| 1. |
- Bag, Pushan, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Flavodiiron-mediated O2 photoreduction at photosystem I acceptor-side provides photoprotection to conifer thylakoids in early spring
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green organisms evolve oxygen (O2) via photosynthesis and consume it by respiration. Generally, net O2 consumption only becomes dominant when photosynthesis is suppressed at night. Here, we show that green thylakoid membranes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) needles display strong O2 consumption even in the presence of light when extremely low temperatures coincide with high solar irradiation during early spring (ES). By employing different electron transport chain inhibitors, we show that this unusual light-induced O2 consumption occurs around photosystem (PS) I and correlates with higher abundance of flavodiiron (Flv) A protein in ES thylakoids. With P700 absorption changes, we demonstrate that electron scavenging from the acceptor-side of PSI via O2 photoreduction is a major alternative pathway in ES. This photoprotection mechanism in vascular plants indicates that conifers have developed an adaptative evolution trajectory for growing in harsh environments.
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| 2. |
- Björn, Lars Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Växternas utveckling – en kort resumé av ett långt händelseförlopp
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Vilda växter. - Uppsala : Svenska botaniska föreningen. - 2001-6700. ; 3, s. 20-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Idag tar vi växterna för givna. För många människor är de ett bakgrundsbrus, en fond. Hos oss växtintresserade får de lite mer fokus. Vi kan urskilja arterna i den gröna massan av växtlighet och vi oroar oss för deras framtid. I den här artikeln tar tre forskare med oss på en resa genom växternas historia – från första början, genom olika klimat som har gynnat utvecklingen av växtgrupper med olika egenskaper, fram till dagens gröna mångfald. En kort resumé av de senaste två årmiljarderna med fokus på växter.
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| 3. |
- Björn, Lars Olof, et al.
(författare)
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What is photosynthesis? : A broader and inclusive view
- 2023
-
Ingår i: A closer look at photosynthesis. - : Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. - 9798886978612 - 9798886978155 ; , s. 1-43
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In general, the word, photosynthesis, is considered synonymous with oxygenic photosynthesis, a process by which cyanobacteria, algae, aquatic, and terrestrial plants produce oxygen and carbohydrates, using light (photons), water and carbon dioxide. Further, we have anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis where oxygen is not evolved, but a substrate, other than water, is oxidized, and rhodopsin-type systems, where ATP is produced. In principle, one could expand the concept of the term photosynthesis, provided appropriate caveats are added, to include lightdriven assimilation of molecular nitrogen, photoproduction of molecular hydrogen, and even synthesis of vitamin D in skin. We conclude with a glimpse of the rapidly developing field of artificial photosynthesis.
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| 4. |
- Bryan, Samantha J., et al.
(författare)
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Localisation and interaction of the Vipp1 protein in cyanobacteria
- 2014
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Ingår i: Molecular Microbiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0950-382X .- 1365-2958. ; 94:5, s. 1179-1195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Vipp1 protein is essential in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts for the maintenance of photosynthetic function and thylakoid membrane architecture. To investigate its mode of action we generated strains of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 in which Vipp1 was tagged with green fluorescent protein at the C-terminus and expressed from the native chromosomal locus. There was little perturbation of function. Live-cell fluorescence imaging shows dramatic relocalisation of Vipp1 under high light. Under low light, Vipp1 is predominantly dispersed in the cytoplasm with occasional concentrations at the outer periphery of the thylakoid membranes. High light induces Vipp1 coalescence into localised puncta within minutes, with net relocation of Vipp1 to the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane and the thylakoid membranes. Pull-downs and mass spectrometry identify an extensive collection of proteins that are directly or indirectly associated with Vipp1 only after high-light exposure. These include not only photosynthetic and stress-related proteins but also RNA-processing, translation and protein assembly factors. This suggests that the Vipp1 puncta could be involved in protein assembly. One possibility is that Vipp1 is involved in the formation of stress-induced localised protein assembly centres, enabling enhanced protein synthesis and delivery to membranes under stress conditions.
