| 1. |
- Amir Heidari, Payam, 1989, et al.
(author)
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A state-of-the-art model for spatial and stochastic oil spill risk assessment: A case study of oil spill from a shipwreck
- 2019
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In: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 126, s. 309-320
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Oil spills are serious environmental issues that potentially can cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems. In some marine areas, like the Baltic Sea, there is a large number of wrecks from the first half of the 20th century, and recent monitoring and field work have revealed release of oil from some of these wrecks. The risk posed by a wreck is governed by its condition, hazardous substances contained in the wreck and the state of the surrounding environment. Therefore, there is a need for a common standard method for estimating the risks associated with different wrecks. In this work a state-of-the-art model is presented for spatial and stochastic risk assessment of oil spills from wrecks, enabling a structured approach to include the complex factors affecting the risk values. A unique feature of this model is its specific focus on uncertainty, facilitating probabilistic calculation of the total risk as the integral expected sum of many possible consequences. A case study is performed in Kattegat at the entrance region to the Baltic Sea to map the risk from a wreck near Sweden. The developed model can be used for oil spill risk assessment in the marine environment all over the world.
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| 2. |
- Gärtner, Nadine, 1990, et al.
(author)
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Integrating Ecosystem Services into Risk Assessments for Drinking Water Protection
- 2022
-
In: Water (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441 .- 2073-4441. ; 14:8
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Water protection is a widely supported goal in society, but competing interests often complicate the implementation of water protection measures. Moreover, the benefits of protection efforts are typically underestimated as risk assessments focus on the provision of drinking water and neglect the additional services provided by a clean drinking water source. We developed a list of water system services (WSS) that allows assessment of all biotic and abiotic services provided by a drinking water source. The WSS were derived from the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). The objectives of this paper are to (i) introduce the concept of WSS, (ii) describe a procedure on how to develop a region-specific list of WSS and present a list of WSS specifically tailored to Sweden, (iii) present how to integrate WSS into a risk assessment for drinking water, and (iv) illustrate a practical application on a Swedish case study. The results, presented as an assessment matrix, show the provided services and contrast the hazard sources with their impact on all services. The WSS assessment can be used to communicate and negotiate the extent of water protection measures with relevant stakeholders and illustrate synergies and trade-offs of protective measures beyond drinking water protection.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hassellöv, Ida-Maja, 1974, et al.
(author)
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Miljörisker sjunkna vrak II. Undersökningsmetoder och miljöaspekter
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- During 2015 the Swedish Maritime Administration continued the second phase of thegovernmental task Environmental risks from sunken wrecks which first report was finalized2014-10-31 (Dnr: 1399-14-01942-6).The main conclusions from the 2014 report remain; for future handling of potentially pollutingshipwrecks it is recommended that the Swedish Agency for Water and Marine Management isgiven a coordinating responsibility in close cooperation with other competent nationalauthorities, such as Swedish Maritime Administration, Swedish Coastguard, Swedish NationalMaritime Museums, the Geological Survey of Sweden, SMHI, Swedish EPA, and SwedishCivil Contingencies Agency. Through coordination of wreck related operations and activitieswithin the concerned competent authorities’ ordinary areas of responsibility, resourceefficiency is improved. The estimated extra cost for implementation of a national strategy forhandling of the wrecks are estimated to be 10-15 MSEK which should be allocated to thecompetent authorities by the Swedish Agency for Water and Marine Management.The conclusions from 2014 was reinforced during 2015, e.g. through the validation of the riskassessment model VRAKA, which is now available in a first operative version. Additionalecotoxicological experiments on the development of tolerance against PAHs in meiofauna andmicroorganism communities were conducted in a field study in Brofjorden. The mainconclusions from this work is that comprehensive analyzes of PAHs should include alkylatedPAHs, and that exposure to PAHs over time can lead to tolerance development in ammoniumoxidizing bacteria, at the expense of their ability to perform the essential ecosystem servicenitrification.Continued measurements of the bottom currents were made at the wrecks Villon and Skytteren,and at the dumping area west of Måseskär. Measurement series yielded important informationon how measuring equipment at the wreck can be deployed in an optimized way in futuremonitoring program; to calculate the possible spreading of pollution from a wreck, currentmeasurements should be performed upstream from the wreck site, while sensors for thedetection of, for example, oil should be put into the turbulence downstream of the wreck.The current measurement instruments (RDCP) deployed at the Måseskär dump site was trawledup after only three weeks of measurements, but still gave valuable information on the extensivebottom trawling that resuspend (stir up) sediments. Earlier geochemical surveys have shownsignificantly elevated arsenic concentrations in the area and sediment resuspension greatlyincreased the risk for spread of any contaminants in the area. Trawling is not prohibited in thearea, and the current lack of knowledge regarding potential effects on human health whenconsuming seafood from dump areas calls for reflection upon the suitability of trawling in thearea.In addition to the current measurements Swedish Maritime Administration and the SwedishNavy conducted hydrographic survey with multibeam and side scan sonar and ROVinvestigation of the wrecks in the dumping area at Måseskär. 28 wrecks were found, and ROVinvestigation showed cargo holds with dumped torpedoes or mines and other containers in some SjöfartsverketDnr: 1399-14-01942-156of the wrecks. There is some discrepancy between the previously measured elevated arsenicconcentrations in the Måseskär area and recently presented data from historical archives thatdoes not support the theory that chemical weapons were dumped in the area. However, there isa very good correlation between the dominant current direction in the area, and the highestmeasured arsenic concentrations in the area downstream of the wrecks, suggesting some formof arsenic source in the area.
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| 5. |
- Lindhe, Andreas, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Utvärdering av statsstödet för bättre vattenhushållning: Enkätstudie av genomförda projekt 2019 och 2020
- 2022
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sedan 2019 har det varit möjligt att söka statligt bidrag för åtgärder med syfte att förbättra vattenhushållningen och trygga tillgången på dricksvatten. Bidraget benämns här dricksvattenstödet. I denna rapport presenteras resultaten från en enkätstudie vars syfte varit att utvärdera om dricksvattenstödet bidragit till att trygga tillgången till dricksvatten i Sverige. Enkäten skickades till de som genomfört projekt med finansiering från dricksvattenstödet under åren 2019 och 2020. Totalt besvarades enkäten för 151 projekt, vilket motsvarar 51 % av samtliga projekt som genomfördes under de aktuella åren. Samtliga län som erhållit bidrag från dricksvattenstödet finns också representerade i enkätsvaren. Olika utmaningar ligger bakom de projekt som genomförts, men behov av underlag för strategiska beslut är det vanligaste motivet, följt av bristfällig vattentillgång. För knappt hälften av projekten angavs att de bakomliggande utmaningarna delvis är kopplade till förväntade effekter av klimatförändringar och 13 % svarar ja på frågan. Projektens avsedda effekter är framför allt kopplade till sammanställning eller uppbyggnad av information inom olika områden. Effekter på råvattenförsörjning och kommunala planer är vanligast men andra områden nämns också i många projekt. Av projekten bedöms 88 % helt eller delvis ha uppnått önskad effekt (65 resp. 23 %). Endast 3 % angav att önskad effekt inte uppnåtts (övriga kunde ej bedöma). Vanliga anledningar som anges till varför önskad effekt inte uppnåtts är att projektet är ett steg i arbetet och ytterligare utredning, beslut m.m. krävs. Nästan 40 % av projekten innefattade investering i ny teknik och för dessa projekt bedöms i majoriteten av fallen (87 %) den nya tekniken fungera bra eller mycket bra. En klar majoritet (97 %) av de som besvarade enkäten anser att dricksvattenstödet är viktigt eller mycket viktigt för att trygga dricksvattentillgången. dricksvattenstödets utformning ansågs också vara bra. Det många påpekade som problematiskt var den relativt korta projekttiden. Om denna förlängs skulle det enligt enkätsvaren vara lättare att genomföra det som är planerat i projekten och även utöka projekten, vilket skulle kunna bidra till ytterligare effekter som tryggar tillgången på dricksvatten. Under 2019 och 2020 kunde ettåriga projekt sökas, vilket avspeglar sig i kommentarerna om projektlängden. Numera går det att söka tvååriga projekt. Enkätresultaten visar att om projekten inte erhållit bidrag hade 15 % av dem inte genomförts, men 85 % av projekten hade genomförts på samma sätt som de nu gjorts alternativt med ändringar i tidplan eller omfattning. Stödets utformning gör troligen att dricksvattenstödet framför allt används för att stötta projekt som hade genomförts även utan dricksvattenstödet. Stödet gör det dock möjligt att tidigarelägga vissa åtgärder eller göra mer än vad som annars varit möjligt. Det går inte att ange hur mycket säkrare den svenska dricksvattenförsörjningen blivit till följd av de åtgärder som genomförts med finansiering från dricksvattenstödet. Resultaten från enkätundersökningen visar däremot att dricksvattenstödet har bidragit till projekt som gett en lång rad olika effekter på dricksvattenförsörjningen, vilka också kan kopplas till de utmaningar man ser i branschen. Effekterna som uppnåtts får därför anses ha en positiv effekt på den svenska dricksvattenförsörjningen.
