| 1. |
- Anderbrant, Olle, et al.
(author)
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Differences in morphology and sexual size dimorphism between the Dutch elm disease vectors Scolytus laevis and Scolytus scolytus (Col., Scolytidae)
- 1987
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In: Journal of Applied Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 103:1-5, s. 378-386
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The external differences between the well‐documented S. scolytus and the little studied S. laevis are clarified with the help of SEM micrographs of the frons and abdomen of both sexes of the two species. The convex frons of both male and female S. scolytus is densely covered with short hairs. S. laevis males have a flat frons with long hairs in a pair of bundles, whereas the females have a convex and nearly bald frons. Males of S. scolytus are readily distinguished from females by their long yellow tufts of hair on the anal segment. The pronotal width and elytron length are significantly larger for S. scolytus females than for males. In S. laevis males and females are of the same size but significantly smaller than S. scolytus. The difference between the species in inter‐sexual size variation and frontal hair cover suggests differences in their mating systems. Unterschiede in Morphologie und geschlechtsspezifischem Größendimorphismus zwischen Scolytus laevis und Scolytus scolytus (Col., Scolytidae), zwei Überträgern des Ulmensterben‐Erregers Äußere Unterschiede zwischen der gut untersuchten Art Scolytus scolytus und der bisher nur wenig beachteten Art S. laevis wurden mit Hilfe rasterelektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahmen von Frons und Abdomen beider Arten und Geschlechter dokumentiert. Die konvexe Stirn der S. scolytus‐Männchen und ‐Weibchen ist dicht mit kurzen Haaren bedeckt. S. laevis‐Männchen haben eine flache Stirn, mit langen, in zwei Büscheln angeordneten Haaren; die Weibchen dieser Art hingegen haben eine konvexe und beinahe kahle Stirn. S. scolytus‐Männchen unterscheiden sich durch lange, gelbe Haarbüschel auf dem Analsegment von den weiblichen Käfern, wobei zusätzlich deren Pronotum breiter und deren Flügeldecken signifikant länger sind als diejenigen der Männchen. S. laevis‐Männchen und ‐Weibchen sind gleich groß, aber signifikant kleiner als S. scolytus. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Arten hinsichtlich der geschlechtsspezifischen Größenvariation und der Stirnbehaarung lassen Unterschiede in ihrem Kopulationsverhalten vermuten. 1987 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
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| 2. |
- Anderbrant, O., et al.
(author)
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Ecology of the Dutch elm disease vectors Scolytus laevis and S. scolytus ( Coleoptera : Scolytidae) in southern Sweden.
- 1987
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In: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : JSTOR. - 0021-8901. ; 24:2, s. 539-550
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two rings of pheromone-baited sticky traps surrounded the elm wood at 20-300m and 1-2km outside the forest edge. Most Scolytus were caught at sites in the inner ring near the forest; <1% of the total were caught in the outer ring. Emergence from logs and trap catches showed a first peak in July. Flight activity was recorded from the end of May to September for both species. A 2nd peak of activity was evident in August in 2 of 3yr for S. scolytus.-from Authors
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Berman, Anne H., et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) in criminal justice and detoxification settings and in a Swedish population sample
- 2005
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In: European Addiction Research. - : S. Karger AG. - 1022-6877 .- 1421-9891. ; 11:1, s. 22-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psychometric properties of the 11-item self-report Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) were evaluated in a sample of heavy drug users from prison, probation, and inpatient detoxification settings, and in a general Swedish population sample. In the drug user sample, the DUDIT predicted drug dependence with a sensitivity of 90% for both DSM-4 and ICD-10 and a respective specificity of 78 and 88%. Reliability according to Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.80. In the population sample, 3.1% scored positive on the DUDIT; T-score values are suggested. The DUDIT screens effectively for drug-related problems in clinically selected groups and may prove useful in the context of public health surveys.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Håkansson, Anders C, et al.
(author)
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Associations between polysubstance use and psychiatric problems in a criminal justice population in Sweden.
