| 1. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(author)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 8. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 9. |
- Chesnut, G. T., et al.
(author)
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Patient-reported pain, discomfort, and anxiety during magnetic resonance imaging-targeted prostate biopsy
- 2020
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In: Canadian Urological Association Journal. - 1920-1214. ; 14:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: The addition of targeted prostate biopsy to systemic biopsy impacts patient experience. We examined patient-reported pain, discomfort, anxiety, and tolerability among men undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted prostate biopsy in addition to transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic biopsy compared to those undergoing systematic biopsy alone. Methods: All patients underwent transrectal systematic 14-core biopsies. Patients with regions of interest on MRI underwent additional targeted biopsies. All patients received equivalent periprostatic nerve block. Four single-item, standard 11-point numerical rating scales evaluating pain, discomfort, anxiety, and tolerability were completed immediately after biopsy. Differences in means were compared using t-tests. Correlation between rated domains was tested using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Of 273 consecutive patients, 195 (71%) underwent targeted biopsy and 188 (69%) had undergone prior biopsy. In all men, the median score for pain and tolerability was 3, while the median score for discomfort and anxiety was 4. Pain was rated at 7 or above by 15% of patients. Moderate correlation between pain, discomfort, anxiety, and tolerability of repeat biopsy was observed (Spearman's ρ between 0.48 and 0.76). Compared to patients undergoing systematic biopsy alone, men who received both targeted and systematic biopsies reported higher anxiety scores (difference 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-2.0; p=0.004) and discomfort (difference 1.0; 95% CI 0.3-1.7; p<0.001). Conclusions: Patients undergoing targeted and systematic biopsies report more discomfort and anxiety than patients undergoing systematic biopsies alone. Absolute differences are small, and patients are willing to undergo repeat biopsy if advised. Interventions to reduce biopsy-related anxiety are needed. © 2020 Canadian Urological Association. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Engelmark, O., et al.
(author)
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Ecological effects and management aspects of an exotic tree species : the case of lodgepole pine in Sweden
- 2001
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In: Forest Ecology and Management. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 141:02-jan, s. 3-13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The North American tree Pinus contorta var, latifolia was experimentally introduced in Sweden already in the 1920s, and has been used in Swedish forestry on a large scale since the 1970s. These plantations now cover 565,000 ha, mainly in the northern area. In this paper we summarize and discuss existing ecological knowledge of this species introduction. With regard to longterm sustainability we suggest management means to minimize harmful effects of the introduction on ecosystems. These include aspects of self dispersal, pests, ecosystem and landscape structures, and also ecological processes and biodiversity. We also focus on observed and possible interactions in the ecosystems. As Pinus contorta seeds are disseminated and trees regenerated outside initial plantations, this may have future bearings on biodiversity. We suggest a strategy which takes account of the uncertainty in predicting future ecological effects. The strategy includes areal restrictions and zones without Pinus contorta, but also to set up a monitoring program. Observations of adverse effects from the plantations would then give the possibility to adjust P. contorta management.
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| 23. |
- Bjornstrom, L, et al.
(author)
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Cross-talk between Stat5b and estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta in mammary epithelial cells
- 2001
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In: Journal of molecular endocrinology. - : Bioscientifica. - 0952-5041 .- 1479-6813. ; 27:1, s. 93-106
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Both 17beta-estradiol and prolactin play important roles in the mammary gland, raising the possibility of functional cross-talk between the two signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and -beta (ERbeta) are both able to potentiate transcription from a Stat5-responsive promoter when activated by prolactin. Potentiation was observed not only in the presence of 17beta-estradiol, but also in the presence of anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen and ICI 182,780. The magnitude of the response was dependent on cell-type: in the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line ERbeta potentiates transcription efficiently whereas ERalpha showed low activity. Conversely, in COS-7 cells, both estrogen receptors were active. We show that activation domains in the N-terminus (AF-1) and the C-terminus (AF-2) of the ERs are dispensable for potentiation. The effects are dependent on the presence of an intact DNA-binding/hinge domain, which we show is capable of interacting with Stat5b in vitro and in HC11 cell extracts. We conclude that ERalpha and ERbeta act as coactivators for Stat5b through a mechanism which is independent of AF-1 and AF-2.