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| 6. |
- Lindhe, Andreas, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Verktyg för kvantitativ mikrobiologisk riskbedömning (QMRA) av små avloppsanläggningar nära dricksvattenbrunnar – Manual 2016-03-31
- 2016
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna manual är avsedd att ge vägledning för att använda ett nyutvecklat verktyg för kvantitativ mikrobiologisk riskbedömning (QMRA) av små avloppsanläggningar nära dricksvattenbrunnar. Som grund för verktyget ligger projektet Verktyg för mikrobiell riskanalys av små avloppsanläggningar nära dricksvattenbrunnar, finansierat av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten inom ramen för anslag 1:12 Åtgärder för havs- och vattenmiljöer. Den teoretiska bakgrunden till detta verktyg (QMRA-verktyget) med redogörelse för antaganden, men även en kortfattad manual, har tidigare redovisats tillsammans med ett fältförsök med bakteriofager i markens mättade grundvattenzon. QMRA-verktyget ska kunna användas av tillsynsmyndigheten för att analysera risken för smittspridning från befintliga avloppsanläggningar men också i planeringssyfte vid bedömning av rimliga säkerhetsavstånd och placering av nya små avlopp och dricksvattenbrunnar. Verktyget är utformat enligt grunderna för kvantitativ mikrobiologisk riskbedömning som inkluderar fyra huvudsteg: faroidentifiering, exponeringsbedömning, dos-respons-bedömning och riskkarakterisering. Modellutvecklingen har framförallt varit inriktad på exponeringsbedömningen och att ta fram en modell som beaktar den barriäreffekt som uppnås via slamavskiljaren, biohuden, transport i markens omättade zon samt transport i markens mättade grundvattenzon. Speciellt fokus har riktats mot transporten och avskiljningen i mättad grundvattenzon. Modellen är fritt tillgänglig som en webb-länk och kräver ingen installation på den egna datorn, även om möjlighet finns till detta.I denna manual beskrivs indata och hur en modellering genomförs, steg för steg. QMRA-verktyget kan ses som ett komplement och fördjupande verktyg i arbetet med att bedöma den smittorisk som små avloppsanläggningar medför. Under hösten 2015 genomfördes utbildningsseminarier under en dag i Uddevalla, Alingsås respektive Norrtälje kommun riktade till miljö- och hälsoskyddsinspektörerna. Under dessa seminarier fick deltagarna dels föreläsningar inom mikrobiologi, riskbedömning och hydrogeologi, dels en presentation av modellverktyget. Deltagarna fick själva testa verktyget på medhavda exempel. Utöver att sprida kunskap om verktyget syftade seminarierna till att generera erfarenhet och underlag för att förbättra verktyget. Den version av QMRA-verktyget som beskrivs i denna manual är en produkt av genomförda seminarier. I ett avslutande kapitel redovisas modelljusteringar samt några av de viktigaste aspekterna som diskuterades vid seminarierna.
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| 7. |
- Lindhe, Andreas, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Verktyg för mikrobiell riskanalys (MRA) av små avloppsanläggningar nära dricksvattenbrunnar – Modellutveckling och fältförsök
- 2015
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport utgör slutredovisningen av projektet Verktyg för mikrobiell riskanalys av små avloppsanläggningar nära dricksvattenbrunnar, som finansierats av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten inom ramen för anslag 1:12 Åtgärder för havs- och vattenmiljöer. I utlysningen konstateras att små avlopp utgör ett betydande problem och att det därför är viktigt att stimulera fortsatt utveckling inom verksamhetsområdet.Projektet som redovisas i denna rapport fokuserade på smittspridning från små avlopp till närliggande dricksvattenbrunnar. Ett verktyg i form av en datormodell för mikrobiell riskanalys (MRA) anpassad till enskilda avlopp har utvecklats och ett fältförsök har genomförts för att få ökad kunskap om virustransport i grundvatten. Projektet har genomförts i samarbete mellan Chalmers tekniska högskola (DRICKS – Centrum för dricksvattenforskning), Tyréns AB och Sveriges geologiska undersökning. Folkhälsomyndigheten och Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet (NMBU) har genomfört vattenanalyser. Representanter från Uddevalla kommun, Trollhättans Stad och Alingsås kommun har tillhandahållit synpunkter på den MRA-modell som utvecklats.Författarna vill rikta ett stort tack till Uddevalla kommun och speciellt Tony Grantz som medverkat i projektet och praktiskt bistått i fältförsökets genomförande. Ett stort tack riktas också till Stiftelsen Backamo Lägerplats som upplåtit det aktuella fallstudieområdet.Projektet som presenteras i denna rapport har varit nära knutet till andra pågående projekt vid Chalmers som behandlar mikrobiella risker och grundvattenfrågor, men då med fokus på kommunala grundvattentäkter. Författarna är mycket tacksamma för finansieringen från Havs- och vattenmyndigheten, vilket möjliggjort detta projekt och därmed också en fortsatt utveckling inom området. Förhoppningen är att den utvecklade MRA-modellen, trots kvarstående förbättringsmöjligheter, ska komma till praktisk nytta och underlätta bedömningen av den hälsorisk enskilda avlopp kan utgöra.
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| 8. |
- Rosen, Lars, 1962, et al.
(author)
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Kostnads-nyttoanalys som verktyg för prioritering av efterbehandlingsinsatser.
- 2008
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- För att uppnå miljömålet En giftfri miljö krävs att en stor mängd förorenade områden tas om hand och efterbehandlas. Kostnaden för att åtgärda de mest förorenade områdena har av Naturvårdsverket beräknats uppgå till ca 60 miljarder kronor. Ett problem är dock att samhällets resurser för sådana insatser är begränsade. Det är därför viktigt att utveckla verktyg för att prioritera bland tänkbara insatser så att en sund hushållning sker av samhällets begränsade resurser. En möjlig ansats till prioritering är att göra samhällsekonomiska bedömningar av potentiella efterbehandlingsinsatser. Syftet är då att undersöka om en viss insats är samhällsekonomiskt lönsam och helst även analysera vilka insatser som är mer samhällsekonomiskt lönsamma än andra. Ett vedertaget verktyg för samhällsekonomiska analyser är Kostnads-nyttoanalys (KNA). Metoden har dock ännu fått begränsad användning inom svenskt miljöarbete, och särskilt vad gäller arbete med förorenade områden. I detta projekt inom Naturvårdsverkets kunskapsprogram Hållbar sanering beskrivs hur KNA kan användas för att göra samhälls¬ekonomiska bedömningar av efter¬behandlingsåtgärder.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Rosen, Lars, 1962, et al.
(author)
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Riskvärdering vid val av åtgärdsstrategi : Beskrivning av metoder och exempel
- 2006
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Naturvårdsverket uppskattar att det idag finns ca 40 000 förorenade områden i Sverige. Statens kostnader för efterbehandling har hittills uppgått till ca 1 miljard kronor, men för att åtgärda de mest allvarligt förorenade områdena kommer det uppskattningsvis att krävas ytterligare ca 45 miljarder kronor. Med hänsyn till det stora antalet förorenade områden och de höga kostnaderna är det ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv nödvändigt att inkludera ekonomiska riskvärderingar i den riskvärderingsprocess som utgör ett viktigt beslutsunderlag i hanteringen av förorenade områden. Behovet av ekonomiska värderingar av miljöskyddsarbete ges också uttryck för i Miljöbalkens allmänna hänsynsregler om rimlighet och skälighet. Det huvudsakliga syftet med rapporten är att ge en erfarenhetsåterföring av, och underlag för, en ekonomisk riskvärdering som underlag för en kostnadseffektiv efterbehandling. I rapporten diskuteras och redovisas hur olika värderingsmetoder kan användas för att ekonomiskt värdera de förändrade risker för miljö- och hälsoeffekter som kan åstadkommas vid en efterbehandling. Sådana värderingar kan användas i ekonomiska analyser (exempelvis beslutsanalyser och kostnads-nytto analyser) tillsammans med andra ekonomiska poster i en bedömning av det ekonomiska utfallet av en efterbehandlingsinsats. Inledningsvis beskrivs och diskuteras grunderna för riskbedömning av förorenade områden i Sverige. Härvid jämförs acceptabla risknivåer i Sverige med de som används i andra länder och inom andra sektorer i samhället. En slutsats är att vi i Sverige använder ett likartat synsätt och liknande modeller som i flera andra länder för att beräkna riktvärden för förorenad jord, men att olika antaganden m.m. gör att riktvärdena varierar en del mellan länderna. Det kan också konstateras att de acceptabla risknivåerna för skada på människa och miljö är likartade mellan de jämförda länderna. Vid jämförelsen av riskacceptansen inom andra sektorer i samhället framkommer emellertid stora skillnader, vilket tyder på olika värderingsgrunder för risker inom olika sektorer. Intressanta exempel är jämförelserna med arbets- och boendemiljö där de acceptabla hälsorisknivåerna är 100–1000 gånger högre än inom förorenade områden. Därefter beskriver rapporten ett ramverk för ekonomisk riskvärdering med beslutsanalys och kostnads-nytto analys som centrala begrepp. Grundläggande värderingsteori och olika metoder för att skatta det ekonomiska värdet av en miljöförbättring beskrivs därefter. Användningen av metoderna illustreras med fallstudier, vid Wockatz-området i Göteborg och Oskarshamns hamn, där möjligheter och svårigheter med ekonomiska miljöriskvärderingar beskrivs.Arbetet visar att dagens angreppssätt, som innebär jämförelser mot riktvärden snarare än kvantifiering av faktiska risknivåer, inte går särskilt bra ihop med ekonomisk värdering. Orsaken är att utgångspunkten för ekonomisk riskvärdering är kännedom om de hälso- och miljöriskförändringar som en efterbehandlingsåtgärd skulle leda till, samt att det är möjligt att kvantifiera dessa förändringar. Idealt bör det således finnas kvantitativ kunskap om både vilka risker som föreligger i utgångsläget och hur dessa skulle påverkas av en viss åtgärd. Detta illustrerades genom fallstudierna. För Wockatz-fallet beräknades hälsoriskernas storlek före och efter en efterbehandlingsåtgärd. Beräkningarna möjliggjorde en ekonomisk riskvärdering (i form av räkneexempel). Eftersom det var fråga om dödsrisker kunde en värdering av riskminskningen ske med hjälp av en skattning av värdet av att spara ett statistiskt liv. I Oskarshamnsfallet gick det däremot inte att fastställa någon miljö- eller hälsoriskminskning. Härvid visades istället på möjligheten att utföra en probabilistisk värdering som gällde sannolikheten att åtgärder leder till att ett eko-toxikologiskt riktvärde underskrids. Denna värdering låter sig dock inte enkelt tolkas som en riskvärdering. Vidare illustrerade Wockatz-fallet ett annat sätt på vilket ekonomisk värdering kan kopplas till riktvärden, trots att kopplingen mellan riktvärden och faktiska risker är svag. Riktvärdena är nämligen en avspegling av den markanvändning som avses bedrivas och har därför en direkt påverkan på markens värde. Att studera fastighetsprisförändringar till följd av efterbehandling kan därför i princip vara ett sätt att ekonomiskt värdera att ett riktvärde inte överskrids. Att tolka detta i termer av riskvärdering i mer bokstavlig mening kan dock vara långsökt. Det handlar mer om värdet av möjligheten att kunna utnyttja mark för olika ändamål. Arbetet visar hur en ekonomisk riskvärdering kan struktureras med hjälp av besluts- och kostnads-nyttoanalys. En väl strukturerad metodik för riskvärderingar innebär att värderingsarbetet blir transparent så att olika intressenter ges möjlighet att förstå, men även ifrågasätta, hur de olika värderingarna gjorts. Strukturen innebär också att beslutsfattaren tvingas beakta värderingsfrågor som annars riskerar att glömmas bort eller bortses ifrån för att de upplevs som alltför svåra. Det genomförda arbetet visar dock att flera svårigheter finns för att väl fungerande ekonomiska riskvärderingar skall kunna utföras. Viktiga insatser för att möjliggöra sådana värderingar föreslås vara: Kvantifiering av den faktiska risknivån innan efterbehandling så att också den förväntade riskreduktionen till följd av efterbehandling kan kvantifieras. Metoder för sådana riskberäkningar finns utvecklade i flera andra länder, exempelvis USA och Danmark. En öppen diskussion om acceptansnivåer och orsakerna till skillnader i acceptabla risknivåer mellan förorenade områden och andra sektorer i samhället. För att åstadkomma relevanta värderingar av minskade risker inom förorenade områden bör dessa kunna ställas i relation till hur långt man anser sig behöva driva riskreduktionen inom andra sektorer i samhället.Tillämpning och erfarenhetsåterföring av verkliga riskvärderingar. Mycket få ekonomiska riskvärderingar har utförts inom förorenade områden i Sverige och erfarenheterna är därmed begränsade. En mera omfattande tillämpning skulle ge förbättrade kunskaper, dels om olika metoders lämplighet, och dels om vad ekonomisk riskvärdering kan tillföra beslutsfattande inom hantering av förorenade områden.