1. |
- Heikkinen, Päivi, et al.
(author)
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A 28-day toxicity study with highly purified PCB 180 in Sprague–Dawley rats
- 2008
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In: Toxicology Letters. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 205-
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- PCB 180 is a persistent and accumulative heptachlorinated non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (NDL-PCB) abundantly present in food and the environment. Risk characterisation of NDL-PCBs has been confounded by the presence of highly potent dioxin-like (DL) impurities. We used therefore highly purified PCB 180 (DL impurities 2.7 ng TEqWHO/g PCB 180) for the 28-day toxicity study in adult rats. Groups of 5 males and 5 females were given total doses of 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 or 1700 mg/kg PCB 180 by gavage. Total dose was divided into 6 daily loading doses and 3 weekly maintenance doses. Bodyweight development was retarded at 1700 mg/kg during loading dosing, but recovered by the end of the study. Hepatic effects are reported separately (Roos et al., ibid.). Thyroid weight was increased in males. Plasma free T4 was dose-dependently decreased (maximally by 69% in males and 50% in females) in association with thyroid follicle depletion, but T3 was not affected. Increased thyroid follicle cell vacuolization is suggestive of thyroid activation. In males, vacuolization and extracellular deposits were observed in the frontal part of pituitary. Activation of adrenal cortex is demonstrated by vacuolization and hypertrophy observed in cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Erythrocyte parameters (red blood cell count, haematocrit, haemoglobin) were dose-dependently decreased in both genders. The results demonstrate a distinct toxicological profile of PCB 180 with some similarities with that of DL compounds, but clearly lower potency.Acknowledgement: Funded by the European Commission (ATHON, FOOD-CT-2005-022923
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2. |
- Roos, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Hepatic effects of a highly purified 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorbiphenyl (PCB 180) in male and female rats.
- 2011
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In: Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-483X .- 1879-3185. ; 284:1-3, s. 42-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PCB 180 (2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl) is a persistent and accumulating polychlorinated biphenyl abundantly present in food and the environment. In this study, we used highly purified PCB 180 (dioxinlike impurities: 2.7 ng TEQ(WHO)/g PCB 180) in a 28-day toxicity study in young adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Male and female rats were given total doses of 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 or 1700 mg/kg b.w. PCB 180 by gavage. Increased liver weights were observed at ≥ 300 mg/kg b.w. in males and females. No increases in serum ALT or ALP activities were found. A significant increase in liver pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) activity was found in males at ≥ 10 mg/kg b.w. and in females at ≥ 30 mg/kg b.w. In both genders, a significant induction of hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was also observed in males at ≥ 10 mg/kg b.w. and in females at ≥ 300 mg/kg b.w. Western blotting showed that mainly cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 2B1/2 and 3A1 were induced while slight effects were seen on CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1. However, no induction of CYP1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 was found on the mRNA level, except for a slight effect in females at 1000 mg/kg b.w. Furthermore, hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 1A1 and 1A6 were markedly induced in males and slightly induced in females. The hepatic concentrations of apolar retinoids were decreased in males at ≥ 30 mg/kg b.w. and in females at ≥ 300 mg/kg b.w. Taken together our findings show that pure PCB 180 leads to hepatic changes in a dose range which did not cause CYP1A1 induction but causes centrilobular liver hypertrophy, affects drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substrates and leads to changes in liver retinoid levels. A benchmark dose (BMD) approach is presented in order to model lowest effective dose levels for these effects. Comparison of PCB 180 liver level related to BMDL₅ for hepatic hypertrophy in rats with human data on 'total' hepatic PCB levels in individuals without history of specific exposure suggests a relatively small margin of tissue burden in the range of 37-fold. Our results show that the highly pure non dioxin-like PCB 180 exerted strong effects different to dioxin-like compounds and that the low TEQ contamination allowed a characterization of the PCB as non-dioxinlike.
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3. |
- Viluksela, Matti, et al.
(author)
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Toxicological profile of ultrapure 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorbiphenyl (PCB 180) in adult rats.
- 2014
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In: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:8, s. e104639-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PCB 180 is a persistent non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (NDL-PCB) abundantly present in food and the environment. Risk characterization of NDL-PCBs is confounded by the presence of highly potent dioxin-like impurities. We used ultrapure PCB 180 to characterize its toxicity profile in a 28-day repeat dose toxicity study in young adult rats extended to cover endocrine and behavioral effects. Using a loading dose/maintenance dose regimen, groups of 5 males and 5 females were given total doses of 0, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 or 1700 mg PCB 180/kg body weight by gavage. Dose-responses were analyzed using benchmark dose modeling based on dose and adipose tissue PCB concentrations. Body weight gain was retarded at 1700 mg/kg during loading dosing, but recovered thereafter. The most sensitive endpoint of toxicity that was used for risk characterization was altered open field behavior in females; i.e. increased activity and distance moved in the inner zone of an open field suggesting altered emotional responses to unfamiliar environment and impaired behavioral inhibition. Other dose-dependent changes included decreased serum thyroid hormones with associated histopathological changes, altered tissue retinoid levels, decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin, decreased follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in males and increased expression of DNA damage markers in liver of females. Dose-dependent hypertrophy of zona fasciculata cells was observed in adrenals suggesting activation of cortex. There were gender differences in sensitivity and toxicity profiles were partly different in males and females. PCB 180 adipose tissue concentrations were clearly above the general human population levels, but close to the levels in highly exposed populations. The results demonstrate a distinct toxicological profile of PCB 180 with lack of dioxin-like properties required for assignment of WHO toxic equivalency factor. However, PCB 180 shares several toxicological targets with dioxin-like compounds emphasizing the potential for interactions.
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