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| 5. |
- Cheah, Mun Hon, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the manganese cluster’s oxidation state via photoactivation of photosystem II microcrystals
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 117:1, s. 141-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge of the manganese oxidation states of the oxygen-evolving Mn4CaO5 cluster in photosystem II (PSII) is crucial toward understanding the mechanism of biological water oxidation. There is a 4 decade long debate on this topic that historically originates from the observation of a multiline electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal with effective total spin of S = 1/2 in the singly oxidized S2 state of this cluster. This signal implies an overall oxidation state of either Mn(III)3Mn(IV) or Mn(III)Mn(IV)3 for the S2 state. These 2 competing assignments are commonly known as “low oxidation (LO)” and “high oxidation (HO)” models of the Mn4CaO5 cluster. Recent advanced EPR and Mn K-edge X-ray spectroscopy studies converge upon the HO model. However, doubts about these assignments have been voiced, fueled especially by studies counting the number of flash-driven electron removals required for the assembly of an active Mn4CaO5 cluster starting from Mn(II) and Mn-free PSII. This process, known as photoactivation, appeared to support the LO model since the first oxygen is reported to evolve already after 7 flashes. In this study, we improved the quantum yield and sensitivity of the photoactivation experiment by employing PSII microcrystals that retained all protein subunits after complete manganese removal and by oxygen detection via a custom built thin-layer cell connected to a membrane inlet mass spectrometer. We demonstrate that 9 flashes by a nanosecond laser are required for the production of the first oxygen, which proves that the HO model provides the correct description of the Mn4CaO5 cluster’s oxidation states.
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| 6. |
- Dau, Holger, et al.
(författare)
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Three overlooked photosynthesis papers of Otto Warburg (1883-1970), published in the 1940s in German and in Russian, on light-driven water oxidation coupled to benzoquinone reduction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Photosynthesis Research. - : Springer. - 0166-8595 .- 1573-5079. ; 149:3, s. 259-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After a brief background on Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970), and some of his selected research, we provide highlights, in English, of three of his papers in the 1940s—unknown to many as they were not originally published in English. They are: two brief reports on Photosynthesis, with Wilhelm Lüttgens, originally published in German, in 1944: ‘Experiment on assimilation of carbonic acid’; and ‘Further experiments on carbon dioxide assimilation’. This is followed by a regular paper, originally published in Russian, in 1946: ‘The photochemical reduction of quinone in green granules’. Since the 1944 reports discussed here are very short, their translations are included in the Appendix, but that of the 1946 paper is provided in the Supplementary Material. In all three reports, Warburg provides the first evidence for and elaborates on light-driven water oxidation coupled to reduction of added benzoquinone. These largely overlooked studies of Warburg are in stark contrast to Warburg’s well-known error in assigning the origin of the photosynthetically formed dioxygen to carbonate.
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| 7. |
- Kosourov, Sergey, et al.
(författare)
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Water oxidation by photosystem II is the primary source of electrons for sustained H-2 photoproduction in nutrient-replete green algae
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 117:47, s. 29629-29636
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is capable of photosynthetic H-2 production. H-2 evolution occurs under anaerobic conditions and is difficult to sustain due to 1) competition between [FeFe]-hydrogenase (H(2)ase), the key enzyme responsible for H-2 metabolism in algae, and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle for photosynthetic reductants and 2) inactivation of H(2)ase by O-2 coevolved in photosynthesis. Recently, we achieved sustainable H-2 photoproduction by shifting algae from continuous illumination to a train of short (1 s) light pulses, interrupted by longer (9 s) dark periods. This illumination regime prevents activation of the CBB cycle and redirects photosynthetic electrons to H(2)ase. Employing membrane-inlet mass spectrometry and (H2O)-O-18, we now present clear evidence that efficient H-2 photoproduction in pulseilluminated algae depends primarily on direct water biophotolysis, where water oxidation at the donor side of photosystem II (PSII) provides electrons for the reduction of protons by H(2)ase downstream of photosystem I. This occurs exclusively in the absence of CO2 fixation, while with the activation of the CBB cycle by longer (8 s) light pulses the H-2 photoproduction ceases and instead a slow overall H-2 uptake is observed. We also demonstrate that the loss of PSII activity in DCMU-treated algae or in PSII-deficient mutant cells can be partly compensated for by the indirect (PSII-independent) H-2 photoproduction pathway, but only for a short (<1 h) period. Thus, PSII activity is indispensable for a sustained process, where it is responsible for more than 92% of the final H-2 yield.
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| 8. |
- Naithani, Sushma, et al.