- 2011
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In: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0046 .- 0376-8716. ; 118:1, s. 5-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Polysubstance use is common in substance users, and may complicate their clinical course. This study, in a criminal justice setting in Sweden, examines the association between the number of concurrently used substance types and psychiatric symptoms during 30 days before incarceration, while controlling for background variables such as family history (drug and alcohol problems, psychiatric problems, criminality), demographic data and history of emotional, physical or sexual abuse. METHODS: The data material comprised 5659 criminal justice clients reporting a substance use problem, examined with the Addiction Severity Index. Variables were compared in a multinomial regression analysis, comparing clients reporting one (n=1877), two (n=1408), three (n=956), four (n=443) and five or more (n=167) substance types. RESULTS: The 30-day prevalence of most psychiatric symptoms included in the study (depression, anxiety, cognitive problems, hallucinations, difficulty controlling violent behaviour, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts) was higher in individuals with a higher number of concurrent substance types used. In multinomial regression analysis, while controlling for background variables, these associations remained for concurrent suicidal ideation, cognitive problems, hallucinations and violent behaviour, with the latter two being associated with the higher numbers of substance types. Binge alcohol drinking, tranquilizers, opioids and the number of substance types reported were associated with several of the psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In the present criminal justice setting in Sweden, the use of multiple substance types and concurrent psychiatric symptoms appear to be associated, and a sub-group reporting particularly high numbers of concurrent substance types are particularly likely to report potentially severe psychiatric problems.
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| 9. |
- Håkansson, Anders C, et al.
(author)
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Characteristics of primary amphetamine users in Sweden: a criminal justice population examined with the Addiction Severity Index.
- 2009
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In: European Addiction Research. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9891 .- 1022-6877. ; 15:1, s. 10-18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND/AIMS: Characteristics of primary amphetamine, heroin and cocaine users were compared in a criminal justice population. METHODS: 7,085 clients with suspected or reported substance use were studied using the Addiction Severity Index. Variables separating amphetamine, heroin and cocaine users were analyzed in stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: There were considerably more primary amphetamine users (n = 1,396) than heroin (n = 392) and cocaine (n = 119) users. Amphetamine users were older, a more rural population, and less likely to be non-Nordic immigrants. Compared with heroin, amphetamine use was associated with older age, Nordic origin, nonurban residence, memory/concentration problems, parental alcohol problems, and less history of other opioid use, overdose and detoxification. Compared with cocaine, amphetamine use was associated with older age, Nordic origin, nonurban residence, injecting, tobacco and institution treatment. Overlap of drug use between groups was relatively uncommon. CONCLUSION: This pattern of amphetamine use, common among Swedish criminals, has relatively distinct boundaries from heroin and cocaine use, commonly involves injecting, and differs from other countries. Psychiatric problems and alcohol heredity were common, and evidence-based treatment for amphetamine users is needed. The connection between amphetamine use and criminal behavior is insufficiently understood and should be further addressed.
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| 10. |
- Håkansson, Anders C, et al.
(author)
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Factors associated with history of non-fatal overdose among opioid users in the Swedish criminal justice system.
- 2008
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In: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0046 .- 0376-8716. ; 94:1-3, s. 48-55
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Overdose (OD) is a common cause of death in opioid users. Also, many current opioid users report a history of non-fatal OD. The present study aimed to identify factors associated with a history of non-fatal OD. METHODS: A sample of 7085 Swedish criminal justice clients with alcohol or drug misuse was assessed, using the Addiction Severity Index. Subjects reporting use of opioids during the 30 days prior to incarceration were included (n=1113). Relevant variables of misuse pattern, heredity, psychiatric symptoms and previous criminal charges were analysed in a logistic regression model. RESULTS: A history of non-fatal OD was reported by 55% (n=604). The estimated contribution to the variance in OD history was 25% for variables describing misuse pattern, compared to 10% for psychiatric symptoms, 8% for heredity, and 8% for previous criminal charges. The final model included the following variables: history of injection drug use (OR 3.28), history of heroin use (OR 2.87), history of suicide attempt (OR 1.92), history of tranquilliser use (OR 1.91), being born in Sweden or other Nordic countries (OR 1.74), difficulty in controlling violent behaviour (OR 1.68), and paternal alcohol problems (OR 1.57). CONCLUSIONS: Suicide attempts and difficulty in controlling violent behaviour were associated with history of non-fatal OD, independent of variables of misuse pattern. This may indicate a possible association with impulse control disturbances, and may have clinical applications. Country of birth and heredity of alcohol problems also had some influence. As expected, severity of misuse most strongly contributed to history of non-fatal OD.