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Zetterlund, Miriam, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Framework for Value of Information Analysis in Rock Mass Characterization for Grouting Purposes
- 2011
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In: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. - : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 0733-9364 .- 1943-7862. ; 137:7, s. 486-497
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The observational method involves recurrent updating, and according to European standards, it is an optional method when geotechnical conditions are difficult to predict. A method for the application of value of information analysis in rock mass characterization for tunnels is demonstrated in a generic case of a feasibility study of a tunnel in hard rock. Two alternative grouting designs are analyzed to find the most suitable design for the geological conditions on site and whether information from investigations is of value in the decision-making process. The uncertainty in the grouting result is described by means of a beta distribution for each alternative design. The probabilities of different geological states are based on 200 stochastic simulations of the rock mass. It was found that value of information analysis contributes to good structure in geological surveys when the geology is difficult to predict and when repeated updating is necessary. The prescribed method is a tool to design well-motivated investigation programs where geotechnical value is weighed up against execution costs.
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| 13. |
- Zetterlund, Miriam, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Value of information analysis in rock engineering: a case study of a tunnel project in Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory
- 2015
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In: Georisk. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1749-9518 .- 1749-9526. ; 9:1, s. 9-24
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Geoengineering prognoses are often based on data from a limited number of investigations of soil and rock mass. There is generally a desire to reduce the uncertainty in the prognoses while minimising the investigation costs. Value of Information Analysis (VOIA) is a support for decisions regarding investigation strategies and the aim of this paper is to present methodology for VOIA that takes into account four decision alternatives where the input data could be provided by experts. The methodology will be applied in a case study where the value of information related to an investigation borehole will be calculated. The results indicate that the value of information of the borehole is low compared with the realisation costs of the investigation. It was found that models for VOIA in underground construction projects are complex but that the analysis can be simplified with extensive use of expert knowledge and calculations of the value of perfect information as a benchmark for investigation strategies.
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| 14. |
- Anderson, Robert, 1988, et al.
(author)
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What's the point? The contribution of a sustainability view in contaminated site remediation
- 2018
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 630, s. 103-116
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Decision support tools (DST) are often used in remediation projects to aid in the complex decision on how best to remediate a contaminated site. In recent years, the sustainable remediation concept has brought increased attention to the often-overlooked contradictory effects of site remediation, with a number of sustainability assessment tools now available. The aim of the present study is twofold: (1) to demonstrate how and when different assessment views affect the decision support outcome on remediation alternatives in a DST, and (2) to demonstrate the contribution of a full sustainability assessment. The SCORE tool was used in the analysis; it is based on a holistic multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach, assessing sustainability in three dimensions: environmental, social, and economic. Four assessment scenarios, compared to a full sustainability assessment, were considered to reflect different possible assessment views; considering public and private problem owner perspectives, as well as green and traditional assessment scopes. Four real case study sites in Sweden were analyzed. The results show that the decision support outcome from a full sustainability assessment most often differs to that of other assessment views, and results in remediation alternatives which balance trade-offs in most of the scenarios. In relation to the public perspective and traditional scope, which is seen to lead to the most extensive and expensive remediation alternatives, the trade-off is related to less contaminant removal in favour of reduced negative secondary effects such as emissions and waste disposal. Compared to the private perspective, associated with the lowest cost alternatives, the trade-off is higher costs, but more positive environmental and social effects. Generally, both the green and traditional assessment scopes miss out on relevant social and local environmental secondary effects which may ultimately be very important for the actual decision in a remediation project.
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| 15. |
- Back, Par-Erik, et al.
(author)
-
Hållbarhetsanalys i avhjälpandeprocessen för förorenade områden - Principer och lärdomar från forskningsprojektet SAFIRE
- 2022
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Forskningsprojektet SAFIRE genomfördes under åren 2015–2018. Projektets övergripande syfte var att utvärdera hur hållbarhetsbedömningar kan förbättra effektiviteten vid avhjälpande av föroreningsskador vid förorenade områden i Sverige. Bakgrunden till projektet var bland annat den låga saneringstakten i landet, de ofta höga kostnaderna för avhjälpande åtgärder samt åtgärdernas negativa effekter. Ett viktigt moment i avhjälpandeprocessen är att identifiera det åtgärdsalternativ som är bäst och det är rimligt att denna bedömning baseras på hållbarhet, vilket är det synsätt som tillämpats i forskningsprojektet. I arbetspaketet WP3, Incorporation of sustainability assessment in the remediation process, har lärdomarna från bland annat fallstudier använts för att utvärdera hållbarhetsanalysernas roll i avhjälpandeprocessen. Resultatet av detta arbete presenteras i denna rapport. En viktig slutsats är att arbetet med hållbarhetsanalyser måste komma in tidigt i avhjälpandeprocessen, redan i inledningen av huvudstudien, och hållbarhetsaspekterna bör återspeglas i de övergripande åtgärdsmål som formuleras. Som exempel måste de övergripande åtgärdsmålen lägga en grund för återfyllnadsmassornas kvalitet vid schaktsaneringar, så att en fungerande markmiljö återskapas. En annan slutsats är att det krävs ett iterativt arbetssätt för att en hållbarhetsanalys ska bli framgångsrik. Det innebär att det kan vara nödvändigt att backa till tidigare moment för att modifiera åtgärdsalternativ och samla in kompletterande information. Utgångspunkten i arbetet ska vara att den riskreduktion som krävs ska uppnås på ett så hållbart sätt som möjligt. Det gäller att vara observant på att samtliga efterbehandlingsalternativ verkligen uppfyller kravet på riskreduktion. För flera moment i huvudstudien behöver vägledningar tas fram, med fokus på hållbarhet. Detta gäller bland annat hur övergripande åtgärdsmål formuleras och hur en åtgärdsutredning bör utformas. Tydligare vägledning i dessa och liknande frågor kan i förlängningen bidra till mer hållbara efterbehandlingsåtgärder.
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| 16. |
- Back, Pär-Erik, 1961, et al.
(author)
-
Markmiljöns skyddsvärde – En härledning med utgångspunkt i miljöetik och lagstiftning
- 2016
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vid riskbedömning av förorenade områden ska riskerna som föroreningen utgör bedömas för olika skyddsobjekt, främst människor, markmiljö, grund- och ytvatten. I fördjupade riskbedömningar kan det även vara aktuellt att bestämma lämpliga skyddsnivåer för skyddsobjekten. Till vilken nivå vi väljer att skydda ett objekt beror i hög grad på objektets skyddsvärde. Vad detta skyddsvärde består av och hur stort det anses vara beror i sin tur på vem det är som gör värderingen och vilket miljöetiskt synsätt som tillämpas. När skyddsobjektet markmiljö ska värderas uppstår ofta många frågor och oenigheten mellan olika aktörer kan ibland vara stor.Syftet med publikationen är att tydliggöra vad som avses med begreppet markmiljöns skyddsvärde och beskriva vad det består av. Olika miljöetiska synsätt kan leda till att vår markmiljö värderas olika högt beroende på vem som utför värderingen. I syfte att skapa en gemensam grund för denna typ av värderingar har vi här valt att utgå från den miljöetik som ligger till grund för vår miljölagstiftning. Målet med publikationen är att presentera en härledning av markmiljöns skyddsvärde och ge en grund för hur man kan resonera kring flera av de besvärliga frågor som ställs beträffande skyddet av markmiljön.Rapporten innehåller också en allmän diskussion av skyddsvärdet men beskriver inte konkret hur markmiljön bör värderas vid ett enskilt objekt. Publikationen är med andra ord ingen vägledning i den bemärkelsen att den är direkt tillämpbar för värdering i verkliga projekt. Vår förhoppning är istället att publikationen kommer att utgöra en viktig grund för arbetet med att ta fram framtida vägledningsmaterial för ekologisk riskbedömning samt riskvärdering.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Back, Pär-Erik, 1961, et al.