(författare)
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Govindjee’s 90th birthday – Congratulations from friends and colleagues
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Current Plant Biology. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6628. ; 32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On the occasion of the 90th birthday of Govindjee, Professor Emeritus of Plant Biology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), over 100 celebrants have sent felicitations and messages to thank him for mentoring, nurturing, and building the community of photosynthesis researchers belonging to four generations; and in making the scientific knowledge accessible to students and young researchers via his monumental writings and editorial contributions. Govindjee joined UIUC in September of 1956 to study as a graduate student in the laboratory of Robert Emerson. In 1961, he joined UIUC as an Assistant Professor and retired as a full professor in 1999. He is well-known for pioneering work in oxygenic photosynthesis, leading to the current Z-scheme, and for his breakthrough advances concerning light harvesting, primary charge separation, the role of bicarbonate on the two-electron gate of photosystem II, water oxidation, nonphotochemical quenching, and the use of biophysical techniques, such as prompt fluorescence, delayed fluorescence, thermoluminescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Today, despite his retirement, Govindjee continues to explore several important questions in the field of photosynthesis and documents the history of science. This tribute, in turn, attempts to capture scientific collaborations, as well as scholarly and personal contributions made by Govindjee to the lives of hundreds of scholars and students worldwide.
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| 9. |
- Shevela, Dmitriy, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Bicarbonate-Mediated CO2 Formation on Both Sides of Photosystem II
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 59:26, s. 2442-2449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of bicarbonate (HCO3–) on photosystem II (PSII) activity was discovered in the 1950s, but only recently have its molecular mechanisms begun to be clarified. Two chemical mechanisms have been proposed. One is for the electron-donor side, in which mobile HCO3– enhances and possibly regulates water oxidation by acting as proton acceptor, after which it dissociates into CO2 and H2O. The other is for the electron-acceptor side, in which (i) reduction of the QA quinone leads to the release of HCO3– from its binding site on the non-heme iron and (ii) the Em potential of the QA/QA•– couple increases when HCO3– dissociates. This suggested a protective/regulatory role of HCO3– as it is known that increasing the Em of QA decreases the extent of back-reaction-associated photodamage. Here we demonstrate, using plant thylakoids, that time-resolved membrane-inlet mass spectrometry together with 13C isotope labeling of HCO3– allows donor- and acceptor-side formation of CO2 by PSII to be demonstrated and distinguished, which opens the door for future studies of the importance of both mechanisms under in vivo conditions.
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| 10. |
- Shevela, Dmitriy, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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'Birth defects' of photosystem II make it highly susceptible to photodamage during chloroplast biogenesis
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Physiologia Plantarum. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0031-9317 .- 1399-3054. ; 166:1, s. 165-180
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High solar flux is known to diminish photosynthetic growth rates, reducing biomass productivity and lowering disease tolerance. Photosystem II (PSII) of plants is susceptible to photodamage (also known as photoinactivation) in strong light, resulting in severe loss of water oxidation capacity and destruction of the water‐oxidizing complex (WOC). The repair of damaged PSIIs comes at a high energy cost and requires de novo biosynthesis of damaged PSII subunits, reassembly of the WOC inorganic cofactors and membrane remodeling. Employing membrane‐inlet mass spectrometry and O2‐polarography under flashing light conditions, we demonstrate that newly synthesized PSII complexes are far more susceptible to photodamage than are mature PSII complexes. We examined these ‘PSII birth defects’ in barley seedlings and plastids (etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts) isolated at various times during de‐etiolation as chloroplast development begins and matures in synchronization with thylakoid membrane biogenesis and grana membrane formation. We show that the degree of PSII photodamage decreases simultaneously with biogenesis of the PSII turnover efficiency measured by O2‐polarography, and with grana membrane stacking, as determined by electron microscopy. Our data from fluorescence, QB‐inhibitor binding, and thermoluminescence studies indicate that the decline of the high‐light susceptibility of PSII to photodamage is coincident with appearance of electron transfer capability QA− → QB during de‐etiolation. This rate depends in turn on the downstream clearing of electrons upon buildup of the complete linear electron transfer chain and the formation of stacked grana membranes capable of longer‐range energy transfer.
