| 1. |
- Berbyuk Lindström, Nataliya, 1978, et al.
(author)
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How to Succeed in Communicating Software Metrics in Organization?
- 2022
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In: AMCIS (Americas Conference on Information Systems), Minneapolis, MI, August 10-14. - : AMCIS 2022 TREO 80.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While software metrics are indispensable for quality assurance, using metrics in practice is complicated. Quality, productivity, speed, and efficiency are important factors to be considered in software development (Holmstrom et al. 2006; Svensson 2005). Measuring correct metrics and using them in the right and transparent way contributes to pushing development in a desirable direction, leading to achieving projected goals and outcomes (Staron and Meding 2018). On the other hand, tracking the wrong metrics, and failing to interpret and communicate them properly results in a stressful work environment, conflicts, distrust, lower engagement, and decreased productivity (de Sá Leitão Júnior 2018; Ellis et al. 1991; Staron 2012). To ensure proper and effective use of metrics in organizations, successful communication around metrics is essential (Lindström et al. 2021; Post et al. 2002; Staron and Meding 2015). The purpose of this study is to understand and improve communication about metrics in contexts of contemporary software development practice in organizations. This is achieved by identifying the bottlenecks in the process of communication around metrics and how to overcome them in practice. Drawing on 38 semi-structured interviews and interactive workshops with metrics teams members and stakeholders from three organizations, we identify three interrelated challenges including limited knowledge about metrics and lack of terminology, uncoordinated use of multiple communication channels, and sensitivity of metrics, which influence workplace communication, trust, and performance. Our study shows the importance of developing metrics terminology to ensure the development of a shared understanding of metrics. Further, raising awareness about the affordances such channels as dashboards, email, MS Teams meetings/chat, stand up meetings, reports, etc., commonly used in software organizations, and how they can be combined to successfully transfer information about metrics is essential (Verhulsdonck and Shah 2020). It becomes especially important in remote work practices. Finally, though metrics is a powerful tool for decision making, enhancing transparency, and steering development in the desired direction, they can also turn into finger-pointing, blaming, and a pressing tool, resulting in stress and conflicts (Streit and Pizka 2011). The findings also indicate the importance of creating a culture around metrics, clarifying, and informing about the purpose of metrics in the organization (Umarji and Seaman 2008). We plan to build on the early findings of this study to develop a comprehensive framework for successful software metrics communication within organizations.
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| 2. |
- Berbyuk Lindström, Nataliya, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Understanding Metrics Team-Stakeholder Communication in Agile Metrics Service Delivery
- 2021
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In: APSEC (Asian Pacific Software Engineering conference), December 6-10, Taiwan-Virtual.. ; 2021-December, s. 401-409
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we explore challenges in communication between metrics teams and stakeholders in metrics service delivery. Drawing on interviews and interactive workshops with team members and stakeholders at two different Swedish agile software development organizations, we identify interrelated challenges such as aligning expectations, prioritizing demands, providing regular feedback, and maintaining continuous dialogue, which influence team-stakeholder interaction, relationships and performance. Our study shows the importance of understanding communicative hurdles and provides suggestions for their mitigation, therefore meriting further empirical research.
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| 3. |
- Berbyuk Lindström, Nataliya, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Who are Metrics Team’s Stakeholders, What Do They Expect, and How to Communicate with Them? Conducting Stakeholder Mapping with Focus on Communication in Agile Software Development Organization
- 2022
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In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), SIGITPROJMGMT 17th International Research Workshop on Information Technology Project Management, Copenhagen, December 10, 2022-01-01.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As an increasing number of organizations create metrics teams, conducting stakeholder mapping is pivotal for identifying and analyzing metrics stakeholders’ expectations for reducing the risks of miscommunication and project failure. Further, though team-stakeholder communication is essential for successful collaboration, few studies focus on it in software measurement context. This case study seeks to identify and analyze metrics team’s stakeholders, with a special focus on communication challenges in team-stakeholder contacts. Inspired by Bryson's Basic Stakeholder Analysis Techniques and Mitchell, Agle, and Wood's theoretical model for stakeholder identification, a stakeholder mapping exercise was conducted using interactive workshops and follow-up interviews with 16 metrics team members and their stakeholders. The results illustrate the complexity of identifying stakeholders in agile organizations, the importance of developing a metrics culture, and enhancing transparency in team-stakeholder communication. The study aims to contribute to the development of stakeholder theory and offers insights into communication in software engineering context.