(author)
-
Value of Information Analysis in Remedial Investigations
- 2007
-
In: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 36:6, s. 486-493
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Site investigations of contaminated land are associated with high costs. From a societal perspective, just enough economic resources should be spent on investigations so that society's limited resources can be used optimally. The solution is to design investigation programs that are cost-effective, which can be performed using Value of Information Analysis (VOIA). The principle of VOIA is to compare the benefit at the present state of knowledge with the benefit that is expected after an investigation has been performed. A framework for VOIA of site investigations is presented based on Bayesian risk-cost-benefit decision analysis. The result is an estimate of the value of an investigation program, and for specific problems, the optimal number of samples. The main strength of the methodology is that it promotes clear thinking and forces the decision-maker to reflect on issues that otherwise would be ignored. The main weakness is the complexity of VOIA models.
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| 19. |
- Bakhit, Babak, 1983-, et al.
(author)
-
Dense Ti0.67Hf0.33B1.7 thin films grown by hybrid HfB2-HiPIMS/TiB2-DCMS co-sputtering without external heating
- 2021
-
In: Vacuum. - : Elsevier. - 0042-207X .- 1879-2715. ; 186
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a need for developing synthesis techniques that allow the growth of high-quality functional films at low substrate temperatures to minimize energy consumption and enable coating temperature-sensitive substrates. A typical shortcoming of conventional low-temperature growth strategies is insufficient atomic mobility, which leads to porous microstructures with impurity incorporation due to atmosphere exposure, and, in turn, poor mechanical properties. Here, we report the synthesis of dense Ti0.67Hf0.33B1.7 thin films with a hardness of ∼41.0 GPa grown without external heating (substrate temperature below ∼100 °C) by hybrid high-power impulse and dc magnetron co-sputtering (HfB2-HiPIMS/TiB2-DCMS) in pure Ar on Al2O3(0001) substrates. A substrate bias potential of −300 V is synchronized to the target-ion-rich portion of each HiPIMS pulse. The limited atomic mobility inherent to such desired low-temperature deposition is compensated for by heavy-mass ion (Hf+) irradiation promoting the growth of dense Ti0.67Hf0.33B1.7.
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| 20. |
- Bakhit, Babak, 1983-, et al.
(author)
-
Multifunctional ZrB2-rich Zr1-xCrxBy thin films with enhanced mechanical, oxidation, and corrosion properties
- 2021
-
In: Vacuum. - : Elsevier BV. - 0042-207X .- 1879-2715. ; 185
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Refractory transition-metal (TM) diborides have high melting points, excellent hardness, and good chemical stability. However, these properties are not sufficient for applications involving extreme environments that require high mechanical strength as well as oxidation and corrosion resistance. Here, we study the effect of Cr addition on the properties of ZrB2-rich Zr1-xCrxBy thin films grown by hybrid high-power impulse and dc magnetron co-sputtering (Cr-HiPIMS/ZrB2-DCMS) with a 100-V Cr-metal-ion synchronized potential. Cr metal fraction, x = Cr/(Zr+Cr), is increased from 0.23 to 0.44 by decreasing the power Pzrb2 applied to the DCMS ZrB2 target from 4000 to 2000 W, while the average power, pulse width, and frequency applied to the HiPIMS Cr target are maintained constant. In addition, y decreases from 2.18 to 1.11 as a function of Pzrb2, as a result of supplying Cr to the growing film and preferential B resputtering caused by the pulsed Cr-ion flux. ZrB2.18, Zr0.77Cr0.23B1.52, Zr0.71Cr0.29B1.42, and Zr0.68Cr0.32B1.38 2 films have hexagonal AlB2 crystal structure with a columnar nanostructure, while Zr0.64Cr0.36B1.30 and Zr0.56Cr0.44B1.11 are amorphous. All films show hardness above 30 GPa. Zr0.56Cr0.44B1.11 alloys exhibit much better toughness, wear, oxidation, and corrosion resistance than ZrB2.18. This combination of properties makes Zr0.56Cr0.44B1.11 ideal candidates for numerous strategic applications.
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| 21. |
- Bergion, Viktor, 1986, et al.
(author)
-
Accounting for Unexpected Risk Events in Drinking Water Systems
- 2021
-
In: Exposure and Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2451-9685 .- 2451-9766. ; 13:1, s. 15-31
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Unexpected risk events in drinking water systems, such as heavy rain or manure spill accidents, can cause waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease. Using a scenario-based approach, these unexpected risk events were included in a risk-based decision model aimed at evaluating risk reduction alternatives. The decision model combined quantitative microbial risk assessment and cost–benefit analysis and investigated four risk reduction alternatives. Two drinking water systems were compared using the same set of risk reduction alternatives to illustrate the effect of unexpected risk events. The first drinking water system had a high pathogen base load and a high pathogen log10 reduction in the treatment plant, whereas the second drinking water system had a low pathogen base load and a low pathogen Log10 reduction in the treatment plant. Four risk reduction alternatives were evaluated on their social profitability: (A1) installation of pumps and back-up power supply, to remove combined sewer overflows; (A2) installation of UV treatment in the drinking water treatment plant; (A3) connection of 25% of the OWTSs in the catchment area to the WWTP; and (A4) a combination of A1–A3. Including the unexpected risk events changed the probability of a positive net present value for the analysed alternatives in the decision model and the alternative that is likely to have the highest net present value. The magnitude of the effect of unexpected risk events is dependent on the local preconditions in the drinking water system. For the first drinking water system, the unexpected risk events increase risk to a lesser extent compared to the second drinking water system. The main conclusion was that it is important to include unexpected risk events in decision models for evaluating microbial risk reduction, especially in a drinking water system with a low base load and a low pathogen log10 reduction in the drinking water treatment plant.
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| 22. |
- Bergion, Viktor, 1986, et al.
(author)
-
Economic Valuation for Cost–Benefit Analysis of Health Risk Reduction in Drinking Water Systems
- 2020
-
In: Exposure and Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2451-9685 .- 2451-9766. ; 12:1, s. 99-110
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Microbial risk mitigation measures in drinking water systems aiming at preventing gastrointestinal disease can provide substantial societal health benefits if implemented properly. However, the procedure of including and monetising the health benefits in cost–benefit analysis (CBA) has been somewhat scattered and inconsistent in the literature, and there is a need for a comparison of available methods. First, through a literature review, we identified the methods to include health benefits in decision support and to monetise these benefits in CBA. Second, we applied the identified health valuation methods in a case study. In the case study, we investigated if changing the health valuation method could change the rank order of the decision alternatives’ net present values. In the case study a risk-based decision model that combined quantitative microbial risk assessment and CBA was used. Seven health valuation methods were identified, each of them including different aspects of health benefits. The results of the case study showed that the choice of the health valuation method can change the rank order of decision alternatives with respect to their net present values. These results highlight the importance of choosing an appropriate health valuation method for the specific application. Although this study focused on the drinking water context, the identified health valuation methods can be applied in any decision support context, provided that input in terms of the health risk reduction is available.
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| 23. |
- Bergion, Viktor, 1986, et al.
(author)
-
Hydrological modelling in a drinking water catchment area as a means of evaluating pathogen risk reduction
- 2017
-
In: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1694. ; 544, s. 74-85
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases are of great concern to drinking water producers and can give rise to substantial costs to the society. The World Health Organisation promotes an approach where the emphasis is on mitigating risks close to the contamination source. In order to handle microbial risks efficiently, there is a need for systematic risk management. In this paper we present a framework for microbial risk management of drinking water systems. The framework incorporates cost-benefit analysis as a decision support method. The hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, which was set up for the Stäket catchment area in Sweden, was used to simulate the effects of four different mitigation measures on microbial concentrations. The modelling results showed that the two mitigation measures that resulted in a significant (p
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| 24. |
- Bergion, Viktor, 1986, et al.
(author)
-
Risk-based cost-benefit analysis for evaluating microbial risk mitigation in a drinking water system
- 2018
-
In: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 132, s. 111-123
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases can cause large costs to society. Risk management needs to be holistic and transparent in order to reduce these risks in an effective manner. Microbial risk mitigation measures in a drinking water system were investigated using a novel approach combining probabilistic risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis. Lake Vomb in Sweden was used to exemplify and illustrate the risk-based decision model. Four mitigation alternatives were compared, where the first three alternatives, A1-A3, represented connecting 25, 50 and 75%, respectively, of on-site wastewater treatment systems in the catchment to the municipal wastewater treatment plant. The fourth alternative, A4, represented installing a UV-disinfection unit in the drinking water treatment plant. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was used to estimate the positive health effects in terms of quality adjusted life years (QALYs), resulting from the four mitigation alternatives. The health benefits were monetised using a unit cost per QALY. For each mitigation alternative, the net present value of health and environmental benefits and investment, maintenance and running costs was calculated. The results showed that only A4 can reduce the risk (probability of infection) below the World Health Organization guidelines of 10−4 infections per person per year (looking at the 95th percentile). Furthermore, all alternatives resulted in a negative net present value. However, the net present value would be positive (looking at the 50th percentile using a 1% discount rate) if non-monetised benefits (e.g. increased property value divided evenly over the studied time horizon and reduced microbial risks posed to animals), estimated at 800–1200 SEK (€100–150) per connected on-site wastewater treatment system per year, were included. This risk-based decision model creates a robust and transparent decision support tool. It is flexible enough to be tailored and applied to local settings of drinking water systems. The model provides a clear and holistic structure for decisions related to microbial risk mitigation. To improve the decision model, we suggest to further develop the valuation and monetisation of health effects and to refine the propagation of uncertainties and variabilities between the included methods.
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| 25. |
- Bergman, Martin, 1985-, et al.