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| 24. |
- Carlsson, Sigrid, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Long-Term Outcomes of Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Experience
- 2020
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In: Journal of Urology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0022-5347 .- 1527-3792. ; 203:6, s. 1122-1127
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: We report oncologic outcomes for men with Grade Group 1 prostate cancer managed with active surveillance at a tertiary cancer center. Materials and Methods: A total of 2,907 patients were managed with active surveillance between 2000 and 2017, of whom 2,664 had Grade Group 1 disease. Patients were recommended confirmatory biopsy to verify eligibility and were followed semiannually with prostate specific antigen, digital rectal examination and review of symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging was increasingly used in recent years. Biopsy was repeated every 2 to 3 years or after a sustained prostate specific antigen increase or changes in magnetic resonance imaging/digital rectal examination. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate probabilities of treatment, progression and development of metastasis. Results: Median patient age at diagnosis was 62 years. For men with Grade Group 1 prostate cancer the treatment-free probability at 5, 10 and 15 years was 76% (95% CI 74-78), 64% (95% CI 61-68) and 58% (95% CI 51-64), respectively. At 5, 10 and 15 years there were 1,146, 220 and 25 men at risk for metastasis, respectively. Median followup for those without metastasis was 4.3 years (95% CI 2.3-6.9). Distant metastasis developed in 5 men. Upon case note review only 2 of these men were deemed to have disease that could have been cured on immediate treatment. The risk of distant metastasis was 0.6% (95% CI 0.2-2.0) at 10 years. Conclusions: Active surveillance is a safe strategy over longer followup for appropriately selected patients with Grade Group 1 disease following a well-defined monitoring plan.
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| 25. |
- Carlsson, Sigrid, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Risk of Metastasis in Men with Grade Group 2 Prostate Cancer Managed with Active Surveillance at a Tertiary Cancer Center
- 2020
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In: Journal of Urology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0022-5347 .- 1527-3792. ; 203:6, s. 1117-1121
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: We studied the risk of metastatic prostate cancer development in men with Grade Group 2 disease managed with active surveillance at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Materials and Methods: A total of 219 men with Grade Group 2 prostate cancer had disease managed with active surveillance between 2000 and 2017. Biopsy was performed every 2 to 3 years, or upon changes in magnetic resonance imaging, prostate specific antigen level or digital rectal examination. The primary outcome was development of distant metastasis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate treatment-free survival. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 67 years (IQR 61-72), median prostate specific antigen was 5 ng/ml (IQR 4-7) and most patients (69%) had nonpalpable disease. During followup 64 men received treatment, including radical prostatectomy in 36 (56%), radiotherapy in 20 (31%), hormone therapy in 3 (5%) and focal therapy in 5 (8%). Of the 36 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy 32 (89%) had Grade Group 2 disease on pathology and 4 (11%) had Grade Group 3 disease. Treatment-free survival was 61% (95% CI 52-70) at 5 years and 49% (95% CI 37-60) at 10 years. Three men experienced biochemical recurrence, no men had distant metastasis and no men died of prostate cancer during the followup. Median followup was 3.1 years (IQR 1.9-4.9). Conclusions: Active surveillance appears to be a safe initial management strategy in the short term for carefully selected and closely monitored men with Grade Group 2 prostate cancer treated at a tertiary cancer center. Definitive conclusions await further followup.
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| 26. |
- Cho, Nathan H., et al.
(author)
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OpenCell : Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization
- 2022
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375:6585, s. 1143-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Elucidating the wiring diagram of the human cell is a central goal of the postgenomic era. We combined genome engineering, confocal live-cell imaging, mass spectrometry, and data science to systematically map the localization and interactions of human proteins. Our approach provides a data-driven description of the molecular and spatial networks that organize the proteome. Unsupervised clustering of these networks delineates functional communities that facilitate biological discovery. We found that remarkably precise functional information can be derived from protein localization patterns, which often contain enough information to identify molecular interactions, and that RNA binding proteins form a specific subgroup defined by unique interaction and localization properties. Paired with a fully interactive website (opencell.czbiohub.org), our work constitutes a resource for the quantitative cartography of human cellular organization.