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| 11. |
- Håkansson, Anders C, et al.
(author)
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Factors associated with the history of attempted suicide.
- 2010
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In: Crisis. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 0227-5910 .- 2151-2396. ; 31:1, s. 12-21
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The present study examines a population of criminal justice clients for suspected substance-related problems. Aims: It aims to identify variables associated with a history of suicide attempt (SA). Method: 6,836 clients were interviewed with the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Attempters were compared to nonattempters regarding substance use, medical/psychiatric status, family history, and social relationships in a stepwise forward logistic regression. Results: Attempters (21%) were more likely to report binge drinking, intake of illicit drugs, injection of drugs, physical and mental illness, problematic family history, and history of being abused. After logistic regression, SA was independently associated with older age, female gender, binge drinking, delirium tremens, injection, overdose, medical problems, psychiatric symptoms, family history of alcohol or psychiatric problems, and sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. The psychiatric and family/social domains (including being abused) most strongly separated attempters from nonattempters. Conclusions: Family background factors, psychiatric symptoms, severity of substance use, and sexual, physical, and emotional abuse appear to be factors associated with SA among criminal justice clients.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Månsson, P. E., et al.
(author)
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Nonanoic acid, other alkanoic acids and related compounds as antifeedants in Hylobius abietis pine weevils
- 2006
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In: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. - : Wiley. - 0013-8703 .- 1570-7458. ; 121:3, s. 191-201
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A medium-length, straight-chain alkanoic acid, nonanoic acid, is known from laboratory microassays to be an antifeedant in adults of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Our hypothesis was that we could find new, less volatile alkanoic acids or related compounds suitable for field application and with improved long-term duration. Alkanoic acids of varying chain lengths (C6-C13) were tested for antifeedant activity in H. abietis adults. Microassay choice tests showed that straight-chain (C6-C11) alkanoic acids were active. However, high activities were restricted to the (C6-C10) acids, with the C9 (nonanoic acid) at 4 μmol cm-2 being the most active one. In a no-choice test on pine twigs, the antifeedant effect of C10 acid was lower than that of the C8 and C9 acids. In microassays, less volatile methyl-branched alkanoic acids exhibited lower antifeedant activities than did the corresponding straight-chain ones. However, the most active of the methyl-branched acids, 2-methyldecanoic acid, had an activity similar to that of nonanoic acid. Compounds related to nonanoic acid were either active (1-nonanol), weakly active (nonanoic anhydride), or inactive (nonanal, sodium nonanoate). The anhydride was highly active in the microassay, but less active on twigs. The antifeedant effects of the straight chain (C8-C10) alkanoic acids against pine weevil feeding were tested in the field. In contrast to the results from the twig tests, the less volatile C10 acid was more active in the field for the protection of transplants on fresh clear cuts over a 3-month period than both the C8 and C9 acids. Phytotoxic effects of the alkanoic acids were observed both in the field and in laboratory studies. If a protective layer of paraffin was applied to the stem prior to application of the alkanoic acids, these undesired side effects were reduced.
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| 14. |
- Raffa, K. F., et al.