(author)
-
Surface appearance and impression
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research. - Tainan : Department of Industrial Design, National Cheng Kung University. - 9789860324884
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 26. |
- Bergman, Martin, 1985-, et al.
(author)
-
Surface design methodology : challenge the steel
- 2013
-
In: Metrology and Properties of Engineering Surfaces, 2013. - Bristol, UK : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). ; 483:1, s. Art. no. 012013-
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The way a product or material is experienced by its user could be different depending on the scenario. It is also well known that different materials and surfaces are used for different purposes. When optimizing materials and surface roughness for a certain something with the intention to improve a product, it is important to obtain not only the physical requirements, but also the user experience and expectations. Laws and requirements of the materials and the surface function, but also the conservative way of thinking about materials and colours characterize the design of medical equipment. The purpose of this paper is to link the technical- and customer requirements of current materials and surface textures in medical environments. By focusing on parts of the theory of Kansei Engineering, improvements of the companys' products are possible. The idea is to find correlations between desired experience or «feeling» for a product, -customer requirements, functional requirements, and product geometrical properties -design parameters, to be implemented on new improved products. To be able to find new materials with the same (or better) technical requirements but a higher level of user stimulation, the current material (stainless steel) and its surface (brushed textures) was used as a reference. The usage of focus groups of experts at the manufacturer lead to a selection of twelve possible new materials for investigation in the project. In collaboration with the topical company for this project, three new materials that fulfil the requirements -easy to clean and anti-bacterial came to be in focus for further investigation in regard to a new design of a washer-disinfector for medical equipment using the Kansei based Clean ability approach CAA. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
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| 27. |
- Bring, Arvid, et al.
(author)
-
Effects on groundwater storage of restoring, constructing or draining wetlands in temperate and boreal climates: a systematic review
- 2022
-
In: Environmental Evidence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2047-2382. ; 11:1
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Drainage activities have caused widespread wetland loss, groundwater drawdown and impairment of ecosystem services. There are now several national programs for wetland restoration, primarily focused on reintroducing ecosystem services such as habitats and nutrient retention. In Sweden, recent dry summers have also reinforced interest in hydrological functions such as the potential for enhanced groundwater storage, both in and around the wetland. However, there are several knowledge gaps regarding groundwater storage effects of restoration, including if they extend beyond the wetland and how they vary with local conditions. Therefore, we have systematically reviewed groundwater storage effects from the interventions of restoring, constructing or draining boreo-temperate wetlands. Drainage was included primarily to evaluate to what degree restoration can reverse drainage effects. Methods: We searched 8 databases for scientific journal publications in English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, French, German and Polish. Gray literature was searched in English and Swedish. Articles were included based on their relevance for Swedish conditions, i.e., in previously glaciated areas with boreal or temperate climate. Extracted outcome data were groundwater level changes, along with other variables including type of wetland and intervention and, when reported, distance between sampling point and intervention. Meta-analyses were conducted separately for studies that reported groundwater levels at different distances and studies that reported overall effects. Included studies were subject to critical appraisal to evaluate their susceptibility to bias, primarily selection bias, performance bias, and detection bias. Critical appraisal results were used in sensitivity analysis. Review findings: Out of 11,288 screened records, 224 articles fulfilled the criteria, and from these, 146 studies were included in meta-analysis. Most studies (89%) investigated peatlands, primarily from Finland, the UK and Canada. Restoration and drainage studies were equally common. Only nine studies reported measurements beyond the wetland area. Our synthesis is therefore primarily focused on effects within wetlands. In peatland restoration, the observed groundwater level rise decreased exponentially with distance from the restored ditch and was reduced to 50% after 9 [95% confidence interval: 5, 26] m. Drainage reached somewhat farther, with 50% of the groundwater drawdown remaining at 21 [11, 64] m. On average, restoration increased groundwater levels by 22 [16, 28] cm near the intervention, whereas drainage caused a drawdown of 19 [10, 27] cm. Assuming that sampling was unbiased, effects were similar for bogs, fens and mires. Restricting the meta-analysis to the 58% of studies that were of high validity did not alter conclusions. Conclusions: Effects of peatland restoration and drainage were of similar magnitudes but opposite directions. This indicates that, on average, rewetting of drained peatlands can be expected to restore groundwater levels near the ditch. However, restoration may not reach all the area affected by drainage, and there was a strong dependence on local context. For managers of wetland projects, it is thus important to follow up and monitor restoration effects and reinforce the intervention if necessary. Our results also point to a need for better impact evaluation if increased storage beyond the restored wetland area is desired.
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| 28. |
- Bring, Arvid, et al.
(author)
-
Groundwater storage effects from restoring, constructing or draining wetlands in temperate and boreal climates: a systematic review protocol
- 2020
-
In: Environmental Evidence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2047-2382. ; 9:1
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wetlands in many parts of the world have been degraded, as use of the land for food production and forestry for human needs have taken precedence. Drainage of wetlands has led to deteriorated wetland conditions and lowered water tables. Across the world, there are several programs for wetland restoration and construction, primarily to reintroduce lost habitats for wildlife, and to obtain nutrient retention functions. In Sweden, recent dry and hot summers have reinforced interest in the hydrological functions that wetlands may have, in particular as potential support for water storage in the landscape and added groundwater storage during dry periods. However, the agreement on substantial effects on groundwater is limited, and there are several critical knowledge gaps, including the extent to which such effects extend outside the wetland itself, and how they vary with local conditions, such as topography, soil, and climate. Therefore, this review will address the groundwater storage effect of restoring, constructing or draining wetlands in the boreo-temperate region. Methods: We will conduct a systematic review of the evidence, drawing on both peer-reviewed and grey literature. Articles in English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, French, German and Polish will be retrieved from academic databases, Google Scholar, and websites of specialist organizations. We will screen literature in two stages, first at the title and abstract level and then in full text, the latter with blinded decisions by two independent reviewers for all articles. Articles will be included based on relevance criteria for a Swedish context: wetlands on previously glaciated soils in boreal and temperate climates. Data will be extracted from all included articles, including wetland type, intervention type, and hydrogeological setting. Studies will be subject to critical appraisal to evaluate their susceptibility to bias. Provided enough evidence of sufficient reliability, we will carry out meta-analyses of effect sizes in relation to various factors. The review will include a narrative synthesis in which we summarize the results of the review.
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| 29. |
- Brinkhoff, Petra, 1973, et al.
(author)
-
Economic Project Risk Assessment in Remediation Projects Prior to Construction: Methodology Development and Case Study Application
- 2015
-
In: Remediation. - : Wiley. - 1051-5658 .- 1520-6831. ; 25:2, s. 117-138
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Probabilistic economic analysis, including uncertainty of probabilities and consequences of project risks, is not widely used in remediation projects. This article presents a project risk assessment (PRA) method to identify, quantify, and analyze risks in remediation projects. The suggested method is probabilistic and includes uncertainty analysis of input variables based on expert judgment. It was originally developed as a part of a sustainability assessment tool, but is viable as a stand-alone tool for remediation projects. The method is applied to a case study: a former paint factory that is being redeveloped into a residential area. The PRA method is used for analyzing and comparing the project risks associated with four remediation options, all including excavation but with different degrees of onsite treatment. The result of the case study application shows which alternative has the lowest mean risk cost, the highest probability to have the lowest risk cost, and how the risk costs are distributed, but also, importantly, helps the user to prioritize between risk-reduction measures.
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| 30. |
- Bååth, Lars, 1948-, et al.
(author)
-
Towards New Interferometer Technology for Surface Metrology
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology. - Bedford : EUSPEN. - 9780956679000 ; , s. 158-161
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is an increasing requirement from manufacturing industries for improved technologies to measure surface topography. New instruments have to be accurate; robust to be used on the industry floor; non-invasive; automatic; and sufficiently fast to be used in real time as well as to simultaneously measure over a large area. The industrial applications are plenty:On-line quality control of machined parts,Direct feed back to the manufacturing process,Analysis and selection of surface texture/structure.This paper presents new developments in interferometer techniques for new robust area-based topographic instruments.
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| 31. |
- Cabanettes, Frederic, 1982-, et al.
(author)
-
Global and local mapping of motor blocks liners roughness for the analysis of honing performance
- 2014
-
In: Journal of physics. - Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 483:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The manufacturing and finishing (honing) of cylinder liners for the automotive industry is a constant challenge in order to reduce friction losses and oil consumption. A better knowledge of surfaces generated during plateau honing is then required for optimization of the process. Despite a well-known and controlled honing process, variations in surface roughness appear at both global (due to honing tool wear) and local (TDC, middle stroke, BDC) scales and need to be mapped and analysed. The following paper proposes to map the global and local variations in roughness by using a confocal 3D measuring equipment able to measure and scan any area of a cylinder liner. Six motor blocks (five liners each) are evaluated with twenty topography measurements per liner. In total, six hundred 3D measurements of size 1×1 mm are performed and roughness parameters are computed. The results show that some parameters do correlate with the honing tool wear specific to each cylinder. Experimental models could be built. Furthermore surface roughness varies significantly over the axial length of the liners due to waviness deviations combined with a lack of flexibility of the honing tool in axial direction. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
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| 32. |
- Chuquimia, Olga D., et al.
(author)
-
Molecular analyses of fecal bacteria and hydrodynamic modeling for microbial risk assessment of a drinking water source
- 2020
-
In: Water (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441 .- 2073-4441. ; 12:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Safe water is a global concern, and methods to accurately monitor quality of water are vital. To assess the risks related to bacterial pathogen load in Lake Vomb that provides drinking water to the southern part of Sweden, this study combined molecular analyses of enterobacteria and bacterial pathogens in water using quantitiative real-time PCR with hydrodynamic modeling and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). A real-time PCR assay to detect enterobacteria was set up by primers targeting ssrA. Between February 2015 and May 2016, presence of ssrA gene copies as well as Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and EHEC O157 DNA was analyzed by real-time PCR at several locations in the catchment of Lake Vomb and its tributaries Bjorkaan, Borstbacken, and Torpsbacken. Bjorkaan had the highest detected concentrations of the ssrA gene and, according to the results of hydrodynamic modeling, contributed most to the contamination of the water intake in the lake. None of the water samples were positive for genes encoding EHEC O157 and Campylobacter spp., while invA (Salmonella spp.) was present in 11 samples. The QMRA showed that the suggested acceptable risk level (daily probability of infection <2.7 x 10-7) is achieved with a 95% probability, if the Salmonella concentrations in the water intake are below 101 bacteria/100 mL. If a UV-disinfection step is installed, the Salmonella concentration at the water intake should not exceed 106 bacteria/100 mL.