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| 27. |
- Cronhjort, M, et al.
(author)
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Influence of the phosphate balance on the activity distribution of 99mTc-hydroxy-methylene diphosphonate. Experimental studies in the mouse
- 1998
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In: Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). - : SAGE Publications. - 0284-1851 .- 1600-0455. ; 39:4, s. 427-433
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The purpose was to determine whether changes in the phosphate balance have an influence on the distribution of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Material and Methods: The biodistribution of 99mTc-HDP in mice, intravenously administered under varying conditions, was assessed by removing different organs and estimating their activity in a scintillation counter. Some experiments were also performed with 99mTc-MDP and 99mTc-DPD. Results: After 1 h and 18 h on phosphate-enriched drinking water, the mice showed a strongly increased uptake in all organs/tissues representing background activity and a decrease in the bone uptake. This pattern changed with time. After 6–8 days of phosphate load, we saw a more favourable distribution with a reduction of the background and whole-body activity. Administration of hPTH 1–34 gave rise to an activity distribution similar to that after 6–8 days on phosphate-enriched water. Changing the phosphate balance had less obvious effects on the distribution of 99mTc-MDP and 99mTc-DPD. Conclusion: The activity distribution of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in the mouse is affected by the phosphate balance. The mechanism behind this finding is unknown but it may be partially mediated by PTH. It is possible that changes in the phosphate balance, induced by pharmaceuticals or by dietary changes, may affect the image quality at bone scintigraphy.
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| 32. |
- Fuchs, B, et al.
(author)
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Mast cell engraftment of the peripheral lung enhances airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse asthma model
- 2012
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In: American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 1522-1504 .- 1040-0605. ; 303:12, s. L1027-L1036
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and tissue remodeling, in which mast cells play a central role. In the present study, we analyzed how mast cell numbers and localization influence the AHR in a chronic murine model of asthma. C57BL/6 (wild-type) and mast cell-deficient B6.Cg- KitW−shmice without (Wsh) and with (Wsh+MC) mast cell engraftment were sensitized to and subsequently challenged with ovalbumin for a 91-day period. In wild-type mice, pulmonary mast cells were localized in the submucosa of the central airways, whereas the more abundant mast cells in Wsh+MC mice were found mainly in the alveolar parenchyma. In Wsh+MC, ovalbumin challenge induced a relocation of mast cells from the perivascular space and central airways to the parenchyma. Allergen challenge caused a similar AHR in wild-type and Wsh mice in the resistance of the airways and the pulmonary tissue. In Wsh+MC mice the AHR was more pronounced. The elevated functional responses were partly related to the numbers and localization of connective tissue-type mast cells in the peripheral pulmonary compartments. A mast cell-dependent increase in IgE and IL-33 together with impairment of the IL-23/IL-17 axis was evoked in Wsh and Wsh+MC mice by allergen challenge. This study shows that within the same chronic murine asthma model the development of AHR can be both dependent and independent of mast cells. Moreover, the spatial distribution and number of pulmonary mast cells determine severity and localization of the AHR.
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| 34. |
- Gudbjornsdottir, B., et al.