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| 4. |
- Grahn, Pia, 1984-
(author)
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Electric Vehicle Charging Impact on Load Profile
- 2013
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- One barrier to sustainable development is considered to be greenhouse gas emissions and pollution caused by transport, why climate targets are set around the globe to reduce these emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs), may be a sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles since having EVs in the car park creates an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is due to the efficiency of the electric motor. For EVs with rechargeable batteries the opportunity to reduce emissions is also dependent on the generation mix in the power system. EVs with the possibility to recharge the battery from the power grid are denoted plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) or plug-inhybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), without external recharging possibility, are not studied, hence the abbreviation EV further covers PHEV and PEV.With an electricity-driven private vehicle fleet, the power system will experience an increased amount of variable electricity consumption that is dependent on the charging patterns of EVs. Depending on the penetration level of EVs and the charging patterns, EV integration creates new quantities in the overall load profile that may increase the load peaks. The charging patterns are stochastic since they are affected by the travel behavior of the driver and the charging opportunities which imply that the EV integration also will have an effect on the load variations. Increased load variation and load peaks may create a need for upgrades in the grid infrastructure to reduce the risk for losses, overloads or damaging of components. However, with well-designed incentives to the EV users the variable electricity consumption due to electric vehicle charging (EVC) may become a flexible load that can help the power system mitigate load variations and load peaks.The aim with this licentiate thesis is to investigate the impact of EVC on load profiles and load variations. The thesis reviews and categorizes EVC models in previous research. The thesis furthermore develops electric vehicle charging models to estimate the charging impact based on charging patterns induced by private car travel behavior. The models mainly consider uncontrolled charging (UCC) related to stochastic individual car travel behavior and induced charging needs for PHEVs. Moreover, the thesis comments on the potential of individual charging strategies (ICS) with flexible charging and external charging strategies (ECS).Three key factors are identified when considering the impact of EVC on load profiles and load variations. The key factors are: The charging moment, the charging need and the charging location. It is concluded that the level of details concerning the approach to model these key factors in EVC models will impact the estimations of the load profiles. This means that models taking into account a higher level of mobility details will be able to create a more realistic estimation of a future UCC behavior, enabling for more accurate estimates of the impact on load profiles and the potential of ICS and ECS.
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| 5. |
- Grahn, Pia, 1984-
(author)
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Electric Vehicle Charging Modeling
- 2014
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- With an electrified passenger transportation fleet, carbon dioxide emissions could be reduced significantly depending on the electric power production mix. Increased electric power consumption due to electric vehicle charging demands of electric vehicle fleets may be met by increased amount of renewable power production in the electrical systems. With electric vehicle fleets in the transportation system there is a need for establishing an electric vehicle charging infrastructure that distributes this power to the electric vehicles. Depending on the amount of electric vehicles in the system and the charging patterns, electric vehicle integration creates new quantities in the overall load profile that may increase the load peaks. The electric vehicle charging patterns are stochastic since they are affected by the travel behavior of the driver and the charging opportunities which implies that an electric vehicle introduction also will affect load variations. Increased load variation and load peaks may create a need for upgrades in the grid infrastructure to reduce losses, risks for overloads or damaging of components. However, with well-designed incentives for electric vehicle users and electric vehicle charging, the electric vehicles may be used as flexible loads that can help mitigate load variations and load peaks in the power system.The aim with this doctoral thesis is to investigate and quantify the impact of electric vehicle charging on load profiles and load variations. Three key factors are identified when considering the impact of electric vehicle charging on load profiles and load variations. The key factors are: The charging moment, the charging need and the charging location. One of the conclusions in this thesis is that the level of details and the approach to model these key factors impact the estimations of the load profiles. The models that take into account a high level of mobility details will be able to create a realistic estimation of a future uncontrolled charging behavior, enabling for more accurate estimates of the impact on load profiles and the potential of individual charging strategies and external charging strategies. The thesis reviews and categorizes electric vehicle charging models in previous research, and furthermore, introduces new electric vehicle charging models to estimate the charging impact based on charging patterns induced by passenger car travel behavior. The models mainly consider EVC related to individual car travel behavior and induced charging needs for plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles. Moreover, the thesis comments on dynamic electric vehicle charging along electrified roads and also on individual charging strategies.