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| 33. |
- Dahlqvist, Peter, et al.
(author)
-
Potential benefits of managed aquifer recharge MAR on the Island of Gotland, Sweden
- 2019
-
In: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 11:10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Island of Gotland (3000 km2), east of mainland Sweden, suffers from insufficient water availability each summer. Thin soils and lack of coherent reservoirs in the sedimentary bedrock lead to limited reservoir capacity. The feasibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is explored by identifying suitable areas and estimating their possible contribution to an increased water availability. MARis compared to alternative water management measures, e.g., increased groundwater abstraction, in terms of costs and water availability potential. Results from GIS analyses of infiltration areas and groundwater storage, respectively proximity to surface water sources and surface water storage were classified into three categories of MAR suitability. An area of ca 7700 ha (2.5% of Gotland) was found to have good local conditions for MAR and an area of ca 22,700 ha (7.5% of Gotland) was found to have moderate local conditions for MAR. These results reveal the MAR potential on Gotland. The water supply potential of MAR in existing well fields was estimated to be about 35% of the forecasted drinking water supply and 7% of the total water demand gap in year 2045. It is similar in costs and water supply potential to increased surface water extraction. © 2019 by the authors.
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| 34. |
- Drenning, Paul, 1992, et al.
(author)
-
Comparison of PFAS soil remediation alternatives at a civilian airport using cost-benefit analysis
- 2023
-
In: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 882
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Contamination of soil and water systems by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) due to uncontrolled use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) at firefighting training sites at civilian and military airports is a universal issue and can lead to significant human health and environmental impacts. Remediation of these sites is often complex but necessary to alleviate the PFAS burden and minimise the risks of exposure by eliminating the hotspot/source from which the PFAS spreads. This study presents a probabilistic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for evaluating PFAS remediation alternatives, which includes monetisation of both direct costs and benefits as well as externalities. The method is applied for a case study to compare five remediation alternatives for managing PFAS contaminated soil at Stockholm Arlanda Airport in Sweden. The social profitability, or the net present value (NPV), of each remediation alternative was calculated in comparison to two reference alternatives – ‘total excavation’ of the site (Alt 0) or ‘do nothing’. Sensitivity analyses and model scenarios were tested to account for uncertainties, including small or large PFAS spreading and simulating different values for the magnitude of annual avoided cost of inaction (i.e., aggregate benefit) from PFAS remediation. In comparison to total excavation, four of the five studied remediation alternatives resulted in a positive mean NPV. Excavation and stabilization/solidification of the hotspot on-site combined with stabilization using activated carbon for the rest of site (Alt 2) had the highest NPV for both spreading scenarios, i.e., Alt 2 was the most socially profitable alternative. Simulations of the annual avoided cost of inaction enabled estimation of the breakeven point at which a remediation alternative becomes socially profitable (NPV > 0) compared to ‘do nothing’. Alt 2 had the lowest breakeven point: 7.5 and 5.75 millions of SEK/year for large and small spreading, respectively.
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| 35. |
- Drenning, Paul David, 1992, et al.
(author)
-
A risk management framework for Gentle Remediation Options (GRO)
- 2022
-
In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 802
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gentle Remediation Options (GRO) are remediation measures involving plants, fungi, bacteria, and soil amendments that can be applied to manage risks at contaminated sites. Several studies and decision-support tools promote the wider range of benefits provided by GRO, but there is still skepticism regarding GRO implementation. Key issues that need to be better communicated are the various risk mitigation mechanisms, the required risk reduction for an envisioned land use, and the time perspective associated with the risk mitigation mechanisms. To increase the viability and acceptance of GRO, the phytomanagement approach implies the combination of GRO with beneficial green land use, gradually reducing risks and restoring ecosystem services. To strengthen the decision basis for GRO implementation in practice, this paper proposes a framework for risk management and communication of GRO applications to support phytomanagement strategies at contaminated sites. The mapping of the risk mitigation mechanisms is done by an extensive literature review and the Swedish national soil guideline value model is used to derive the most relevant human health exposure pathways and ecological risks for generic green land use scenarios. Results indicate that most of the expected risk mitigation mechanisms are supported by literature, but that knowledge gaps still exist. The framework is demonstrated to support the identification of GRO options for the case study site given two envisioned land uses: biofuel park and allotment garden. A more easily understandable risk management framework, as proposed here, is expected to act as a communication tool to educate decision-makers, regulatory bodies and other stakeholders for better understanding of risk mitigation mechanisms and preliminary timeframes of various GRO, particularly in the early stages of a brownfield redevelopment project.
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| 36. |
- Drenning, Paul David, 1992, et al.
(author)
-
Enhancing ecosystem services at urban brownfield sites - What value does contaminated soil have in the built environment?
- 2020
-
In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:5
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban environments are challenged with a plethora of wicked problems in the face of rapid urbanization and land use change, not least natural capital degradation and widespread land and water contamination. Brownfields, under-used sites with real or perceived contamination, are significant urban and peri-urban land resources which, with well-designed remediation and management strategies can address these concerns. Gentle remediation options (GRO) are scalable nature-based techniques which provide significant opportunities for multi-functionality: managing risks posed by contaminants and at the same time enhance ecosystem services (ES) by improving the soil ecosystem in a low-impact, cost-effective manner. GRO align with an increasing interest in taking a holistic view on soil and land management to protect and improve the soil ecosystem for direct human benefit in the form of ES as well as for its indirect, intrinsic value as a haven for biodiversity. This short review aims to present a synthesis of ideas to raise awareness for urban planners about GRO techniques as nature-based solutions which can promote green infrastructure in the urban environment.
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| 37. |
- Ek, Kristine, 1975, et al.
(author)
-
A harmonized method for automatable life cycle sustainability performance assessment and comparison of civil engineering works design concepts
- 2020
-
In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 588:5
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The life cycle sustainability performance of civil engineering works is increasingly important. The possibility to influence the sustainability of a project design is larger in the conceptual stage than in later stages. Better-informed decisions regarding design choices’ impact on sustainability can be made by comparing conceptual project designs based on an assessment of their life cycle sustainability performance. It is essential that concepts are assessed in a harmonized way and compared impartially. Current standards provide the general framework for the assessment of sustainability performance, but do not give detailed guidance on calculation of sustainability indicators and their aggregation. Since design in automated systems is becoming increasingly common, there is a growing need for machine-readable data and automatable assessment methods. Assessment methods which can be applied using open-access data is important to achieve fair competition. This paper aims to provide a method for life cycle sustainability performance assessment and comparison of civil engineering works design concepts, possible to apply using open-access Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) and life cycle assessment (LCA) data. The purpose is to enable fair and automatable sustainability assessments of design concepts, to facilitate impartial comparisons of such assessments as a basis for choosing sustainable designs. A literature review of relevant standards and scientific papers on sustainability assessment of construction and civil engineering works was performed. A harmonized, fair and automatable method for life cycle sustainability assessment and comparison of civil engineering works design concepts, well-suited for optimization purposes, is presented. However, the aim currently limits categories and indicators possible to include. The proposed method includes guidance on the calculation of environmental, social and economic indicators, based on LCA, life cycle costing (LCC) and external costs, and aggregation using normalisation and weighting factors of the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF). The proposed method allows for an impartial comparison of the sustainability of design concepts, resulting in better-informed decisions.
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| 38. |
- Ek, Kristine, 1975, et al.
(author)
-
Multi-criteria decision analysis methods to support sustainable infrastructure construction
- 2019
-
In: IABSE Symposium, Guimaraes 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management - Report. ; , s. 1084-1091
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The construction of infrastructure projects represents a large sustainability impact, both positive and negative. Increased positive and reduced negative impacts can be achieved through better design and planning of the construction. To make more sustainable choices, well‐defined predictive sustainability assessment methods are required. Multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a well-suited method for predictive sustainability assessment. This paper evaluates two MCDA methods for sustainability assessment of infrastructure construction and exemplifies their application with two case studies. The aim of this paper is to discuss if the methods are suitable for identifying the most sustainable alternative during the procurement process of an infrastructure project. It is recommended that MCDA methods are further developed to comply with the recently published EN standard on sustainability assessment of civil engineering works.
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| 39. |
- Eriksson, Lars, et al.
(author)
-
Affective surface engineering- using soft and hard metrology to measure the Sensation and perception in surface properties
- 2018
-
In: Proceedings of NordDesign. - Linköping : The Design Society. - 9789176851852
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- New surface treatments, novel material developments, and improved quality control procedures and advanced metrology instrumentation create a possibility to further develop competitiveness by the selection of “optimal” surface features”, to a product. The customers first apprehension of a product and the creation of desire is a very complex, but tempting process to learn more about. The interaction between the added quantitative- and the qualitative direct impressions with the customers known and unknown functional demands, social background, and expectations results in sensation and perception, partly possible to quantify and to great extent impossible to pin-down as numbers. Customer sensation and perception are much about psychological factors. There has been a strong industrial- and academic need and interest for methods and tools to quantify and linking product properties to the human response but a lack of studies of the impact of surfaces. This paper aims to introduce a novel approach to develop and join a human sensoric inspired metrology frame-work with qualitative gradings of apprehended impressions of products with varying surface properties. The aim is to establish the metrology framework to link measurable- and unmeasurable impressions of product surfaces to customer FEELING as exemplified by a set of industrial applications. In conclusions of the study, future research in Soft metrology is proposed to allow understanding and modelling of product perception and sensations in combination with a development of the Kansei Surface Engineering methodology and software tools. © Proceedings of NordDesign: Design in the Era of Digitalization, NordDesign 2018. All rights reserved.
