order, followed by a functional magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography (EMG) experiment with viewing of emotional and neutral faces and ratings of emotional responses. The final sample for main analyses was n = 69 (n = 36 aged 20–30 years, n = 33 aged 65–75 years). Partial sleep deprivation caused decreased activation in fusiform gyri for angry faces and decreased ratings of happiness for all stimuli, but no significant effect on the amygdala. Older participants reported more anger compared to younger participants, but no age differences were seen in brain responses to emotional faces or sensitivity to partial sleep deprivation. No effect of the sleep manipulation was seen on EMG. In conclusion, emotional contagion, but not mimicry, was affected by sleep deprivation. Our results are consistent with the previously reported increased negativity bias after insufficient sleep.The Stockholm sleepy brain study: effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and emotional processing in young and old. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02000076.
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| 43. |
- Tamm, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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It hurts me too – an fMRI study of the effects of sleep restriction and age on empathy for pain
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: Many emotional processes are affected by sleep restriction (Beattie et al. 2015). Whether this is likewise true for social emotions, such as empathy, is not known. Empathy for pain has previously been studied using paradigms where subjects are presented with pain in others or pictures of pain in others. These paradigms consistently activated areas in the anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. Aging affects both sleep (Vitiello 2012) and emotional functions (Mather 2012), but whether the role of sleep in emotional functioning is stable across age is not known. This study aims to investigate how neural and behavioral responses to pain in others are affected by sleep restriction and age, and whether age modulates the role of sleep in responses to pain in others.Methods: In a randomized cross-over experimental design, 47 healthy younger (age: 20-30) and 39 older (age: 65-75) volunteers underwent fMRI twice, after either normal sleep or sleep restricted to 3 hours. In an event-related fMRI task, participants viewed pictures of needles pricking a hand (pain condition) or Q-tips touching a hand (control condition), and reported their vicarious unpleasantness. Preprocessing and analyses were performed in SPM12 and included slice time correction, realignment, DARTEL normalization and smoothing with an 8x8x8 FWHM kernel. First level analyses included fixed effects for events, motion parameters and button presses. At second level a full factorial design was applied. Additional region of interest analyses were performed in anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex.Results: The contrast pain > control robustly activated anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula (FWE p < 0.05, fig 1) as well as other areas previously proposed as the core empathy for pain network (Lamm et al. 2011). Older participants generally experienced more unpleasantness in response to pictures of pain compared to younger participants (p < 0.001), and this was accompanied by higher activity in bilateral angular gyrus (FWE p < 0.05). Age and sleep interacted so that sleep restriction caused decreased unpleasantness in young and increased unpleasantness in old to pain stimuli (p < 0.01), even though there was no significant simple main effect of sleep restriction in any age group. In clusters in bilateral insula, old participants showed more activity and young less activity in response to pain after sleep restriction (p < 0.001 uncorrected).Conclusions: Compared to younger participants, older subjects generally responded more to pain in others, shown as subjective experience as well as brain responses. With sleep restriction, empathic responses in young and old changed in opposite directions, so that empathic responses increased in older and decreased in younger participants. Given that empathy is crucial in effective interaction with others, our findings imply possible age-related changes in prosocial behavior, amplified by short sleep.
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| 44. |
- Tamm, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Sleep restriction caused impaired emotional regulation without detectable brain activation changes—a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Royal Society Open Science. - : The Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 6:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sleep restriction has been proposed to cause impaired emotional processing and emotional regulation by inhibiting top-down control from prefrontal cortex to amygdala. Intentional emotional regulation after sleep restriction has, however, never been studied using brain imaging. We aimed here to investigate the effect of partial sleep restriction on emotional regulation through cognitive reappraisal. Forty-seven young (age 20–30) and 33 older (age 65–75) participants (38/23 with complete data and successful sleep intervention) performed a cognitive reappraisal task during fMRI after a night of normal sleep and after restricted sleep (3 h). Emotional downregulation was associated with significantly increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (pFWE < 0.05) and lateral orbital cortex (pFWE < 0.05) in young, but not in older subjects. Sleep restriction was associated with a decrease in self-reported regulation success to negative stimuli (p< 0.01) and a trend towards perceiving all stimuli as less negative (p = 0.07) in young participants. No effects of sleep restriction on brain activity nor connectivity were found in either age group. In conclusion, our data do not support the idea of a prefrontal-amygdala disconnect after sleep restriction, and neural mechanisms underlying behavioural effects on emotional regulation after insufficient sleep require further investigation.