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| 6. |
- Knauss, Eric, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Supporting Continuous Integration by Code-Churn Based Test Selection
- 2015
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In: RCoSE - 2nd International Workshop on Rapid Continuous Software Engineering @ ICSE 2015 Florence, Italy.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Continuous integration promises advantages in large-scale software development by enabling software development organizations to deliver new functions faster. However, implementing continuous integration in large software development organizations is challenging because of organizational, social and technical reasons. One of the technical challenges is the ability to rapidly prioritize the test cases which can be executed quickly and trigger the most failures as early as possible. In our research we propose and evaluate a method for selecting a suitable set of functional regression tests on system level. The method is based on analysis of correlations between test-case failures and source code changes and is evaluated by combining semi-structured interviews and workshops with practitioners at Ericsson and Axis Communications in Sweden. The results show that using measures of precision and recall, the test cases can be prioritized. The prioritization leads to finding an optimal test suite to execute before the integration.
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| 7. |
- Ochodek, M., et al.
(author)
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Automated Code Review Comment Classification to Improve Modern Code Reviews
- 2022
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In: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 439 LNBIP, s. 23-40
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Modern Code Reviews (MCRs) are a widely-used quality assurance mechanism in continuous integration and deployment. Unfortunately, in medium and large projects, the number of changes that need to be integrated, and consequently the number of comments triggered during MCRs could be overwhelming. Therefore, there is a need for quickly recognizing which comments are concerning issues that need prompt attention to guide the focus of the code authors, reviewers, and quality managers. The goal of this study is to design a method for automated classification of review comments to identify the needed change faster and with higher accuracy. We conduct a Design Science Research study on three open-source systems. We designed a method (CommentBERT) for automated classification of the code-review comments based on the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) language model and a new taxonomy of comments. When applied to 2,672 comments from Wireshark, The Mono Framework, and Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP) projects, the method achieved accuracy, measured using Matthews Correlation Coefficient, of 0.46–0.82 (Wireshark), 0.12–0.8 (ONAP), and 0.48–0.85 (Mono). Based on the results, we conclude that the proposed method seems promising and could be potentially used to build machine-learning-based tools to support MCRs as long as there is a sufficient number of historical code-review comments to train the model.
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| 8. |
- Staron, Miroslaw, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Improving Quality of Code Review Datasets – Token-Based Feature Extraction Method
- 2021
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In: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 404, s. 81-93
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Machine learning is used increasingly frequent in software engineering to automate tasks and improve the speed and quality of software products. One of the areas where machine learning starts to be used is the analysis of software code. The goal of this paper is to evaluate a new method for creating machine learning feature vectors, based on the content of a line of code. We designed a new feature extraction algorithm and evaluated it in an industrial case study. Our results show that using the new feature extraction technique improves the overall performance in terms of MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient) by 0.39 – from 0.31 to 0.70, while reducing the precision by 0.05. The implications of this is that we can improve overall prediction accuracy for both true positives and true negatives significantly. This increases the trust in the predictions by the practitioners and contributes to its deeper adoption in practice.
