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- George, T. S., et al.
(author)
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Organic phosphorus in the terrestrial environment : a perspective on the state of the art and future priorities
- 2018
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In: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 427:1-2, s. 191-208
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The dynamics of phosphorus (P) in the environment is important for regulating nutrient cycles in natural and managed ecosystems and an integral part in assessing biological resilience against environmental change. Organic P (P-o) compounds play key roles in biological and ecosystems function in the terrestrial environment being critical to cell function, growth and reproduction.Scope: We asked a group of experts to consider the global issues associated with P-o in the terrestrial environment, methodological strengths and weaknesses, benefits to be gained from understanding the P-o cycle, and to set priorities for P-o research.Conclusions: We identified seven key opportunities for P-o research including: the need for integrated, quality controlled and functionally based methodologies; assessment of stoichiometry with other elements in organic matter; understanding the dynamics of P-o in natural and managed systems; the role of microorganisms in controlling P-o cycles; the implications of nanoparticles in the environment and the need for better modelling and communication of the research. Each priority is discussed and a statement of intent for the P-o research community is made that highlights there are key contributions to be made toward understanding biogeochemical cycles, dynamics and function of natural ecosystems and the management of agricultural systems.
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- Zamora, Juan Carlos, et al.
(author)
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Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
- 2018
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In: IMA Fungus. - : INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 2210-6340 .- 2210-6359. ; 9:1, s. 167-185
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
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- Nyenswah, TG, et al.
(author)
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Ebola and Its Control in Liberia, 2014-2015
- 2016
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In: Emerging infectious diseases. - : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). - 1080-6059 .- 1080-6040. ; 22:2, s. 169-177
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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- Finlay, Roger, et al.
(author)
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The role of fungi in biogenic weathering in boreal forest soils
- 2009
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In: Fungal Biology Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1749-4613 .- 1878-0253. ; 23:4, s. 101-106
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article we discuss the possible significance of biological processes, and of fungi in particular, in weathering of minerals. We consider biological activity to be a significant driver of mineral weathering in forest ecosystems. In these environments fungi play key roles in organic matter decomposition, uptake, transfer and cycling of organic and inorganic nutrients, biogenic mineral formation, as well as transformation and accumulation of metals. The ability of lichens, mutualistic symbioses between fungi and photobionts such as algae or cyanobacteria, to weather minerals is well documented. The role of mycorrhizal fungi forming symbioses with forest trees is less well understood, but the mineral horizons of boreal forests are intensively colonised by mycorrhizal mycelia which transfer protons and organic metabolites derived from plant photosynthates to mineral surfaces, resulting in mineral dissolution and mobilisation and redistribution of anionic nutrients and metal cations. The mycorrhizal mycelia, in turn provide efficient systems for the uptake and direct transport of mobilised essential nutrients to their host plants which are large sinks. Since almost all (99.99. %) non-suberised lateral plant roots involved in nutrient uptake are covered by ectomycorrhizal fungi, most of this exchange of metabolites must take place through the plant-fungus interface. This idea is still consistent with a linear relationship between soil mineral surface area and weathering rate since the mycelia that emanate from the tree roots will have a larger area of contact with minerals if the mineral surface area is higher. Although empirical models based on bulk soil solution chemistry may fit field data, we argue that biological processes make an important contribution to mineral weathering and that a more detailed mechanistic understanding of these must be developed in order to predict responses to environmental changes and anthropogenic impact. © 2010 The British Mycological Society.
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- Hoffland, Ellis, et al.
(author)
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The role of fungi in weathering
- 2004
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In: Frontiers in Ecology and Environment. - 1540-9295 .- 1540-9309. ; 2:5, s. 258-264
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- No rock at the Earth’s surface escapes weathering. This process is the primary source of all the essential elements for organisms, except nitrogen and carbon. Since the onset of terrestrial life, weathering has been accelerated under the influence of biota. The study of biological weathering started at the end of the 19th century. Although the role of bacteria (Eubacteria, Archaea) has attracted a lot of interest, until recently the role of fungi has largely been neglected. More recently, however, fungal weathering has become an increasingly important focus of biogeochemical research.
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- Kluting, Kerri L., et al.
(author)
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Another dark taxon comes to light: Eludereomycetes, class nov. (Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycota), and its first known living representative, Eluderea minerophilus, gen. et sp. nov.