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| 45. |
- Tamm, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of sleep restriction on empathy for pain : An fMRI study in younger and older adults
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Age and sleep both affect emotional functioning. Since sleep patterns change over the lifespan, we investigated the effects of short sleep and age on empathic responses. In a randomized cross-over experimental design, healthy young and older volunteers (n = 47 aged 20–30 years and n = 39 aged 65–75 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) after normal sleep or night sleep restricted to 3 hours. During fMRI, participants viewed pictures of needles pricking a hand (pain) or Q-tips touching a hand (control), a well-established paradigm to investigate empathy for pain. There was no main effect of sleep restriction on empathy. However, age and sleep interacted so that sleep restriction caused increased unpleasantness in older but not in young participants. Irrespective of sleep condition, older participants showed increased activity in angular gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and temporo-parietal junction compared to young. Speculatively, this could indicate that the older individuals adopted a more cognitive approach in response to others’ pain. Our findings suggest that caution in generalizability across age groups is needed in further studies of sleep on social cognition and emotion.
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| 46. |
- Vestberg, Torbjorn, et al.
(författare)
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Executive Functions Predict the Success of Top-Soccer Players
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 7:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the importance of physical abilities and motor coordination is non-contested in sport, more focus has recently been turned toward cognitive processes important for different sports. However, this line of studies has often investigated sport-specific cognitive traits, while few studies have focused on general cognitive traits. We explored if measures of general executive functions can predict the success of a soccer player. The present study used standardized neuropsychological assessment tools assessing players' general executive functions including on-line multi-processing such as creativity, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. In a first cross-sectional part of the study we compared the results between High Division players (HD), Lower Division players (LD) and a standardized norm group. The result shows that both HD and LD players had significantly better measures of executive functions in comparison to the norm group for both men and women. Moreover, the HD players outperformed the LD players in these tests. In the second prospective part of the study, a partial correlation test showed a significant correlation between the result from the executive test and the numbers of goals and assists the players had scored two seasons later. The results from this study strongly suggest that results in cognitive function tests predict the success of ball sport players.
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| 47. |
- Åkerstedt, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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Gray Matter Volume Correlates of Sleepiness : A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study in Younger and Older Adults
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature and Science of Sleep. - 1179-1608. ; 12, s. 289-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Subjectively experienced sleepiness is a problem in society, possibly linked with gray matter (GM) volume. Given a different sleep pattern, aging may affect such associations, possibly due to shrinking brain volume.Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between subjectively rated sleepiness and GM volume in thalamus, insula, hippocampus, and orbitofrontal cortex of young and older adults, after a normal night’s sleep.Methods: Eighty-four healthy individuals participated (46 aged 20– 30 years, and 38 aged 65– 75 years). Morphological brain data were collected in a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Sleepiness was rated multiple times during the imaging sessions.Results: In older, relative to younger, adults, clusters within bilateral mid-anterior insular cortex and right thalamus were negatively associated with sleepiness. Adjustment for the immediately preceding total sleep time eliminated the significant associations.Conclusion: Self-rated momentary sleepiness in a monotonous situation appears to be negatively associated with GM volume in clusters within both thalamus and insula in older individuals, and total sleep time seems to play a role in this association. Possibly, this suggests that larger GM volume in these clusters may be protective against sleepiness in older individuals. This notion needs confirmation in further studies.
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