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| 9. |
- Staron, Miroslaw, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Industrial Experiences from Evolving Measurement Systems into Self-Healing Systems for Improved Availability
- 2018
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In: Software, Practice & Experience. - : Wiley. - 0038-0644 .- 1097-024X. ; 48:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Automated measurement programs are an efficient way of collecting, processing and visualizing measures in large software development companies. The number of measurements in these programs is usually large, which is caused by diversity of the needs of the stakeholders. In this paper we present the application of self-healing concepts to assure the availability of measurements to stakeholders without the need for effort-intensive and costly manual interventions of the operators. We study the measurement infrastructure at one of the development units of a large infrastructure provider. In this paper we present how MAPE-K model was instantiated in a simplistic manner in order to reduce the need for manual intervention in the operation of measurement systems. Based on the experiences from the two cases studied in this paper we show how an evolution towards self-healing measurement systems is done both with a dedicated failure taxonomy and with an effective straightforward handling of the most common errors in the execution. The mechanisms studied and presented in this paper show that self-healing provides significant improvements to the operation of the measurement program and reduces the need for daily oversight by an operator for the measurement systems.
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| 10. |
- Söder, Lennart, 1956-, et al.
(author)
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Är kärnkraften nödvändig för en fossilfri, svensk, elproduktion?
- 2020
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Efter flera år av stöd har sol- och vind-el blivit ekonomiskt konkurrenskraftiga och börjat konkurrera ut stora termiska anläggningar för elproduktion. Det stängs nu kol- och kärnkraftverk i flera länder i världen och förespråkare för dessa teknologier hävdar, på olika sätt, att marknaden styr fel och att dessa kraftverk ”behövs” av olika skäl.I denna rapport har vi undersökt om det finns någon grund för ett sådant ”behov” av kärnkraftverk i Sverige som motiverar att det sker nyinvesteringar trots att konkurrensen på marknaden håller på att slå ut dem.Syftet med denna rapport är inte att fastslå om man bör ha ett framtida elsystem med eller utan kärnkraft, utan att analysera grunderna, dvs kunskapsläget, för påståendet att det är nödvändigt att ha kärnkraft. Alla diskussioner om framtiden är osäkra, så vi gör heller inte anspråk på att förutse hur framtiden kommer se ut. Upplägget är att gå igenom olika frågeställningar, och koppla dessa till frågan om huruvida kärnkraften är nödvändig för framtiden, så som framförts med exempelvis följande argument:a) Kärnkraft behövs av ekonomiska skälb) Kärnkraft behövs för att vi inte ska vara importberoendec) Kärnkraft behövs eftersom det finns kapacitetsbrist i t ex Malmö och Stockholmd) Kärnkraft behövs för att klara elektrifieringen av transporterna och industrine) Kärnkraft behövs för att klara klimatmåletf) Kärnkraft behövs för att vi ska få el alla timmar, dvs klara leveranssäkerheteng) Kärnkraften behövs för att klara frekvensstabilitetenh) Kärnkraft behövs för stödtjänster till elsystemetI avsnitt 2-7 finns en genomgång av dagsläget. I avsnitt 8 finns en mer detaljerad genomgång av listan a)-h) ovan. Mer tekniska detaljer om systembalansering och effektbalansberäkningar finns i Bilaga A-C.Den slutsats vi drar är att kärnkraften inte är nödvändig för att vi ska kunna få ett stabilt, säkert och fossilfritt elsystem i Sverige i framtiden. Ett elsystem med stor mängd sol- och vindkraft ser dock annorlunda ut än ett med stor mängd kärnkraft. Frågan är då om detta system blir dyrare. Ingen vet vad olika kraftslag kommer att kosta år 2045, men under senare år har det skett en kraftig minskning av kostnaderna för sol- och vindkraft. Samtidigt har kärnkraftens kostnader istället ökat kraftigt. Den är nu betydligt dyrare än ny vindkraft.
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