(author)
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The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat, poultry and seafood plants in the Nordic countries
- 2004
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In: Food microbiology (Print). - 0740-0020 .- 1095-9998. ; 21:2, s. 217-225
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During 1998/1999 a total of 36 surveys were carried out in six meat, five seafood and two poultry processing plants. A total of 2522 samples, including processing lines and environment, personnel, raw materials and products (raw or ready-to-eat, RTE), were analysed for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. The environmental and personnel samples were taken after cleaning and after the process had been running for 2 h. Samples of food products were taken after every important step during processing and samples of poultry carcasses were taken immediately after production and after storage for 21 days. The overall incidence of L. monocytogenes in meat processing plants varied from 0% to 15.1%, in poultry plants from 20.6% to 24.1% and in seafood plants from 5.9% to 22.1%. In raw products the average incidence was 15.6% for meat, 22.2% for poultry and 39.0% for seafood products. The heating steps during the production of RTE products eliminated Listeria. On average, 2.3% of RTE meat and 4.8% of RTE seafood products were recontaminated with L. monocytogenes. In the seafood sector almost all Listeria positive samples also included L. monocytogenes (91.1% of the positive samples), whereas in the meat and poultry sectors other Listeria species (mainly L. innocua) dominated. In most plants, the implemented cleaning procedures were insufficient to eliminate Listeria. The results clearly indicated the problematic sites, which in most plants were conveyer belts and other transporting equipment, floors and drains, but also raw material in the meat industry, cutting boards in the poultry industry and cooking equipment in the seafood industry. In order to solve the problems observed in this study, there is a need for close co-operation between the suppliers of equipment and cleaning agents, the staff of cleaning companies and hygiene specialists from the food industry. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 45. |
- Ohlsson, L., et al.
(author)
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Slot-Coupled Millimeter-Wave Dielectric Resonator Antenna for High-Efficiency Monolithic Integration
- 2013
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In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-926X .- 1558-2221. ; 61:4, s. 1599-1607
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A readily mass-producible, flip-chip assembled, and slot-coupled III-V compound semiconductor dielectric resonator antenna operating in the millimeter-wave spectrum has been fabricated and characterized. The antenna has a 6.1% relative bandwidth, deduced from its 10 dB return loss over 58.8-62.5 GHz, located around the resonance at 60.5 GHz. Gating in the delay-domain alleviated the analysis of the complex response from the measured structure. The radiation efficiency is better than -0.1 dB in simulations fed from the on-chip coupling-structure, but reduced by 3.7 dB insertion loss through the measurement assembly feed. Antenna gain measurements show distortion in relation to the simulated pattern, which has a maximum gain of 6 dBi, mainly caused by interference from the electrically large connector used in the assembly. Mode degeneration in the utilized quadratic-footprint resonator was not seen to influence the performance of the antenna. The antenna is intended for on-chip integration and the fabrication technology allows scaling of the operation frequency over the complete millimeter-wave spectrum.
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| 47. |
- Preston, Mark A, et al.
(author)
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Baseline Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Midlife Predict Lethal Prostate Cancer
- 2016
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In: Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - 1527-7755. ; 34:23, s. 2705-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in midlife predicted future prostate cancer (PCa) mortality in an unscreened Swedish population. Our purpose was to determine if a baseline PSA level during midlife predicts lethal PCa in a US population with opportunistic screening.We conducted a nested case-control study among men age 40 to 59 years who gave blood before random assignment in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of aspirin and β-carotene among 22,071 US male physicians initiated in 1982 and then transitioned into a prospective cohort with 30 years of follow-up. Baseline PSA levels were available for 234 patients with PCa and 711 age-matched controls. Seventy-one participants who developed lethal PCa were rematched to 213 controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, with 95% CIs, of the association between baseline PSA and risk of lethal PCa.Median PSA among controls was 0.68, 0.88, and 0.96 ng/mL for men age 40 to 49, 50 to 54, and 55 to 59 years, respectively. Risk of lethal PCa was strongly associated with baseline PSA in midlife: odds ratios (95% CIs) comparing PSA in the > 90th percentile versus less than or equal to median were 8.7 (1.0 to 78.2) at 40 to 49 years, 12.6 (1.4 to 110.4) at 50 to 54 years, and 6.9 (2.5 to 19.1) at 55 to 59 years. A total of 82%, 71%, and 86% of lethal cases occurred in men with PSA above the median at ages 40 to 49, 50 to 54, and 55 to 59 years, respectively.PSA levels in midlife strongly predict future lethal PCa in a US cohort subject to opportunistic screening. Risk-stratified screening on the basis of midlife PSA should be considered in men age 45 to 59 years.
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