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| 11. |
- Shevela, Dmitriy, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Measurements of oxygen evolution in photosynthesis
- 2024. - 2
-
Ingår i: Photosynthesis. - New York : Humana Press. - 9781071637890 - 9781071637920 - 9781071637906 ; , s. 133-148
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter compares two different techniques for monitoring photosynthetic O2 production; the wide-spread Clark-type O2 electrode and the more sophisticated membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) technique. We describe how a simple membrane inlet for MIMS can be made out of a commercial Clark-type cell and outline the advantages and drawbacks of the two techniques to guide researchers in deciding which method to use. Protocols and examples are given for measuring O2 evolution rates and for determining the number of chlorophyll molecules per active photosystem II reaction center.
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| 12. |
- Shevela, Dmitriy, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Photosynthesis : solar energy for life
- 2018
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Photosynthesis has been an important field of research for more than a century, but the present concerns about energy, environment and climate have greatly intensified interest in and research on this topic. Research has progressed rapidly in recent years, and this book is an interesting read for an audience who is concerned with various ways of harnessing solar energy.Our understanding of photosynthesis can now be said to have reached encyclopedic dimensions. There have been, in the past, many good books at various levels. Our book is expected to fulfill the needs of advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in branches of biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and bioengineering because photosynthesis is the basis of future advances in producing more food, more biomass, more fuel, and new chemicals for our expanding global human population. Further, the basics of photosynthesis are and will be used not only for the above, but in artificial photosynthesis, an important emerging field where chemists, researchers and engineers of solar energy systems will play a major role.
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| 13. |
- Shevela, Dmitriy, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Photosystem II
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1476-9506. ; 2:7, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photosystem II (PSII) of plants, algae and cyanobacteria is a specialised protein complex that uses light energy to transfer electrons from water to plastoquinone, producing molecular oxygen and reduced plastoquinone. The PSII complex includes a peripheral antenna containing chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb light, a reaction centre that utilises the excitation energy transferred to it for charge separation, cofactors that stabilise the charge pair via electron transfer reactions, a Mn4CaO5 cluster that oxidises water, and a binding pocket where plastoquinone is reduced. The electrons and protons that PSII extracts from water are employed in the overall photosynthetic process for the reduction of CO2, which provides the chemical energy for most life on Earth. PSII is the only known biological source of O2 produced from water and is responsible for the molecular oxygen in the atmosphere.
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| 14. |
- Shevela, Dmitriy, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Solar energy conversion by photosystem II : principles and structures
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Photosynthesis Research. - : Springer. - 0166-8595 .- 1573-5079. ; 156, s. 279-307
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photosynthetic water oxidation by Photosystem II (PSII) is a fascinating process because it sustains life on Earth and serves as a blue print for scalable synthetic catalysts required for renewable energy applications. The biophysical, computational, and structural description of this process, which started more than 50 years ago, has made tremendous progress over the past two decades, with its high-resolution crystal structures being available not only of the dark-stable state of PSII, but of all the semi-stable reaction intermediates and even some transient states. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on PSII with emphasis on the basic principles that govern the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in PSII, as well as on the illustration of the molecular structures that enable these reactions. The important remaining questions regarding the mechanism of biological water oxidation are highlighted, and one possible pathway for this fundamental reaction is described at a molecular level.
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| 15. |
- Solymosi, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Nitric oxide represses photosystem II and NDH-1 in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. - : Elsevier. - 0005-2728 .- 1879-2650. ; 1863:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photosynthetic electron transfer comprises a series of light-induced redox reactions catalysed by multiprotein machinery in the thylakoid. These protein complexes possess cofactors susceptible to redox modifications by reactive small molecules. The gaseous radical nitric oxide (NO), a key signalling molecule in green algae and plants, has earlier been shown to bind to Photosystem (PS) II and obstruct electron transfer in plants. The effects of NO on cyanobacterial bioenergetics however, have long remained obscure. In this study, we exposed the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to NO under anoxic conditions and followed changes in whole-cell fluorescence and oxidoreduction of P700 in vivo. Our results demonstrate that NO blocks photosynthetic electron transfer in cells by repressing PSII, PSI, and likely the NDH dehydrogenase-like complex 1 (NDH-1). We propose that iron‑sulfur clusters of NDH-1 complex may be affected by NO to such an extent that ferredoxin-derived electron injection to the plastoquinone pool, and thus cyclic electron transfer, may be inhibited. These findings reveal the profound effects of NO on Synechocystis cells and demonstrate the importance of controlled NO homeostasis in cyanobacteria.
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| 16. |
- Stirbet, Alexandrina, et al.