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| 40. |
- Ferdos, Farzad, et al.
(author)
-
Quantitative environmental footprints and sustainability evaluation of contaminated land remediation alternatives for two case studies
- 2013
-
In: Remediation Journal. - : Wiley. - 1051-5658 .- 1520-6831. ; 24:1, s. 77-98
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) launched its "green remediation" program and EU member states began to reassess their national regulations for environmental remediation in order to reach a Europe-wide consensus on policy and standards, the need and interest for sustainable remediation of contaminants from brownfields has grown considerably. Concomitantly, the ability to calculate and assess the suitability as well as the environmental footprints and associated risks of a growing number of remediation techniques has become a priority. The authors quantitatively evaluate the differences between various remediation techniques, and for this purpose, a number of ex situ and in situ remediation techniques are adapted to model 21 remediation scenarios for two contaminated sites in the Gothenburg region of Sweden: the Bohus Varv site on the Göta älv river bank and the Hexion site in Mölndal. A wide range of quantitative results for these models are presented, compared, and analyzed. Based on the results from both projects, it is concluded that: (1) remediation techniques requiring long distance residual transportation have significant footprints, except the transportation of contaminated residuals by train due to Swedish energy production conditions; (2) residual transportation by ship results in much higher SOx, NOx, and particle releases compared to the other alternatives; and (3) residual transporation by truck results in high accident risks. Finally, activities powered by electricity result in a reduced footprint compared to activities powered by fossil fuels, considering Swedish energy production conditions. The authors conducted a cross-benefit analysis of SiteWiseTM applications which recognizes its potential as a tool for presenting life cycle assessment analyses with appropriate system boundary definitions and an easy inventory analysis process. Results from this tool provide valuable support to decision makers aiming at more sustainable remediation.
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| 41. |
- Flys, Olena, 1971-, et al.
(author)
-
Piston ring topography variation and robust characterization
- 2014
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is a constant challenge for the automotive industry to reduce friction losses and oil consumption in automobile engine. The piston ring friction accounts for approximately 20% of the total mechanical energy losses in a modern engine. Oil control rings limit and control the oil consumption of the engine as well. They scrape off excess lubricating oil from the cylinder walls and return it to the crank case. Piston rings are designed to distribute the thin oil film evenly to ensure piston and ring lubrication. The surface topography of a piston ring is an efficient variable in the control of the oil consumption and friction losses. In places where the interacting surfaces come in contact, the oil film thickness is extremely thin and the surface asperities may deform because of the high pressures. There are different types of oil control rings.The most common one is the twin land oil control ring, which consists of two narrow lands that scrape off the oil on the liner and a spring on the back that exerts the load. In this paper, the surfaces of the two lands were investigated, since they play the key role in its function. The goal is to map the variation in surface roughness of piston rings that appear at different scales from form and waviness to micro and nano roughness. Areal topography measurements were made by white light interferometer designed at the Halmstad University able to measure and scan the total functional area of a piston ring. An significant amount of oil control piston rings of heavy duty truck engines were examined and 24 measurements were made in circumferential direction and on each ring land. The results show both the variation and uncertainty of the ring topography and discuss the instrument and measuring methodology uncertainty. The most stable parameters were found and recommended for an effective quality control. Comparisons between established coherence scanning interferometer and the instrument built in Halmstad were made. To ensure a good quality, the measurements were made both on calibration standards and on piston ring surfaces. Finally the influence on function and energy losses in the final engine assembly is discussed to indicate future design and metrology improvements.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Göransson, Gunnel, et al.
(author)
-
A methodology for estimating risks associated with landslides of contaminated soil into rivers
- 2014
-
In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 472, s. 481-495
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban areas adjacent to surface water are exposed to soil movements such as erosion and slope failures (landslides). A landslide is a potential mechanism for mobilisation and spreading of pollutants. This mechanism is in general not included in environmental risk assessments for contaminated sites, and the consequences associated with contamination in the soil are typically not considered in landslide risk assessments. This study suggests a methodology to estimate the environmental risks associated with landslides in contaminated sites adjacent to rivers. The methodology is probabilistic and allows for datasets with large uncertainties and the use of expert judgements, providing quantitative estimates of probabilities for defined failures. The approach is illustrated by a case study along the river Gota Alv, Sweden, where failures are defined and probabilities for those failures are estimated. Failures are defined from a pollution perspective and in terms of exceeding environmental quality standards (EQSs) and acceptable contaminant loads. Models are then suggested to estimate probabilities of these failures. A landslide analysis is carried out to assess landslide probabilities based on data from a recent landslide risk classification study along the river Gota Alv. The suggested methodology is meant to be a supplement to either landslide risk assessment (LRA) or environmental risk assessment (ERA), providing quantitative estimates of the risks associated with landslide in contaminated sites. The proposed methodology can also act as a basis for communication and discussion, thereby contributing to intersectoral management solutions. From the case study it was found that the defined failures are governed primarily by the probability of a landslide occurring. The overall probabilities for failure are low; however, if a landslide occurs the probabilities of exceeding EQS are high and the probability of having at least a 10% increase in the contamination load within one year is also high.
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| 45. |
- Halim, Joseph, 1985-
(author)
-
Synthesis and transport properties of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes)
- 2018
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Since the isolation and characterization of graphene, there has been a growing interest in 2D materials owing to their unique properties compared to their 3D counterparts. Recently, a family of 2D materials of early transition metal carbides and nitrides, labelled MXenes, has been discovered (Ti2CTz, Ti3C2Tz, Mo2TiC2Tz, Ti3CNTz, Ta4C3Tz, Ti4N3Tz among many others), where T stands for surface-terminating groups (O, OH, and F). MXenes are mostly produced by selectively etching A layers (where A stands for group A elements, mostly groups 13 and 14) from the MAX phases. The latter are a family of layered ternary carbides and/or nitrides and have a general formula of Mn+1AXn (n = 1-3), where M is a transition metal and X is carbon and/or nitrogen. The produced MXenes have a conductive carbide core and a non-conductive O-, OH- and/or F-terminated surface, which allows them to work as electrodes for energy storage applications, such as Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors.Prior to this work, MXenes were produced in the form of flakes of lateral dimension of about 1 to 2 microns; such dimensions and form are not suitable for electronic characterization and applications. I have synthesized various MXenes (Ti3C2Tz, Ti2CTz and Nb2CTz) as epitaxial thin films, a more suitable form for electronic and photonic applications. These films were produced by HF, NH4HF2 or LiF + HCl etching of magnetron sputtered epitaxial Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, and Nb2AlC thin films. For transport properties of the Ti-based MXenes, Ti2CTz and Ti3C2Tz, changing n from 1 to 2 resulted in an increase in conductivity but had no effect on the transport mechanism (i.e. both Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx were metallic). In order to examine whether the electronic properties of MXenes differ when going from a few layers to a single flake, similar to graphene, the electrical characterization of a single Ti3C2Tz flake with a lateral size of about 10 μm was performed. These measurements, the first for MXene, demonstrated its metallic nature, along with determining the nature of the charge carriers and their mobility. This indicates that Ti3C2Tz is inherently of 2D nature independent of the number of stacked layers, unlike graphene, where the electronic properties change based on the number of stacked layers.Changing the transition metal from Ti to Nb, viz. comparing Ti2CTz and Nb2CTz thin films, the electronic properties and electronic conduction mechanism differ. Ti2CTz showed metallic-like behavior (resistivity increases with increasing temperature) unlike Nb2CTz where the conduction occurs via variable range hopping mechanism (VRH) - where resistivity decreases with increasing temperature.Furthermore, these studies show the synthesis of pure Mo2CTz in the form of single flakes and freestanding films made by filtering Mo2CTz colloidal suspensions. Electronic characterization of free-standing films made from delaminated Mo2CTz flakes was investigated, showing that a VRH mechanism prevails at low temperatures (7 to ≈ 60 K). Upon vacuum annealing, the room temperature, RT, conductivity of Mo2CTx increased by two orders of magnitude. The conduction mechanism was concluded to be VRH most likely dominated by hopping within each flake.Other Mo-based MXenes, Mo2TiC2Tz and Mo2Ti2C3Tz, showed VRH mechanism at low temperature. However, at higher temperatures up to RT, the transport mechanism was not clearly understood. Therefore, a part of this thesis was dedicated to further investigating the transport properties of Mo-based MXenes. This includes Mo2CTz, out-of-plane ordered Mo2TiC2Tz and Mo2Ti2C3Tz, and vacancy ordered Mo1.33CTz. Magneto-transport of free-standing thin films of the Mo-based MXenes were studied, showing that all Mo-based MXenes have two transport regimes: a VRH mechanism at lower temperatures and a thermally activated process at higher temperatures. All Mo-based MXenes except Mo1.33CTz show that the electrical transport is dominated by inter-flake transfer. As for Mo1.33CTz, the primary electrical transport mechanism is more likely to be intra-flake.The synthesis of vacancy ordered MXenes (Mo1.33CTz and W1.33CTz) raised the question of possible introduction of vacancies in all MXenes. Vacancy ordered MXenes are produced by selective etching of Al and (Sc or Y) atoms from the parent 3D MAX phases, such as (Mo2/3Sc1/3)2AlC, with in-plane chemical ordering of Mo and Sc. However, not all quaternary parent MAX phases form the in-plane chemical ordering of the two M metals; thus the synthesis of the vacancy-ordered MXenes is restricted to a very limited number of MAX phases. I present a new method to obtain MXene flakes with disordered vacancies that may be generalized to all quaternary MAX phases. As proof of concept, I chose Nb-C MXene, as this 2D material has shown promise in several applications, including energy storage, photothermal cell ablation and photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Starting from synthetizing (Nb2/3Sc1/3)2AlC quaternary solid solution and etching both the Sc and Al atoms resulted in Nb1.33C material with a large number of vacancies and vacancy clusters. This method may be applicable to other quaternary or higher MAX phases wherein one of the transition metals is more reactive than the other, and it could be of vital importance in applications such as catalysis and energy storage.