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Only a small fraction of the world’s fungi is described, and the large number of unnamed fungal sequences from environmental DNA serves as a significant complication for taxonomic identification in metabarcoding studies. There are several deeply diverged fungal lineages—some hypothesized to represent class and order ranks—currently known only by environmental DNA sequences that represent them. Here, we describe a previously unidentified fungal culture as the first living representative of one of these lineages (previously referred to as ‘clade GS25’, hypothesized as an early diverging lineage sister to the Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycota) and present its sequenced genome. We used a phylogenomic approach to test the placement and taxonomic rank of this lineage. We formally describe the first known species in Eludereomycetes, class nov. (Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycota): Eluderea minerophilus, gen. et sp. nov. This species was isolated from Pinus sylvestris roots collected from a Swedish pine forest, where previously published environmental sequencing data from the site indicate that it is almost exclusively found in the deeper mineral soil horizons. Our analysis shows that the most closely related described species to E. minerophilus likely belongs to the Classiculomycetes, a class within the Pucciniomycotina that is morphologically, molecularly, and ecologically distinct from the Eludereomycetes. Identification of a living representative for this lineage previously detected in environmental DNA, ‘clade GS25’, and describing it as a new species was a somewhat serendipitous discovery made possible in part due to characteristics of two previously published studies. We call attention to some of these aspects and propose a set of practices that could be adopted by the research community to help facilitate more connections between living fungus and environmental DNA sequence. The use of such practices would in turn help to alleviate some of the complications associated with unidentified fungal DNA sequences in reference databases and contribute towards a more complete understanding of fungal diversity.
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- Onabolu, AO, et al.
(author)
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Ecological variation of intake of cassava food and dietary cyanide load in Nigerian communities
- 2001
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In: Public health nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1368-9800 .- 1475-2727. ; 4:4, s. 871-876
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim:To study the ecological variation of intake of cassava foods and dietary cyanide load.Design:Ecological study design.Setting:Five communities in south-western Nigeria where tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) was described as endemic (area A), 11 communities in south-western Nigeria where TAN was described as absent (area B), and five communities in northern Nigeria (area C).Subjects:Subjects were randomly sampled from selected communities. Intake of cassava foods was estimated from dietary history and dietary cyanide load was estimated from urine thiocyanate concentrations. Residual cyanogens in cassava food samples from the community markets were determined.Results:In total, 1272 subjects from 21 communities – 238 from area A, 659 from area B and 375 from area C – were selected. Intake of cassava food per person per week was 17 meals in area A, 10 meals in area B, and one meal in area C. Geometrical mean urine thiocyanate concentrations were 73 μmol l−1, 51 μmol l−1 and 17 μmol l−1 in areas A, B and C, respectively. Mean residual cyanogen content in cassava food samples was 16 mg HCN eq kg−1 (confidence interval (CI) 13–18) in area A, and 13 mg HCN eq kg−1 in area B (CI 11–14).Conclusion:This study shows that the intake of cassava foods and dietary cyanide load is high in several communities in south-western Nigeria, predominantly in communities where TAN has been reported. Dietary cyanide load in these communities appears to be determined by the combination of frequency of intake and cyanogen content of cassava foods. Measures to improve the effectiveness of removal of cyanogen from cassava roots during processing are needed in the affected communities.
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| 47. |
- Onabolu, A, et al.
(author)
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High cassava production and low dietary cyanide exposure in mid-west Nigeria
- 2001
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In: Public health nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1368-9800 .- 1475-2727. ; 4:1, s. 3-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective:To investigate if high cassava production levels indicate high consumption and high dietary cyanide exposure in three villages situated within the area of Nigeria with higher cassava production than predicted by a geographic model for cassava production in Africa.Design:Exploratory assessment of: cassava production and processing by qualitative research methods and quantification of residual cyanogens in products; cassava consumption by food frequency and weighed food records and dietary cyanide exposure by urinary thiocyanate and linamarin.Setting:Rural communities of Afuze, Ebue and Ofabo in mid-west Nigeria.Subjects:110 subjects from 42 households in three villages for food frequency interviews; 118 subjects in nine Ofabo households for weighed food records.Results:Cassava cultivation was reported to have increased in the preceding 20 years. It was consumed daily by 37 (88%) households, but its mean contribution to daily energy intake was only 13% (SD = 10). The range of residual cyanogens in cassava foods was 0 to 62 mg HCN equivalent/kg dry weight (dw). Ten samples (19%) had levels above the 10 mg HCN equivalent/kg dw FAO/WHO safety limit. Mean urinary thiocyanate and linamarin were 51 (SD = 35) and 20 (SD = 11) μmol/L, indicating low cyanogen intake and dietary cyanide exposure.Conclusion:High cassava production levels did not result in high consumption and high dietary cyanide exposure levels, therefore cassava production levels cannot be used to predict consumption or cyanide exposure levels in the study area. A large part of the production is explained by intensive sales.
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