(författare)
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Celebrating the contributions of Govindjee after his retirement : 1999-2020
- 2020
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Ingår i: New Zealand Journal of Botany. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0028-825X .- 1175-8643. ; 58:4, s. 422-460
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Govindjee, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Plant Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign since 1999, is renowned for his pioneering work in the light reactions of photosynthesis and important accomplishments as educator, editor, historian and advocate of photosynthesis. In his honour, we review his contributions over the last twenty years, which were often achieved in collaboration with scientists working in laboratories around the world. We start with a short presentation about Govindjee’s career and continue with a section highlighting his passion and dedication to teach the younger generations of students and researchers about photosynthesis. His research work is grouped under different areas, including primary photochemistry; the relationship of chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis; short time-scale regulation processes of photosynthesis; studies toward improving photosynthesis and biomass yields; and, mathematical modelling of photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis. He is best known for the discovery of the key role of bicarbonate on the electron acceptor side of Photosystem II. We also present his active involvement in the recognition of scientists at conferences and beyond, as well as of those who are no longer with us. He is committed to keeping alive the pioneers and discoverers in the field of photosynthesis in the collective memory of those in the field.
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| 17. |
- Stirbet, Alexandrina, et al.
(författare)
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Govindjee’s 90th birthday: a life dedicated to photosynthesis
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Plant Physiology Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2662-253X .- 2662-2548. ; 27:4, s. 543-557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We celebrate Govindjee, Professor Emeritus of Plant Biology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, on the occasion of his 90th birthday. He is renowned for his pioneering work in the discovery of the two-light reactions and two photosystems, PSI and PSII, leading to the Z-scheme of the electron transport chain; and for breakthrough advances in oxygenic photosynthesis. Govindjee’s publications have been cited over 26,000 times. He is an elected Fellow of the American Association of the Advancement of Science, USA; National Academy of Agriculture Science, India; and National Academy of Sciences, India; and beyond that, he has received many awards from scientific societies, most recently, the ISPR Lifetime Achievement Award, August 2022. As even today, Govindjee continues to actively contribute to the field, we highlight the major events in his colorful personal and rigorous scientific life with emphasis on the work done after his retirement, and as well, his prodigious accomplishments as teacher, editor, and science historian.
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| 18. |
- Yilimulati, Mihebai, et al.
(författare)
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Acetylacetone Interferes with Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa by Cutting Off the Electron Flow to Ferredoxin
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56:13, s. 9683-9692
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The regulation of photosynthetic machinery with a nonoxidative approach is a powerful but challenging strategy for the selective inhibition of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Acetylacetone (AA) was recently found to be a target-selective cyanocide for Microcystis aeruginosa, but the cause and effect in the studied system are still unclear. By recording of the chemical fingerprints of the cells at two treatment intervals (12 and 72 h with 0.1 mM AA) with omics assays, the molecular mechanism of AA in inactivating Microcystis aeruginosa was elucidated. The results clearly reveal the effect of AA on ferredoxin and the consequent effects on the physiological and biochemical processes of Microcystis aeruginosa. In addition to its role as an electron acceptor of photosystem I, ferredoxin plays pivotal roles in the assimilation of nitrogen in cyanobacterial cells. The effect of AA on ferredoxin and on nonheme iron of photosystem II first cut off the photosynthetic electron transfer flow and then interrupted the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which ultimately might affect carbon fixation and nitrogen assimilation metabolisms. The results here provide missing pieces in the current knowledge on the selective inhibition of cyanobacteria, which should shed light on the better control of harmful blooms.
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| 19. |
- Yilimulati, Mihebai, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of Photosynthesis in Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria with the Simplest β-Diketone
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 55:20, s. 14173-14184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selective inhibition of photosynthesis is a fundamental strategy to solve the global challenge caused by harmful cyanobacterial blooms. However, there is a lack of specificity of the currently used cyanocides, because most of them act on cyanobacteria by generating nontargeted oxidative stress. Here, for the first time, we find that the simplest β-diketone, acetylacetone, is a promising specific cyanocide, which acts on Microcystis aeruginosa through targeted binding on bound iron species in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, rather than by oxidizing the components of the photosynthetic apparatus. The targeted binding approach outperforms the general oxidation mechanism in terms of specificity and eco-safety. Given the essential role of photosynthesis in both natural and artificial systems, this finding not only provides a unique solution for the selective control of cyanobacteria but also sheds new light on the ways to modulate photosynthesis.
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