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| 46. |
- Hassellöv, Ida-Maja, 1974, et al.
(author)
-
Miljörisker sjunkna vrak
- 2014
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Arbetet med en nationell strategi för hantering av miljöfarliga vrak påbörjades 2007 med Statskontorets utredning Vrak och ägarlösa båtar, men ingen enskild myndighet har tilldelats övergripande ansvar för vrakfrågan. Utöver ansvarsfrågan har också förväntade höga kostnader för inspektion och sanering av vrak fördröjt det fortsatta arbetet. Ett steg närmare en nationell strategi redovisas här genom regeringsuppdraget Miljörisker sjunkna vrak. Genom samordning och ökat informationsutbyte mellan berörda myndigheter finns stor potential att minska de förväntade kostnaderna för inspektion av vrak och omgivande miljö. Om den föreslagna strategin antas, beräknas informationsläget avseende vraken att snabbt förbättras så att det år 2030 inte längre finns några potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak i svenska vatten.Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (HaV) och Naturvårdsverket har idag delat ansvar för övervakning och åtgärdande av miljögifter i marin miljö. Mot denna bakgrund hade det varit naturligt att låta HaV få ett övergripande ansvar för hantering av miljöfarliga vrak. Genom flexibelt upplägg avseende tidsramar bedöms övervakning och inspektion av potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak kunna utföras genom att HaV ger de berörda myndigheterna uppdrag; kartering och sjömätning (Sjöfartsverket), ROV och dykinspektion (Kustbevakningen och/eller Försvarsmakten), sediment- och bottenförhållanden (Statens geologiska undersökning). En förutsättning är dock väl fungerande samverkan och kommunikation mellan berörda myndigheter. Existerande plattformar för detta finns redan på såväl operativ nivå i form av Projekt ”Sjöstjärnan” - samordning och samverkan mellan myndigheter avseende information och inhämtning av djup- och bottendata; respektive högsta ledningsnivå i form av Samordningsgruppen för havs- och vattenmiljöfrågor (SamHav).Enligt Sjöfartsverkets tidigare inventering (Miljörisker från fartygsvrak, 2011) finns det utmed Sveriges kust knappt tre tusen vrak som inte kan avskrivas utan vidare informationsinhämtning. Drygt trehundra av dessa klassades som potentiellt miljöfarliga. Av dessa har 31 listats som de sannolikt mest miljöfarliga vraken. Listan över de 31 vraken har därför varit utgångspunkt för projektet Miljörisker sjunkna vrak, vars syfte var att ta fram en metod för prioritering och inspektion av potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak.Undervattensinspektion av vrak är kostsamt och kostnaden ökar kraftigt om vrakets läge är otillgängligt. Av de 31 vraken valdes därför nio relativt lättillgängliga vrak ut för noggrannare arkivstudier, samt sjömätning. Utifrån informationen från arkivstudierna och sjömätningen gjordes ett ytterligare urval om fyra vrak (Altnes, Skytteren, Thetis och Villon), vilka även inspekterades med ROV och/eller dykare. Huvudsyftet var att, inför och under arbetet med inspektionerna, utarbeta Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) som framgent kan användas som stöd inför kommande operationer rörande potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak.Under arbetet med inspektionerna observerades inte några pågående läckage av olja från vraken. Trots denna positiva information är det viktigt att komma ihåg att endast bevis på tomma tankar kan fullt ut avskriva vraken från listan över potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak. Även om det under projektets fältarbete inte observerades läckage av olja, finns dokumenterade läckage sedan tidigare (senast 2008-04-26) för Skytteren. Noterbart är också att Kustbevakningen 2014-06-29, fick rycka ut för att omhänderta olja som börjat läcka efter vraket Immen, norr om Gotska Sandön. Immen var inte med bland fallstudieobjekten i projektet.I tillägg till undervattensinspektion placerades strömmätningsutrustning ut vid vraken Skytteren och Villon. Strömdata kan sedan användas för att modellera ett hypotetiskt spill av olja från ett vrak och ge en indikation på var läckage av olja kan tänkas påverka den marina miljön negativt. Exempel på sådana negativa effekter kan vara försämrad förmåga hos sedimentlevande organismer att omsätta näringsämnen, vilket i sin tur kan påverka hela det marina ekosystemet. Strömdata är också ett viktigt underlag för utformning av övervakningsprogram, exempelvis med passiva provtagare för att detektera läckage av miljöfarlig substans från vrak.Samtlig insamlad data kommer att användas för att validera riskbedömningsverktyget VRAKA, som möjliggör resurseffektiv prioritering av vilka vrak som bör undersökas och/eller saneras. VRAKA, SOPs för inspektion, samt tillgång till specifik kompetens för utvärdering av samtliga resultat är nyckelelement för att kunna presentera en tillförlitlig riskbedömning av potentiellt miljöfarliga vrak. Havs- och vattenmyndigheten skulle kunna vara lämplig myndighet med huvudansvar för miljöfarliga vrak, i operativ samverkan med övriga berörda myndigheter.
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| 47. |
- Kashiwaya, Shun, et al.
(author)
-
Synthesis of goldene comprising single-atom layer gold
- 2024
-
In: Nature Synthesis. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2731-0582.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The synthesis of monolayer gold has so far been limited to free-standingseveral-atoms-thick layers, or monolayers confned on or inside templates.Here we report the exfoliation of single-atom-thick gold achieved throughwet-chemically etching away Ti3C2 from nanolaminated Ti3AuC2, initiallyformed by substituting Si in Ti3SiC2 with Au. Ti3SiC2 is a renown MAX phase,where M is a transition metal, A is a group A element, and X is C or N. Ourdeveloped synthetic route is by a facile, scalable and hydrofuoric acid-freemethod. The two-dimensional layers are termed goldene. Goldene layerswith roughly 9% lattice contraction compared to bulk gold are observedby electron microscopy. While ab initio molecular dynamics simulationsshow that two-dimensional goldene is inherently stable, experiments showsome curling and agglomeration, which can be mitigated by surfactants.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals an Au 4f binding energy increaseof 0.88 eV. Prospects for preparing goldene from other non-van der WaalsAu-intercalated phases, including developing etching schemes,are presented.
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| 48. |
- Koundouri, P., et al.
(author)
-
Methodology for Integrated Socio-economic Assessment of Multi-use Offshore Platforms.
- 2017
-
In: In: Koundouri P. (eds) The Ocean of Tomorrow. Environment & Policy, vol 56. Springer, Cham. - 9783319557700 ; , s. 11-26
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter presents the methodology employed for the Integrated Socio-Economic Assessment (MISEA) of different designs of Multi-Use Offshore Platforms (MUOPs). The methodology allows for the identification, the valuationand the assessment of the potential impacts and their magnitude. The analysis considers a number of feasible designs of MUOP investments, and the likely responsesof those impacted by the investment project. The approach provides decision-makers with a valuable tool to assess whether a MUOP project increases the overall social welfare and hence should be undertaken. This is performed under alternative specifications regarding platform design, the discount rate and the stream of net benefits, if a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is to be followed or a sensitivity analysis of selected criteria in a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework. Themethodology can support the implementation of policies aiming at achieving a goodenvironmental status of the EU’s marine waters and the protection of the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend.
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| 49. |
- Landquist, Hanna, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
A fault tree model to assess probability of contaminant discharge from shipwrecks
- 2014
-
In: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 88:1-2, s. 239-248
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Shipwrecks on the sea floor around the world may contain hazardous substances that can cause harm to the marine environment. Today there are no comprehensive methods for environmental risk assessment of shipwrecks, and thus there is poor support for decision-making on prioritization of mitigation measures. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool for quantitative risk estimation of potentially polluting shipwrecks, and in particular an estimation of the annual probability of hazardous substance discharge. The assessment of the probability of discharge is performed using fault tree analysis, facilitating quantification of the probability with respect to a set of identified hazardous events. This approach enables a structured assessment providing transparent uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. The model facilitates quantification of risk, quantification of the uncertainties in the risk calculation and identification of parameters to be investigated further in order to obtain a more reliable risk calculation.
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| 50. |
- Landquist, Hanna, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
Bayesian updating in a fault tree model for shipwreck risk assessment
- 2017
-
In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 590, s. 80-91
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Shipwrecks containing oil and other hazardous substances have been deteriorating on the seabeds of the world for many years and are threatening to pollute the marine environment. The status of the wrecks and the potential volume of harmful substances present in the wrecks are affected by a multitude of uncertainties. Each shipwreck poses a unique threat, the nature of which is determined by the structural status of the wreck and possible damage resulting from hazardous activities that could potentially cause a discharge. Decision support is required to ensure the efficiency of the prioritisation process and the allocation of resources required to carry out risk mitigation measures. Whilst risk assessments can provide the requisite decision support, comprehensive methods that take into account key uncertainties related to shipwrecks are limited. The aim of this paper was to develop a method for estimating the probability of discharge of hazardous substances from shipwrecks. The method is based on Bayesian updating of generic information on the hazards posed by different activities in the surroundings of the wreck, with information on site-specific and wreck-specific conditions in a fault tree model. Bayesian updating is performed using Monte Carlo simulations for estimating the probability of a discharge of hazardous substances and formal handling of intrinsic uncertainties. An example application involving two wrecks located off the Swedish coast is presented. Results show the estimated probability of opening, discharge and volume of the discharge for the two wrecks and illustrate the capability of the model to provide decision support. Together with consequence estimations of a discharge of hazardous substances, the suggested model enables comprehensive and probabilistic risk assessments of shipwrecks to be made.
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