(author)
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Host Selection by Bark Beetles: Playing the Odds in a High-Stakes Game
- 2016
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In: Advances in Insect Physiology. - : Elsevier. - 0065-2806. - 9780128027233 ; 50, s. 1-74
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bark beetles face challenges and trade-offs during host selection, imposed by lethal tree defences, lower nutrition and higher competition in less well-defended trees, scarcity and ephemeral distribution of susceptible hosts, limitation of suitable hosts to one beetle generation, and relatively short lifespan and vulnerability of adults during host searching. Beetles contend with these challenges by using multiple, integrated sensory modalities, and sequential decision making. They incorporate both negative and positive information at multiple scales to locate susceptible hosts across large and heterogeneous landscapes. Some of the olfactory sensory neurons that convey non-host signals are relatively broadly tuned, whereas those that underlie intraspecific communication and host quality assessment are more specific, an arrangement that maximizes the use of antennal space while retaining high fidelity of detection channels strongly linked to survival and reproduction. The pertinent co-localization of neurons within sensilla provides the means for odour mixture processing in the periphery and enhances odour source discrimination and evaluation of chemical ratios in host tissue. Bark beetles show high behavioural plasticity in their orientation sequences, which allows them to adjust to environmental variability. This plasticity is modulated by environmental, genetic, and geneenvironment drivers. Behavioural plasticity allows individuals to best realize the benefits that can be derived from pheromone-mediated cooperative attacks when populations are high. Cross-scale linkages among neurons, sensilla, orientation sequences, populations, and habitat structure underlie the landscape-scale environmental and socioeconomic impacts bark beetles exert. They also underlie rapid outbreaks in response to human-induced environmental alterations, such as climate change, habitat manipulation, and global transport.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Schlyter, F, et al.
(author)
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A model for peak and width of signaling windows: Ips duplicatus and Chilo partellus pheromone component proportions - Does response have a wider window than production?
- 2001
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In: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 1573-1561. ; 27:7, s. 1481-1511
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Pheromone communication systems have a reliable signal with a restricted window of amounts and ratios released and perceived. We propose a model based on a Gaussian response profile that allows a quantification of the response peak (location of optimum) and a measure of the peak width (response window). Interpreting the Gaussian curve, fitted by nonlinear regression (NLR), as a standard normal distribution, the peak location equals the mean (mu) and the window width equals 2x the standard deviation (2 sigma). The NLR procedure can provide an objective measure for both peak location and width for a wide range of data sets. Four empirical data sets as well as 10 literature data sets were analyzed. The double-spined spruce engraver, fps duplicatus, was field tested in four populations to find the optimum proportion for attraction to the two male aggregation pheromone components. ipsdienol (Id) and (E)-myrcenol (EM), ranging from 0 to 100% of Id. Tests in Norway and the Czech Republic confirmed the preference of western populations for a blend between 50 and 90% Id. A population in Inner Mongolia showed a preference for traps with the 10 and 50% Id baits. The NLR fitted values for response peak and width (mu; 2 sigma) were: Norway 0.64,0.73 Czech Republic 0.53, 0.73; NE China 0.77,0.29; and Inner Mongolia 0.33, 0.50. The signal produced by Norwegian field-collected males had a narrower window width (2 sigma = 0.12). Males of the maize stem borer, Chilo partellus, were tested in a flight tunnel for their response to variation in the two major female sex pheromone gland components, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and the corresponding alcohol (OH). Variation of the alcohol in seven levels from 2 to 29% OH showed the highest male response for 17% OH. For all behavioral steps, the peak of male response was near mu = 0.14, while the window width fell from 2 sigma = 0.5 to 0.2 for eight sequential behavioral steps from take-off to copulation. Female production had a similar peak location (mu = 0.13) but a narrower width, 2 sigma = 0.14. Literature data from other moth species showed similar patterns, with a wider male response relative to the female production windows. Literature data on response to enantiomer ratios in a hymenopteran and to pheromone amounts in a dipteran were also described by our model. In a bark beetle population (Ips pini), with two hybridizing enantiomeric strains, the production peaks were narrower (0.1) than the response peaks (0.5). Thus, it in general, seems that in the pheromone systems analyzed. the width of the response window (2 sigma = 0.1 to 0.9) is larger than that of the production window (2 sigma = 0.03 to 0.14), irrespective of the sex of the sender.
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| 18. |
- Schlyter, F, et al.
(author)
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Carvone and less volatile analogues as repellent and deterrent antifeedants against the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis
- 2004
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In: Journal of applied entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 128:9-10, s. 610-619
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The monoterpenoid carvone (1) has been shown to have strong antifeedant effects on Hylobius spp. However, because of the high volatility of carvone, long-time protection of conifer seedlings in the field using this compound has not been possible. We demonstrate, in several bioassay steps, that less-volatile, heavier analogues retain their pre-ingestive feeding inhibition activity in the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) for a longer time. The first step in the evaluation of the biological activity of 12 carvone analogues was a micro-assay, a choice test lasting 4 h. Compounds active at 100 nmol/cm(2) were further dose-response tested to give the effective dose needed to inhibit feeding by 50% (ED50). Of the 14 compounds tested, including both carvone enantiomers, seven heavier analogues were active at low doses (had low ED50 values). As expected from their lower vapour pressure compared with carvone, the heavier analogues proved more resistant to evaporation before testing. Thus, whereas the effect of 8-hydroxy-p-menth-en-6-one 4 declined after 2 days, some of the compounds with high molar masses, such as the alkylhydroxymenthenones 6 and 8, retained a stable activity for 4 days. The retained activity at 4 days was strongly correlated to molecular mass and boiling point. When tested on natural material (host Pinus sylvestris L. twig sections for 48 h), the heavier analogues showed a rather low activity. Probably, the activity of the more volatile compound carvone (1) is due to a repellent effect (olfactory mode) rather than the deterrent effects (gustatory mode) of the heavier compounds. In agreement with the relatively low activity on twigs in the laboratory, the hydroxymenthenone 4 was not active in the field when tested for 2 months as a 1 : 9 mixture with a polar wax.
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| 19. |
- SCHLYTER, F., et al.
(author)
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Offspring per emergence hole at different attack densities in the Spruce Bark Beetle, Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)
- 1984
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In: Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie. - : Wiley. - 0044-2240. ; 97:1-5, s. 244-248
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Field and laboratory data from the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, showed that increased offspring production per unit bark area increased the average number that emerged per emergence hole. In the laboratory this offspring per hole ratio was investigated at different attack densities. Zahl der schlüpfenden Käfer pro Schlupfloch bei verschieden starkem Befall des Buchdruckers, Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) Es wurde beim Buchdrucker Ips typographus im Freiland und Laboratorium das Verhältnis zwischen der Zahl der ausgeflogenen Käfer und der Zahl der Fluglöcher (O/E) untersucht. Die mittlere Zahl geschlüpfter Käfer pro Flugloch nahm mit zunehmender Brutdichte zu. Laboruntersuchungen zeigten, daß die Dichteabhängigkeit durch die Gleichung O/E = 1.6 + 0.7 InD beschrieben werden konnte, wobei D die Dichte der Weibchen pro 100 cm2 ist. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß die Bestimmung der Buchdrucker‐Dichte nach der Anzahl der Fluglöcher nur unter Verwendung von Korrekturfaktoren möglich ist. 1984 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Zhang, QH, et al.
(author)
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Olfactory responses of Ips duplicatus from inner Mongolia, China to nonhost leaf and bark volatiles
- 2001
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In: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 1573-1561. ; 27:5, s. 995-1009
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Leaf and bark volatiles from nonhost angiosperm trees were tested on lps duplicatus by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and by pheromone-baited traps in Sweden and Inner Mongolia, China, respectively. GC-EAD analysis of the headspace volatiles from fresh bark chips of Betula pubescens revealed trans-conophthorin, two green leaf Volatiles (GLVs): 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and two Cs alcohols: 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, that consistently elicited antennal responses by I. duplicatus. The identification of these EAD-active compounds was confirmed in further GC-EAD recordings with synthetic mixtures. Antennal responses were also found to synthetic (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and linalool, which have been identifed from the leaves of nonhost birch and aspen species. No antennal responses of I. duplicatus were found to hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexyl acetates. In field trapping experiments, blends of EAD-active green leaf alcohols or C-8 alcohols, or trans-conophthorin alone resulted in significant reductions (27-60%) in the number of I. duplicatus captured compared with pheromone-baited traps. The unsuitable host compound, verbenone (Vn), also significantly reduced trap catches by up to 60% in both experiments. The strongest disruptive effect resulted from the addition of the combination of green leaf alcohols, C-8 alcohols, and verbenone to the pheromone trap, which caused an 84% reduction in trap catch. The blend of two green leaf aldehydes plus the acetate increased the trap catches in 1998 and had no negative or positive effects in 1999. Our results suggest that these nonhost volatiles (NHVs) are important olfactory signals used by I. duplicatus in host selection. They may have great significance in developing semiochemical-based management programs for I. duplicatus by reducing or stopping attacks on suitable hosts.
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